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While studying specimens of Garcinia gardneriana from the Brazilian Amazon we detected problems in reconciling the morphology of these collections to that of the type-collection (with the basionym of Rheedia gardneriana) and similar specimens from other regions of Brazil. An investigation led us to the conclusion that the Amazonian collections represent a new species, described herein as Garcinia apostoloi. We present a taxonomic treatment comprising a morphological description, a distributional map in southern Amazonia, a description of the habitat, a preliminary conservation assessment, and other taxonomic comments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Pharmacological intervention to induce browning of white adipose tissue provides a promising anti‐obesity therapy. The fruits of Garcinia cambogia (Clusiaceae) have been widely applied to manage body weight; however, the chemical principles remain unclear. The current study aims to discover browning inducers from the fruits of G. cambogia and investigate the underlying mechanisms. Experimental Approach: The bioactivity‐based molecular networking and Oil Red O staining on 3T3‐L1 and C3H10T1/2 adipocytes were applied for guided isolation. High‐fat diet‐induced obese mice were recruited to evaluate the anti‐obesity activity. Key Results: The bioactivity‐based molecular networking‐guided isolation yielded several polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from the fruits of G. cambogia with lipid‐lowering effect in adipocytes, including guttiferone J (GOJ), garcinol and 14‐deoxygarcinol. As the most potent one, GOJ (10 μM) reduced lipid accumulation by 70% and 76% in 3T3‐L1 and C3H10T1/2 adipocytes, respectively. Furthermore, GOJ (2.5–10 μM) increased the expression of the deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and activated it, which, in turn, reduced the acetylation level of PPARγ coactivator‐1α to boost mitochondrial biogenesis and promoted uncoupling protein 1 expression to enhance thermogenesis, resulting in browning of adipocytes. In high‐fat diet‐induced‐obese mice, GOJ (10 and 20 mg·kg−1·day−1 for 12 weeks) protected against adiposity, hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance and liver lipotoxicity, through boosting SIRT3‐mediated browning of inguinal adipose tissue. Conclusion and Implications: GOJ represents a new scaffold of thermogenic inducer, which is responsible for the anti‐obesity property of G. cambogia and can be further developed as a candidate for treating obesity and its related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine compounds including a new one, garcichaudiic acid (1), were isolated from the bark of G. gaudichaudii and their structures were characterized mainly by 1 D and 2 D NMR experiments. The antioxidant capacity of the isolated compounds was determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay and the anti-hyperglycemic activity was assessed by measuring the inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase. Among them, compound 4 showed higher antioxidant activity than the positive control, ascorbic acid, while both compounds 1 and 7 exhibited more significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the reference drug acarbose. Molecular docking analysis of the bioactive compounds was also performed to examine the binding modes and key interactions with the catalytic site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new geranylated xanthone, nigrolineaxanthone AA (1) together with 18 known compounds (2–19) were isolated from latex and twig extracts of Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. ex T. Anderson. Some of the isolated compounds were assessed for their antidiabetic activities and cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines. Of these, compounds 12 (IC50 value of 25.8 ± 0.2 µM), 16 (IC50 value of 124.8 ± 0.7 µM), and 17 (IC50 value of 44.4 ± 1.1 µM) exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory, α-amylase inhibitory, and glycation inhibition activities, respectively. Compound 11 showed glucose consumption and glucose uptake with IC50 values of 14.2 ± 0.8 µM and 3.1-fold. Compound 10 displayed cytotoxic activity against colon cancer (SW480) with an IC50 value of 4.3 ± 0.1 µM), while compound 2 showed cytotoxicity against leukemic cancer (K562) with IC50 value of 4.4 ± 0.3 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia kola, known as bitter kola, is a promising multipurpose fruit tree from tropical forests in West and Central Africa. Despite the popularity of the species in folk medicine, very little is known about its management and commercialization. This knowledge might prevent unsustainable collection, overexploitation, and threats to its wild population. Thus, we investigated markets and identified three collection areas in Cameroon among 72 vendors selling bitter kola products. Among 122 purposively selected farmers, we analyzed the uses, management, and economic value of G. kola for rural households in these locations. We also documented the morphological characteristics of 227 trees utilized by interviewees. Knowledge of the medicinal properties of bitter kola was similar among all actors involved in the collection and commercialization of G. kola. However, the selected regions differed in management, plant part preferences, harvesting practices, and morphological characteristics. We suggest applying sustainable harvesting practices to support the conservation of wild-growing trees, promoting participatory domestication of the species, switching from bark collection to seed gathering, and linking farmers with promising and profitable markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morbidity of Salmonella infections remains high partly due to emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Garcinia species have demonstrated activity against a wide range of infectious organisms including bacteria. Two species, Garcinia brevipedicellata and G. epunctata were investigated for activity against MDR clinical isolates of Salmonella. Methanol extracts of the leaves of both plants were serially re-extracted using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), acetone (Ace) and methanol (MeOH); and the three extracts tested for antibacterial activity by disc diffusion and microdilution methods, and cytotoxicity effects against monkey kidney epithelial (LLCMK2) cells. Five of eighteen pure compounds isolated, identified and tested for activity include β-sitosterol (1), stigmasterol (2), epunctosides A (3), B (4) from G. epunctata and brevipedicelone D (5) from G. brevipedicellata; among which three are new compounds (3, 4 and 5). The EtOAc extract of G. epunctata and brevipedicelone D (5), recorded maximum diameters of zones of inhibition of 18 and 17 mm respectively corresponding to moderate activity. All the four crude extracts recorded the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125 µg/mL, corresponding to high activity against MDR Salmonella isolates and control strains. Brevipedicelone D (5) showed moderate activity with the lowest MIC of 16 µg/mL. All the crude extracts and compound 5 were not cytotoxic (CC50 = 250 - 809µg/mL). Low minimum bactericidal concentrations (≤ 2 mg/mL) were recorded against most bacteria strains which may indicate bactericidal activity. This is the first report of moderate to high activity against MDR Salmonella and no cytotoxicity of the leaves and pure compounds from G. brevipedicellata and G. epunctata; hence, the leaves should be further investigated as a potential alternative treatment for infections of these strains and source of an antibacterial natural product lead.

The two varieties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) cultivated in Malaysia are known as Manggis and Mesta. The latter is preferred for its flavor, texture, and seedlessness. Here, we report a complete plastome (156,580 bp) of the Mesta variety that was obtained through a hybrid assembly approach using PacBio and Illumina sequencing reads. It encompasses a large single-copy (LSC) region (85,383 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (17,137 bp) that are separated by 27,230 bp of inverted repeat (IR) regions at both ends. The plastome comprises 128 genes, namely, 83 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The plastome of the Manggis variety (156,582 bp) obtained from reference-guided assembly of Illumina reads was found to be nearly identical to Mesta except for two indels and the presence of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Comparative analyses with other publicly available Garcinia plastomes, including G. anomala, G. gummi-gutta, G. mangostana var. Thailand, G. oblongifolia, G. paucinervis, and G. pedunculata, found that the gene content, gene order, and gene orientation were highly conserved among the Garcinia species. Phylogenomic analysis divided the six Garcinia plastomes into three groups, with the Mesta and Manggis varieties clustered closer to G. anomala, G. gummi-gutta, and G. oblongifolia, while the Thailand variety clustered with G. pedunculata in another group. These findings serve as future references for the identification of species or varieties and facilitate phylogenomic analysis of lineages from the Garcinia genus to better understand their evolutionary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds and bark of Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) are popular products in West and Central Africa. Despite the tree's economic and cultural importance, little is known about its phenotypic and genotypic variation. This study characterised the morphological and genetic diversity of G. kola in South Cameroon, searching for traits and populations that might be used for domestication. Morphological assessment and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were applied to characterise diversity among geographic populations from Central and South regions, and between managed and wild trees. AFLP-SURV and analysis of molecular variance results indicated that a major part of genetic diversity is harboured within populations rather than between them. Bayesian analysis, principal component analysis and t-SNE identified three clusters where Ebolowa emerged as the transition population combining features from both regions. Trees from the South demonstrated a higher incidence of domestication-related traits, showing higher genetic diversity compared to the Central region. This suggests that individuals from the South might be more suitable for selection as "elite trees" in future breeding strategies for the species. No significant differences in phenotype and genotype were revealed between wild and managed populations, suggesting G. kola is still in the early stages of its domestication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present analysis, a novel four-mode solar dryer was developed and tested for the drying of Garcinia pedunculata. The four combinations considered were indirect-mode solar dryer without storage (ID-WOS), mixed-mode solar dryer without storage (MX-WOS), indirect-mode solar dryer with storage (ID-WS), and mixed-mode solar dryer with storage (MX-WS). The feature of this dryer that sets it apart is its capability to convert the drying cabinet into various modes simply by sliding the walls of the four sides of the cabinet. The storage system is made space efficient, by filling the gravel up to the surface of the absorber plate inside the solar air collector. For ID-WOS, MX-WOS, ID-WS, and MX-WS, respectively, the drying durations were 30 h, 25 h, 28 h, and 8 h, and the drying efficiencies were 18.55%, 24.03%, 20.32%, and 29.94%. In ID-WOS, MX-WOS, ID-WS, and MX-WS, the average exergy efficiency was determined as 47.08%, 65.10%, 52.46%, and 68.07%, respectively. Environmental impact was studied for all four cases. The energy payback periods for ID-WOS, MX-WOS, ID-WS, and MX-WS were 1.47, 1.61, 1.48, and 1.62 years, respectively. The study indicated that MX-WS outperformed the other three configurations in all aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many unique chemical metabolites with significant antitumor activities have been isolated from Garcinia species and have become a leading hotspot of antitumor research in recent years. The aim of this study was to identify bioactive compounds from different plant parts (leaf, branch, stem bark, fruit, and seed) of G. xanthochymus through combining LC-MS-based metabolomics with cytotoxicity assays. As a result, 70% methanol seed extract exerted significant cytotoxic effects on five human cancer cell types (HL-60, A549, SMMC-7721, MDA-MB-231, and SW480). LC-MS-based metabolomics analysis was used, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), in order to identify 12 potential markers from seed extract that may relate to bioactivity. LC-MS guidance isolated the markers to obtain three compounds and identified new isopentenyl phloroglucinols (1–3, named garxanthochin A–C), using spectroscopic methods. Among them, garxanthochin B (2) demonstrated moderate inhibitory activities against five human cancer cell types, with IC50 values of 14.71~24.43 μM. These findings indicate that G. xanthochymus seed has significant cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and garxanthochin B has potential applications in the development of antitumor-led natural compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new polyisoprenylated benzophenones, planchoniones A (1) and B (2), together with two known benzophenones (3, 4) and six known xanthones (5-10), were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the pericarp of Garcinia planchonii Pierre. Their structures were established using spectroscopic methods, mainly 1D and 2D NMR. The four benzophenones were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and showed almost no activity. Meanwhile, compounds 5-10 were investigated for their inhibitory effects towards α-glucosidase, and γ-mangostin (5) exhibited the most remarkable effect with IC50 value of 15.3 ± 0.9 µM (compared with acarbose, IC50 = 224.9 ± 3.6 µM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There remains an insufficiency of data on the long-term toxicological profile of Garcinia kola Heckel and its extract, Kolaviron (KV), despite several studies on its pharmacological effects. This research was designed to investigate the long-term histopathological, hematological, biochemical, hormonal, reproductive, and oxidative effects of 90 days administration of KV to male and female rats, as well as additional 30 days reversibility study to assess the potential for reversal of induced effects. Fifty-six male and female Wistar rats divided into four groups were treated orally with distilled water/propylene glycol, 20 mg/kg KV, 100 mg/kg KV, and 500 mg/kg KV for 90 days. At the end of 90 days and 30 additional days of reversibility study, 5 ml blood was collected from animals for relevant analyses. Vital organs were harvested for histopathological assessments. In this study, KV did not elicit any adverse effect on histopathological presentations of vital organs which were generally non-abnormal. There was significant increase (p < 0.05) in LEU, MON, EOS%, BAS%, HCT (male animals) and LYM%, EOS%, BAS%, RBC, hemoglobin and MCH (female animals). There was significant diminution (p < 0.05) in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels, with significant increase (p < 0.05) in HDL level in both male and female animals. KV elicited a non-significant increase in sperm count accompanied by a significant increase (p < 0.05) in levels of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone in male rats. Furthermore, KV elicited significant (p < 0.001–0.05) elevation in the levels of GSH, SOD and CAT, and diminution in the level of MDA. The findings in this study suggest that long-term administration of KV is considerably safe with some variations in response between male and female animals. The possible sustenance of observed effects after cessation of KV administration, lipid lowering, erythropoiesis inducing, and immune system boosting activities of KV were confirmed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural substances that were initially obtained from plants were once regarded as a beneficial source of possible medicinal agents and were recognized as crucial in the development of human diseases. The current study sought to determine whether hydroalcoholic extracts of Garcinia cambogia plant fruits included any bioactive substances. Materials and Methods: The plant fruits were collected, shade-dried, ground into a fine powder, and then extracted using Soxhlet extractors and organic solvents. After that, the extracts were examined for the presence of phytochemicals using GC-MS/HPTLC, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial techniques. According to the GC-MS studies, the hydroalcoholic extracts of G. cambogia contained 25 bioactive components. Results: The secondary metabolites identified in the plant, discovered by GCMS/HPTLC, are what give the plant extracts their powerful medicinal qualities. The results of the antimicrobial activity demonstrated outstanding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as effective dose-dependent inhibitory activity against all of the tested species. Conclusion: The current study provided early data on the bioactive components present in G. cambogia fruit extracts, which have outstanding antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory action, which could provide a significant platform for pharmaceutical companies to create different Garcinia species-based medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apomixis is a mode of asexual reproduction through seed. Apomixis can be classified into two types – gametophytic and sporophytic apomixis. The phenomenon of apomixis in higher plants is limited; however, it seems to play a critical role in the genetic diversity of Garcinia species. Many species in Garcinia undergo apomixis and this review highlights reproductive pathways of various Garcinia species documented over the years. Most of the Garcinia species are endemic. Garcinia species are known for their edible fruits. For the conservation of species and maintenance of genetic diversity, it is necessary to understand the processes by which Garcinia species reproduce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia gummigutta, also known as Garcinia cambogia, has been shown to have excellent properties beneficial against many health conditions. The use of Garcinia cambogia in traditional medicine has involved treating gastrointestinal ailments, intestinal parasites, rheumatism, digestive disturbances, among other ethnobotanical applications. The fruit, which resembles a pumpkin in appearance, is presently most often used and heavily promoted as a supplement for weight loss. According to studies, hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the main organic acid present in the fruit rind, has antiobesity properties that include lowering appetite and reducing body fat gain by regulating serotonin levels linked to satiety, increasing fat oxidation, and reducing de novo lipogenesis. HCA is a strong inhibitor of the enzyme adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase, which converts citrate to acetyl-coenzyme A, a catalyst for the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. In in vitro and in vivo models, the plant's crude extract or components also have hepatoprotective, anti-cholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies on the phytochemistry of several plant components found that organic acids and xanthones, such as carbogiol and benzophenones, were also present. There are already several G. cambogia/HCA dietary supplements available for weight loss, however there are some safety concerns about the potential toxicity of continuous usage of these supplements. The majority of complaints have been in connection with multi-component formulations. G. cambogia has not been positively identified as a possibly harmful aggressor. In this paper, the scientific properties of G. cambogia are discussed in relation to pertinent botanical features, ethnobotanical applications, phytochemistry, biological activity, and toxicity. The study could be very helpful in emphasizing the therapeutic properties and mechanism of this plant and its applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present here the treatment of Clusiaceae for the flora of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Sixteen species are recognized: seven species of Clusia, four species of Tovomita, two species of Garcinia, two species of Tovomitopsis, and one species of Symphonia. A brief history of the Clusiaceae in Espírito Santo is presented, as well as descriptions, illustrations, and taxonomic commentary on the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The floristic-taxonomic survey of Clusiaceae is presented as part of the project "Flora of Ceará: knowing to conserve". The study was based on the analysis of specimens deposited in national and international herbaria and observations of natural populations during field expeditions carried out from February, 2019 to March, 2020. The family is represented in Ceará by eight species distributed in four genera: Clusia, Garcinia, Symphonia and Tovomita. Clusia was the most representative with five species: C. ibiapabensis, C. melchiorii, C. nemorosa, C. nogueirae and C. panapanari. The other genera are represented by one species each: Garcinia gardneriana, Symphonia globulifera and Tovomita mangle. The species preferentially occur in humid environments such as Dense Ombrophilous Forest and near watercourses. Clusia ibiapabensis and C. nogueirae are endemic to Ceará, and C. melchiorii and S. globulifera are new records for the state. Only Clusia nemorosa and C. panapanari were recorded in conservations units. Identification keys, descriptions, taxonomic relationships, illustrations, and comments on the geographical distribution and phenology of the species are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia quaesita and Garcinia zeylanica are Sri Lankan endemic plants with significant therapeutic potential and numerous health-care applications. Despite this, there are no adequate literatures reported on the chemical compositions (CCs) and antioxidative potential (AP) of leaves' essential oils (EOs). The purpose of this study was to extract EOs from the leaves and investigate the CCs and AP of the extracted EOs. The hydro-distillation technique was used to extract the EOs, and the CCs of the EOs were identified through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Only those compounds that had a matching value of more than 90% were taken into consideration, and the AP of the extracted EOs was determined using the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Hydro-distillation process yielded EOs in the same quantity, 0.12% (v/w) on a fresh weight basis for two varieties. About 33 CCs that were found in the extracted EOs were mainly sesquiterpenes. The most prevalent substances in the EOs were copaene (19.39%), caryophyllene (12.94%), alloaromadendrene (12.12%), α-humulene (11.24%), and α-cubebene (9.38%). It is interesting to note that copaene and alloaromadendrene were only found in G. quaesita, whereas α-cubebene was only found in G. zeylanica. Caryophyllene and α-humulene were identified in both EOs at different concentrations. The EO from G. quaesita showed high AP, presenting FRAP values 274.74 ± 1.32 μL Trolox Eq/L. This study is recognized as being the first to examine the CCs and AP of EOs, and the results may inspire the creation of new uses and high-value leaf products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical investigations of leaves and twigs from Garcinia oligantha Merr. resulted in the isolation of five undescribed triterpene derivatives (1–5) and six known analogs (6–11). Their structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data and high-resolution mass spectra analyses. Compounds 1–11 were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HepG-2, and MCF-7). Compounds 1, 2, 8, and 11 exhibited broad and significant cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 5.04 to 21.55 μM. Compounds 5 and 9 showed cytotoxicity against HeLa and MCF-7 with IC50 values ranging from 13.22 to 19.62 μM. The preliminary structure–activity relationship for the 11 isolated compounds is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new xanthones, garcimckeans A-C (1-3) were isolated from the methanol extract of the stems of Garcinia mckeaniana (Clusiaceae). Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis (HR-ESI-MS and 1 D and 2 D NMR) and by comparison of the spectral data with those reported in the literature. Compounds 1-3 displayed weak cytotoxic activity toward KB, Lu, HepG2, and MCF7 cell lines using the MTT assay with IC50 values ranging from 71.03 ± 2.93 to 90.40 ± 7.13 µM compared to that of the positive control compound, ellipticine (IC50: 1.22 ± 0.10 ∼ 2.44 ± 0.2 µM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy is one of the important fruit species of the Clusiaceae family distributed in the Western Ghats of India in wild and semi-domesticated forms. This is an under-exploited, dioecious tree with high economic potential. Germplasm conservation of this species is limited to in situ or on-farm level only due to the highly recalcitrant nature of its apomictic seeds. As the seeds are sensitive to moisture as well as low-temperature stresses, conservation has so far not been reported from any seed genebank or cryogenebank. The present work aimed to develop a medium-term conservation strategy under in vitro culture conditions. Adventitious in vitro shoots were developed through direct organogenesis in one accession (IC638184) sourced from Konkan region of the Western Ghats of Maharashtra. These shoots were grown on different concentrations of plant growth regulators to increase the subculture duration of the in vitro plants. The effects of growth regulators on multiplication and growth of cultures were investigated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at six concentrations (4.44, 6.66, 8.88, 17.76, 26.64, and 35.52 µM) alone and in combination with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at three concentrations (0.53, 2.68, and 5.37 µM). Cultures raised on MS medium supplemented with 6.66 µM BAP and 0.53 µM NAA and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C showed a 36% survival up to 24 mo of culture. Similar results were obtained in three other accessions of G. indica (IC638183, IC638185, and IC638186) collected from the same region. The shoots conserved for 2 yr showed 100% regeneration on fresh multiplication medium and successfully hardened with a survival of 90%. Conservation of germplasm using in vitro medium-term storage was not only cost-effective but also important for the development of cryopreservation protocols for its long-term conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of fossil fuels is continuously increasing due to large number of automobiles and high demand for energy. Fossil fuels will not only become extinct in near future, but also pollute the environment. The present research work is focused on finding an eco-friendly alternate energy source through the production of bio-diesel. Naturally available low-cost Garcinia Gummi-Gutta seed was used to produce the biodiesel employing the transesterification process widely utilised in industries. The maximum biodiesel yield was primarily dependent on the optimisation of transesterification parameters (reaction time, percent of methanol and sodium hydroxide). Response Surface Methodologies (RSM) such as Box-Behnken design (BBD) and Central composite design (CCD) were used to conduct the experiments and analyse the transesterification parameters relationship with biodiesel yield. Results showed that, the methanol contribution was more as compared to sodium hydroxide and reaction time towards the yield of the biodiesel. The mathematical regression equations developed, related to biodiesel yield and transesterification parameters by utilising both the CCD and BBD models. The performance of BBD was found to be slightly better than that of CCD in making prediction of the biodiesel yield. Experimentally, the Teaching Learning-based Optimisation (TLBO) determined optimal transesterification parameters resulting to 96.2% biodiesel yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in vitro propagation and ex situ conservation strategy provides new means for the conservation and mass propagation of economically and medicinally important plants. The present work aimed to observe the main characteristics of the in vitro propagation of Garcinia livingstonei from matured seed segments. Successful multiple shoots were induced on a woody plant (WP) medium supplemented with cytokinins. An average of 13.0 shoots per explant were grown from matured seed segments on a WP medium containing 15.0 µM BAP after 12 weeks of culture. The shoot elongation and multiplication were achieved using a repeated and periodic subculturing of shoot clumps in the same medium. The optimum in vitro rooting of shoots was obtained on the half-strength WP medium supplemented with IBA (5.0 µM). The regenerated plantlets were successfully transplanted to pots containing soil, sand, and farmyard manure (1:1:1) and were maintained in a greenhouse with a survival frequency was 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive that can be toxic to multiple organs of the body. It has been demonstrated that Garcinia kola seed has enormous health benefits and protects against exposure to toxicants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Garcinia kola seed extracts on multi-organ toxicity in MSG-administered rats. Methanol and alkaloid-rich extracts of Garcinia kola seeds (GKME and GKAE, respectively) were prepared and phytochemically characterized using HPLC–DAD. Adult male Wistar rats received 2 g/kg MSG orally for 21 days with or without co-treatment with GKME, GKAE, quercetin, or nicotinic acid. Biochemical analyses were carried out on the plasma, kidney, heart, liver, and the striatum, hippocampus, and cortex of the brain of the rats. Histopathological analysis was also carried out on the tissues and organs. Intoxication with MSG caused marked negative alterations to the levels of liver function markers, kidney function markers, and the lipid profile. MSG administration also produced deleterious effects on biomarkers related to cardiac and neurologic function as echoed by increased atherogenic and coronary risk indices, and altered levels of lactate dehydrogenase, acetylcholinesterase and dopamine. Also, MSG-intoxication evoked oxidative damage in the kidney, heart, liver, and discrete brain regions. These biochemical findings were corroborated by histopathological observation which revealed abnormalities in the tissues of MSG-administered rats. The multiorgan deteriorative and oxidative damage, and the histopathological aberrations of MSG toxicity were mitigated by GKME and GKAE. These findings suggest that Garcinia kola is beneficial in ameliorating MSG-induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Garcinia is a tropical plant that has been traditionally used in medicinal folklore for its potential antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, etc. In this study, methanolic extract of Garcinia herbal supplement (GME) and its important phytoconstituents (Garcinol and hydroxycitric acid) were evaluated for their inhibitory action against important inflammatory markers iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. iNOS and COX-2 play a major role in the process of inflammation, and inhibition of these molecules will help to alleviate the inflammatory process. The cells were pre-treated with two doses of GME (115 µg/ml and 230 µg/ml); Ggarcinol (6 µM and 12 µM); hydroxycitric acid (17.5 µg/ml and 35 µg/ml) followed by stimulation with 1 µg/ml of LPS for 24 h. Results The results of the study demonstrated that Garcinia and its active components Garcinol and HCA play an important role in suppressing LPS-induced relative mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, and subsequent reduction in the levels of total nitric oxide and prostaglandinE2. Molecular docking analysis of Ggarcinol and HCA with iNOS and COX-2 proteins showed potent interactions with negative binding energies. Conclusions This study suggests that Garcinia possess anti-inflammatory activity thus providing a possibility for drug designing as iNOS and COX-2 inhibitor. Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical studies on the leaves and twigs of Garcinia oligantha Merr. led to the isolation of twelve previously undescribed depsidone derivatives (oliganthdepsidones A-L, 1 – 12). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1H and 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY along with HRESIMS. The structures of oliganthdepsidones G and J were finally determined using DFT-NMR chemical shift calculations and DP4+ methods. Cytotoxicity test in four human cancer cell lines indicated that oliganthdepsidone F had relatively strong cytotoxic effect against A375 (melanoma), A549 (lung cancer), HepG2 (liver cancer), and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines with IC 50 of 18.71, 15.44, 10.92, and 15.90 μM, respectively. The dose- and time-dependent antiproliferative effects of oliganthdepsidone F on these cell lines were also observed by CCK-8 test. As determined by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry in these cell lines, oliganthdepsidone F could promote cell apoptosis, leading to the inhibition of cell proliferation. The results of wound healing assay and transwell assay showed that oliganthdepsidone F could inhibit the migration and invasion of A549 and MCF-7 cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. [Display omitted] • Twelve previously undescribed depsidones were isolated from Garcinia oligantha. • DFT-NMR calculations and DP4+ methods were used in structure determination. • Oliganthdepsidone F exhibited potent cytotoxicity against A375, A549, HepG2, and MCF-7 cells. • Oliganthdepsidone F induced apoptosis and impeded the migration and invasion of cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of thirteen compounds consisting of nine xanthones; cowagarcinone C (1), doitunggarcinone C (2), nigrolineaxanthone E (3), nigrolineaxanthone Q (4), β-mangostin (5), 7- O -methylgarcinone E (6), dulcisxanthone F (7), ananixanthone (8) and nigrolineaxanthone N (9), two polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs); garcinielliptone J (13) and garcinialone (14) as well as two terpenoids; 30-hydroxycycloartenol (15) and garcinane (16), were putatively identified with a good confidence level from dichloromethane extract of Garcinia griffithii T. Anderson using the 13C NMR-based dereplication and MixONat software. In addition, three xanthones; euxanthone (1,7-dihydroxyxanthone) (10), forbexanthone (11) and 1,5-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-2,7-diprenylxanthone (12) were successfully isolated. The structure of the isolated compounds was confirmed through the analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with reported data. The 13C NMR data of forbexanthone (11) was reported for the first time. Interestingly, the dichloromethane extract and 1,5-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-2,7-diprenylxanthone (12) which were evaluated for their exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity exhibited potent inhibition toward the enzyme with IC 50 values of 0.66 μg/mL and 3.02 μM, respectively as compared to the standard, acarbose (IC 50 = 392 μg/mL or 608 μM). Notably, ananixanthone (8) has not been reported from the genus Garcinia while compounds 1 – 7 , 9 , 11 and 13 – 16 being reported from Garcinia griffithii for the first time. In addition, the chemophenetic significance of all the compounds has also been discussed. • 13C NMR data of forbexanthone was reported for the first time. • DCM extract and a xanthone exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. • Ananixanthone reported from the genus Garcinia for the first time. • Of sixteen compounds, thirteen were first reported from Garcinia griffithii. • The chemophenetic significance of all the compounds was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Diabetes can cause degenerative effects at the neuronal level in the hippocampus. • Diabetes can accelerate apoptotic processes by activating caspase 3. • Curcumin and Garcinia kola may have a neurogenesis-inducing effect. This research investigated the effects of sciatic nerve transection and diabetes on the hippocampus, and the protective effects of Garcinia kola and curcumin. Thirty-five adults male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups: a control group (Cont), a transected group (Sham group), a transected + diabetes mellitus group (DM), a transected + diabetes mellitus + Garcinia kola group (DM + GK), and a transected + DM + curcumin group (DM + Cur), each containing seven animals. The experimental diabetes model was created with the intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of streptozotocin. No procedure was applied to the Cont group, while sciatic nerve transection was performed on the other groups. Garcinia kola was administered to the rats in DM + GK, and curcumin to those in DM + Cur. Cardiac perfusion was performed at the end of the experimental period. Brain tissues were dissected for stereological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical evaluations. The volume ratios of hippocampal layers to the entire hippocampus volume were compared between the groups. Anti-S100, anti-caspase 3, and anti-SOX 2 antibodies were used for immunohistochemical analysis. No statistically significant difference was observed in the volume ratios of the four hippocampal layers. However, the volume ratio of the stratum lucidum was higher in the Sham, DM, and DM + Cur groups compared to the Cont group. While curcumin exhibited a protective effect on hippocampal tissue following diabetes induction, Garcinia kola had only a weak protective effect. Increased cell density and nuclear deterioration due to diabetes and nerve transection can be partially ameliorated by treatment with Garcinia kola and curcumin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study aims at exploring the potential bioactive compound from the extract of Northeastern plant Garcinia cowa belonging to Clusiaceae family having leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania donovani. • HR-LC-MS based metabolomic profiling study revealed presence of characteristic phytoconstituents. • Utilizing computational tools, modern day technique of molecular docking used for virtual screening of α-mangostin and β-mangostin for ideal lead molecule identification. • The xanthoid, α-mangostin was observed to have inhibitory activity on the viability of the promastigotes, axenic amastigotes as well as intracellular amastigotes. • The compound induces oxidative and nitrosative burst in the parasite resulting in onset of inflammatory response led by overproduction of nitric oxide. • The oxidative stress further induces cellular damage in form of nuclear fragmentation and mitochondrial dysfunction ultimately leading to apoptotic cell death of parasite, substantiating the anti-leishmanial effect of α-mangostin. Owing to the persistent number of parasitic deaths, Visceral leishmaniasis continues to haunt several economically weaker sections of India. The disease causes over 30,000 deaths and threatens millions annually on a global scale. The standard pentavalent antimonials, on the other hand, are associated with health adversities and disease relapse. The current study is focused on the search for the most potential natural bioactive phytocompound from the bark extract of the Northeastern Indian plant, Garcinia cowa , that shows potent anti-leishmanial properties. The High Resonance Liquid Chromatography followed by Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS) study followed by an in silico molecular docking using computational tools revealed that α-mangostin might potentially possess antiparasitic activity. To validate the anti-leishmanial efficacy of the compound, a cell viability assay was performed, which demonstrated the parasite-specific inhibitory activity of α-mangostin; with IC 50 values ranging from 4.95 - 7.37 µM against the different forms of Leishmania donovani parasite. The flow cytometric analysis of the phytocompound treated parasites indicated an oxidative and nitrosative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death in the parasites, by the suggestive surge in nuclear fragmentation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Simultaneously, a cytokine profiling study suggested approximate two-to-three-fold upregulated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines post-compound treatment, which is predicted to actively contribute to parasite-killing. α-mangostin was also found to reduce the chances of parasite survival by inhibiting arginase enzyme activity, which in favorable conditions facilitates its sustenance. This study thereby substantiates that α-mangostin significantly possesses anti-leishmanial potentiality that can be developed into a cure for this infectious disease. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence rate is directly proportional to the incidence of obesity or overweight and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Garcinia is a plant that has been proven empirically, preclinically, and clinically to have activities for the avoidance and treatment of metabolic syndrome and on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology caused by the disease. The aim of this study is to create a discussion and summarize information regarding the activity or usefulness of the Garcinia plant. This review article was based on the published journals obtained from Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed databases using the keywords Garcinia obesity, Garcinia overweight, and Garcinia metabolic syndrome. Garcinia had many activities related to metabolic syndrome because it was able to reduce body fat mass, blood sugar level, body weight, total cholesterol, and triglyceride level. These activities were mediated by numerous apparatuses of feat together with a reserve of fatty acid synthase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and several other enzymes and pathways associated with the metabolic syndrome. Garcinia plant was able to be used as a candidate for a new herbal that had a good effect in treating metabolic syndrome in future.

Despite their being rich in bioactive compounds, by-products produced during fruit pulping are usually discarded. The present paper aimed to investigate the potential of bacupari seeds (Garcinia brasiliensis (Mart.)) as an alternative source of starchy material extracted in aqueous and alkaline conditions, as well as the flour from bacupari seed by-products (BSB) generated after each extraction. Bacupari seed starchy material (BSS), obtained from seeds of unripe (UN) and ripe (RI) fruits, as well as their BSB were characterized according to their physicochemical, antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), microstructural (SEM, XRD), thermal (TGA, DSC) and pasting properties (RVA), as well as their physical properties (hygroscopicity, wettability and solubility) and bioactive compounds (UPLC) and FTIR. The micrographs revealed that both UN and RI starchy material from alkaline maceration resulted in granules having smoother surfaces and more oval characteristics. The seeds from immature fruits resulted in starchy material with a lower amylose content, which in turn resulted in greater crystallinity and peak viscosity. The extraction methods and maturation stages affected gelatinization temperatures and enthalpies. The starchy material sample obtained from ripe fruits submitted to water maceration exhibited greater thermal stability, an observation that can be attributed to the higher amylose content and lower degree of crystallinity, resulting in a stronger interaction with the other components. The results obtained made it possible to verify that the seed can be used as a raw material for isolating an unconventional starchy material that shows potential as an antioxidant and bioactive material whose properties make it ideal for insertion into the food industry for use in industrial thickeners, gelling agents, as well as main macromolecules of biodegradable and edible films. Moreover, both BSS and BSB exhibited antioxidant activity, meaning that the BSB by-product may also be inserted in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent high blood glucose due to impaired insulin secretion or insulin resistance. Garcinia cambogia or Malabar tamarind is a tropical fruit, widely grown in South Asia and Southeast Asia including Indonesia. It is used for food condiment and flavouring and also popular as weight-loss supplement. Garcinia cambogia contains high amount Hydroxy-citric acid (HCA), an active component have shown increased hepatic glycogen synthesis and increased serotonin release in the brain that leading an appetite-suppression effect, which finally decrease body weight. HCA has also been reported could also increase of alpha amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase that leading reduction carbohydrate metabolism, however further benefit in diabetes has not been yet elucidated. The aim to this study was to determine the effects of Garcinia cambogia 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) on blood glucose and body weight in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat after 28 days of decoction. Methods: This experimental study was done in acute diabetic rats using 50 mg/kg BW streptozotocin injection. Garcinia cambogia extract were given daily at 400 mg/kg BW for 28 days. Body weight and blood glucose were analysed according to protocol. Results: This study showed significant reduction of blood glucose (p<0.05), however body weight did not differ significantly after 28 days of decoction. Conclusion: Garcinia cambogia 400 mg/kg BW gave short term effects to reduce blood glucose in diabetic rat after 28 days of decoction. Therefore, Garcinia cambogia may give beneficial effect on diabetic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapidly growing antimicrobial resistance is a global problem. This made it necessary to search for new antimicrobial agents. In present study, agar well diffusion, broth microdilution and time-kill kinetic assays were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of the extracts against seven pathogens. The results showed that 75% acetonic and 95% ethanolic extracts of Garcinia cowa Roxb. leaves (GCL) showed the strongest broad-spectrum antibacterial effect towards both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with 9.67±0.57-22.83±0.45 mm of inhibition zones and MIC/MBC values ranging from 25-100 mg/mL. 95% ethanolic extract revealed the inhibiting and killing actions at rapid first 3 h of incubation, depending on concentration of extracts and had the best capacity to inhibit biofilm formation of all tested bacteria (gastrointestinal and urinary pathogens) with 73.43-0.20-90.14-0.10%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 displayed the highest sensitivity with all GCL extracts. Interestingly, 95% ethanolic extract and ampicillin combination showed a synergistic effect at FICI value of 0.0313-0.5 (1/16MIC×1/32MIC-1MIC×1/4MIC) against all microorganisms. The bioactive potency of constituents of the 95% ethanolic extract (saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids) play an important roles in the observed antibacterial, anti-biofilm and synergistic activities. The findings indicated that Garcinia cowa Roxb. leaves extracts had the strong broad-spectrum antibacterial, anti-biofilm and synergistic activities. Crude extracts possess time and concentration-dependent bactericidal actions. Thus, the present results that G. cowa Roxb. leaves extracts had potential as a natural alternative antimicrobials for fighting bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia atriviridis Griff ex T. Anders (G. atroviridis) is one of the well-known species of the genus Garicinia that is native to Thailand, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, and India. G. atroviridis is a perennial medium-sized tree that has a wide range of values, from food to medicinal use. Different parts of G. atroviridis are a great source of bioactive substances that have a positive impact on health. The extracts or bioactive constituents from G. atroviridis have demonstrated various therapeutic functions, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and anti-diabetic. In this paper, we provide a critical review of G. atroviridis and its bioactive constituents in the prevention and treatment of different diseases, which will provide new insight to explore its putative domains of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Study aimed to characterise the phenolic compounds in Garcinia pedunculata extract and assess their potential antioxidant activity as well as its cardioprotective potential in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in an experimental animal model. In vitro antioxidant properties were determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, PMD assays. In vitro lipid peroxidation experiment was also performed with heart tissues. Cardioprotective and cardiotoxicity effects were determined using the cell line studies. The cardioprotective effect of GP was assessed in a rat model of isoproterenol-(ISO-) induced cardiac hypertrophy by subcutaneous administration. Heart weight/tail length ratio and cardiac hypertrophy indicators were reduced after oral administration of GP. Additionally, GP reduced oxidative stress and heart inflammation brought on by ISO. In H9c2 cells, the antihypertrophic and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of GP were seen in the presence of ISO, which were further supported by the in vivo observations. This study makes a compelling case for the possibility that supplementing with dried GP fruit can prevent heart hypertrophy by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia indica Choisy (kokum), a plant from Clusiaceae family, is an underexplored fruit tree in the Western Ghats region. Kokum has been studied for its health benefits, associated with numerous bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, citric acids, and others. Among all, garcinol, hydroxycitric acid, and anthocyanins (cyanidin‐3‐glucoside and cyanidin‐3‐sambubioside) are major bioactive compounds. G. indica fruit and fruit rinds have been reported to possess numerous therapeutic applications in various health conditions such as cancer, inflammation, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and neurologic disorders. In this review, information has been provided on the bioactive compounds present in kokum and their significant health benefits. In vitro and In vivo studies of bioactive components on various diseases have also been reported. The limited information about human studies and G. indica fruit and fruit rinds is also presented. Practical applications: Bioactive compounds present in Garcinia indica can be utilized for nutraceutical preparations.G. indica can be added to food products to make them functional foods.Extraction of bioactive compounds can be done on an industrial scale.Bioactive compounds can be extracted and used to commercialize lifesaving drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sapodilla (Manikarazapota L.), commonly known as sapota, chiku, ciku and zapoteis a climacteric fruit and due to high rate of ethylene production, leads to senescence followed by spoilage. Different coating solutions were prepared from sesame protein isolate (SP) and lotus seed starch (LS) with the addition of Garcinia indica extract (GE). Two coats were applied on the fruit with manual drying after an interval of 20 min. Fruits were stored at 70%–75% RH and 20 ± 1°C temperature in plastic mesh trays in an environment chamber to store all coated and non‐coated fruits. From each treatment three samples were taken and analyzed after the interval of 2 days till 12 days of storage. Results indicated that GE (Garninicia indica) extract with the combination of sesame protein and lotus seed starch could maintain the overall quality of sapodilla fruit and extends the shelf life up to 12 days. All coated samples exhibited reduced weight loss as compared to non‐coated fruit. Sesame protein and lotus seed starch alone and with the incorporation of GE significantly maintained the firmness up to 12th day of storage. SP‐GE and LS‐GE coated sapodilla fruits indicated a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in respiration rate as compared to SP and LS coated samples up to 12 days of storage. Also, Ascorbic acid (AA) content of SP‐GE and LS‐GE coated fruits was observed to be higher as compared to SP and LS coated fruits. Maximum TP (Total Phenol) content was exhibited by SP‐GE (91.20%) followed by LS‐GE (72.82%) coated fruits. Antioxidant potential of all coated samples was observed to be higher as compared to control samples at the end of storage period. Overall, GE in sesame protein and lotus seed starch‐based coatings helps to maintain the nutritional parameters by impeding respiration rate of fruit samples during storage. Novelty impact statement: Coating solutions were prepared from lotus seed starch and sesame protein and Garcinia indica was used as a natural plant extract for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.Combination of sesame protein and lotus seed starch could maintain the overall quality of sapodilla.Phytochemicals such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids and total phenolic was found to be retained with the application of coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana) is an obligate apomictic species which does not require a fertilization process to produce seeds. The absence of male plants of mangosteen brings about an interest to find out the origin of mangosteen. Determining the parents is important in any improvement program to produce better quality products. Several hypotheses were proposed since the 1990s, and the most popular and frequently cited one stated that mangosteen was a product of hybridization of G. mangostana var. malaccensis and G. celebica. This hypothesis then became the groundwork for later experiments to further study the origin of mangosteen. The methods used included morphological comparison between Garcinia species, molecular marker analyses from the internal spacer, chloroplast sequencing, and microsatellite and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. This review discusses the different approaches taken to study the origin of mangosteen and suggestions for future work in order to verify the original parents of mangosteen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and became a pandemic in a critically short time. Phenolic secondary metabolites attracted much attention from the pharmaceutical industries for their easily accessible natural sources and proven antiviral activity. In our mission, a metabolomics study of the Garcinia cambogia Roxb. fruit rind was performed using LC-HRESIMS to investigate its chemical profile, especially the polar aspects, followed by a detailed phytochemical analysis, which led to the isolation of eight known compounds. Using spectrometric techniques, the isolated compounds were identified as quercetin, amentoflavone, vitexin, rutin, naringin, catechin, p-coumaric, and gallic acids. The antiviral activities of the isolated compounds were investigated using two assays; the 3CL-Mpro enzyme showed that naringin had a potent effect with IC50 16.62 μg/mL, followed by catechin and gallic acid (IC50 26.2, 30.35 μg/mL, respectively), while the direct antiviral inhibition effect of naringin confirmed the potency with an EC50 of 0.0169 μM. To show the molecular interaction, in situ molecular docking was carried out using a COVID-19 protease enzyme. Both biological effects and docking studies showed the hydrophobic interactions with Gln 189 or Glu 166, per the predicated binding pose of the isolated naringin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the ethyl acetate extract (EtOAc) of the Vietnamese Garcinia mckeaniana leaves, a new flavone 8-C-glycoside 2'',6''-di-O-acetylvitexin (1), together with six known analogs 2-7 were isolated. Their structures were determined by spectral methods and compared with literature data. In α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, the EtOAc extract and its flavone and biflavone derivatives possessed the significant IC50 range of 9.17-97.53 µM, as compared with that of the positive control acarbose (249 µM). Flavones and biflavones showed are better than flavone glycosides in both α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Good amount of extracts was achieved with chloroform/methanol (1:1) at 23 0C under 72 hrs. • Low cost of production, biodegradable in nation and easy fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells with Garcinia species (GS). • There is high affinity between Garcinia species and TiO 2 nanoparticle semiconductor at room temperature under a dark condition. • Garcinia kola displayed a better potential for future sensitizer in light-to-electricity conversion efficiency (η 2) = 0.14 %, FF = 0.753, V oc = 0.850 V and J sc = 0.200 mAcm−2 under 1 sun illumination giving a standard deviation efficiency of 0.024. • Low transportation resistance of electrons with excellent reversible process using GS sensitizers. Natural extracts were obtained from the Garcinia kola , Cola Nitida and Cola Accuminata. The extracts from Garcinia kola, Cola Nitida and Cola Accuminata were evaluated for their phytochemical, electrochemical and photovoltaic current–voltage (I-V) light-to-electricity conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This is the first time when flavonoid, garcinoic, caffeine and their derivatives from the Garcinia species will be tested for electrochemistry and for DSSCs power conversion efficiency. The results revealed that the different affinity among the three Garcinia sp.; Cola Nitida, Cola Accuminata and Garcinia kola with TiO 2 semiconductor was responsible for their various adsorption, binding and light absorption transfer into the semiconductor band edge. Cyclic voltammetry of the three compounds shows a well-defined redox nature, good reversibility of electron transfer and dye regeneration. Cola Nitida NIT compound had the lowest Homo energy level (-5.130 eV) and highest Lumo energy value (-2.029 eV) than Garcinia kola and Cola Accuminata. GK compound revealed lower-charge transfer resistance than ACC and NIT. Gk sensitizer showed an improve light-to-electricity conversion efficiency (η 2) = 0.14 %, FF = 0.753, V oc = 0.850 V and J sc = 0.200 mAcm−2 under 1 sun illumination giving a standard deviation efficiency of 0.024 as compared to ACC and NIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Surface pretreatment of iron and its alloys to remove stains and inorganic contaminants on the metal surface undergoes dissolution by virtue of the strong acidic media thereby increasing its susceptibility to corrosion. The purpose of this study is to explore the corrosion mitigation prospects of green corrosion inhibitors on mild steel surface. Design/methodology/approach: Corrosion inhibition performance of Garcinia gummi-gutta leaf extract (GGLE) was explored against mild steel in 1 M HCl solution using the weight-loss method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) techniques. Surface characterization was carried out to study the mechanism of inhibitor action. Findings: The concentration of GGLE varied from 100 to 6,000 ppm and the result indicates that corrosion inhibition efficiency was amplified by raising the inhibitor concentration. The maximum inhibition efficiency was 82.2% at 6,000 ppm concentration. EIS results show the development of a protective layer of inhibitor molecule over the metal surface and PDP demonstrates that the inhibitor operates as a mixed-type inhibitor. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were executed to assess the surface morphology and roughness, respectively. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, so far, no studies have been reported on the corrosion inhibition performance of GGLE which is rich in many bioactive components especially hydroxyl citric acid. This work encompasses the corrosion inhibition capability of GGLE against mild steel in an acidic medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we determined the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the medicinal plant Garcinia cambogia (Gc-ZnO NPs) and biopolymer chitosan (Gc-ZnO/CS) via ultraviolet (UV)–Visible spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Electrochemical analysis. UV–Visible spectroscopy bands revealed the absorbance peak around 380–400 nm that represents the presence ZnO NPs. Scanning electron microscopy showed the spherical nature of Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs (sized between 90 and 110 nm). Light and Confocal microscopy revealed that Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs efficiently inhibit the formation of microbial biofilms and growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis as compared to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris using lower concentrations of the Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs. Oral toxicity studies were performed using different kinds of freshwater crustaceans, such as Daphnia carinata, Diaphanosoma sarsi, Moina brachiate, and M. micrura. Exposure to Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs (64 µg/ml for 18–24 h) resulted in 100% mortality of the freshwater crustaceans D. carinata and D. sarsi as compared to other crustacean zooplanktons. Similarly, M. brachiate and M. micrura showed a 75% mortality rate using a median lethal dose (25 µg/ml) of Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs. Light microscopy showed that Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs (32 µg/ml) penetrate the intestine of D. carinata at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. In addition, Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs have shown remarkable anticancer effect and significantly inhibited the human breast cancer cell (MCF- 7) viability at 100 μg/ml after 24 h. A noticeable change in the morphology of MCF-7 cells was also noticed. At the same time Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs were non-toxic to fish cell lines (Catla catla) tested and no morphological changes, cell death was observed in the fish cell lines. Hence this synthesized Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs are non-toxic nature of Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs exhibited no morphological, physiological changes proved its safety to the environment. It is concluded that Gc-ZnO/CS NPs have a broad range of biological applications and it can be used as an eco-friendly material without having negative effects in the environment. This is the first report about the Gc-ZnO0.05/CS NPs applications in toxicological assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new prenylated xanthone, kaennacowanol D ( 1 ), was isolated from the twigs of Garcinia cowa together with 22 known analogs. The structure of the new metabolite was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, particularly using HRMS and NMR. Kaennacowanol D is the first example of a natural xanthone containing a levulinyl group incorporated at the terminal prenyl unit via ester bond. Cytotoxic evaluation of the isolated compounds on human cancer cells showed that jacareubin ( 13 ), 2-prenylisojacareubin ( 17 ), nigrolineaxanthone E ( 23 ) were significantly active against KB and Hela S3 cell lines with IC 50 values ranging from 1.78 to 9.52 µM, while 17 and 23 also suppressed the growth of MCF-7, Hep G2, and HT-29 cells with IC 50 values lower than 10 µM.

Garcinia smeathmannii is a well-known plant for its uses in the effective treatment of intestinal parasites, skin eruptions and skin burns. The dichloromethane-methanol (2:3) crude extract of the leaves of G. smeathmannii led to the isolation and characterization of twenty compounds (1-20) using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Extracts and compounds were screened in vitro for their anti-inflammatory (ROS), antiglycation and antileishmanial (L. tropica) activities. Compounds were also screened for their in silico anti-inflammatory activities using Maestro 4.2.1 software with the co-crystal complex structures of the ovine oCOX-1: meloxicam (PDB Id: 4O1Z) and murine mCOX-2: meloxicam (PDB Id: 4M11) proteins. An unprecedented flavonol (1) and a flavone dimer (2) together with eighteen known compounds (3-20) were characterized. All the tested samples in vitro revealed no antiglycation and antileishmanial activities. Beside, extracts revealed moderate anti-inflammatory activities (IC 50 ranging from 24.1 ± 2.0 to 34.7 ± 0.8 μg/mL). Only compound (13) revealed an anti-inflammatory activity which was 9.33 times more active than the reference (Ibuprofen, IC 50  = 11.2 ± 1.9 μg/mL) with IC 50 of 1.2 ± 0.0 μg/mL. Compounds (2-9, 11-13 and 19-20) were docked and the docking scores were ranging from -10.178 to -6.119 (kcal/mol) which were in agreement with the experimental anti-inflammatory activity. These results are in agreement with the traditional uses of the leave of G. smeathmannii as cataplasm for skin eruption and as analgesic agent., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No conflict of interest is declared by the authors., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the quest for a sustainable environment and clean water resources, the efficacy of activated carbons synthesized from Garcinia cola nut shells impregnated with KOH (CBK1/1) and ZnCl2 (CBZ1/1) for the adsorption of indigo carmine (IC) dye was studied using the batch technique. The prepared activated carbons were characterized using iodine number, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), TGA/DTA, Boehm titration, and pH at point of zero charge. The elemental analysis showed a high percentage of carbon in both activated carbons (ACs). FTIR and Boehm titration analysis indicated the presence of several functional groups on the surfaces of both ACs which could influence the adsorption of IC. The primary adsorption mechanisms involved electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonds formation, and π−π interactions. Maximum adsorption capacity values obtained using the Fritz–Schlunder III three-parameter model were 19.019 mg·g−1 and 18.299 mg·g−1 for CBK1/1 and CBZ1/1, respectively. The Fritz–Schlunder model exponent mFS of value less than 1 showed that the adsorption of IC by the ACs occurred on heterogeneous surfaces. Positive values of ∆Q obtained by the linear and nonlinear forms of the Temkin model indicate the exothermic character of the adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Garcinia genus is a rich depository of bioactive compounds. • Phytochemistry and pharmacology of lesser-known Garcinia species are discussed. • Toxicity profile of Garcinia species are examined. The tropical plants of Garcinia (Clusiaceae family) have been extensively used in folk medicine apart from its limited use in the preparation of certain dishes. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and updated report on the diverse range of phytochemicals, the traditional uses, the nutritional values, the major pharmacological attributes, and the toxicological findings of ten Garcinia plants of south-east Asia. This was achieved by compiling data from various scientific journals, and books available on electronic databases viz. Pub Med, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and others, published within the time period of 2010-2020. A myriad of natural products are found in Garcinia sp. The major classes of biomolecules reported to be present in these plants include organic acids, xanthones, benzophenones, flavonoids, phloroglucinols, fatty acids, and terpenoids. The chemical structures of the phytoconstituents presented in this review are drawn using ChemDraw Professional 16.0. Additionally, the important pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective activities along with the toxicological studies of the Garcinia sp., are discussed. Although a good amount of research has been conducted on Garcinia sp., however some of these species still remain unattended and are becoming endemic. Therefore, this comprehensive review sheds light on the phyto-pharmacological profile of ten known Garcinia sp. to pave a path towards explorating of their traditional uses, isolating new molecules, encouraging in-depth preclinical and clinical research to understand the mechanism of action, thereby help in the development of new drug candidates with lesser side-effects. In addition, measures must be taken to enhance the conservation of endangered Garcinia sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants from the Garcinia genus have been used worldwide due to their therapeutic properties. Among the various metabolites isolated from this genus, 7-epi-clusianone, a tetraprenylated benzophenone, stands out for its wide range of identified biological activities. This benzophenone can exist in five tautomeric forms, although the benzene-d6 and chloroform-d3 solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra revealed only two tautomeric forms (B and C) in equilibrium, with concentration ratio depending on the solvent in which the spectrum was obtained. Calculated energy values suggested that tautomeric forms B and E would be prevalent in benzene-d6 solution, in contrast to the experimental data. Considering this conflicting result, we employed the statistical DP4 + method based on 13C and 1H NMR chemical shift calculations, in the gas phase and in benzene-d6 solution, to confirm that the B and C tautomeric forms of 7-epi-clusianone are the most prevalent in the experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]