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A cultura do algodão tem grande importância econômica e social para o Brasil, no entanto proporciona também impactos ambientais relevantes. Para mensurar esses impactos faz-se uso da dinâmica populacional de nematoides em agroecossistemas como indicador de qualidade de solos. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a comunidade de nematoides em habitat cultivado com algodão em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura. Foram coletadas duas amostras de solo, na profundidade de 30 cm, por área (talhão) e estádio fenológico (inicial, antes da cultura ser implantada; vegetativo; reprodutivo e maturidade fisiológica). Foram realizadas as análises de riqueza, abundância, frequência de ocorrência (FO), índice pontual de abundância (IPA), índice de diversidade de Shannon (H’) e registrados os dados meteorológicos. No total foram identificados 4.400 indivíduos (abundância), distribuídos em seis famílias (Aphelenchidae, Aphelenchoididae, Heteroderidae, Hoplolaimidae, Pratylenchidae e Tylenchidae). Os gêneros predominantes foram Helicotylenchus (64,77%), Pratylenchus (15,45%) e Aphelenchus (9,32%). Em todas as amostras, o número de indivíduos fitoparasitas foi maior que o de micófagos. Os estádios vegetativo e de maturação fisiológica, apresentaram a maior população de micófagos no talhão 5 (Th5) e no estádio inicial e na maturação fisiológica no talhão 11 (Th11). Quanto à riqueza, os dois talhões apresentaram o mesmo número de gêneros. Sendo identificado como exclusivos o gênero Meloidogyne no Th5 e o gênero Tylenchus no Th11. Considerando a FO, os gêneros Aphelenchus, Helicotylenchus e Pratylenchus foram observados em 75% das amostras no Th5 e Helicotylenchus (100%) e Pratylenchus (50%) no Th11. Resultados semelhantes da FO foram observados para o IPA, acrescentando-se o gênero Aphelenchoides no Th11. Quanto ao H’, observou-se uma diversidade total de 0,60 com o valor do Th5 inferior ao Th11. Ao analisar a correspondência canônica (CCA), observou-se que os dados meteorológicos não interferiram diretamente na flutuação populacional de nematoides nos dois talhões. Sendo assim, observou-se que a comunidade de nematoides estudada neste trabalho, foi composta na maior parte, pela população de fitoparasitas e a maturidade fisiológica do algodoeiro foi o estádio fenológico com a maior obtenção de indivíduos tanto fitoparasitas quanto micófagos.

The Japanese populations of the clover cyst nematode,Heterodera trifolii, were characterised morphologically, morphometrically and molecularly. The morphology and morphometrics of six Japanese populations ofH. trifoliiwere in congruence with those of previous descriptions of this species from Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Russia, The Netherlands, UK and USA. The results of the phylogenetic analyses of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene and theCOImtDNA gene sequences discriminatedH. trifoliifrom most of the other closely related species of theSchachtiigroup. The intraspecific sequence differences in theSchachtiigroup were much higher inCOIthan in D2-D3. TheH. trifoliipopulations displayed very low levels of intraspecific variations (up to 0.3%) in theCOImtDNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic relationships ofH. trifoliiwith otherHeteroderaspecies, as inferred from the analyses of the ITS rRNA gene, D2-D3 of 28S rRNA gene andCOImtDNA gene sequences, were determined.

A new cyst nematode, herein described as Globodera sandveldensis n. sp., was found in the Sandveld, Western Cape Province, South Africa. As the host plant of G. sandveldensis n. sp. is currently unknown, the species is represented by cysts and second-stage juveniles (J2) only. The J2 are characterised by a well developed stylet of 26.4 (24.8-28.5) μm with rounded to anteriorly flattened knobs. The distance from the dorsal pharyngeal gland outlet to the stylet knobs is 4.5 (2.4-7.2) μm. The tail is 64 (56-77) μm long and the length of the hyaline region is 33 (22-39) μm. The cysts are characterised by their ovate to spherical shape, short neck, and the presence of subcuticular punctations and bullae or vulval bodies. Six to 14 cuticular ridges/lines are present on the outer surface of the cyst between the anus and vulval basin. Granek’s ratio is 1.7 (0.9-3.0), the vulval basin diam. is 20.4 (13.1-34.6) μm and the distance between vulval basin and anus is 33.5 (19.7-54.0) μm. Phylogenetic relationships with other species of the genus, inferred from ITS-rDNA sequences, indicate that G. sandveldensis n. sp. is included in the clade of Globodera sp. that parasitise non-solanaceous plants and is closely related to unidentified Globodera spp. from Portugal, G. millefolii, and G. artemisiae.

The cystoid sedentary nematodes of the Heteroderidae include more than 30 recognised species belonging to from nine to 11 genera, depending on the opinion of the authority. In the present study, we collected nematode populations of species belonging to some of these genera, as well as other cyst-forming species from different locations in the USA, Vietnam, Germany and Russia. The populations of cystoid nematodes represent seven valid species, Atalodera carolynae, Cryphodera sinensis, Meloidodera astonei, M. floridensis, M. mexicana, M. sikhotealiniensis, Rhizonemella sequoiae, two unidentified species of Atalodera, six unidentified species of Cryphodera, and three putative new species of Rhizonemella. We also obtained samples of cyst-forming nematodes that include an unidentified species of Betulodera from California, and Heterodera guangdongensis from Vietnam. A population of Rotylenchulus sp. from Arizona, intercepted in Florida, and a population of an unidentified species of Verutus from Germany were also added to this study. All of these populations were characterised using sequences of the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA or mitochondrial COI genes. A total of 89 new sequences were obtained from these analyses. Phylogenetic relationships within the family Heteroderidae were reconstructed based on the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA and mitochondrial COI gene sequences. Results revealed that the subfamily Ataloderinae was paraphyletic. Ekphymatodera thomasoni, a non-cyst-forming species, clustered with the cyst-forming nematodes. Representatives of the subfamily Verutinae formed clades within Heteroderidae. The genus Meloidodera was non-monophyletic and distributed within two clades: i) M. sikhotealiniensis and Cryphodera spp. from Asia and Europe; and ii) M. astonei, M. floridensis and M. mexicana from North America. Based on comparative molecular analysis Meloidodera alni syn. n. is proposed as a junior synonym of M. sikhotealiniensis. Problems of taxonomy and phylogeography of cystoid nematodes are also discussed.

The Korean cyst nematode, Heterodera koreana, was recorded for the first time from Japan and characterised morphologically, morphometrically and molecularly. In total, 41 populations were detected from soil samples collected from the rhizosphere of four bamboo species in Japan: 31 populations from moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), seven from madake (P. bambusoides), two from henon bamboo (P. nigra var. henonis) and one from fish pole bamboo (P. aurea). The morphology and morphometrics of the Japanese population were in agreement with those of the original description of H. koreana from South Korea and other subsequent descriptions from China and Iran, with the exception of some minor differences. The results of the phylogenetic analyses of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene and ITS rRNA gene sequences confirmed the species identification and phylogenetic relationship of H. koreana with other Heterodera species. The COI mtDNA gene sequences were obtained for the first time for H. koreana. Three COI haplotypes found in Japanese H. koreana populations showed a characteristic geographical distribution in Japan.

Cryphodera Colbran, 1966 Seven valid species have been described for this genus. Two species have been recorded from East Asian countries (Karssen & van Aelst 1999, Long et al. 2013, Zhou et al. 2014, Subbotin et al. 2017), at some point introduced to the USA and European countries with plant material (Karssen & van Aelst,1999, Vovlas et al. 2013). One species has been described from India (Bajaj et al. 1989), another from Australia (Colbran 1966), and three species have been recorded from New Zealand (Wouts 1973b). Several undetermined populations have been reported from Japan (Hirata 1972, Toida et al. 1978, Toida 1984, Hirata & Yuhara 1986), Australia (Wouts & Sher 1971), Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2011, Subbotin et al. 2017) and Malaysia (Sturhan 2018). Considering geographical distribution, Sturhan (2018) divided Cryphodera species into two groups: Group 1, comprised of three New Zealand species of the now-synonymised genus Zelandodera Wouts, 1973, and Group 2, which includes four other species from Australia and Asia. Vovlas et al. (2013) discussed that trade in woody and pine bonsai trees has played an important role in the introduction of Cryphodera species into Europe and the USA (Wouts 1985, Karssen & Van Aelst 1999, Vovlas et al. 2013) from Japan, where undescribed Cryphodera species on pine and black mulberry were reported by Hirata & Yuhara (1986) and Toida (1984), respectively., Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, 2019, An outline on distribution and hosts of the cystoid nematodes of Ataloderinae Wouts, 1973 and Meloidoderinae Golden, 1971, pp. 339-350 in Zootaxa 4664 (3) on page 341, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3385559, {"references":["Colbran, R. C. (1966) Studies of plant and soil nematodes. 12. The eucalypt cystoid nematode Cryphodera eucalypti n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a parasite of eucalypts in Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, 23, 41 - 47.","Karssen, G. & van Aelst, A. (1999) Description of Cryphodera brinkmani n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a parasite of Pinus thunbergii Parlatore from Japan, including a key to the species of the genus Cryphodera Colbran, 1966. Nematology, 1, 121 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854199508081","Long, H., Li, Y. N. & Li, F. R. (2013) Diagnosis of Cryphodera brinkmani intercepted on Juniperus chinensis imported into China from Thailand. The 4 th international cereal nematodes initiative workshop, Beijing, 2013, 43. https: // doi. org / 10.5943 / ppq / 4 / 2 / 3","Zhou, K., Wang, H. H., Ye, W., Peng, D. L. & Liao, J. L. (2014) Cryphodera sinensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a non-cystforming parasitic nematode from the root of ramie Boehmeria nivea in China. Journal of Helminthology, 87, 468 - 480. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022149 X 13000448","Subbotin, S. A., Akanwari, J., Nguyen, C. N., Cid del Prado Vera, I., Chitambar, J. J., Inserra, R. N. & Chizhov, V. N. (2017) Molecular characterisation and phylogenetic relationships of cystoid nematodes of the family Heteroderidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Nematology, 19, 1065 - 1081. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00003107","Vovlas, N., Trisciuzzi, N., Troccoli, A., De Luca, F., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, C. & Castillo, P. (2013) Integrative diagnosis and parasitic habits of Cryphodera brinkmani a non-cyst forming heteroderid nematode intercepted on Japanese white pine bonsai trees imported into Italy. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 135, 717 - 726. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10658 - 012 - 0108 - 0","Bajaj, H. K., Walia, R. K., Dabur, K. R. & Bhatti, D. S. (1989) Cryphodera kalesari, a new heteroderid nematode species from Haryana, India. Systematic Parasitology, 14, 113 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00016905","Wouts, W. M. (1973 b) A revision of the family Heteroderidae (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). III. The subfamily Ataloderinae. Nematologica, 19, 279 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529273 X 00349","Hirata, A. (1972) Plant parasitic nematodes associated with mulberry plants in Gunma Prefecture. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 2, 20 - 22. [in Japanese]","Toida, Y., Ohshima, Y. & Hirata, A. (1978) The nematode species associated with mulberry trees and their morpho- and ecological characteristics. Bulletin of Sericicultural Experimental Station, 27, 395 - 396. [in Japanese]","Toida, Y. (1984) Nematode species from mulberry fields and their geographical distribution in Japan. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 14, 20 - 27. [in Japanese]","Hirata, K. & Yuhara, I. (1986) Plant parasitic nematodes detected from bonsai trees and bonsai nurseries. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, 22, 11 - 117. [in Japanese]","Wouts, W. M. & Sher, S. A. (1971) The genera of the subfamily Heteroderinae (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea) with a description of two new genera. Journal of Nematology, 3, 129 - 144.","Nguyen, C. N., Sturhan, D. & Subbotin, S. A. (2011) Studies on the occurrence and diversity of Heteroderidae and Meloidogynidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) in natural forests of Vietnam. Russian Journal of Nematology, 19, 159 - 172.","Sturhan, D. (2018) Diagnostic and phylogenetic significance of lateral field incisures, phasmids and other morphological characters of second-stage juveniles and males of Heteroderidae (Nematoda, Tylenchida), with notes on hosts and phylogeography. Russian Journal of Nematology, 26, 1 - 27.","Wouts, W. M. (1985) Phylogenetic classification of the family Heteroderidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Systematic Parasitology, 7, 295 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00009997"]}

The cystoid nematodes of the subfamilies Ataloderinae and Meloidoderinae include 32 recognized species belonging to 10 genera. The geographical distribution and preferred hosts of these nematodes are reviewed in the present paper. Most genera in Ataloderinae are believed to have evolved in North America, but some genera currently show different or wider distributions. Although members of Bellodera, Ekphymatodera, Rhizonemella and Sarisodera have only been recovered from North America, those of Atalodera may be found in both North America and South America. Species of the other genera tend to occur in different geographical locations: Cryphodera species have been recorded in Asia and Oceania while Camelodera and Hylonema species have only reported from Asia and Africa, respectively. Members of Meloidoderinae (Meloidodera spp.) are distributed in North America, Asia and Europe. Plant hosts for the cystoid nematodes are distributed among both monocots and dicots. Nematologists suggest an ancient origin for genera such as Meloidodera, Cryphodera and Rhizonemella which can parasitize gymnosperms.

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 Figures 3, 7 Measurements: Tables 4, 7 Female (n= 2 perineal-patterns). Only three specimens were recorded and anterior ends were not in optimum condition to determine morphometric characteristics. Perineal-pattern circular to oval, dorsal arch low to medium, apex broadly rounded, inner striae above tail terminus low and round. Lateral lines indistinct, punctuation observed at tail terminus. Wing (wing shaped form in the lateral part of the perineal pattern) present. Phasmids 1–2 µm in diameter, interphasmidial distance 16–21 µm. Vulval slit 13–28 µm long and anus 11–24 µm posterior to vulva. Male. Males were not observed. Second-stage juvenile (n= 10). Body 314–737 µm long, vermiform, narrow, ventrally curve or straight. Head hemispherical, continuous, labial disc raised above median lips. Stylet 12–13 µm long, straight. Stylet knobs sloping backward. Dorsal gland opening 2–3 µm behind stylet knobs. Median bulb ovoid, enlarged with oval to fusiform valve. Excretory pore 67–70 µm from anterior end, opposite isthmus. Tail narrow, 43–57 µm long, conical elongated with roundish end and occasionally a clavate appendage observed at tail terminus. Remarks. The current M. hapla populations fit descriptions of other South African populations (Kleynhans, 1991), except for the occasional clavate appendage of the J2 tail terminus, noted for the first time in the present study., Published as part of Rashidifard, Milad, Fourie, Hendrika, Daneel, Mieke Stefanie & Marais, Mariette, 2019, Morphological and morphometrical identification of Meloidogyne populations from various crop production areas in South Africa with emphasis on M. enterolobii, pp. 251-274 in Zootaxa 4658 (2) on pages 262-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3375820, {"references":["Chitwood, B. G. (1949) Root-knot nematodes, part I. A revision of the genus Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 16 (2), 90 - 104.","Kleynhans, K. P. N. (1991) The Root-Knot Nematodes of South Africa. Technical Communication No 231. Department of Agricultural Development, Pretoria, 61 pp."]}

Accurate identification of Meloidogyne spp. is crucial and the first step to apply suitable management strategies to combat these nematode pests. Perineal-pattern morphology of female specimens is one of the most common characteristics used for identification. However, for some species various morphological characteristics are similar which makes it challenging to correctly identify species. In this study different morphological and morphometrical characteristics were used to identify 37 populations of Meloidogyne obtained during 2015 and 2016 from various crop production areas situated across different geographical regions in South Africa. A comprehensive study of females, males and second-stage juveniles (J2) of the 37 Meloidogyne populations isolated was conducted, revealing the presence of Meloidogyne enterolobii, M. hapla, M. incognita and M. javanica. Although three perineal-pattern characteristics proved to be useful in discriminating particularly between M. enterolobii and M. incognita females, most of the morphometric characters used to identify female, male and J2 individuals overlapped among the different species. Substantial intraspecies variation was also evident among different populations. The use of classical identification approaches alone could therefore not clearly distinguish among the 37 Meloidogyne populations studied. Therefore, the use of molecular techniques in combination with morphological and morphometrical analyses is suggested to be more accurate and reliable in discriminating between Meloidogyne spp.

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub 1885) Chitwood, 1949 Figures 3 to 5, 9 Measurements: Tables 3 to 4, 8, 10 Female (n=153 perineal-patterns; n=10 intact females). Body pear-shaped. Stylet 17–21 µm long, basal knobs ovoid and sloping backward. Dorsal gland opening 3–4 µm posterior to stylet knobs. Median bulb 66–87 µm from anterior end, round, muscular with oval valve. Oesophagus lumen lining expanded immediately in front of oval median bulb lumen lining in some specimens. Neck 135–196 µm long. Perineal-pattern rounded to oval, dorsal arch low, apex square to broadly rounded, inner striae above tail terminus low to high. Lateral lines distinct, marked by two lateral lines. Phasmids small 1–2 µm in diameter, interphasmidial distance variable (20–41 µm). Vulval slit 19–32 µm long and 12–25 µm anterior to anus. Male (n= 5). Body vermiform, 1030–1455 µm long with rounded anteriorly and tapered posteriorly. Cuticle annulated. Head region round, continues and not off set. Stylet 21–23 µm long, straight, cone with pointed tip, shaft cylindrical. Knobs robust and transversely ovoid. Dorsal gland opening 3–5 µm posterior to stylet knobs. Median bulb elongated. Excretory pore 112–179 µm from the anterior end. Tail 12–15 µm long and tapered, not annulated. Spicule 25–30 µm long, ventrally curved, gubernaculum short (7–8 µm). Phasmids pore-like opposite to cloaca. Second stage juvenile (n= 81) Body shape vermiform, narrow, mostly curved ventrally and 338–445 µm long. Head round and continues. Stylet 12–16 µm long. Dorsal gland opening 2–4 µm posterior to stylet knobs. Median bulb ovoid, enlarged with oval valve. Excretory pore 69–91 µm from anterior end. Tail narrow, 36–69 µm long, conical elongated and tapered with roundish tip. Remarks. The characteristics of this species compared well with the other South African M. javanica populations described by Kleynhans (1991) but differed in female stylet length, (17–21 µm vs 16–18 µm) and male body length (1030–1455 µm vs 1035–1668 µm)., Published as part of Rashidifard, Milad, Fourie, Hendrika, Daneel, Mieke Stefanie & Marais, Mariette, 2019, Morphological and morphometrical identification of Meloidogyne populations from various crop production areas in South Africa with emphasis on M. enterolobii, pp. 251-274 in Zootaxa 4658 (2) on page 268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3375820, {"references":["Treub, M. (1885) Onderzoekingen over Sereh-Ziek Suikkeriet gedaan in Lands Plantentium te Buitenzorg. Mededeelingen uit's Lands Plantentium, Batavia, 2, 1 - 39.","Chitwood, B. G. (1949) Root-knot nematodes, part I. A revision of the genus Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 16 (2), 90 - 104.","Kleynhans, K. P. N. (1991) The Root-Knot Nematodes of South Africa. Technical Communication No 231. Department of Agricultural Development, Pretoria, 61 pp."]}

The soybean aphid (SBA; Aphis glycines Matsumura) and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichninohe) are major pests of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Independent studies on these pests have made substantial progress in understanding the genetic basis of limiting these pests in both model and non-model plant systems. Classical linkage mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified some major and minor QTLs in soybean. The studies on interactions of aphid and nematode effectors with host proteins allow us to identify molecular cues in various signaling components, including plant disease resistance and phytohormone genes. Here we review various resistance components of both SBA and SCN in terms of their effectors, their role in eliciting or attenuating host defense and update on findings on key quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes in soybean that could help in mitigating these widespread shifted virulent soybean aphid and SCN populations. We also provide an update on recent interaction studies of soybean-soybean aphid-SCN as well as interaction studies involving different aphids/nematodes and their host systems. PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) in soybean could possibly play a major role in providing resistance against both soybean aphid and SCN.

The cyst nematode Heterodera latipons Franklin, 1969 (Nemata: Heteroderidae) is an economically important sedentary plant-parasitic nematode which limits the production of cereal crops around the world. It is an important pest on wheat and can be found globally in different growing areas, especially in the Mediterranean region. Developing an understanding of its physiological behavior (senescence, quiescence, and cryptobiosis), development [second-stage juveniles (J2) and immature and mature females], and population dynamics under field conditions is needed to create an appropriate control strategy. The experiments were conducted at Karaisali, a semiarid region in Adana Province, and at Derik, an arid region in Mardin Province, during the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing seasons. The results indicated that the emergence of J2 of H. latipons in the soil rhizosphere occurred from late December to mid-January in the semiarid region, while they were mostly observed through March in both regions when the average temperature was around 10 degrees C. The white (immature) females were seen between mid-February and mid-March in both experimental seasons in the arid and semiarid regions, and they were mainly observed in April when the temperature was above 15 degrees C during both seasons in the arid region. The results showed that H. latipons produces only one generation in each wheat growing season, and the developmental stages of this nematode species are closely related to the ecological and edaphic factors of host plant development. Moreover, the development of J2 and immature females of H. latipons took longer in the semiarid region than in the arid region owing to plant and root growth and edaphic factors, especially soil temperature and moisture. Understanding the physiological behavior and biological stages of this nematode will be useful for developing nematode control strategies to keep H. latipons populations below economic damage levels.

Heteroderids stand out in world agriculture for crop damage and long soil survival through structures called cysts. In Ceará, the cactaceous cyst nematode, Cactodera cacti, is the only phytonematode of the Heteroderidae family present. This pathogen was registered in the state in 2016 naturally occurring in mandacaru, Cereus jamacaru. Considering that C. cacti affects economically exploited cactus in several countries and considering the threat of this nematode to the state of Ceará where there is commercial cultivation of cactus, this study aimed to: 1) study the life cycle of C. cacti in red pitahaya, Hylocereus sp.; 2) to evaluate the multiplication capacity of C. cacti by counting second stage eggs and juveniles (J2) in 70 cysts; 3) determine the time for formation and hatching of juveniles in vitro; 4) evaluate the viability of 50 cysts in dry soil without host for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days and for 26 months; 5) investigate your hosts. In the life cycle study of C. cacti in red pitahaya it was observed that females with eggs suck at 18 days and cysts at 24 days after inoculation. In determining the multiplication capacity of C. cacti in red pitahaya, it was found that the number of eggs and J2 per cyst ranged from 91 to 232, with cysts containing a range of 100 to 150 individuals being more common. In the definition of the time for formation and hatching of juveniles in vitro, it was observed that the emergence of first and second stage juveniles occurred with four and eight days, respectively, and that the hatching occurred at 11 days of evaluation. Investigating the survival of cysts at intervals of 30 to 180 days, it was found that 2,033 to 2,496 cysts were formed in pitahaya roots grown for 45 days in pots of each treatment. The time of 26 months did not affect the viability of the cysts, and it was possible to observe more than 1,300 cysts and females in roots after 45 days of planting pitahaya. In the investigation of host plants, in inoculations with 2,000 C. cacti eggs in plant species of families Apiaceae, Cactaceae, Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae and Solanaceae, evaluated after 45 days, it was found that only plant species of Cactaceae family were infected by C. cacti, presenting a reproduction factor of 2.3 to 13.98. It was observed that, particularly in red pitahaya, the pathogen greatly increases its population and in a short time. Os heteroderídeos destacam-se na agricultura mundial pelos danos causados nas culturas e por sua larga sobrevivência no solo por meio de estruturas denominadas cistos. No Ceará, o nematoide do cisto das cactáceas, Cactodera cacti, é o único fitonematoide da família Heteroderidae presente. Este patógeno foi registrado no estado em 2016 ocorrendo naturalmente em mandacaru, Cereus jamacaru. Tendo em vista que o C. cacti afeta cactáceas exploradas economicamente em diversos países e considerando a ameaça desse nematoide para o estado do Ceará onde há cultivos comerciais de cactáceas, este trabalho teve por objetivos: 1) estudar o ciclo de vida de C. cacti em pitaia vermelha, Hylocereus sp.; 2) avaliar a capacidade de multiplicação de C. cacti pela contagem de ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) em 70 cistos; 3) determinar o tempo para formação e eclosão de juvenis in vitro; 4) avaliar a viabilidade de 50 cistos em solo seco sem hospedeira por 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias e por 26 meses; 5) investigar suas hospedeiras. No estudo do ciclo de vida do C. cacti em pitaia vermelha observou-se que fêmeas com ovos sugiram aos 18 dias e os cistos aos 24 dias após a inoculação. Na determinação da capacidade de multiplicação de C. cacti em pitaia vermelha, constatou-se que o número de ovos e J2 por cisto variou de 91 a 232, sendo mais comum cistos contendo uma faixa de 100 a 150 indivíduos. Na definição do tempo para formação e eclosão de juvenis in vitro, observou-se que o surgimento de juvenis de primeiro estádio e de segundo estádio, ocorreu com quatro e oito dias, respectivamente, e que a eclosão aconteceu aos 11 dias da avaliação. Na investigação da sobrevivência dos cistos nos intervalos de 30 a 180 dias, constatou-se que houve formação de 2.033 a 2.496 cistos em raízes de pitaia cultivadas por 45 dias em vasos de cada tratamento. O tempo de 26 meses não afetou a viabilidade dos cistos, tendo sido possível observar mais de 1.300 cistos e fêmeas em raízes após 45 dias do plantio de pitaia. Na investigação de plantas hospedeiras, em inoculações com 2.000 ovos de C. cacti em espécies vegetais das famílias Apiaceae, Cactaceae, Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae e Solanaceae, avaliadas após 45 dias, verificou-se que apenas as espécies vegetais da família Cactaceae foram infectadas por C. cacti, apresentando fator de reprodução de 2,3 a 13,98. Observou-se que, particularmente em pitaia vermelha, o patógeno aumenta bastante a sua população e em curto espaço de tempo.

Biocontrol efficacy of Myrothecium roridum against the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita , was evaluated in pot experiments on tomato. When treated with the culture filtrate of M. roridum , egg hatching was significantly reduced. Inhibition rate of egg hatching was dose dependent, which increased with the increment of concentration of culture filtrate. Three days after treatment the highest rate of 78.9% was observed with 10 mL of original culture filtrate of M. roridum . The number of root galls was reduced with the treatment of the culture filtrate. Significant difference was observed between treatment and non-treatment. However, biocontrol efficacy was not dose-dependent, ranging from 67.5% to 74.3%. M. roridum caused inhibition of mobility of second-stage juveniles of M. incognita at all concentrations tested. The rate showed positive correlation with concentrations of the culture filtrate, showing the highest rate of 82.6% in 4% of the culture filtrate.

Heterodera schachtii, the sugar beet cyst nematode, is a major pest of agricultural crops worldwide. We report the development of fifteen polymorphic microsatellite markers and assess the genetic diversity and structure of three populations following a recent invasion of a previously unaffected region. Populations had low levels of heterozygosity, likely indicative of population structure, history, and inbreeding. Genetic diversity analysis suggested that the current infestation in South Korea may have come either from a single source population of mixed ancestry, or from multiple sources, indicating that implementing adequate prevention measures is still an unmet challenge. Much more work is needed on this species to identify global patterns of spread, and the microsatellite loci we develop here should be useful in many regions for modeling range expansion, studying the evolution of resistance, and increasing the effectiveness of pest management strategies.

Published data on the presence or absence of phasmids in males of Heteroderidae species are compiled and critically reviewed. Based mainly on results of previous SEM studies and complemented by light microscopy using DIC optics, the conclusion is drawn that male phasmids appear to be absent in all species of the genera assigned to the subfamilies Heteroderinae and Ataloderinae, but present and often distinct in the Meloidoderinae genera Cryphodera and Meloidodera. The presence of male phasmids is considered as ancestral, and loss of phasmids as a derived character.

In Portugal, growing potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) has both social and economic importance. Because potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are major pests of potatoes, their presence in these areas could pose a risk to its production. Therefore, the National Survey Plan for PCN that was implemented in 2010 is still ongoing. This survey aims for the early detection of PCN to provide tools to control and manage initial PCN infestations below the damage threshold level, while avoiding their dispersal within both national and EU territories. During the 2018 National Survey in the potato production areas of the Sao Miguel Island (Azores), six bulk soil samples of 1 kg from a small field cultivated for household consumption in Nordeste County were investigated. A subsample of 500 g from the bulk sample was dried, and cysts were extracted using a Fenwick can. Dried cysts were hydrated and cut to release eggs, and hatched J2 were collected for morphometric analysis. The identification of PCN was based on a combination of n = 30 cysts and n = 90 J2 measurements. The cyst length excluding neck (L) was 493.658 ± 89.377 μm, width (W) was 474.090 ± 93.569 μm, the L/W ratio was 1.051 ± 0.115, and neck was 110.894 ± 26.353 μm. The number of cuticular ridges between the vulva and the anus was higher than 20. The distance from vulva to anus was 60.15 ± 6.7 µm with the Granek’s ratio ranging from 1.26 to 4.99. The vulva fenestrate was 25.13 ± 6.7 µm in diameter and anus visible in almost all specimens, with a V-shaped mark. The stylet length of J2 was 23.14 ± 1.8 µm with rounded knobs. Body length was 449.79 ± 30.3 µm, and average true and hyaline tail length were 50.92 ± 6.4 µm and 26.50 ± 4.3 µm, respectively. The overall morphometric values were within the range described in PM 7/40(4) (EPPO 2017) for Globodera rostochiensis. The above morphological characterization was also confirmed using a sequence-specific multiplex PCR (Bulman and Marshall 1997) described in PM7/40(4) (EPPO 2017) and conventional PCR of 18S rDNA (SSU), 28S rDNA (LSU), and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) as described in PM7/129(1) (EPPO 2016). The nucleotide sequences (MN226947, MN238768, and MK798162) showed a similarity of 99 to 100% with available isolates of G. rostochiensis in NCBI database. A pathogenicity test was carried out in the greenhouse by planting tubers of the susceptible cultivar Desiree in four plastic pots of 15 cm diameter. Pots were inoculated with an initial population density of 5 J2 and eggs per gram of soil and harvested after 90 days. A final population (Pf) of mean of x¯ = 23.3 J2 or eggs per gram of soil was obtained, resulting in a reproduction factor (R=Pf/Pᵢ) of 4.66 ± 0.86. According to the European Commission Regulation EC 690/2008 updated by implementing regulation EU 2016/873, the Azores islands are recognized as protected zones for G. rostochiensis and G. pallida. This is the first report of the presence of G. rostochiensis in the Azores islands. Research will focus more on the spatial distribution of the nematodes, and based upon it integrated control methods will be devised including strict phytosanitary measures to prevent spread and ensure further the Azores as a PCN protected zone.

A new non-cyst forming nematode, Cryphodera gayae n. sp., was found from the root of crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) in Korea. Female C. gayae n. sp. appears pearly white when young, has protruding vulval lips, flat to concave anus-vulva profile and has three lateral lines in J2s. Morphologically, Cryphodera gayae n. sp. is most similar to C. brinkmani but differ by the tail shape of J2 (sharply pointing with constriction at the middle of hyaline without mucro tip vs. sharply pointing with mucro-like tip), shorter stylet length of J2 (26.8–31.3 µm vs 31.6–35.4 µm), stylet knob shape of J2 (flat posteriorly vs concave), number of eggs in female (64–69 vs 15–45). C. gayae n. sp. differs from C. kalesari by the longer vulva-anus distance (51.9–54.1 µm vs 35 µm), the bigger body size of female (363.1–544.6 µm vs 272–353 µm in length), in J2, the longer tail length (59.6–76.7 µm vs 27–54 µm), longer hyaline length (31.7–47.8 µm vs 18–26 µm) and the shape of tail (sharply pointing with constriction at the middle of hyaline vs narrow rounded without constriction). From C. sinensis, the new species differs by the longer J2 tail length (59.6–76.7 µm vs 52.0–65.0 µm) and longer hyaline portion (31.7–47.8 µm vs 24.5–35.0 µm) of J2. C. gayae n. sp. and can be distinguished from the remaining four species, C. eucalypti, C. podocarpi, C. nothophagi and C. coxi, by the shape of the J2 tail terminus (sharply pointing tip with constriction at the middle of hyaline vs narrow rounded) and the shape of the vulval lips (pronounced protruding vs protruding slightly out of body contour). Molecular analysis shows that C. gayae n. sp. is the most similar to C. sinensis with the identity of sequence 95% on the rRNA LSU D2–D3 segments and the highest match with C. brinkmaini with 88% identity on the ITS region.

Morpho-biological notes and histopathology, based on LM and SEM observations, of the fig cyst nematode Heteroderafici isolated from Ficuscarica roots, collected in home and public gardens of Apulia region, southern Italy, are described and illustrated. Seventy-five localities throughout the Apulia region were sampled and one-quarter of the sampled localities had fig roots infested with H.fici, with population densities ranging from 44 to 180 cysts/100 ml of soil. All attempts to detect H.fici on ornamental Ficus spp. as well as on imported bonsai in Italy were unsuccessful. Morphometric characters of the Italian population conform to those of the type and re-description populations reported for H.fici. Molecular analysis using ITS, D2–D3 expansion domains of the 28S rRNA, and the partial 18S rRNA sequences of H.fici newly obtained in this study matched well with the corresponding sequences of H.fici present in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic trees confirmed and supported the grouping of H.fici in the Humuli group. Heteroderafici completes its embryogenic development in 14–16 days at 25 °C. Post-invasion development and maturity in the roots of F.carica seedlings is completed in 64–68 days at 25–28 °C with juveniles and adults showing different parasitic habits, being endoparasitic and semi-endoparasitic respectively. The establishment of permanent feeding sites that consist of the formation of large syncytia causes anatomical modification of vascular elements and general disorder in the root stelar structures. Syncytia structures associated with mature females showed different degrees of vacuolisation, numbers of syncytial cells, and contained nuclei and nucleoli which were constantly hypertrophied.

Key to species of Cactodera (modified from Subbotin et al., 2010, Cid Del Prado Vera & Subbotin 2014) 1 Cyst generally two times or more longer than wide, mean L/W ratio = 2.3................................. C. estonica - Cyst usually less than twice as long as wide, mean L/W ratio = 1.1���1.8........................................... 2 2 Eggshell punctate...................................................................................... 3 - Eggshell smooth..................................................................................... 10 3 Mean stylet length of J2s �� 26 ��m......................................................................... 4 - Mean stylet length of J2s C. thornei - J2s tail length = 37���48 ��m, hyaline region = 17���24 ��m, fenestral diam. = 14���25 ��m........................ C. eremica 5 Mean J2s body length �� 411 ��m, mean tail length �� 42 ��m..................................................... 6 - Mean J2s body length C. milleri - Mean J2s tail length �� 43 ��m, b ratio> 3.5.................................................................. 7 7 Female L/W ratio C. cacti - Female L/W ratio �� 1.4, mean hyaline region of J2s �� 22 ��m................................... C. chenopodiae sp. n 8 Fenestral diam. C. galinsogae 9 Hyaline region of J2s = 4���8 ��m..................................................................... C. rosae - Hyaline region of J2s = 16���23 ��m.................................................................. C. evansi 10 Mean J2s tail length C. amaranthi - Mean J2s body length �� 406 ��m, mean hyaline region �� 16 ��m................................................. 12 12 Cyst with distinct vulval cone, J2s stylet length =21.0���23.0 ��m....................................... C. torreyanae - Cyst without distinct vulval cone, J2s stylet length =23.4���25.0 ��m......................................... C. salina 13 J2s stylet knobs anterior surface concave, DGO = 4.5���5.6 ��m................................................. 14 - J2s stylet knobs anterior surface convex, DGO = 2.5���3.0 ��m........................................... C. acnidae 14 Vulval denticles present, J2s tail length = 43���50 ��m..................................................... C. weissi - Vulval denticles absent, J2s tail length = 46���60 ��m................................................... C. radicale, Published as part of Feng, Yaxing, Wang, Dong, Xiao, Dongxue, Pereira, Tiago Jos��, Xuan, Yuanhu, Wang, Yuanyuan, Liu, Xiaoyu, Chen, Lijie, Duan, Yuxi & Zhu, Xiaofeng, 2018, Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China, pp. 361-375 in Zootaxa 4407 (3) on page 373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1216588, {"references":["Subbotin, S. A., Mundo-Ocampo, M. & Baldwin, J. G. (2010) Systematics of cyst nematodes (Nematodes: Heteroderinae). Vol. 8. Part A. Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, 351 pp.","Cid Del Prado Vera, I. & Subbotin, S. A. (2014) A new cyst nematode, Cactodera torreyanae n. sp. (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae), parasitising romerito, Suaeda torreyana, in Texcoco, Mexico. Nematology, 16, 163 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00002754"]}

A new species of cyst nematode, Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp., parasitizing common lambsquarter, Chenopodium album L., is described from native vegetation in Liaoning, China. Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. has a circumfenestrate pattern typical of the genus and is morphologically similar to C. cacti Krall & Krall, 1978. However, in the new species, females and cysts show a larger L/W ratio whereas second-stage juveniles (J2s) have a longer hyaline region. The new species is also morphologically similar to C. milleri Graney & Bird, 1990, but the J2s differ by a larger b ratio and longer tail. Based on DNA sequences of the 28S and ITS rRNA, C. chenopodiae n. sp. comes close to C. estonica Krall & Krall, 1978, although it is distinct from the latter with respect to the presence of a punctate eggshell and larger b ratio in the J2s. Although morphometric comparisons with additional Cactodera species show the overlapping of diagnostic morphological characters, our phylogenetic analyses based on both rRNA genes support C. chenopodiae n. sp. as a unique lineage.

Cactodera chenopodiae * n. sp. (Figs. 1���5, Tables 1) *specific epithet after the host, Chenopodium album L., Measurements. See Table 1. Description. Females. Body ovate to rounded or subspherical in shape with small vulval cone (Fig. 1C, 1D), female body pearly-white (Fig. 1G, 1H). Females with small vulval cones having slightly protruding lips (Fig. 1C, 1D). Female full of eggs and gelatinous egg sac not observed (Fig. 1I). Outer cuticular layer marked by a rugose pattern. Head slightly set off from the elongate and protruding neck, stylet and stylet knobs well developed (Fig. 1A). Excretory pore located at same level as end of isthmus (Fig. 1B). Anus distinct (Fig.1E, 1F). Cysts. Rounded to lemon-shaped, from light to dark brown with small vulval cone (Figs. 1K, 1L, 4A, 5F). Cyst surface with zigzag pattern at mid-body and not prominent on surface of the vulval cone (Fig. 4C, 4D). Cone is circumfenestrate and lacks an underbridge, bullae and vulval denticles (Fig. 1C, 1D, 4D). Anus distinct and encircled within a disc-like cuticular region (Fig. 4B). Males. Not found. J2s. Vermiform, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig. 2A). Stylet knobs rounded to slightly projecting anteriorly (Fig. 2B). Lip region slightly set off with four annuli. In en face view, an elongated labial disc surrounded by four submedial and two lateral lips (Fig. 4E, 5G). Excretory pore near level of gland lobe, hemizonid was one and a half annulus above excretory pore (Fig. 2B, 2E, 2F 5B). Lateral field with four lines with outer two ridges partially areolated along the body. (Figs. 2G, 4F, 5C). Tail tapering, with hyaline region; the hyaline region is often shorter than the stylet. Transition to hyaline region usually clearly demarcated by an outline that is V-shaped, U-shaped, or rarely sloping ventrally (Fig. 2C, 2D, 5D). Eggs. Surface with heavy punctations visible both under LM and SEM (Figs. 1J, 4G���I). Only found inside cysts. Type host and locality. Common lambsquarter, C. album in the Beiling Park, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China. Coordinates: 41��50���38��� N, 123��25���44��� E, 51 m a.s.l. Type material. Holotype female, seven paratype females, twenty paratype cysts and twenty paratype J2s were deposited for curation in the collection of the Nematology Institute of Northern China (NINC), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China. Biology. Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. was found on roots of C. album among other native vegetation of China. On the type host, the cyst nematode ranges from endoparasitic to semi-endoparasitic. Juveniles were detected on the roots of the host plant by acid fuchsin staining(Fig.3A). Moreover, some maturing juveniles (presumed to be sedentary J2s, J3s and J4s) were found with the anterior portion of their body penetrating into the roots (Fig. 3B���C). Diagnosis and relationships. Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. belongs to the genus Cactodera which includes species characterized by a small vulval cone and a circumfenestrate terminal pattern. The new species can be differentiated from the fourteen other Cactodera species by a combination of morphological and molecular characters. The ranges of many morphological characters of C. chenopodiae overlap with those of other Cactodera species and isolates, including with certain C. cacti isolates from different regions of the US [e.g., Michigan, Graney & Bird (1990)]; yet, morphometric analyses of C. chenopodiae n. sp. demonstrate that the means for these morphological features are distinctive relative to C. cacti. For example, females of C. chenopodiae n. sp. have a larger L/W ratio [1.6 (1.4���1.7) vs. 1.2 (1.0���1.4)], and J2s have a smaller b ratio [3.8 (3.6���4.1) vs. 6 (5.6���6.8)] as well as a longer hyaline region [22.7 ��m (17.5���28.4) vs. 17.6 ��m (13.7���20.5)]. Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. is also distinguished from C. milleri, known to parasitize common lambsquarter in Michigan, US (Graney & Bird, 1990), by the cyst having an anus set off within a distinctive disc-shaped cuticular pattern (Fig. 1E���F, 4B) and by having a greater fenestral diameter [23.5 ��m (19.9���26.3) vs. 18.7 ��m (14.3���22.0)]. Moreover, J2s stages have a larger b ratio [3.8 (3.6���4.1) vs. 2.9 (2.6���3.1)] and a longer hyaline region [22.7 ��m (17.5���28.4) vs. 18.2 ��m (14.6��� 21.2)] when compared to C. milleri. All measurements are in ��m. a CV: coefficient of variation. As for closely related species (i.e. based on molecular data), C. chenopodiae n. sp. is distinguished from C. estonica (Kirjanova & Krall, 1963) Krall & Krall, 1978, by the eggshell pattern (i.e., punctate in C. chenopodiae vs. smooth in C. estonica) and larger b ratio in J2s [3.8 (3.6���4.1) vs. 2.8 (2.7���2.9)]. In addition, C. chenopodiae n. sp. differs from C. rosae Cid del Prado & Miranda, 2008 by a longer hyaline region [22.7 ��m (17.5���28.4) vs. 6.3 ��m (4.0���6.8)], Published as part of Feng, Yaxing, Wang, Dong, Xiao, Dongxue, Pereira, Tiago Jos��, Xuan, Yuanhu, Wang, Yuanyuan, Liu, Xiaoyu, Chen, Lijie, Duan, Yuxi & Zhu, Xiaofeng, 2018, Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China, pp. 361-375 in Zootaxa 4407 (3) on pages 363-365, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1216588, {"references":["Graney, L. S. O. & Bird, G. W. (1990) Descriptions and comparative morphology of Cactodera milleri n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) and Cactodera cacti with a review and key to the genus Cactodera. Journal of Nematology, 22, 457 - 480.","Kirjanova, E. S. & Krall, E. (1963) Heterodera estonica n. sp. (Nematodes: Heteroderidae), Estonian cyst forming nematode. Izvestija Akademii Nauk Estonskoj SSR, Biologicheskaja Seria, 12, 219 - 223.","Krall, E. L. & Krall, K. A. (1978) Revision of the plant nematodes of the family Heteroderidae on the basis of the trophic specialization of these parasites and their co-evolution with their host plants. In: Fitogel'mintologicheskie Issledovaniya. USSR, Nauka, Moscow, pp. 39 - 56.","Cid Del Prado Vera, I. & Miranda, B. L. (2008) Second cyst-forming nematode parasite of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Var. Esmeralda) from Mexico. Nematropica, 38, 105 - 114."]}

Meloidogyne minor (Figs 1���6) MEASUREMENTS See Table 1. ......continued on the next page, Published as part of Zhao, Zeng Qi, Ho, Wellcome, Griffin, Ruth, Surrey, Michael, Taylor, Robert, Aalders, Lee T., Bell, Nigel L., Xu, Yu Mei & Alexander, Brett J. R., 2017, First record of the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne minor in New Zealand with description, sequencing information and key to known species of Meloidogyne in New Zealand, pp. 203-218 in Zootaxa 4231 (2) on page 205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/291278

Purpose. Analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the role of alternative weed hosts of phytonematode families Heteroderidae and Meloidogynidae. Results. The nematodes of the Heteroderidae family can be hosted by 350 species of weeds from 40 families and 155 genera. Most of these weeds belong to five families: Chenopodiaceae (37 species from three genera), Solanaceae (44 species from 6 genera), Poaceae (47 species from 24 genera), Brassicaceae (67 species from 29 genera) and Fabaceae (85 species out of 25 genera) and have a total of 280 species of 87 genera. Weeds belonging to the families Lathurus (13 species), Vicia (15 species), Chenopodium (14 species) and Solanum (30 species) generally comprise 72 nematode host species. All other genera have fewer than 10 species of weed hosts. Nematodes of the Meloidogynidae family can be hosted by 994 weed species from 118 families and 487 genera. The greatest number of weeds that host parasitic nematodes belong to five families: Fabaceae (308 species), Asteraceae (267 species), Poaceae (8 species), Solanaceae (155 species) and Amaranthaceae (89) and among the families Solanum (61 species), Amaranthus (40 species), Trifolium (36 species), Nicotiana (30 species), Chenopodium and Euphorbia (each 28 species). Conclusions . In order to develop a joint strategy of effective protection of crops from weeds and parasitic nematode species, the biological and ecological characteristics of these harmful organisms should be thoroughly studied and the factors that would reduce their negative impact on plants and prevent crop losses to establish should be found.

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., cause huge economic losses worldwide. Currently, three Meloidogyne spp. are present on the quarantine A2 list of EPPO, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, Meloidogyne fallax and Meloidogyne enterolobii. As a quarantine organism, Meloidogyne fallax has been detected in England and Northern Ireland on sport turf in 2011, and in England on leek in 2013. However, its presence in Ireland has probably been overlooked since 1965, when Mr. John F. Moore and Dr. Mary T. Franklin had detected a new Meloidogyne species for that time. While the relevant data was recorded and a preliminary manuscript describing the species was prepared but never submitted for publication, and together with the original slides, pictures and drawings, it was restudied recently. We compared the population of Irish Meloidogyne sp. to other similar Meloidogyne spp. Careful observation and comparison shows that it belongs to Meloidogyne fallax. The characters found to be common for Irish Meloidogyne sp. and Meloidogyne fallax are female stylet length (14.6 μm) with oval to rounded basal knobs, oval shaped perineal pattern with moderately high dorsal arch, slender stylet in males (18.5 μm) with set off and rounded basal knobs, slightly set off male head with one post-labial annule and incomplete transverse incisures, and second-stage juveniles with large and rounded stylet basal knobs, and a gradually tapering tail (46.9 μm) with a broadly rounded tip and a clearly delimitated smooth hyaline part sometimes marked by constrictions (12.9 μm). The host test and gall formation also correspond to Meloidogyne fallax. The identification could not be additionally supported by molecular analysis, as we were unable to extract DNA from the old permanent slides. Nevertheless, our study reveals that the Meloidogyne species detected in Ireland in 1965 belongs to Meloidogyne fallax.

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae), is one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes attacking many plant roots. In this paper, the predation and biocontrol efficiency of Blattisocius dolichus Ma (Acari: Blattisociidae) on this nematode were studied. The predation rate and the environmental factors affecting predation rate of B. dolichus on second-stage juveniles of M. incognita (Mi-J2) were studied in experimental arenas in plastic dishes. Both female and male mites had greater capability in consuming Mi-J2, and daily predation rate of female and male mites was not less than 35 and 29.6 nematodes within seven days, respectively. Temperature, nematode density and starvation affected B. dolichus predating on Mi-J2, and when offered 300 nematodes per dish, the predation rate of mites starved for 96 h was the highest at 25 °C, with female and male mites consumed 50.5 and 54 nematodes in 24 h, respectively. The biocontrol of B. dolichus against M. incognita was carried out on potted water spinach Ipomoea aquatic in a greenhouse. The water spinach roots were inoculated with 1,000 Mi-J2 ten days after releasing 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mites per pot. Compared to the nematodes–alone control, the number of root-knots of all mite treatments and the number of egg masses of the treatments with 300, 400 and 500 mites significantly decreased. Effect of releasing 500 mites on control of the root nematode M. incognita was best among all mite treatments, reduced the root-knots and egg masses 37.1 and 55.1 %, respectively, but no significant difference was observed compared to 400 mites treatment.

In this work, we report results of molecular and morphological analyses of a potato field population of Globodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) species, in Slovakia. Unexpectedly, our data show a mixed occurrence of two potato cyst nematode species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, in this locality. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mixed occurrence of these economically important plant-parasitic species in the same locality in the Central Europe. In addition, this finding reinforces the possibility of the cross-hybridization between these two nematode species that might result in a generation of new genotypes.

A new species of cyst nematode, Cactodera torreyanae sp. n., parasitising romerito plants, Suaeda torreyana (Chenopodiaceae), found in highly saline soils in Texcoco, Mexico, is described. The new species is morphologically and molecularly related to C. weissi, from which it differs in smaller fenestral diam., longer body and shorter tail lengths of second-stage juveniles (J2) and to C. rosae, from which it differs in smaller cyst size, longer body length of J2 and the presence of a smooth eggshell surface. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of the Punctoderinae and Cactodera are given based on the analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA and the ITS rRNA gene sequences.

Anew soybean cyst nematode Heterodera sojae n. sp. was found from the roots of soybean plants in Korea. Cysts of H. sojae n. sp. appeared more round, shining, and darker than that of H. glycines. Morphologically, H. sojae n. sp. differed from H. glycines by fenestra length (23.5–54.2 μm vs. 30–70 μm),vulval silt length (9.0–24.4 μm vs. 43–60 μm), tail length of J2 (54.3–74.8 μm vs. 40–61 μm),and hyaline part of J2 (32.6–46.3 μm vs. 20–30 μm). It is distinguished from H. elachista by larger cyst (513.4–778.3 μm × 343.4– 567.1 μm vs. 350–560 μm × 250– 450 μm) and longer stylet length of J2 (23.8–25.3 μm vs. 17–19 μm). Molecular analysis of rRNA large subunit (LSU) D2–D3 segments and ITS gene sequence shows that H. sojae n. sp. is more close to rice cyst nematode H. elachista than H. glycines. Heterodera sojae n.sp. was widely distributed in Korea. It was found from soybean fields of all three provinces sampled.

Cryphodera sinensis n. sp. is described from ramie (Boehmeria nivea) based on the morphology and molecular analyses of rRNA small subunit (SSU), D2D3 expansion domains of large subunit (LSU D2D3) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS). This new species is characterized by oval females with a distinct subcrystalline layer and pronounced and protruding vulval lip, distinctly concave vulva–anus profile and a vulva–anus distance of 29.5–35.8 μm. Males possess two annuli in the lip region, a stylet 27–32.5 μm in length with round knobs sloping slightly posteriorly, lateral fields with three lines, spicules 20–28 μm long and the presence of a short cloacal tube. Second-stage juveniles possess three lip annuli, a stylet 28–31 μm in length with well-developed knobs projected anteriorly and three lines along the lateral field. The pointed tail, 52–65 μm long, possesses a mucro-like tip and a hyaline region, 24.5–35 μm long. Large phasmids with a lens-like structure are located 2–6 annuli posterior to the anus. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the species has unique SSU, LSU D2D3 and ITS rRNA sequences. Phylogenetic relationships of the three rDNA sequences of C. sinensis n. sp. and other cystoid/cyst nematodes are analysed together with a comparison of other species within the genus Cryphodera.

This article provides morphological and molecular characteristics of Punctodera stonei Brzeski, 1998. Comparison of partial sequences of 18S and 28S rDNA genes from P. stonei sampled in Poland and Punctodera sp. from Canada showed their 100% similarity. This is the first report on the occurrence of P. stonei outside of Europe. We provide data on morphology of males and 2nd stage juveniles of this species and an identification key to males of the genus Punctodera Mulvey et Stone, 1976. Moreover, the paper presents evolutionary relationships of P. stonei within the family Heteroderidae.

An experimental investigation into the suppressive potential of the shrub Chromolaena odorata (L.) (Asteraceae) (also known as “Siam Weed” or “Jack-in-the-Bush”) fallow to the management of plant parasitic nematodes was undertaken between April 2008 and April 2010. The experiment involved comparing nematode population densities in: (i) pure planted fallow of C. odorata, (ii) a mixture of C. odorata with other weeds, and (iii) natural re-growth of weeds from the seed bank in the soil in the field with C. odorata excluded. The population densities of several nematode species were determined at the outset, and then at 6-month intervals for 24 months. The nematode taxa identified as being present prior to fallowing were Meloidogyne spp. (Heteroderidae), Pratylenchus spp. (Pratylenchidae), Helicotylenchus spp., Rotylenchulus spp. (Hoplolaimidae); Rhabditids (Rhabditidae) and Dorylaimus spp. (Dorylaimoidea). Chromolaena odorata fallow significantly reduced the population densities of Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenc...