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As the screen superhero genre enters the revisionist phase of its evolution, its status as a genre overwhelmingly dependent on the adaptation of preexisting material provides a challenge to established models of generic revision. The faithful adaptation of a revisionist comic does not in itself constitute a revisionist film or series. HBO's miniseries adaptation of Watchmen serves as an example of how, through a series of adaptational strategies, an adapted genre text can retain a reverence to its source material while also serving a revisionist function in its new medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The homopolymerization in basic conditions of the recently reported bis(γ‐lactone), 2H‐HBO‐HBO, is herein described for the first time. The solvent‐free polymerization of this pentafunctional levoglucosenone (LGO) derivative affords fully renewable poly(vinyl‐ether lactone) copolymers with a highly hyperbranched structure. This investigation stems from the polycondensation trials between 2H‐HBO‐HBO and di(methyl carbonate) isosorbide (DCI) that fails to give the anticipated polycarbonates. Such unexpected behavior is ascribed to the higher reactivity of the 2H‐HBO‐HBO hydroxy groups toward its α,β‐conjugated endocyclic C═C, rather than the DCI methylcarbonate moieties. The different mechanistic scenarios involved in 2H‐HBO‐HBO homopolymerization are addressed and a possible structure of poly(2H‐HBO‐HBO) is suggested. Furthermore, the readily accessible (S)‐γ‐hydroxymethyl‐α,β‐butenolide (HBO) is also polymerized for the first time at a relatively large scale, without any prior modification, resulting in a new hyperbranched polymer with an environmental factor (E factor) ≈0. These new HBO‐based polymers have a great potential for industrial‐scale production due to their interesting properties and easy preparation via a low‐cost, green, and efficient process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter evaluates HBO Europe’s local productions for European territories. Based on a complete registration of all HBO Europe productions and interviews with leading personnel, the chapter argues that HBO has been able to transpose the US brand and production model to Europe, and has succeeded in localizing content for local audiences, while at the same time catering a transnational audience. Especially through local format adaptations, local talent development and a richly represented crime genre, HBO Europe has been able to secure a European brand name as well as an opportunity to transfer the ‘quality’ brand to local audiences across Europe. The result is localized production models and a transnational availability of local European TV productions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consistently brilliant during its run and standing the test of time over 10 years since the series finale, HBO’s The Wire pioneered the season-long procedural and season-to-season pivot to perfection. It interweaves social issues with compelling storylines, shedding light on the complex problems the urban poor continue to face in today's America. The Wire has been taught by Harvard University sociology professors, and remains timely and topical in the current political climate. This landmark series will continue to be the benchmark to meet or better, for generations to come. Here are my top 10 reasons Why Every Show Needs to Be More Like The Wire.

BackgroundTumor cells initiate hypoxia-induced mechanisms to fuel cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, largely mediated by low O2-responsive Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Alpha (HIF-1α). Therefore, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is now being studied in cancer patients, but its impact upon non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell metabolism remains uncharacterized.MethodsWe employed the NSCLC cell lines A549 and H1299 for in vitro studies. Glucose uptake, pyruvate, lactate, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assays were used to assess aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). A quantitative glycolytic flux model was used to analyze the flux contributions of HIF-1α-induced glucose metabolism genes. We used a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) murine model to measure lung tumorigenesis in C57BL/6J mice.ResultsHBO suppressed hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression and downstream HIF-1α signaling in NSCLC cells. One HIF-1α-induced glucose metabolism gene—Phosphofructokinase, Platelet (PFKP)—most profoundly enhanced glycolytic flux under both low- and high-glucose conditions. HBO suppressed hypoxia-induced PFKP transactivation and gene expression via HIF-1α downregulation. HBO’s suppression of the Warburg effect, suppression of hyperproliferation, and suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hypoxic NSCLC cell lines is mediated by the HIF-1α/PFKP axis. In vivo, HBO therapy inhibited murine LLC lung tumor growth in a Pfkp-dependent manner.ConclusionsHBO’s repression of the Warburg effect, repression of hyperproliferation, and repression of EMT in hypoxic NSCLC cells is dependent upon HIF-1α downregulation. HIF-1α’s target gene PFKP functions as a central mediator of HBO’s effects in hypoxic NSCLC cells and may represent a metabolic vulnerability in NSCLC tumors.

This paper presents an analysis of the trailers of a telefiction series originally produced in English and simultaneously distributed in Spanish in Latin America. Looking (aired between 2014 and 2016 by HBO) was a contemporary dramedy series, a hybrid genre typical of the quality TV promoted by HBO, whose plot dealt with the life of three gay friends living in San Francisco. The aesthetics of the series reveals the auteur cinematic work of Andrew Haigh, a film director who applied his visual narrative repertoire to Looking. Using the multimodal analysis model proposed by Kaindl (2020) and the structure of communicative modes proposed by Chaume (2004) and Stöckl (2004), the translation and Latin American adaptation of two trailers of the series are studied to understand whether the semiotic integration of the paratexts portraits or intensifies the narrative aspects of the hybrid genre series.

Background: Tumor cells initiate hypoxia-induced mechanisms to fuel cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, largely mediated by low O2-responsive Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Alpha (HIF-1α). Therefore, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is now being studied in cancer patients, but its impact upon non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell metabolism remains uncharacterized. Methods: We employed the NSCLC cell lines A549 and H1299 for in vitro studies. Glucose uptake, pyruvate, lactate, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assays were used to assess aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). A quantitative glycolytic flux model was used to analyze the flux contributions of HIF-1α-induced glucose metabolism genes. We used a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) murine model to measure lung tumorigenesis in C57BL/6J mice. Results: HBO suppressed hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression and downstream HIF-1α signaling in NSCLC cells. One HIF-1α-induced glucose metabolism gene—Phosphofructokinase, Platelet (PFKP)—most profoundly enhanced glycolytic flux under both low- and high-glucose conditions. HBO suppressed hypoxia-induced PFKP transactivation and gene expression via HIF-1α downregulation. HBO's suppression of the Warburg effect, suppression of hyperproliferation, and suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hypoxic NSCLC cell lines is mediated by the HIF-1α/PFKP axis. In vivo , HBO therapy inhibited murine LLC lung tumor growth in a Pfkp-dependent manner. Conclusions: HBO's repression of the Warburg effect, repression of hyperproliferation, and repression of EMT in hypoxic NSCLC cells is dependent upon HIF-1α downregulation. HIF-1α's target gene PFKP functions as a central mediator of HBO's effects in hypoxic NSCLC cells and may represent a metabolic vulnerability in NSCLC tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the trailers for a telefiction series originally produced in English and simultaneously distributed in Spanish in Latin America. Looking (aired between 2014 and 2016 by HBO) was a contemporary dramedy series, a hybrid genre typical of the quality TV promoted by HBO, that told the story of three gay friends living in San Francisco. The aesthetics of the series reveals the auteur cinematic work of Andrew Haigh, a film director who applied his visual narrative repertoire to Looking. Using the multimodal analysis model proposed by Kaindl (2020) and the structure of communicative modes proposed by Chaume (2004) and Stöckl (2004), this paper analyzes the translation and Latin American adaptation of two trailers of the series to understand whether the semiotic integration of the paratexts represents or intensifies the narrative aspects of the hybrid genre series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Neuroimaging studies show that nociceptive stimuli elicit responses in an extensive cortical network. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) allows for functional assessment of changes in oxyhemoglobin (HbO), an indirect index for cortical activity. Unlike functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), fNIRS is portable, relatively inexpensive, and allows subjects greater function. No systematic review or meta-analysis has drawn together the data from existing literature of fNIRS studies on the effects of experimental pain on oxyhemoglobin changes in the superficial areas of the brain. Objectives To investigate the effects of experimental pain on brain fNIRS measures in the prefrontal-cortex and the sensory-motor-area; to determine whether there is a difference in oxyhemodynamics between the prefrontal-cortex and sensory-motor-area during pain processing; to determine if there are differences in HbO between patients with centralized persistent pain and healthy controls. Methods Studies that used fNIRS to record changes in oxyhemodynamics in prefrontal-cortex or sensory-motor-cortex in noxious and innoxious conditions were included. In total, 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Results Pain has a significantly greater effect on pre-frontal-cortex and sensory-motor areas than nonpainful stimulation on oxyhemodynamics. The effect of pain on sensory-motor areas was greater than the effect of pain on the prefrontal-cortex. There was an effect of centralized pain in the CPP group on oxyhemodynamics from a noxious stimulus compared to control's response to pain. Conclusions Pain affects the prefrontal and sensory-motor cortices of the brain and can be measured using fNIRS. Implications of this study may lead to a simple and readily accessible objective measure of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its six episodes, the British series Years and Years (2019) calls on images that resonate in the collective imagination of the contemporary media, although some of them have their roots in visual motifs with a strong tradition in Western visual culture. In this article, we attempt to identify these images, representing the political conflicts, social tensions, ecological disasters, and economic uncertainties of the end of the 2010s and beginning of the 2020s, and analyse their transfer from the media to television fiction. Among the references and other motifs analysed are images from the realm of contemporary photography appearing in the press and, for example, at the prestigious World Press Photo event. But an earlier pictorial and cinematographic tradition shows the survival of these visual motifs in the images from Years and Years, interweaving the public sphere with television fiction. Methodologically, we draw on contemporary image theory, including the legacy of Aby Warburg and Walter Benjamin, and textual analysis rooted in semiotics. The visual motifs analysed crystallise around the social unease and humanitarian disasters unleashed by economic and migratory crises, the banalisation of politics in the media, the threat of authoritarian populism and the stylisation of images of war. They include the allegory of freedom and representations of popular revolt and hard times.

Introduction: The experiment was undertaken to estimate the effect of BMSC seeding in different scaffold incorporation with HBO on the repair of a seawater-immersed bone defect. And future compared n-HA/PLGA with β-TCP/PLGA as a scaffold in treatment effect of the seawater-immersed bone defect. Methods: Sixty New Zealand White rabbits with standard seawater defect in radius were randomly divided into group A (implant with nothing), group B (implanted with autogenous bone), group C (implanted with n-HA/PLGA/BMSCs), and group D (implanted with β-TCP/PLGA/BMSCs). After the implant, each rabbit receives HBO treatment at 2.4 ATA 100% oxygen for 120 min/day for 2 weeks. Radiograph, histological, and biomechanical examinations were used to analyze osteogenesis. Result: X-ray analysis shows that n-HA/PLGA/BMSCs and β-TCP/PLGA/BMSCs could accelerate the new bone formation, and the new bone formation in group C was larger than that in group D or group A and close to group B (P < 0.05). After 12 weeks, in group A, the defect without scaffold shows a loose connect tissue filled in the areas. The medullary canal in group B was recanalized. Defects in groups C and D show a larger number of woven bone formation. The new woven bone formation in defect areas in group C was larger than that in group D. The mechanical examination revealed ultimate strength at 12 weeks was group D > group C > group B > group A (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Scaffolds of n-HA/PLGA and β-TCP/PLGA incorporation with HBO and BMSCs were effective to treat seawater-immersed bone defect, and n-HA/PLGA was more excellent than β-TCP/PLGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political populism, economic instability and migratory crisis in Years and Years (BBC and HBO, 2019) ISSN 2386-7876 - © 2021 Communication & Society, 34(2), 281-296 282 contain, and contextualise political agents, their discourse and their policy programme. Political populism, economic instability and migratory crisis in Years and Years (BBC and HBO, 2019) ISSN 2386-7876 - © 2021 Communication & Society, 34(2), 281-296 288 and television messages received on each individual smartphone, Edith later has to make a media statement to corroborate the fact that the attack took place, because the idea that it was just an exercise is dangerously prevalent on social media. Political populism, economic instability and migratory crisis in Years and Years (BBC and HBO, 2019) ISSN 2386-7876 - © 2021 Communication & Society, 34(2), 281-296 285 (Turquety, 2019; Huerta & Sangro, 2018; Pintor, 2017, 2019), and both media linked to the public sphere (Balló & Pintor, 2019). Political populism, economic instability and migratory crisis in Years and Years (BBC and HBO, 2019) ISSN 2386-7876 - © 2021 Communication & Society, 34(2), 281-296 287 We said in the introduction that the logo and name of Rook's party correspond to the four asterisks censoring the four letters of the word "fuck" with which she began to attract attention in live television broadcasts. A degree of darkness has invaded contemporary television series from Twin Peaks (Showtime, 1990-1991; 2017) and The Sopranos (HBO, 1999-2007), to True Detective (HBO, 2014), House of Cards (Netflix, 2013-2019), The Leftovers (HBO, 2014-2017), Chernobyl (HBO, 2019) and Sharp Objects (HBO, 2018). [Extracted from the article]

OBJECTIVE: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe drug-related side effect mostly seen in the maxillofacial region of patients under current or previous treatment with antiresorptive and/or angiogenic agents. There is a wide range of treatment options explained in literature for the management of this condition, from conservative treatments to surgical procedures of various levels of invasiveness, which are sometimes supplemented with adjunctive therapies. The present systematic review aimed at evaluating the treatment options of MRONJ in terms of successful outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched. The search was limited to clinical studies involving human subjects with at least 3 cases. There was no other limitation for language, publication date, and study design for the articles to be included. A hand search of the bibliographies of identified articles was also performed. The evaluation criterion was an improvement in the healing of the treated site after treatment procedures. RESULTS: After evaluation of the full text of the articles, 118 articles were selected for evaluation (15 platelet concentrates, 4 teriparatide, 10 laser therapy, 3 hyperbaric oxygen, 2 ozone applications, 9 conservative protocols, and 75 surgical interventions articles). The evaluated articles reported positive improvements in healing/staging of the osteonecrosis sites. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the low evidence level and the limited sample size of the studies included, the results of this review must be cautiously interpreted. However, they can be suggestive for evaluating the possible benefits of these treatment options in MRONJ management. Further prospective comparative studies with a large sample size are urgently needed to confirm the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades have seen an unprecedented proliferation of serialized audio-visual narratives within the backdrop of the so-called third golden age of television, in the context of meta-television and quality television. The new digital platforms of content distribution have also influenced this. This article delves into the mythanalysis of current serialized audio-visual stories by analyzing their narrative structure to detect which kind of model or mythical portrayals they present to the audience. A qualitative content analysis, combined with a close reading, which included the mythanalysis categories of Balló and Pérez (1997), was carried out on a random sample of 40 serialized fiction programs available on the main streaming platforms (Netflix, Prime Video, and HBO) from their introduction in Spain until 2020. Among the results, a dominant presence of serials stands out, as well as strong hybridization between fiction genres and subgenres. Most of the original myths are revisited in an individualistic tone and focus on the development of personal identity, in addition to a few narratives centered on collective myths. In this sense, the classic myths most present in the sample are those focused on the individual, especially those referring to self-knowledge. Also, new narrative models emerge, and we find cases where the original myths are adapted to contemporary sensitivities by providing more egalitarian portrayals, at the level of race (such as the mestizo messiah) and especially at the level of gender (such as journey of empowerment, love towards oneself, or the freed woman). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este estudio analiza los recursos y estrategias utilizados por los perfiles estadounidense y español de HBO y Netflix en Instagram. Para ello se toma como referencia el año 2017, período marcado por la llegada de HBO a España. El análisis de contenido de los 731 mensajes recogidos refleja una alta coherencia interna por parte de Netflix, mientras que en HBO ambos canales se diferencian notablemente. Se aprecia un esfuerzo por parte de los perfiles españoles para adaptarse a la realidad social española recurriendo a las causas sociales o a poner el acento en la dimensión del conflicto.

Professional divers exposed to pressures greater than 1.1 MPa may suffer from the high pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS). Divers who use closed-circuit breathing apparatus face the risk of CNS hyperbaric oxygen toxicity (HBOTox). Both syndromes are characterized by reversible CNS hyperexcitability, accompanied by cognitive and motor deficits. Previous studies have demonstrated that the hyperexcitability of HPNS is induced mainly by NMDA receptors (NMDARs). In our recent studies, we demonstrated that the response of NMDARs containing GluN1 + GluN2A subunits was increased by up to 50% at high pressure (HP) He, whereas GluN1 + GluN2B NMDARs response was not affected under similar conditions. Our aim was to compare the responses of both types of NMDARs under HBOTox conditions to those of HP He and to reveal their possible underlying molecular mechanism(s). The two combinations of NMDARs were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, placed in a pressure chamber, voltage-clamped, and their currents were tested at 0.1 (control) −0.54 MPa 100% O2 or 0.1–5.1 MPa He pressures. We show, for the first time, that NMDARs containing the GluN2A subunit exhibit increased responses in 100% O2 at a pressure of 0.54 MPa, similar to those observed in 5.1 MPa He. In contrast, the GluN1 + GluN2B response is not sensitive to either condition. We discovered that neither condition produced statistically significant changes in the voltage-dependent Mg2+ inhibition of the response. The averaged IC50 remained the same, but a higher [Mg2+]o was required to restore the current to its control value. The application of TPEN, a Zn2+ chelator, in control, HP He and HBOTox conditions, revealed that the increase in GluN1 + GluN2A current is associated with the removal of the high-affinity voltage-independent Zn2+ inhibition of the receptor. We propose that HPNS and HBOTox may share a common mechanism, namely removal of Zn2+ from its specific binding site on the N-terminal domain of the GluN2A subunit, which increases the pore input-conductance and produces larger currents and consequently a hyperexcitation.

Antigen and collagen-induced arthritis (ACIA) is animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of different doses of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure in reducing inflammation on ACIA through analysis hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) and interleukine 17a (IL-17a). 24 male Balb/C mice were divided into 3 groups, 8 mice did not receive HBO exposure as a control group (G1) and 16 mice received HBO exposure as treatment group (G2 and G3). G2 was ACIA which was exposed to HBO 2.4 ATA O2 100% 90 minutes divided by 3 each 30 minutes intervals 2 times 5 minutes breathing with normal air for 10 consecutive days. G3 was ACIA which was exposed to HBO 2.4 ATA O2 100% 90 minutes divided by 3 each 30 minutes intervals 2 times 5 minutes breathing with normal air for 5 consecutive days, break 5 days, 5 consecutive days. ACPA and IL-17a were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The expression of HIF-1α was measured by immunohistochemistry technique. There was significant decrease of ACPA levels, IL-17a levels and HIF-1α expression (P< 0.05) in G2 and G3 compared to G1. There was not significant decrease of ACPA levels (P> 0.05), there was significant decrease of IL-17a levels and HIF-1α expression (P

Historical films have been subject to controversy and criticism within the discipline of history upon the rise of popular interest in new and innovative forms of historical representation. The five to seven years between the release of Gladiator (2000) and Rome (2005-2007) saw an upsurge of historical films focusing on the ‘epic’: the spectacular, monumental and immersive periods of history that exude a mix of historical reality and speculative fiction. This paper argues that it is not historical accuracy or film as historical evidence that matters, but the historical questions and debates that film raises for its audience and the historical profession regarding the past it presents and its implication on history. Such questions and debates base themselves around the extent to which filmmakers are able to interpret history through images and what kind of historical understandings it hopes to achieve. This paper analyses the complexity of public history through a comparative study of reviews on five online message boards, such as IMBD, Amazon, TV.com and Metacritic, relating to HBO’s Rome – chosen due to its unique ability of igniting historiographical debate by presenting history as an accident, thus allowing audiences to question and reinterpret the outcome of historical events. KEYWORDS HBO; Rome; Film; Historiography; Public History; Popular Imagination

Background: MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a vital role in the intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. The expression level of miR-573 was downregulated whereas Bax was upregulated notably in human degenerative nucleus pulposus cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-573 in human degenerative nucleus pulposus (NP) cells following hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment. Methods: NP cells were separated from human degenerated IVD tissues. The control cells were maintained in 5% CO2/95% air and the hyperoxic cells were exposed to 100% O2 at 2.5 atmospheres absolute. MiRNA expression profiling was performed via microarray and confirmed by real-time PCR, and miRNA target genes were identified using bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays. The mRNA and protein levels of Bax were measured. The proliferation of NPCs was detected using MTT assay. The protein expression levels of Bax, cleaved caspase 9, cleaved caspase 3, pro-caspase 9, and pro-caspase 3 were examined. Results: Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the Bax mRNA contained the "seed-matched-sequence" for hsa-miR-573, which was validated via reporter assays. MiR-573 was induced by HBO and simultaneous suppression of Bax was observed in NP cells. Knockdown of miR-573 resulted in upregulation of Bax expression in HBO-treated cells. In addition, overexpression of miR-573 by HBO increased cell proliferation and coupled with inhibition of cell apoptosis. The cleavage of pro-caspase 9 and pro-caspase 3 was suppressed while the levels of cleaved caspase 9 and caspase 3 were decreased in HBO-treated cells. Transfection with anti-miR-573 partly suppressed the effects of HBO. Conclusion: Mir-573 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting Bax in human degenerative NP cells following HBO treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article examines the significance of queerness to class and prestige illustrated by the series Gentleman Jack (BBC/HBO, 2019–present). Although previous scholarship has discussed LGBTQ content and network brands, the development of “quality” television, and the status of period (heritage) drama, there has not been significant consideration about the relationships among all these elements. Based on the life of the 19th-century Englishwoman Anne Lister, Gentleman Jack depicts Lister’s gender and sexual nonconformity—particularly her romantic interactions with women and her mobility through the world—as a charming, cosmopolitan queerness, without addressing how this depended on her elite status. The cachet of GJ’s queer content interacts with both the prestige of the period genre and the BBC’s and HBO’s quality TV brands, with the show illustrating how narratives in “post-heritage” drama can gesture toward critique of class, race, and nationality privileges while continuing to be structured by these hierarchies. This article points to new avenues for theorizing how prestige in television is constructed through the interaction of content, genre, and production contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audiovisual production continues to be a challenging profession for women, especially older women. This article uses the four-episode miniseries Olive Kitteridge (2014), directed by Lisa Cholodenko and based on the novel of the same name by Elizabeth Strout, to explore the strategies used by women to carve a niche for themselves in a market that is so limited for them. This exploration is followed by a content analysis of the series starring and produced by Frances McDormand, which tells the story of a middle-class teacher in her senior years. Through the application of a gender perspective, contributions from ageing studies or age studies, and an examination of the professional context in which the series was made, this study offers a critical reading both of the process of portraying older women in film and television productions and of their role in the industry; this series is particularly interesting for the dialogue it establishes between the actor/producer’s biography and the story of the character she portrays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]