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The paper discusses and evaluates the extent of i-umlaut levelling in classical (ca. 1300-1400) and post-classical (ca.1400-1550) Old Frisian nouns. In terms of the methodology, the main goal of the analysis is to identify the quantitative relation between the incidence of i-umlauted and umlautless root vowels in the nominal declension paradigms. In order to understand and assess the process of levelling of i-umlaut in Old Frisian, three aspects that may have had an impact on the presence or absence of i-mutated vowels are taken into account, namely: the presence of the i-mutation trigger *-ī and *-j and *-i, the establishment of whether i-mutation is noticeable in the entire paradigm or it is just an intraparadigmatic alternation, and finally, the differentiation between intraparadigmatic levelling of i-umlaut and borrowing from another language. A quantitative analysis is performed on the texts culled from two corpora of Old Frisian: The Corpus Oudfries and The Integrated Scientific Frisian Language Database. The analysis reveals the tendency of the language to regularize its nominal declension patterns, which results in a later levelling of i-umlauted vowels. This reveals the differentiation between the classical and post-classical period of the language's development. Statistical tests evaluate proportion differences on the operation of i-umlaut and indicate that the discrepancies with reference to the presence of i-umlauted vowels in nouns from the classical and post-classical forms are significant. The analysis and its results can supplement the study of the process and its influence on declension patterns not only in Old Frisian, but in all West Germanic languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Focusing on English Studies in South Africa, this article considers adaptations to university teaching in a time of Covid-19 and the potential and limitations of such adaptations post Covid-19. The argument is divided into sections, "English Studies, Yesterday and Today" and "English Studies, Today and Tomorrow", together with a coda, "English, the Language of the Modern World". An African folktale, "Elephant, Chameleon, and Lizard", offers a metaphor of before, in, and beyond Covid-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I reconstruct two separative argument structure constructions for West Germanic: one involving a genitive of origin and one involving an instrumental in the process of being subsumed under the dative. Although neither genitives nor instrumentals/datives are typically used to refer to literal origins in space in any of the languages under consideration, a number of verbs attested with genitives and instrumentals/datives can be semantically related to each other as expressing different metaphorical extensions from the concept of separation. The fact that the expression of spatial origin itself is not a function of the genitive or the instrumental/dative can be explained diachronically with reference to a common evolutionary scenario in which adpositional phrases replace bare-case constructions in their concrete, spatial functions before they take over their derived, more abstract senses. The alternation between genitives, instrumentals/datives and separative prepositions is best modelled as a constructeme, a schema with various allostructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of the representation and processing of grammatical gender during language production has encountered mixed results regarding which conditions must be met to observe gender effects and whether these reflect the selection of gender values or competition between elements of agreement. The answer seems to depend on the number of determiners associated with each gender and on the language being explored. The present study aims to assess this issue through three picture-word interference tasks in European Portuguese. This is a transparent Romance language featuring a one-to-one gender-determiner mapping system similar to opaque Germanic languages. Conditions of gender in/congruency between targets and distractors were considered, along with gender transparency and agreement. We observed a gender congruency effect restricted to noun phrases. Importantly, the effect was modulated by transparency, which seems relevant regardless of agreement. To explain the results, we adapted the Dual-Route Model of language comprehension to production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper consists of a contrastive corpus‐based study of the (analytical) Resultative Construction (henceforth, RC) in culinary contexts (e.g. cut thin, whisk to a foam, roll into a ball). Four languages are investigated: two Germanic (i.e. Dutch and English) and two Romance languages (i.e. French and Spanish). Based on a sample of 1000 occurrences of the RC (by language) retrieved from our home‐made comparable corpus of cooking recipes, this study shows that: (i) both 'strong' (i.e. aspect‐shifting) and 'weak' (i.e. non‐aspect‐shifting) RCs are possible in the four languages studied (Washio 1997) – although the latter is said to be the only pattern available in Romance (Fontanals 2000; Mateu 2012; Bigolin & Ausensi 2021); (ii) a greater diversity of verbs occurs in the RC in Dutch and English, which suggests that the construction is still more productive in Germanic languages, even in culinary contexts; and (iii) in Romance, the productivity of the verb slot in the RC depends to a large degree on whether the resultative predicate can be encoded by a prepositional phrase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In English, Dutch, and other Germanic languages the initial phonological unit used in word production has been shown to be the phoneme; conversely, others have revealed that in Chinese this is the atonal syllable and in Japanese the mora. The current paper is, to our knowledge, the first to report chronometric data on Vietnamese phonological encoding. Vietnamese, a tonal language, is of interest as, despite its Austroasiatic roots, it has clear similarities with Chinese through extended contact over a prolonged period. Four experiments (i.e., masked priming, phonological Stroop, picture naming with written distractors, picture naming with auditory distractors) have been conducted to investigate Vietnamese phonological encoding. Results show that in all four experiments both onset effects as well as whole syllable effects emerge. This indicates that the fundamental phonological encoding unit during Vietnamese language production is the phoneme despite its apparent similarities to Chinese. This result might have emerged due to tone assignment being a qualitatively different process in Vietnamese compared to Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The language itself is a very complex phenomenon. All languages have had contact through each other, so often when using them we encounter many common elements. Although their differences and features are numerous especially when it comes to languages belonging to different groups. Precisely these changes have created the need for linguists to study languages by creating different groupings. Latin, Neolatin, Slavic, Germanic or Indo-European languages including Albanian are some of these groupings. Their use is quite extensive as language itself is the main means of communication. The state in which we may encounter a language is diverse. It can communicate a certain message in written form, through speech or various signs but nevertheless its purpose is to transmit a message from a transmitter to a receiver. In this paper we can see the special and common sides between the two languages even though they are completely different from each other. Our study will be based on the grammatical categories of the verb. We will carefully look at the functions of this grammatical category in Italian and Latin which are included in the group of Latin languages and Albanian which is part of the group of Indo-European languages as mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English language is a part of a wider, Indo-European, family of languages. It is a part of a Germanic group of languages that, alongside many other groups, originated from the reconstructed Proto -- Indo -- European language. English was the language of Germanic tribes of Angles and Saxons which inhabited Britain in the 5th century after the withdrawal of the Romans. The Germanic group of languages encompasses languages such as Dutch, German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic and English. Germanic group of people was once in close contact with Celtic and Italic groups and earlier than that with all other Indo -- European people, like Greek, Iranian, Armenian, Slavic, Baltic, etc. Via the analysis of the word adder, we present the evidence of a closer association of Germanic, Italic and Celtic groups of languages and their origin as Indo -- European nations. Through this analysis we are able to present and teach students of the origin of the English language and its subsequent influence on the British culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article collection "Latin influence on the syntax of the languages of Europe" provides an overview of the interaction between European languages and Latin from the Middle Ages to the 18th century. The contributions cover various topics such as periphrastic aspectual and temporal constructions, word order, and non-finite subordination. Some articles argue in favor of Latin influence, while others present arguments against it. The collection offers valuable empirical contributions and highlights the interplay between variation and contact in language development. It is a useful resource for scholars studying language contact in polyglossic settings. [Extracted from the article]

This paper presents IdiomsTube (https://www.idiomstube.com), the first-ever computer-assisted language learning tool for facilitating the learning of English idiomatic expressions from YouTube videos. The web-based tool is designed to automatically (1) assess the speech rate and lexical difficulty level of any learner-chosen English-captioned YouTube video; (2) generate a range of vocabulary-building and revision tasks (e.g. fill-in-the-blanks, the classic spelling game hangman, pronunciation, flashcards); and (3) recommend YouTube videos based on learners' individual learning progress, class teachers' instructions, and current trends. This paper describes the app's current features in conjunction with the challenges endemic in the development of applications that automatically generate English language learning content out of internet video content. At the time of writing, the IdiomsTube app had over 8,000 registered users worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research objective was to show the hybrid characteristics of prefixed verbs in Yiddish caused by its contact with Semitic and Slavic languages. The Yiddish system of verb prefixes, in particular, those with hybrid polysemy, is a phenomenon when the German form and German content acquired a very similar Slavic meaning. As a result, such prefixes retained the features of their German equivalents, while modifying their semantic, morphosyntactic, and word-formation potential. This phenomenon affected some Yiddish verbs under the impact of contacts with adstratum languages and intralinguistic tendencies. The present research featured Yiddish verbs with the ariber- prefix. The analysis revealed that Slavic adstratum semantic characteristics caused the hybridization of the Yiddish system of verb prefixes. As a result, Yiddish prefixed verbs were able to describe and conceptualize situations left out by the German language, but indicated by Slavic languages. To describe the same situation, the same base word in Yiddish could be combined with a larger amount of prefixes than in German and Slavic languages. Thus, synonymous series of prefix verbs in Yiddish occurred as a result of the hybridization of its German-based system with elements borrowed from Semitic and Slavic languages.

The present research featured Yiddish idioms of ill-wishing, which can be considered as both phraseological units and micro-texts. The study featured semantic and stylistic analysis, analysis of dictionary definitions, and the traditional descriptive method. The authors tried to answer some current issues using the case of Yiddish ill wishes. The paper focuses on cultural, mythological, religious, and universal foundations of phraseology, as well as the functions of the idioms in question. It introduces some thematic and semantic characteristics of Yiddish ill wishes, e.g. get-ill wishes, death-wishes, ill wishes per se, cursing one’s family, etc., as well as their lexical and grammatical stylistic features. Yiddish ill wishes proved to form a specific component of the Yiddish lexicon, motivated by both popular and less obscure religious, historical, and cultural archetypes and scenarios. It is their external and internal form that makes these phraseological units ill wishes: stylistically and pragmatically, they represent humorous and sarcastic phraseological units of reproachful character and interjective nature. The research results can be used for further linguistic and cultural studies.

Periphrastic constructions with come have primarily been grammaticalized to express tense in Indo-European languages (Devos & van der Wal 2014). In the Germanic language group, come has not undergone grammaticalization to the same degree that related go has. Nevertheless, this verb has acquired some special functions when used in combination with other elements. One of them concerns the combination of come with a motion verb. In Standard Dutch, the choice of the morphological form (inf/ ptcp) of the movement verb in this construction is variable (Haeseryn et al. 1997): De agent kwam de straat ingefietst.ptcp /infietsen.inf 'The police officer came cycling into the street'. This contribution investigates this special construction in terms of diatopic and register variation as well as from a semantic-functional perspective. We performed an experiment in which we tested for geographic and semantic factors. The results show that the distribution of the variants is not regionally conditioned contrary to our expectations. Instead, the infinitive variant is the preferred variant across all regions in regional Dutch. We then discuss the results for the semantic factors that we systematically integrated into the test conditions, i.e. lexical semantics and path and manner as has been previously proposed in the literature (Ebeling 2006, Honselaar 2010, Beliën 2016). The results of a regression analysis do not conform to expectations. We reflect on the results and propose an alternative hypothesis, based on Schäfer (2020), proposing that the infinitive variant is the result of a stalled grammaticalization process, in which komen is – or better was – on its way toward becoming a future auxiliary. Future work will have to test this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is situated in the area of Variationist Sociolinguistics and addresses linguistic variation regarding names (lexical level) in Pomeranian, a language of Germanic immigration spoken in the states of RS, ES, MG, SC and RO. The focus of this analysis is on the relationship of the use of Pomeranian names with contact with the Portuguese language and with the extralinguistic factor age phase in the speech of residents of the inland municipality of Arroio do Padre, RS. This is a section of the doctoral thesis in progress, which is characterized as a qualitative study with a quantitative basis in apparent time. As a methodological design, the study articulates concepts derived from Variationist Sociolinguistics and Social Network analysis. The first results indicate a higher percentage of lexical items phonologically similar to standard German among the older age group, while the speech of the younger age group presents a higher number of events with code-switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that in the textual record of English there is an apparent break between Old and Middle English. Topics include considered the first is that the West Saxon koiné of Old English was no longer written after the Norman invasion in the mid-eleventh century and the second is that the return of documents in Middle English did not set in until the latter half of the thirteenth century.

L'auteur de cet article se propose d'examiner la genèse de la paraphrénie chez Joseph Guislain. Il s'attache ainsi à remédier à l'absence d'étude détaillée de cette catégorie aux origines francophones méconnues. Cette catégorie s'avère en effet traditionnellement rattachée à la psychiatrie de langue allemande (Kahlbaum, Kraepelin). Cette étude s'appuie sur l'analyse textuelle des deux premiers ouvrages de Joseph Guislain : d'une part, le Traité sur les aliénations mentales (1826) et, d'autre part, le Traité sur les phrénopathies (1833) dans lequel apparaît pour la première fois la paraphrénie. Cette analyse nous a permis de montrer que la paraphrénie constitue une véritable catégorie clinique, au statut nosographique bien défini, depuis 1833. Malgré ses multiples dénominations synonymiques (folie, réaction fantastique notamment), Guislain développe une conception homogène de la paraphrénie assimilée à une réaction morale. Cette analyse nous a également permis de recenser ses caractéristiques sémiologiques et formelles. Guislain décrit dix espèces d'impulsions bizarres fréquentes et régulières constitutives de la forme simple de la paraphrénie. Il cartographie également ses formes complexes. Enfin, nous avons pu constater le pessimisme de Guislain sur son évolution, qu'il estime généralement funeste. La catégorie de paraphrénie a connu un début de diffusion contrasté durant la fin de la première moitié du XIXe siècle. En effet, sa réception dans la psychiatrie de langue allemande fut marquée et facilitée par la publication rapide, en 1838, de deux traductions du Traité sur les phrénopathies (1833) tandis qu'elle se diffusa avec peine dans la psychiatrie francophone. La paraphrénie constitue chez Guislain une double invention, d'une part terminologique et d'autre part nosographique, dont l'aliéniste belge a donné des descriptions sémiologiques nombreuses et développées. This article's author intends to examine the genesis of paraphrenia as seen by Joseph Guislain. In this way, he wishes to remedy to the absence of detailed studies of this category whose French language speaking origins are still quite unknown. Indeed, this category is generally attached to the German speaking language psychiatry (Kahlbaum, Kraepelin) This study is based on the textual analysis of Joseph Guislain's two first works: the Traité sur les aliénations mentales (1826) on one hand and the Traité sur les phrénopathies (1833) on the other hand and in which paraphrenia is treated for the first time. This analysis has enabled us to show that paraphrenia constitutes a real clinical category with a nosographic status which has been well defined since 1833. Despite its numerous synonymic terms (folly, fantastic reaction for instances), Guislain develops a homogeneous conception of paraphrenia assimilated to a moral reaction. This analysis has also enabled us to make an inventory of its semiologic and formal features. Guislain describes ten types of strange and regular impulses constituent of the simple form of paraphrenia. He also makes an inventory of its complex forms. Finally, we could notice Guislain's pessimism about its evolution that he considers as fatal. The category of paraphrenia knew a contrasted diffusion during the first half of XIXth century. Indeed, its understanding in the German language speaking psychiatry was highlighted and facilitated by a fast publication, in 1838, of the two translations of Traité sur les phrénopathies (1833), whereas it was hardly diffused in the French language speaking psychiatry. For Guislain, paraphrenia constitutes a double invention, both on a terminological and nosographic levels and for which the Belgian alienist gave numerous and developed semiological descriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article examines the acoustic properties of function words in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) as produced by Jordanian speakers. Data were elicited from twelve participants reading a short story embedded with seventeen function words of different types. The vowels in these words were analyzed acoustically in terms of duration, intensity, F0, F1, and F2 and then compared with their counterparts in content words. F0 results suggest that MSA has four levels of prosodic prominence: vowels in stressed syllables in content words > vowels in stressed syllables in disyllabic function words > vowels in unstressed syllables in content words > vowels in monosyllabic function words. Duration and intensity results, however, did not reflect this four-way distinction in prominence; only vowels in stressed content words were meaningfully distinguished from the vowels in the other types of words. More interestingly, results show that MSA does not reduce the quality of less prominent vowels, as in Germanic languages. Overall, results suggest that reduced prominence in function words is a language universal, but its realization is language specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Languages differ in the way they code causal-noncausal alternations, in which an event is presented as either having an external causer or happening by itself. Some languages make no distinction between the two situations, while others make a morphosyntactic distinction. Yiddish, a Germanic language, differs from other genealogically close Germanic varieties: Yiddish codes causal-noncausal alternation similarly to the coterritorial Slavic languages with which it was in contact, for instance Polish and Russian. The two tendencies that make Yiddish similar to the Slavic languages in this respect are the rise of anticausative marking (direct calquing) and the development of a causative (preference for overt marking). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many studies have employed variationist methods to examine longitudinal changes in the English intensifier system, to date, no variationist studies have tackled the intensifier system of Old English. By providing a critical view of this system at an earlier stage in the history of the English language, the present study adds to the long tradition of scholarship on intensifiers while providing new insight into their diachronic development. Despite its antiquity, several parallels can be drawn with the intensifier system at later stages in the language. Both internal and external factors are found to constrain this system, with predicative adjectives favoring intensification over attributive adjectives, prose texts having higher intensification rates than verse texts, Latin-based texts having higher intensification rates than vernacular texts, and the rate of intensification increasing over time. The quantitative analysis of the Old English system also increases the time depth necessary for a more detailed reflection on the diachronic recycling, replacement, and renewal of intensifiers. Language contact and borrowing are also postulated as driving forces of innovation and replacement in earlier stages of the English language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Burgundian language is one of several smaller early Germanic languages that are scarcely attested and often under-researched. Moreover, it is commonly classified as an 'East Germanic' language, forming a Germanic subgroup alongside Northwest Germanic. This paper investigates Burgundian in detail in order to establish the most complete phonology and morphology that is currently possible with the current data base. Furthermore, we examine the linguistic relationships of Burgundian with other Germanic languages, with a focus on Gothic in particular. Our findings suggest that Burgundian does not form a coherent subgroup together with Gothic but that the data imply a common post-Proto-Germanic dialect continuum of which Burgundian, Gothic, and most likely Vandalic were a part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vimose plane features an early runic inscription that has long remained opaque, with none of the attempts to explain it having commanded assent in the historiography. Like the inscription on the Vimose buckle, however, the text on the wood plane appears to preserve an early example of West Germanic religious language. The inscription on the sharpener shows some parallels with comparable Roman texts but also distinctively West Germanic phonological development. The text on the plane seems to be one of several early runic texts found in the Southern Scandinavian votive bogs that preserve Ingvaeonic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction grammar – most notably Cognitive Construction Grammar (Goldberg 2006), Radical Construction Grammar (Croft 2001) and Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 2008) – has been extremely inspiring in providing tools for modelling gradience in variation and change. Verbal constructions have been investigated within the paradigm of construction grammar from a number of angles including idiomaticization processes as well as argument structure constructions (Boas 2003; Engelberg 2009; Faulhaber 2011; Goldberg 1995; Rostila 2007). Usage-based approaches (Barlow & Kemmer 2000; Bybee & Hopper 2001; Diessel 2015, 2019; Langacker 1988; Tomasello 2003) have pointed out that usage is the place to look for variation and change. Data-driven, corpus-based approaches have introduced quantitative methods for analyzing constructional functionality and variety synchronically (Stefanowitsch & Gries 2003; Gries 2006; Glynn 2014) and diachronically (Hilpert 2006). These techniques have given rise to detailed studies of verbal constructions, lexicalization and idiomaticization. This volume presents papers which in their majority have arisen in connection with the workshop "Variation and Grammaticalization of Verbal Constructions", held at the 51st SLE Annual Meeting at Tallinn, 29th August – 1st September 2018. Its focus is on verbal constructions in Germanic languages, constructional variation and degrees of polyfunctionality between lexical, idiomatic and grammaticalized usages. The major object of this volume is to investigate the conditions and interdependencies of such variations and polyfunctionalities. The theoretical and conceptual foundations of the studies united here rest upon grammaticalization theory, usage-based constructional approaches, and frame semantics, allway in combination with empirical testing. The scope of interest comprises synchronic as well as diachronic phenomena in various registers and communicative types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As in many other Germanic languages, Modern Danish combines the verb få 'get' and a semantic main verb in the supine form (the uninflected perfect participle). Three main types of the construction are found: an agentive type typically interpreted as expressing successful intentional action and two non-agentive types: one with a ditransitive main verb and promotion of the indirect object to subject status, and one with a non-valency-bound subject typically interpreted as a Beneficiary. Based on a functional framework, the paper presents a corpus study of the construction and an analysis unifying all three main types in a common Affactive Construction whose functional contribution is the specification of the subject as an Afficiary (Beneficiary or Maleficiary). The distinction between agentive and non-agentive interpretation is analysed as a voice distinction between active and passive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Doitsu Bungaku is the property of Iudicium Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study looks at the use of conjunctions among L1 Luganda speakers of English as a second language (L2) in Uganda. Using a corpus compiled from oral and written discourse, the study found that the conjunction mostly used among L1 Luganda speakers of English was "and", followed by "but", both of which were marginally used as sentence openers, with the written data showing no single incidence of using "and" in this respect. It was also established that a number of English conjunctions were either totally absent or only used sporadically in both types of discourse. For example, correlatives such as "scarcely... when, no sooner...than" were completely absent from our corpus. Substrate influence from Luganda has been seen to have a role, not least in the co-extensive use of "although/ though" with "but" in subordination, although analogy appears to work synergistically with substrate influence here (see Andersen, 1983). Innovations involving the rejection of constructions with the conjunction "if" were observed with regard to what appear to be mixed tenses (e.g. If you did not study chemistry at lower levels, you will not understand this concept), although in L1 English such constructions are legitimate since they do not encode the semantic relation of condition (Swan, 2005). Given that L1 Luganda speakers of English are Ugandans, this aspect of the findings in the study lends itself to observations made in earlier studies (e.g. Ssempuuma, Isingoma & Meierkord, 2016; Isingoma, 2021) on the structural nativization of English in Uganda as well as trends towards endonormativity in the sense of Schneider (2007). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professor Ludwik Zabrocki (1907-1977), an eminent Polish linguist, was an inspiration in linguistic research on Germanic languages for a young scholar from Wrocław. At the end of the 50's of the 20th century, Norbert Morciniec took part in scientific meetings in Poznań, where Zabrocki had worked on a holistic approach of Polish research on Germanic languages. The young MA then started to develop studies on the Dutch language. That resulted in establishing a language course, then a specialisation of Dutch within the Germanic studies. New books about Dutch language and literature were written, a scientific journal was established, finally an autonomous Chair for Dutch at the University of Wrocław was created. Today this Chair employs numerous researchers who have further developed the Dutch studies and who are educating numerous students in this field. The text ends with a wish to the pupils of the author, today themselves professors: that they, too, do open new horizons for their pupils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study, based on a corpus of 20 Dutch and 20 German scientific journal articles, looks at how authors of German and Dutch research papers use nouns referring to persons. This investigation shows that although the two West Germanic languages are typologically similar due to their geographic proximity the two languages can vary a lot in terms of the abstraction (e. g. Lehrkräfte, Personen; leerkrachten, personen) and specification (e. g. Lehrerinnen und Lehrer; leraressen en leraren) of both grammatical gender and biological sex in academic articles. As a result it can be observed that Dutch authors prefer generic masculine personal nous whereas German authors tend to use more alternative forms, especially in recent times. The result contributes not only to a deeper understanding of personal nouns in academic articles but also to a clearer understanding of where and why there are differences between German and Dutch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]