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RGB LED bulbs have entered the market as a promising alternative to traditional phosphor-coating LEDs to meet illumination standards. In this article, we introduce and propose solutions to address the challenges of RGB LED lighting for the Internet of Things applications, performing communication, harvesting energy, and sensing tasks. Through experiments, we demonstrate that we can use RGB LEDs for multiple tasks. We can achieve a bandwidth in the order of 50 kHz and distances of around 3.5 m using commercial RGB LED bulbs as transceivers, without using any dedicated photodetector. RGB LED links are composed of three main colors, and we show that red is the best color both for communicating to another receiving RGB LED bulb, as well as for harvesting with a solar cell; green and blue can instead be exploited for standard-compliant lighting and/or sensing purposes. We evaluate the system in two proofs of concept and provide insights for operating RGB LEDs for multiple tasks including vertical farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 40% of the total oil palm area in Indonesia is owned and managed by smallholders. For large plantations, guidelines are available on so-called 'best management practices', which should give superior yields at acceptable costs when followed carefully. We tested a subset of such practices in a sample of smallholder plantations, aiming to increase yields and profitability. We implemented improved practices (weeding, pruning, harvesting, and fertiliser application) in 14 smallholder plantations of 13–15 years after planting in Jambi province (Sumatra) and in West-Kalimantan province (Kalimantan) for a duration of 3 to 3.5 years. During this period, we recorded yields, measured palm leaf parameters and analysed leaf nutrient contents. Yield recording then continued for an additional two years. In the treatment plots, the yields did not increase significantly, but the size of the bunches and the size of the palm leaves increased significantly and substantially. The tissue nutrient concentrations also increased significantly, although after three years, the potassium concentrations in the rachis were still below the critical value. Because of the absence of yield increase and the additional costs for fertiliser inputs, the net profit of implementing better management practices was negative, and 'business as usual' was justified financially. Some practices, such as harvesting at 10-day intervals and the weeding of circles and paths, were received positively by those farmers who could implement them autonomously, and were applied beyond the experiment. It is challenging to find and implement intensification options that are both sustainable and profitable, that have a substantial impact on yield, and that fit in the smallholders' realities. On-farm experimentation and data collection are essential for achieving sustainable intensification in smallholder oil palm plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we delve into a predator–prey model incorporating a fear effect in prey reproduction, influenced by both delay and harvesting. The model accounts for delayed fear dynamics to capture more realistic dynamics. Initially, our focus lays on the nondelayed model, examining each biologically plausible equilibrium points and assessing their stability concerning the parameters of the model. Next, detailed mathematical results are provided, encompassing the asymptotic stability of all equilibria, Hopf bifurcation, and the direction and stability of bifurcated periodic solutions. Also, the stability analysis of the Hopf-bifurcating periodic solution is confirmed through the computation of first Lyapunov coefficient. Furthermore, we observed that the nondelayed system experiences Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation in a two-parameter space. Subsequently, we analyzed the corresponding delayed system, establishing the existence of a stable limit cycle through Hopf bifurcation concerning the delay parameter. Additionally, the inclusion of delay can prompt critical dynamics within the system, resulting in period-doubling routes toward chaotic oscillations. To validate our analytical findings, we conducted comprehensive and meticulous numerical simulations. The findings of the numerical simulations suggest that the impact of fear can be used as a measure of chaos control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Harvesting is a direct and simple artificial method to regulate submerged macrophyte communities. However, there is still a gap in whether the succession of different seasonal submerged macrophytes can be achieved by harvesting. The morphological, physiological index, competition intensity of Hydrilla verticillata (H. verticillata) and underwater light under different harvesting intensities of Potamogeton crispus (P. crispus) was studied by a controlled experiment. Under moderate harvesting intensity (harvest 30% and 45% of plant height) of P. crispus, H. verticillata was the least inhibited, resulting in accumulating more Chl a and higher plant height. The underwater light created by moderate-intensity harvesting was favorable for H. verticillata to compete with P. crispus. Thus, moderate-intensity harvesting of P. crispus can promote the growth of H. verticillata. In practice, moderate harvesting intensity of P. crispus can be used to create conditions for the growth of summer species to achieve seasonal succession of submerged macrophytes and maintain the clear-water state of the lake.

The harvesting of population has a dominant influence in balancing the ecosystem. In this manuscript, the impact of harvesting in addition to competition, and memory effect on a prey-predator interaction following the Lotka-Volterra model is studied. The mathematical validation is provided by proofing that all solutions of the model are always exist, non-negative, and bounded. Obeying Matignon condition, Lyapunov function, and generalized LaSalle invariance principle, the local and global stability are investigated. To complete the analytical results, some numerical simulations are given to show the occurrence of forward bifurcation and the impact of the memory index. All results state that three possible circumstances may occur namely the extinction of both populations, the prey-only population, and the co-existence of both populations.

The objective of the presented research was to create an average image of a harvester operator in Poland and to identify factors influencing the degree of mental workload. We used a survey of environmental assessments of workload. The creation of an electronic survey and the support of a company that indirectly employs operators (State Forests) made it possible to reach a large group of surveyed people. The respondents indicated the occurrence of ailments typical of sedentary work at the researched workstation. These included mainly monotony, back pain and numbness in the upper limbs. Stress at work was felt by the majority of respondents; hence the analyses of mental stress, which also translates into other diseases, should indicate key responses to questions regarding comprehensive ergonomic assessments at the researched workstation.

In the present investigation, we examine the consequences of a predator-prey model that includes a constant harvesting technique in a population of susceptible prey. A particular kind of flipping functional approach is present in our proposed prey-predator system; in this response, the predator consumes on susceptible and sick prey, however it shifts its attention to a new sort of prey when its supply of that kind of prey decreases. By employing boundedness, positivity, equilibrium analysis and stability analysis, the essential mathematical characteristics of the model are explored. Attention is directed on the prey refuge in further explorations of the Hopf bifurcation close to the coexistence equilibrium point. This paper's unique contribution is that it examines the dynamics of predator-prey systems from an eco-epidemiological perspective while simultaneously considering the impacts of prey refuge and constant-rate harvesting. To ascertain the critical values of the bifurcation parameters, if present, and to validate the primary findings, numerical simulations are executed. Our numerical simulations reveal that the presence of prey refuge increases the severity of sickness, which is how the three-species eco-epidemiological system creates chaos. However, we find that both the prey refuge and harvesting can manage the resulting chaotic dynamics.

Assessing human stress in agriculture proves to be a complex and time‐intensive endeavor within the field of ergonomics, particularly for the development of agricultural systems. This methodology involves the utilization of instrumentation and the establishment of a dedicated laboratory setup. The complexity arises from the need to capture and analyze various physiological and psychological indicators, such as heart rate (HR), muscle activity, and subjective feedback to comprehensively assess the impact of farm operations on subjects. The instrumentation typically includes wearable devices, sensors, and monitoring equipment to gather real‐time data of subject during the performance of farm operations. Deep learning (DL) models currently achieve human performance levels on real‐world face recognition tasks. In this study, we went beyond face recognition and experimented with the recognition of human stress based on facial features during the drudgery‐prone agricultural operation of sugarcane harvesting. This is the first research study for deploying artificial intelligence‐driven DL techniques to identify human stress in agriculture instead of monitoring several ergonomic characteristics. A total of 20 (10 each for male and female) subjects comprising 4300 augmented RGB images (215 per subject) were acquired during sugarcane harvesting seasons and then these images were deployed for training (80%) and validation (20%). Human stress and nonstress states were determined based on four ergonomic physiological parameters: heart rate (ΔHR), oxygen consumption rate (OCR), energy expenditure rate (EER), and acceptable workload (AWL). Stress was defined when ΔHR, OCR, EER, and AWL reached or exceeded certain standard threshold values. Four convolutional neural network‐based DL models (1) DarkNet53, (2) InceptionV3, (3) MobileNetV2 and (4) ResNet50 were selected due to their remarkable feature extraction abilities, simple and effective implementation to edge computation devices. In all four DL models, training performance results delivered training accuracy ranging from 73.8% to 99.1% at combinations of two mini‐batch sizes and four levels of epochs. The maximum training accuracies were 99.1%, 99.0%, 97.7%, and 95.4% at the combination of mini‐batch size 16 and 25 epochs for DarkNet53, InceptionV3, ResNet50, and MobileNetV2, respectively. Due to the best performance, DarkNet53 was tested further on an independent data set of 100 images and found 89.8%–93.3% confident to classify stressed images for female subjects while 92.2%–94.5% for male subjects, though it was trained on the integrated data set. The comparative classification of the developed model and ergonomic measurements for stress classification was carried out with a net accuracy of 88% where there were few instances of wrong classifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioflocculation, a microalgae harvesting method utilizing organisms like bacteria and microalgae as flocculant agents, necessitates careful selection and ratio determination of bioflocculant agents. This study seeks to ascertain the optimal balance of bioflocculant, Navicula sp., for metabolite production and harvesting efficiency in Arthrospira platensis culture. Spanning three oneweek cultivation stages, the research commences with A. platensis culture under varying salinities (0, 15, 25, and 35 ppt) in the first stage, followed by pH variations (9, 10, 11, and 12) in the second stage. The optimal salinity-pH combination identified in the first two stages is applied in the third stage, involving bioflocculant addition to culture and medium solutions at varying ratios (0.25:1, 0.5:1, 0.75:1, and 1:1 v/v). Precipitation efficiency and pigmentation were measured using spectrophotometry, while lipid content was determined by the Bligh Dyer extraction method. Carbohydrate content was assessed using the Phenol-Sulphuric Acid assay, and protein content was quantified using the Bradford protein assay. The findings indicate salinity, pH, and bioflocculant influence A. platensis growth, metabolite production, and harvesting efficiency. Optimal outcomes are achieved at 15 ppt salinity, pH 9, and a 1:1 ratio of bioflocculant, yielding 1.18x10-3 g of dry biomass, 3.56x105 cells/mL of cell density, 2.9x100 g/L of carbohydrates, 3.63x100 g/L of lipids, 9.97x10-3 mg/L of chlorophyll a+b, 8.71x10-1 mg/L of carotenoids, and 3.04x10-1 g/L of protein. These results suggest that salinity addition, high pH, and the addition of Navicula sp. as bioflocculant increase the harvesting process efficiency of A. platensis culture.

Macroalgae are beneficial for consumers and producers due to their high productivity, their chemical composition and their efficient cultivation without additional feed. Asia dominates global macroalgae production, while European production is still marginal and mainly based on wild harvesting in the North Atlantic. The European Commission has launched initiatives to promote the sustainable production, safe consumption and innovative use of macroalgae products in European regional seas, including the Mediterranean Sea. A variety of coastal and seabed types and a wide range of environmental conditions make the Mediterranean a hotspot of marine biodiversity while providing good conditions for the cultivation of macroalgae. The aim of this paper is to compare the global macroalgae production and macroalgae production in the Mediterranean Sea, focussing on the cultivation of edible macroalgae. The paper also discusses the limitations and possibilities of macroalgae production in the region. Macroalgae production is one of the most promising sectors of the blue economy in the Mediterranean. The production of edible macroalgae suitable for human consumption has great potential, considering future population growth and related food security and health issues, as well as the additional ecosystem benefits of macroalgae production.

In the microalgae harvesting process, which includes a step for dewatering the algal suspension, directly reusing extracted water in situ would decrease the freshwater footprint of cultivation systems. Among various algae harvesting techniques, membrane-based filtration has shown numerous advantages. This study evaluated the reuse of permeate streams derived from Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus) biomass filtration under bench-scale and pilot-scale conditions. In particular, this study identified a series of challenges and mechanisms that influence the water reuse potential and the robustness of the membrane harvesting system. In a preliminary phase of this investigation, the health status of the initial biomass was found to have important implications for the harvesting performance and quality of the permeate stream to be reused; healthy biomass ensured better dewatering performance (i.e., higher water fluxes) and higher quality of the permeate water streams. A series of bench-scale filtration experiments with different combinations of cross-flow velocity and pressure values were performed to identify the operative conditions that would maximize water productivity. The selected conditions, 2.4 m·s−1 and 1.4 bar (1 bar = 105 Pa), respectively, were then applied to drive pilot-scale microfiltration tests to reuse the collected permeate as a new cultivation medium for S. obliquus growth in a pilot-scale photobioreactor. The investigation revealed key differences between the behavior of the membrane systems at the two scales (bench and pilot). It indicated the potential for beneficial reuse of the permeate stream as the pilot-scale experiments ensured high harvesting performance and growth rates of biomass in permeate water that were highly similar to those recorded in the ideal cultivation medium. Finally, different nutrient reintegration protocols were investigated, revealing that both macro- and micro-nutrient levels are critical for the success of the reuse approach.

Maize (Zea mays L.) kernels are exposed to mechanical and physical impacts during harvest, transport, handling, and processing. Between harvest and processing, there are losses in grain weight and reduced physical quality often occurs. Cracked or broken kernels are quality factors that reduce the efficient use and sales value of maize grain. The adverse influence of mechanical impact on maize kernels ranges from the development of small and large cracks of the pericarp to completely broken kernels, and dust generation. Increasing the amounts of broken kernels results in potential problems during storage due to faster spoilage of grain, difficult and uneven aeration during handling and grain drying, increased risk of spontaneous heating and explosion, increased animal health issues due to reduced utilization rate, and increased respiratory infections of humans and animals, and inefficient processing due to unfavourable ratio of high-value products to low-value products in dry and wet milling. The maize kernel structure, the production system, and the climatic condition’s during the maize growing season influence kernel hardness and brittleness or breakage susceptibility causing differences in the amount of breakage present. During artificial grain drying, high temperatures on the kernel surface lead to internal moisture gradients within grain kernels resulting in increased kernel crackage and breakage.

Tens of thousands of plant species globally are harvested to varying extents as non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Local populations of many NTFPs face significant pressures from harvesters, often leading to calls for harvesting guidelines to promote sustainable offtakes. However, most studies to determine sustainable harvest levels implicitly assume that the entire population is available to harvesters. Yet, certain areas or portions of particular NTFP populations outside of protected areas may not be open to harvesting because they are in some sort of cultural or spatial refuge. Using a mixed-methods approach we assessed the prevalence and efficacy of refugia for 70 NTFP plant species at seven communal land sites in south-eastern South Africa. Based on reports from local harvesters, approximately 10 % of the 70 species had part of their population in a refuge. For most of these, populations within a refuge showed lower levels of harvesting and were in a better condition than adjacent populations not in a refuge. These results demonstrate that studies assessing the sustainability of harvesting of NTFP populations should account for whether refugia are present.

In this study, we proposed a Leslie-Gower prey-predator model, whose dynamics includes a constant effort harvesting rate in predators and an additive Allee impact on prey. A system of stochastic differential equations is also used to study its behaviour, with the assumption that each population's exposure to environmental unpredictability is represented by noise terms. This kind of randomness is considerably more reasonable and realistic in the proposed paradigm. Due to the paucity of studies on the dynamics of this kind of model, this investigation is being believed to be a way to advance the subject of literature. First, we establish the system's positivity and boundlessness. Next, we look into the dynamics of every one of the stable states, the form of the positive equilibrium point, and the continued existence of every species in the system.It is established that the equilibrium levels of prey and predator are impacted by the Allee effect parameter as well as the impact of harvesting. The positive steady state point's global stability criterion is derived. By selecting the Allee effect and harvesting effort as the bifurcation parameters, it has been established that a Hopf bifurcation exists close to the interior steady state.This study is novel since it incorporates various ecological factors into a single model, potentially opening up new perspectives on predator-prey relationships. To support the mathematical conclusions, rigorous numerical visualisations of the key parameters are provided below using specific hypothetical data. In conclusion, we may state that our model is a project that aims to preserve the ecological equilibrium of the natural world.

Drawing inspiration from nature has served as a crucial driving force behind human progress, enabling groundbreaking advancements and cross‐disciplinary integration through the emulation of biological superhydrophobic phenomena. Bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials stand out among advanced triboelectric materials due to their unique hydrophobic properties, exceptional moisture resistance, and remarkable electrical performance. However, the inherent complexity of natural phenomena and the need for refinement in bioinspired design pose significant challenges in the development of bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials. This comprehensive review delves into bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials from the perspectives of theoretical underpinnings, fabrication strategies, and cutting‐edge applications. Rooted in the interaction mechanisms between water molecules and triboelectric materials, the importance of enhanced hydrophobic properties is elucidated. A systematic overview of bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials’ construction strategies is presented, offering fresh perspectives and insights into the development and application of high‐performance triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Finally, the current challenges and untapped opportunities in bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials are summarized to fully unlock their potential for applications in TENGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lessons learned from past experiences push for an alternate way of crop production. In India, adopting high density planting system (HDPS) to boost cotton yield is becoming a growing trend. HDPS has recently been considered a replacement for the current Indian production system. It is also suitable for mechanical harvesting, which reducing labour costs, increasing input use efficiency, timely harvesting timely, maintaining cotton quality, and offering the potential to increase productivity and profitability. This technology has become widespread in globally cotton growing regions. Water management is critical for the success of high density cotton planting. Due to the problem of freshwater availability, more crops should be produced per drop of water. In the high-density planting system, optimum water application is essential to control excessive vegetative growth and improve the translocation of photoassimilates to reproductive organs. Deficit irrigation is a tool to save water without compromising yield. At the same time, it consumes less water than the normal evapotranspiration of crops. This review comprehensively documents the importance of growing cotton under a high-density planting system with deficit irrigation. Based on the current research and combined with cotton production reality, this review discusses the application and future development of deficit irrigation, which may provide theoretical guidance for the sustainable advancement of cotton planting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Saphenous vein harvesting for Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) can be done by open and endoscopic methods. The present study aimed to evaluate the leg wound complications between endoscopic and open saphenous vein harvesting techniques. Materials and Methods:This study was conducted in the department of General Surgery, Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulasekharam, Tamil Nadu. Patients who underwent elective CABG were included in the study. A total of 50 patients were included in the study and divided into two groups each of 25 patients. All the patients demographic data, clinical and surgical data was recorded and analyzed. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0) version used for analysis. Results:The mean age, gender distribution, comorbid conditions and euro score-II not showed any significant difference between the groups. In group-I and group-II maximum number of patients had one leg and thigh for vein harvest site. Harvested time and incision closure time showed significant difference between groups. Diabetes mellitus is common risk factor in both groups. Maximum number of patients in group-II had infection compare to group-I. Conclusion :The study results concluded that endoscopic saphenous vein harvesting technique have more advantages with less complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highland vegetable farming is the cultivation of vegetables in high-altitude regions to take advantage of the unique climatic conditions found at higher elevations, such as cooler temperatures, greater rainfall, and more fertile soil. In 2020, a successful pilot production of highland vegetables in Puerto Princesa City was conducted by local government in partnership with the Sitio Busngol Farmers Association (SBFA). Recently, the farmers are able to produce significant amount of bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, celery, lettuce, chines cabbage, onion leaves, and snap beans. A good indication that the location has a potential of producing an ample amount of the commodity to sustain the demand of the city and to decrease its dependency in Cordillera region. Thus, this study examined the determinants for increased efficiency of the farmers in producing highland vegetables by assessing their profile and farming practices in relation to the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for Fruits and Vegetable Farming – Code of Practice of the Philippines. Further, this study examined the relationship between their total harvest and farming practices. This study used descriptive correlational quantitative research design to attain the objectives and answer the research questions. A researcher-made questionnaire underwent content validation and reliability testing with an alpha coefficient of .917 (Excellent). Ten (10) member farmers of SBFA served as respondents of the study. Using Pearson Correlation Coefficient, there is a strong positive relationship between the Total Harvest of the farmers and their farming practices in terms of Source of Irrigation Water and Management, PostHarvest Handling and Storage, and Transport and Marketing respectively as evidenced by their p-values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hunting has a long tradition in human evolutionary history and remains a common leisure activity or an important source of food. Herein, we first briefly review the literature on the demographic consequences of hunting and associated analytical methods. We then address the question of potential selective hunting and its possible genetic/evolutionary consequences. Birds have historically been popular models for demographic studies, and the huge amount of census and ringing data accumulated over the last century has paved the way for research about the demographic effects of harvesting. By contrast, the literature on the evolutionary consequences of harvesting is dominated by studies on mammals (especially ungulates) and fish. In these taxa, individuals selected for harvest often have particular traits such as large body size or extravagant secondary sexual characters (e.g. antlers, horns, etc.). Our review shows that targeting individuals according to such genetically heritable traits can exert strong selective pressures and alter the evolutionary trajectory of populations for these or correlated traits. Studies focusing on the evolutionary consequences of hunting in birds are extremely rare, likely because birds within populations appear much more similar, and do not display individual differences to the same extent as many mammals and fishes. Nevertheless, even without conscious choice by hunters, there remains the potential for selection through hunting in birds, for example by genetically inherited traits such as personality or pace‐of‐life. We emphasise that because so many bird species experience high hunting pressure, the possible selective effect of harvest in birds and its evolutionary consequences deserves far more attention, and that hunting may be one major driver of bird evolutionary trajectories that should be carefully considered in wildlife management schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The use of insects as animal feed has the potential to be a green revolution for animal agriculture as insects are a rich source of high-quality protein. Insect farming must overcome challenges such as product affordability and scalability before it can be widely incorporated as animal feed. An alternative is to harvest insect pests from the environment using mass trapping devices and use them as animal feed. For example, intensive agricultural environments generate large quantities of pestiferous insects and with the right harvest technologies, these insects can be used as a protein supplement in traditional animal daily rations. Most insect trapping devices are limited by the biomass they can collect. In that context, and with the goal of using wild collected insects as animal feed, the United States Department of Agriculture-Biomass Harvest Trap (USDA-BHT) was designed and built. The USDA-BHT is a valuable mass trapping device developed to efficiently attract, harvest, and store flying insects from naturally abundant agricultural settings. The trap offers a modular design with adjustable capabilities, and it is an inexpensive device that can easily be built with commonly available parts and tools. The USDA-BHT is also user-friendly and has customizable attractants to target various pest species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for animal protein grows as the human population increases. Technological and genetic advances in traditional animal agriculture will not produce enough protein to meet future needs without significant innovations such as the use of insects as protein sources. Insect farming is growing insects, whereas insect harvesting is collecting insects from their natural habitats to produce high-quality protein for animal feed or human food. Intensive agricultural environments produce tremendous quantities of pestiferous insects and with the right harvest technologies these insects can be used as a protein supplement in traditional animal daily rations. An avenue to exploit these insects is to use traps such as the United States Department of Agriculture-Biomass Harvest Trap (USDA-BHT) to efficiently attract, harvest, and store insects from naturally abundant agricultural settings. The modular design allows for a low cost, easy to build and fix device that is user friendly and has customizable attractants to target various pest species. Although insect harvesting faces substantial challenges, including insect biomass quantity, seasonal abundance and preservation, food safety, and economic and nutritional evaluation, the potential for utilizing these pests for protein shows tremendous promise. In this forum, insect harvesting is discussed, including its potential, limitations, challenges, and research needs. In addition, the use of a mass trapping device is discussed as a tool to increase the biomass of insects collected from the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to a shortage of labor, the harvesting of fruits and vegetables faces significant challenges. Soft robotic hands, adaptable to variable environments due to their high-curvature bending and twisting, have garnered widespread attention and usage. However, their application in Sichuan pepper picking remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this study proposes a picking soft robotic hand composed of a rigid skeleton and flexible skin for pepper harvesting. Through analyzing the characteristics of peppers, the structure of the robotic hand is determined. Inflatable airbags are employed to drive finger bending, utilizing a rotating–twisting method for Sichuan pepper picking. Structural parameters influencing the bending angle of the airbags were determined through theoretical analysis and validated via simulation. Optimal parameter combinations for the airbags were obtained through response surface experiments to establish the robotic hand model. To assess the feasibility of the robotic hand's movement, dynamic simulations were conducted using R D (RecurDyn V9R2) software. Subsequently, a discrete element model of Sichuan pepper clusters was established and coupled with the simulation of the Sichuan pepper picking process. The results indicate that the robotic hand does not cause damage to the Sichuan peppers during picking. Finally, field tests were conducted in pepper orchards to validate the success rate of the robotic hand in picking, yielding an 85% success rate and a 0.3% damage rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the impact of P. crispus harvesting on phosphorus components in water, this study compared and analyzed the dynamic changes of phosphorus content and environmental factors in P. crispus harvesting area and P. crispus growing area of Yimeng lake during the three-year period from 2017 to 2019, and discussed the impact of harvesting on phosphorus components in water. The results showed that P. crispus harvesting could significantly improve water quality and reduce phosphorus content in water, especially in the decomposition period of P. crispus. The harvest of P. crispus could significantly reduce the content of all forms of phosphorus in water, especially the content of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Sediment analysis showed that P. crispus harvesting could effectively reduce the contents of total phosphorus (TP) and organic phosphorus in sediments, and had relatively little effect on inorganic phosphorus. The monitoring results of environmental factors showed that the harvesting of P. crispus had no significant effect on pH and dissolved oxygen, but the water temperature, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were increased slightly. Correlation analysis showed that there was a weak correlation between TP and DOP in harvesting area. Harvesting treatment reduced the correlation between APA and all forms of phosphorus, DOP and Chl a. In conclusion, the selective harvesting of P. crispus in Yimeng lake at the end of April and early May each year can not only play the function of P. crispus in purifying water quality, but also avoid the secondary pollution to the water body after the decline of P. crispus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper explores a tri-trophic food chain model with three species and harvesting in prey with complex dynamics. Here we discuss the HP model and Holling type-II function. We find the Extinction criteria of species and boundedness. We also derived the condition of existence and stability of equilibrium points. To investigate the local stability and Hopfrbiturcation. Also discuss the Permanence and Impermanence of the system for future time. In the complex dynamical system we observed stable focus, limit cycle, period doubling and chaotic dynamics of the system. We observe that chaotic oscillations in a tri-trophic food chain model is common and control of such oscillation is utmost important from ecological as well as economical viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the dynamic behaviors of the prey–predator model subject to the Allee effect and the harvesting of prey species. The existence of fixed points and the topological categorization of the co-existing fixed point of the model are determined. It is shown that the discrete-time prey–predator model can undergo Flip and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations under some parametric assumptions using bifurcation theory and the center manifold theorem. A chaos control technique called the feedback-control method is utilized to eliminate chaos. Numerical examples are given to support the theoretical findings and investigate chaos strategies' effectiveness and feasibility. Additionally, bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits, maximum Lyapunov exponents, and a graph showing chaos control are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry service health in Indonesia is very important important during life in the world still There is so service health still very much needed. This year budget Health in Indonesia has greatly improved. matter This chance big for business company big pharmaceuticals and tools health for supplying the needs of the house hospital Deni Erlangga, Tantri Rahmat Syah, Edi Hamdi, Dihin Septyantos, clinics and non-health institutions. The role of the company big pharmaceuticals and tools health this is very important to use meet the existing needs of each agency health. This research done for know how much big opportunity business This especially in Banten province and DKI Jakarta Province by using human resources in accordance with company characteristics. Research methods This use method qualitative by using technique studies literature and interviews and documentation. results from study This showing that for reach a specified target company must have human resources who have good abilities and analysis, p This For guard connection good with suppliers. role peting from a sales and marketing person is very supportive from sale. Conclusion on research This In order to achieve the company's targets, PT JPA strives increase quality from every employee. with the number such a budget big from government naturally This becomes very big opportunity for company, of course company must prepare talents employees who have capabilities in every field position work. No only PT JPA will to try increase abilities of each employee through training that will be given to every employee and of course level interesting career for employees, p This to provide positive motivation for employee for always increase performance his. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of creating art on canvas using natural colors from mangosteen peel represents a distinctive artistic endeavor. Mangosteen peel colors possess unique characteristics compared to synthetic ones. Across various dimensions, mangosteen peel colors tend to exhibit natural nuances such as light brown, brownish, reddish-purple, and blue. Painting with mangosteen peel entails a creative process that begins with harvesting the fruit from the garden. Spontaneously, upon splitting the mangosteen fruit into two equal parts, I decided to use the peel to make marks on the canvas. This technique involves spontaneous finger movements, gently, moderately, and sometimes forcefully pressing the canvas. The resulting color effects emerge naturally, correlating with the intensity of finger movements scraping the mangosteen peel on the canvas. The method of creating paintings using mangosteen peel is carried out spontaneously, following stages of art creation: existence, exploration, experimentation, realization, and evaluation. The realization of paintings using mangosteen peel reflects the dynamics of art creation, encompassing elements of visual arts such as light, point, line, space, plane, color, texture, and composition. The artworks produced are titled as expressions of color and line: Expression of Color and Line 1, Expression of Color and Line 2, Expression of Color and Line 3, and so forth. The use of mangosteen peel colors as an alternative medium in the process of creating paintings is driven by the necessity for creativity to achieve artworks of quality, significance, and harmonious value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the multi-product dual revenue function framework, this paper examines the nature and extent of technical and economic interactions among five demersal species of Al-Batinah demersal fishery, Oman during the 2010-2016 period. The parameters of the system of output supply functions are estimated using Zellner's seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) technique. The likelihood ratio test in relation to the structure of the multi-output production technology rejects the null-hypothesis of input-output separability and non-jointness in inputs. These results suggest that the underlying production technology is non-separable between the outputs and the quasi-fixed input, and the harvesting level of one species is likely to have spill-over economic effects on the harvesting levels of others. The own-price elasticities of output supply are found to be positive, inelastic, and statistically significant in four out of five cases suggesting that, other things being equal, fishers' supply decisions are influenced by the prevailing market prices of outputs. The estimated values of the cross-price elasticity of supply are negative, inelastic and statistically significant at the 5% level for eight output pairs. The calculated values of the Morishima elasticity of substitution (MES) indicate the presence of substitutability between ten output pairs. The cross-price elasticity estimates are in the range of - 0.001 (between Emperor and Catfish) to - 0.275 (between Seabream and Grouper) which is lower (in absolute value) than that of the MES estimates. The magnitudes of the cross-price elasticity and the MES estimates indicate the extent of spill-over effects of one species on the other and signal the extent of species targeting by fishers. A statistically significant spatial, seasonal, and inter-annual variability is observed in all species cases. Finally, the implications of the findings are discussed from the perspective of developing effective management approaches, achieving sustainability of fisheries resources and improving fishers' socio-economic conditions stipulated in the Five-Year development plans for the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-precision recognition is limited to multiple occlusions and small sizes of camellia oleifera fruits in natural environments. In this study, COF-YOLOv5s was proposed to accurately and rapidly locate the camellia oleifera fruits using YOLOv5s. Three aspects were used to improve the model. Specifically, a small target detection layer was first added. The lightweight module Faster Block from FasterNet was then embedded into the C3 module. Biformer attention mechanism was finally added. Experimental results show that only Faster-C3 to YOLOv5s increased the mAP, R and P by 1.8, 5.5 and 1.6 percentage points, respectively, compared with the original YOLOv5s,inference time decreased by 0.5 percentage points and 3.6 ms, indicating that the Faster-C3 was balanced the detection accuracy and speed. The small target detection layer significantly improved the mAP, R, and P, which increased by 1.8, 4.2, and 3.2 percentage points, respectively, compared with the original one. There was an increase in the inference time of 2.3 ms. After that, Faster-C3 was incorporated into the network with Biformer. The small target detection layer reduced both the inference time and parameter count. FasterBlock embedded into C3 mitigated the increase in the parameter count and memory access, due to the addition of the attention mechanism and small target detection layer. After all three were incorporated into the network, the mAP, R, and P increased by 4.4, 7.5, and 5.0 percentage points, respectively, compared with the original network. The highest increase was observed in R. Therefore, the network reduced the miss rate, and the inference time was only 1.8 ms longer than that of the original ones, indicating the effectiveness of this model. The improved network was achieved in P, R, and mAP of 97.6%, 97.8%, and 99.1%, respectively, on the test set, which were 5.0, 7.5, and 4.4 percentage points higher than before. The inference time was 10.3 ms, and the model weight file was only 16.1 MB. Finally, the improved model was deployed on the Jetson Xavier NX, and then combined with the ZED mini camera. The identification and positioning experiments were carried out on the camellia oleifera fruits. The recall rate of COF-YOLOv5s was 91.7% in indoor experiments, which was 47.3 percentage points higher than before. The recall rate of green camellia oleifera fruits was 68.8% in outdoor experiments. Furthermore, the recall rate was 64.3% for the small red camellia oleifera fruits under weak light conditions. The feasible theoretical support was provided to upgrade the agricultural equipment, in order to realize the intelligence and scale of the crop industry. Both indoor and outdoor experiments showed that there was some deviation in the detection on the test set. The main reason was that the camera was close to the target with a distance of about 0.2-0.4 m, resulting in the captured images being close-up shots. By contrast, the camera was about 1.2 m away from the fruit in the indoor/outdoor harvesting, which was equivalent to a long-shot picture. Identification errors then resulted in lower recall rates in indoor/outdoor experiments, compared with the test set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aimed to solve the problems of low efficiency of manual harvesting and easy rupture of mechanically when harvesting potato aggregates in potato breeding experiment, 4U-80DZ potato harvester was selected as the analysis basis, and took asexual-generation potato in the secondary cropping area of Central China as the research object. The excavation shovel entry angle-plant root system model was established in the process of excavation by mechanical and kinematic analysis of potato root aggregates. It was concluded that the horizontal acceleration of potato root system was -1.47～5.325 m/s2, which increased with the increase of the excavation shovel entry angle, and the vertical acceleration was -0.19～8.127 m/s2, which decreased with the increase of the excavation shovel entry angle, and the potato root system was transversely broken, and the single plant stability decreased. A potato root vibration model was established during the conveying process. Through analyzing the velocity and force of potato root system, it was concluded that the displacement of potato tuber affected the integrity of single plant, the displacement of potato tuber along the conveying direction was a function of time, which first decreased and then increased with the increase of conveying time, the displacement of potato tuber in the direction of vibration is also a function of time, which increases first and then decreases with the increase of transport time, and presents the reciprocating motion in the direction of vibration and the conveying direction. A potato tuber-root-soil model was constructed by using discrete element simulation method. The integrity rate of single plant was represented by tuber-stolon force, stemstolon force and tuber-stolon displacement, and the degree of root breakage was simulated when the digging and shovel entry angle was 20°～30°. The force curves of potato tuber - stolon, stem - stolon and the displacement curves of tuber relative to stolon were obtained at 20°, 25° and 30°, and the optimum the excavation shovel entry angle was determined to be 20°～28°. A three-factor quadratic orthogonal rotation combination experiment was designed with the excavation shovel entry angle, the forward speed and the vibration frequency of conveying device as test factors, and integrity rate of potato single plant as experiment index. Response surface analysis and parameter optimization were carried out, the results showed that the significant factors affecting the integrity rate of single plant were that the forward speed was greater than the excavation shovel entry angle, and the excavation shovel entry angle was greater than the vibration frequency. The best combination of parameters with the maximum degree of root system integrity was as follows: the excavation shovel entry angle was 21.8°, tool forward speed was 0.96 km/h, vibration frequency was 1.44 Hz, and the integrity rate of single plant was 100%. Field experiment results under this parameter combination showed that the average integrity rate of single plant is 95.1%. This study provided the basis for the selection of parameters of potato harvester for breeding experiment, and laid the theoretical foundation for the design of potato harvester for breeding experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which found that pole harvesting method is the most economical as compared to climbing harvesting method for harvesting oil palm bunches. Topics discussed include cost of operation for climbing harvesting and pole harvesting, cost economics for climbing method of harvesting, and mathematical calculations for economic aspects of pole harvesting.

The state of Sinaloa is known to be a large agricultural producer in Mexico. The use of pesticides in this region is in large quantities, which affects a large number of agricultural workers due to exposure to these chemicals. The objective of this work to identify the main crops, pests and pesticides used in the Irrigation District 075 for this research work a convenience sampling was carried out and 100 surveys were applied with questions related to the pests, crops and pesticides used by the workers agriculture in this region of northwestern Mexico. According to the results, the main crops planted and harvested are corn and beans, the main pests are the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and the whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and the main pesticides are Tamaron and Cypermethrin. In conclusion, agricultural workers in Irrigation District 075 use pesticides considered of medium and high toxicity and have a preference for chemical control over biological control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are plants that have various uses for human health, nutrition, and well-being. They are sources of herbal medicines, dietary supplements, cosmetics, fragrances, spices, and other products. However, the production and utilization of MAPs also pose challenges and opportunities for environmental sustainability and economic viability. This work offers a wide-ranging review of the sustainable practices and circular economy approaches for the valorization of MAPs. The review discusses the importance and value of MAPs, as well as the principles and benefits of the circular economy, a sustainable model that aims to minimize waste and make the most of resources. The review identifies and analyzes various circular economy approaches for valorizing MAPs, like resource optimization through sustainable cultivation, waste minimization in harvesting and processing, closed-loop supply chains, product diversification and upcycling, circular design thinking for MAP-based products, recycling and reusing MAP-based waste, eco-certification and consumer awareness, and collaborative networks and knowledge sharing. The review paper provides examples and case studies of successful implementation of these approaches, as well as the challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Search and harvesting use cases on harmonised metadata play an important role in several activities on National Research Data Infrastructures (NFDI). The working group Search and Harvesting of the NFDI section (meta)data, terminologies and provenance works on a common understanding of user needs (for search) and service requirements (for harvesting), analysis of the data sources landscape, and recommendations concerning common and specific needs, e.g., for spatial or sensitive data. Here, we present search and harvesting gaps and challenges across NFDI consortia and beyond, which were identified and structured in the Search and Harvesting Working Group, and the recommendations for the NFDI we derive from them. Our goal is to foster a common vision for search and harvesting in the NFDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is renowned for its distinctive appearance and functional properties. Colombia has emerged as the world's leading producer and exporter of Cape gooseberries, with annual export growth of 1.2%, predominantly to countries such as the USA and the Netherlands. Traditionally sold with its calyx intact to minimize water loss and deterioration, recent interest in selling Cape gooseberries without the calyx to reduce volume has raised concerns regarding shelf life. Consequently, research has pivoted toward post-harvest management to extend shelf life. An experiment was conducted to explore various treatments and temperatures (5, 10, and 18 ℃), meticulously monitoring fruit quality over time. Findings underscore that calcium chloride and refrigerated storage at 10 ℃ preserve the quality of the Cape gooseberry fruit for up to 20 days. Moreover, temperature and time exerted a significant influence on fruit quality and physicochemical properties, with interactions impacting conservation methods. The application of calcium chloride as a barrier method yielded optimal preservation outcomes, safeguarding key fruit properties. Conversely, sodium hypochlorite treatment at 18 ℃ accelerated fruit ripening owing to heightened respiratory intensity. This study not only sheds light on effective preservation strategies for Cape gooseberries but also underscores the intricate interplay between environmental factors and post-harvest management techniques. By enhancing our understanding of these dynamics, the study catalyzes advancements in fruit preservation practices, thereby fortifying the agricultural and economic sectors, both domestically and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Batem Pınarı, Interdonato, Meyer, and Ak Limon lemon cultivars were studied. Lemon peel's essential oils were obtained by two different methods (hydrodistillation and cold pressing) during four different harvest periods for each cultivar. Essential oil content, density, refractive index, optical activity, and composition were evaluated. The highest essential oil amount was found in the Interdonato cultivar (2.54%) and the lowest in Ak Limon (1.37%). The highest density value was 0.8471 g/mL (Ak Limon) and the lowest was 0.8423 g/mL (Meyer). Essential oil densities obtained by cold pressing were higher than those obtained by hydrodistillation. The highest refractive index values were determined for Batem Pınarı and Meyer (1.4747), and the lowest were determined for Ak Limon (1.4740). The refractive index values obtained by cold pressing were higher than those obtained by hydrodistillation. Optical activity values were found to be highest in Ak Limon and lowest in Batem Pınarı, and higher following hydrodistillation than cold pressing. The essential oil compositions of the samples showed significant differences depending on the cultivar and isolation method. Limonene, the highest component proportionally, composed 76.0%–89.0% of samples. The highest limonene content was determined for Ak Limon (88.7%), and the lowest for Batem Pınarı (76.7%). Limonene content did not change significantly between hydrodistillation (82.2%) and cold press (82.2%) isolation methods. Findings show that there is significant variation in quality parameters of lemon peel essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A kind of riding straddle type wolfberry harvesting machinery with flexible rotary comb brush harvest as the working principle was designed, which was composed of picking device, collection device, transmission structure, walking device, frame and other parts. Theoretically, it can implement picking wolfberry, low-loss collection, cleaning and other functions at once. SolidWorks software 2022 was used to complete the 3D modeling, and Ansys Workbench 2022 software was used to conduct the finite element simulation experiment on the core component brush component. The results showed that the maximum strain of the frame was 58.79 MPa, which was smaller than the yield strength limit of the materials. And the maximum strain variable was 0.000 3 mm, which could meet the strength requirements of the materials. The free mode analysis results showed that the inherent frequency of the first 3 modes was almost zero, which was manifested as rigid body mode. Starting from the fourth mode, it was manifested as elastic mode. The frequency of the first 10 modes gradually increased, and the highest value was about 9.4700 Hz, which was quite different from the machine frequency, which verified the rationality of the structure scheme and material selection design of the whole machine. The design of the harvester could provide references for further study of low-damage mechanized harvesting of wolfberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microalga Monoraphidium sp. QLY-1 is considered to have potential as a lipid feedstock for biodiesel. However, the large-scale use of microalgae lipids is limited by difficulties in biomass harvesting and high costs. Among the many microalgae harvesting methods, chemical flocculation is considered to be a suitable method for large-scale harvesting. In this study, the effects of five inorganic flocculants (ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, aluminum sulfate, magnesium hydroxide and alum) and two organic polymeric flocculants, polyacrylamide (PAM) and polydiallyldimethylammoniumchloride (PDADMAC), on the flocculation efficiency of Monoraphidium sp. QLY-1 and the cost of flocculants were analyzed. The flocculation efficiency of Monoraphidium sp. QLY-1 was unsatisfactory when treated with ferric chloride, magnesium hydroxide, alum or PAM (all less than 90% in 4 h). However, iron sulfate, aluminum sulfate and PDADMAC significantly promoted the flocculation efficiency of Monoraphidium sp. QLY-1 (all above 90% in a short settling time). PDADMAC could be used as an ideal flocculant for large-scale harvesting of Monoraphidium sp. QLY-1 due to its high flocculation efficiency (92.90% ± 0.92 in 1 h with 40 mg L-1) and low cost of use (microalgal broth m-3 with an estimated cost of 0.039 US$). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae harvesting includes conventional methods like centrifugation, sedimentation, and filtration, as well as advanced methods like flocculation, magnetic nanoparticle, and flotation. Biomass recovery using centrifugation is high but high gravitational force can alter the cell structure. Sedimentation is one of the most useful methods in wastewater microalgae harvesting, though it is applicable to large-cell microalgae (>70 μm). Filtration is a low-cost method and easy to process; however, fouling and clogging can result in low yield. Among several techniques, flocculation is one of the most effective and economical approaches for biomass harvesting. Nanomaterial-based flocculants are considered due to their efficiency and reusability. Nanoparticle-based flocculants have gained attention in recent years due to their unique properties, such as high surface area, small size, and enhanced reactivity. These nanoparticles can be engineered to interact with microalgal cells, causing agglomeration and facilitating the separation of biomass from the culture medium. Studies have demonstrated that using nanoparticle-based flocculants can significantly improve the efficiency of microalgae harvesting compared to traditional flocculation methods. This review emphasizes the mechanism of flocculation, types of flocculation, the dosages of flocculants, and the flocculation recovery efficiencies. The role of green routes in synthesizing nanoparticles for the advancement of flocculation technique is especially highlighted in this article for the sustainable biodiesel production from microalgae. Thorough evaluations, encompassing techno-economic and life cycle assessments, play a crucial role in appraising the economic feasibility and environmental ramifications of biofuels derived from microalgae. This article provides an overview of flocculation methods suitable for microalgal harvesting, their mechanisms, advantages, and drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen and selenium on the yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Razi University. In this experiment, the first factor included different levels of nitrogen including 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 and the second factor was selenium foliar spraying at three levels of 0, 5 and 10 mg L-1 of sodium selenate. Nitrogen, selenium and the interaction between two factors had a significant effect on the biological and economic yield of garlic. The interaction between nitrogen and selenium increased the harvest index of garlic. According to the obtained results, increasing the amount of nitrogen and selenium increased the yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency. The use of 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen along with 10 mg L-1 of sodium selenate has caused garlic to have the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency in addition to its high ability to absorb nitrogen and produce maximum yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tens of thousands of plant species globally are harvested to varying extents as non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Local populations of many NTFPs face significant pressures from harvesters, often leading to calls for harvesting guidelines to promote sustainable offtakes. However, most studies to determine sustainable harvest levels implicitly assume that the entire population is available to harvesters. Yet, certain areas or portions of particular NTFP populations outside of protected areas may not be open to harvesting because they are in some sort of cultural or spatial refuge. Using a mixed-methods approach we assessed the prevalence and efficacy of refugia for 70 NTFP plant species at seven communal land sites in south-eastern South Africa. Based on reports from local harvesters, approximately 10 % of the 70 species had part of their population in a refuge. For most of these, populations within a refuge showed lower levels of harvesting and were in a better condition than adjacent populations not in a refuge. These results demonstrate that studies assessing the sustainability of harvesting of NTFP populations should account for whether refugia are present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we proposed a Leslie-Gower prey-predator model, whose dynamics includes a constant effort harvesting rate in predators and an additive Allee impact on prey. A system of stochastic differential equations is also used to study its behaviour, with the assumption that each population's exposure to environmental unpredictability is represented by noise terms. This kind of randomness is considerably more reasonable and realistic in the proposed paradigm. Due to the paucity of studies on the dynamics of this kind of model, this investigation is being believed to be a way to advance the subject of literature. First, we establish the system's positivity and boundlessness. Next, we look into the dynamics of every one of the stable states, the form of the positive equilibrium point, and the continued existence of every species in the system.It is established that the equilibrium levels of prey and predator are impacted by the Allee effect parameter as well as the impact of harvesting. The positive steady state point's global stability criterion is derived. By selecting the Allee effect and harvesting effort as the bifurcation parameters, it has been established that a Hopf bifurcation exists close to the interior steady state. This study is novel since it incorporates various ecological factors into a single model, potentially opening up new perspectives on predator-prey relationships. To support the mathematical conclusions, rigorous numerical visualisations of the key parameters are provided below using specific hypothetical data. In conclusion, we may state that our model is a project that aims to preserve the ecological equilibrium of the natural world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Large industrial units generally consume considerable volumes of water for use by workers and sometimes in the manufacturing process, but on the other hand, they generally have large coverage areas that facilitate and enable the capture of large quantities of rainwater. Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHSs) are an alternative water supply with high potential for significant water and economic savings in buildings of this type, also with benefits for water resource sustainability. This paper presents a case study that refers to the design and economic viability determination of an RWHS to be installed in the industrial building of Continental Advanced Antenna Portugal, using an innovative tool called SAPRA—a rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse system in buildings. The main goal was to understand water consumption patterns in social areas (common to most of the industrial typologies) and determine whether RWHSs are feasible in such uses (discarding the production chain). The case study allowed for verification that the assumptions regarding the calculation period design flow significantly interfere with the design flow and the storage capacity. The analysis of the 10-year period yields the most realistic results, and can be framed, if necessary, within the range provided by the analysis of the driest and wettest years. The investment costs should between EUR 90 and 95 million, with annual savings of EUR 7 to 12 million, respectively. The expected payback period is between 7 and 11 years, which is quite feasible and very relevant. This may be an excellent example of how, even within the industries that do not need water for production, this may save significant volumes of water, contributing to the efficient use of this valuable resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the hunting practices and potentially pathogenic bacterial species among European fallow deer (Dama dama). Within a five-year period, three hunting grounds from Western Romania were examined. During this period, a total of 1881 deer were hunted, and 240 samples were collected by rectal and nasal swabbing from 120 carcasses. Bacterial strains were identified utilizing bacteriological assays and the Vitek® 2 Compact system. Notably, the Socodor hunting ground exhibited a significant difference in harvesting quotas between the bucks (Group M) and does/yearlings (Group F), favoring the latter. In the Chișineu Criș–Sălișteanca hunting ground, a likely correlation in harvesting quotas between the two groups was observed. The identified potentially pathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecium. These results highlight the importance of effectively managing the deer population and recognize the potential for Dama dama to spread zoonotic pathogens, emphasizing the necessity of adopting a One Health approach and maintaining ongoing surveillance of this game species' population dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of agricultural mechanization necessitates precise and standardized classification based on technical characteristics to enhance green, efficient, and high-quality development. The current lack of scientific and standardized definitions and classifications for various types of agricultural machinery has become a bottleneck, complicating the machine selection and affecting the compatibility of the machinery with optimized field operations. To address this complexity, we propose a comprehensive classification method that integrates principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and the qualitative analysis of the functional components for defining and scientifically classifying harvesters. The key functional and technical properties of harvesters were analyzed, and eight primary parameters (machine weight, cutting width, feed rate, rated power, overall machine length, width, height, and working efficiency) were selected, supplemented by nine key functional components (walking mechanism, cutting device, threshing device, separating device, cleaning device, grain collecting device, grain unloading device, cabin, and track size). In the first step, principal component analysis was performed to reduce the dimensionality of the parameters, yielding three principal components with contribution rates of 41.610%, 28.579%, and 15.134%, respectively. One primary parameter from each component was selected for further analysis. In the second stage, Q-type cluster analysis classified the harvesters based on the squared Euclidean distance between the operational parameters, resulting in three classes of harvesters. Finally, functional component analysis provided detailed insights, further refining the classification into four major categories: mini, small, medium, and large harvesters. The results of this work provide a scientific basis for the definition and classification of the harvester products available on the market. This method offers a robust framework for the rational selection and planning of agricultural machinery, promoting sustainable mechanization with a focus on technical parameters and functional attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant changes have been made in the harvesting operations implemented within the oil palm industry. Mechanisation has replaced conventional manual harvesting methods, which are physically intensive work, leading to increased effectiveness. However, despite the known association of manual labour with musculoskeletal problems among workers, it remains crucial in harvesting operations. Electromyography (EMG) has emerged as an essential tool for monitoring muscle activities. This paper aimed to develop an Arduino-based EMG system for muscle activity monitoring in oil palm harvesters as a cost-effective and user-friendly method. The results showed that there was a direct correlation between recorded values and lifted loads, whereby 8kg had the highest reading while 2kg had the lowest reading. It reflects some positive trends in mean values in the weight categories found in the dataset, specifically 0.4238 for 2kg, 0.5078 for 4kg, and 0.7937 for 8kg. Similarly, standard deviations showed an increasing pattern with an increase in weight, indicating a trend for more variation at higher weights. The prototype demonstrated promising results regarding capturing muscle activities under various scenarios, which indicate its potential to assist in designing and developing ergonomically improved machines. Further research needs to be conducted to test the accuracy.