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The mathematical prediction of the growth of submerged macrophytes provides direct inference in harvest management, estimation of habitat structuring, and calculation of incidence areas, in function to the main environmental constraints. The aim of this study was to enable us the equivalence between the liquid photosynthetic rates (obtained from the light and dark flasks method) and the growth rates derived from first order models applied to aquatic plants cultures. The association allows the achievement of the values of the growth rates (µ) due to short-term environmental changes, usually well evidenced by the net photosynthetic rates (net primary production; NPP), increasing the accuracy of the growth model. Growth experiments were conducted with two submerged specimens. Using the results of the: (i) carbon content of the plants tissues, (ii) NPP of incubations (light and dark bottles method) and (iii) biomass of cultures growths, it was feasible to verify the range of variation of NPP (coefficient of variation: 62%) and µ values, and establish the calculations for the equivalence of these two parameters. Thus, changes in environmental conditions, including specific and short-term events, can be readily transformed to the µ values, improving the accuracy of the growth simulation of submerged aquatic plants.

Bliss is one of Katherine Mansfield’s masterpieces, which is a short story containing a large number of discourses, i.e. speeches. Previous scholars analyzed this classical novel from many perspectives, among them the discursive power is less mentioned and is worth discussing. This paper applying critical discourse analysis theory on discursive power and the interrelation between discourse and power, discusses the non-equivalence between the identity and discursive power of the heroine, Bertha, aiming to provide a new perspective to appreciate the novel and unveil the power in discourse of the novel.

For continuous self-maps of compact metric spaces, we consider the notions of generic and dense chaos introduced by Lasota and Snoha and their variations for the distributional chaos, under the assumption of shadowing. We give some equivalent properties to generic uniform (distributional) chaos in terms of chains and prove their equivalence to generic (distributional) chaos under the shadowing. Several examples illustrating the main results are also given.

The article is devoted to the issue of word-formation motivation, which does not lose its relevance and plays a role not only in disclosing formal-semantic relations between words of one language and has not only theoretical, but also applied significance. The authors consider word-formation motivation consistently in its varieties in a comparative way on the materials of so different languages as Russian and Arabic and approach the mechanism of achieving semantic equivalence of translation. To the greatest extent, word-formation activity today, due to objective reasons, affects some special branch (technical, medical, etc.) vocabulary, which is increasing from year to year in national dictionaries. This extensive material, selected by the authors, not only illustrates the current trends in word formation in modern languages, but also provides an answer to the question about the degree of equivalence of this subgroup of words in Russian and Arabic. The goal to compare word-formation motivation according to a number of criteria in different-structured languages made possible not only to obtain theoretical information about what features each of the languages has in word formation and what derivational potential it has, but also to reveal an algorithm for translating derived words from one language to another. For this, the authors complete a number of such particular tasks as highlighting significant elements in the neologisms of the Russian and Arabic languages, establishing standards for the formation of scientific and terminological vocabulary in Arabic, searching for tools (transformation operations, specific word-formation formants) that will contribute to the achievement of translation equivalence from Russian to Arabic, etc. Also the analysis of differences in the mechanisms of the formation of new vocabulary in the Russian and Arabic languages provided an opportunity to supplement the relatively young and rapidly developing private methodology of Russian-Arabic translation.

We develop a new network data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach for two-stage network systems considering a match between the production scale of the substages and the intermediate measure levels. Several explicit production axioms are introduced to build a production possibility set. New models are developed based on the production possibility set and a frontier projection procedure with the production scale matching process. Unlike the existing approach which assumes the intermediate measures are free-setting decision variables, the new envelopment network DEA models project the intermediate measures of a unit using the radial projection technique. Correspondingly, the resulting multiplier network DEA models allow for weight flexibility on the intermediate measures while holding a total value flow equivalence between a unit's two stages. We show that our approach does not suffer the known network DEA pitfalls. It identifies the overall efficiency, divisional efficiencies, and frontier projection using either an envelopment or a multiplier network DEA model, i.e., the primal-dual correspondence holds in our approach. Our approach also avoids uncertainties in determining divisional efficiencies by generating a unique pair of divisional efficiencies for each unit. Additionally, the adoption of the production scale matching process explains clearly the frontier projection procedure from the practical point of view. The proposed approach is illustrated with a numerical example and compared with the existing approaches with a case study of commercial bank branches.

A field experiment was conducted aiming to shed light on how drivers negotiate an ambiguous traffic situation when encountering an autonomous vehicle (AV) in the presence of a yielding intention signal (AV with eHMI) or not (AV without eHMI). A traffic conflict scenario was created with two opposing vehicles instructed to perform a left turn at a four-way junction, at the same point in time. Forty participants were assigned to two groups encountering either an AV with eHMI or an AV without eHMI. To check for equivalence across the two groups, both groups also encountered a conventional vehicle (CV). Results showed that the two groups performed similarly during encounters with a CV. During encounters with AV, however, participants provided with the eHMI maintained higher speed before the AV and finished their maneuver quicker than when they were not provided with eHMI. Additionally participants provided with eHMI rated higher their ability to infer the AV intention before coming to a full-stop than those provided without eHMI. The above findings indicate that the presence of eHMI on AV can accelerate drivers’ inferences about yielding intention of an AV, and have the potential to optimize AV-driver interaction in ambiguous traffic situations.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of using mental mathematics programs in teaching mathematics on developing the skills of conducting Mathematical Calculations Skills among primary Stage Students, on two experimental groups (20) and control (20) in two schools of the Nasser Educational Administration schools in Cairo Governorate, and equivalence was achieved between the students of the two groups in terms of some of the variables. The researcher prepared a test of the skills of conducting operations Without using a calculator, and by processing the data using appropriate statistical methods, the results of the research concluded that the students of the experimental group that were taught using mental mathematics programs outperformed the students of the control group that studied in the usual way. and the previous foreign language in order to prepare a curriculum that includes study units that includes teaching mental mathematics programs in all stages of basic education, and to encourage primary school mathematics teachers to link the skills of performing arithmetic operations, which include numerical sense, mental computation, and approximation to the daily life of students, which he feels is important to them.

Model-independent description of nonleptonic decays of charmed mesons is a challenging task due to large nonperturbative effects of strong interactions on the transition amplitudes. We discuss the equivalence of two different flavor-$SU(3)$-based descriptions of Cabibbo-favored non-leptonic decays of charmed mesons to two-pseudoscalars final states including the $\eta$ and $\eta^\prime$ mesons., Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure, version to appear in JHEP

Background Turning is a component of gait that requires planning for movement of multiple body segments and the sophisticated integration of sensory information from the vestibular, visual, and somatosensory systems. These aspects of turning have led to growing interest to quantify turning in clinical populations to characterize deficits or identify disease progression. However, turning may be affected by environmental differences, and the degree to which turning assessments are comparable across research or clinical sites has not yet been evaluated. Research question The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which peak turning speeds are equivalent between two sites for a variety of mobility tasks. Methods Data were collected at two different sites using separate healthy young adult participants (n = 47 participants total), but recruited using identical inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants at each site completed three turning tasks: a one-minute walk (1 MW) along a six-meter walkway, a modified Illinois Agility Test (mIAT), and a custom clinical turning course (CCTC). Peak yaw turning speeds were extracted from wearable inertial sensors on the head, trunk, and pelvis. Between-site differences and two one-sided tests (TOST) were used to determine equivalence between sites, based on a minimum effect size reported between individuals with mild traumatic brain injury and healthy control subjects. Results No outcomes were different between sites, and equivalence was determined for 6/21 of the outcomes. These findings suggest that some turning tasks and outcome measures may be better suited for multi-site studies. The equivalence results are also dependent on the minimum effect size of interest; nearly all outcomes were equivalent across sites when larger minimum effect sizes of interest were used. Significance Together, these results suggest some tasks and outcome measures may be better suited for multi-site studies and literature-based comparisons.

An equivalence result for a general class of models when some variables are missing at random is established. The initial model and the missingness mechanism could be equivalently defined under the form of a system of moment equations. The equivalence means the same sets of probability measures for the observed variables. This type of equivalence greatly simplifies the analysis of the initial model under the missingness mechanism.

In this paper, an integral reinforcement learning (IRL)-based model-free optimal output-feedback (OPFB) control scheme is developed for linear continuous-time systems with input delay, where the input and past output data are employed rather than the system dynamic model. First, the equivalence between the delayed optimal control and delay-free case is analyzed. Subsequently, the system state is constructed with output signal and the Bellman equation is written in the form of past outputs. Therefore, the IRL algorithm is developed to learn the OPFB control policy, where the iterative policy is evaluated and improved simultaneously. It is proved that the obtained optimal OPFB controller gives the same solution as the optimal state-feedback. Finally, the presented simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the developed control method.

In this paper, we define the notion of Hopf crossed square for cocommutative Hopf algebras extending the notions of crossed squares of groups and of Lie algebras. We prove the equivalence between the category of Hopf crossed squares and the category of double internal groupoids in the category of cocommutative Hopf algebras. The Hopf crossed squares turn out to be the internal crossed modules in the category of crossed modules in the category of cocommutative Hopf algebras., Comment: 40 pages

This study focuses on the analysis of how information may be lost, added, and skewed in the English-Indonesian translation of noun phrases in the novel The Valley of Fear. This study utilized descriptive qualitative method through note-taking technique. Nida’s principles of translation were applied to investigate how these three principles occur. The results showed that loss, addition, and skewing were found with several classifications, namely (1) omission of adjectives and indefinite quantifiers as well as different grammatical points of view for loss of information, (2) different linguistic and cultural aspects for addition of information, and (3) deviation of meaning and the choice of closest natural equivalence for skewing of information. Of the 507 cases found, addition of information occurs on the highest percentage, i.e. 54,81% (278 data), loss of information takes 41,42% (210 data) and skewing of information takes the lowest percentage, i.e. 3,74% (19 data). These findings indicate that actually loss, addition and skewing take place in translation of noun phases from English into Indonesian for the sake of finding naturalness without neglecting the accuracy of transferring meaning.

Este artigo teve o objetivo analisar como a literatura científica sobre o ensino de Álgebra, publicada em periódicos com escopo em Educação Matemática, aborda o objeto de conhecimento equação polinomial de primeiro grau. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica em periódicos da área de Educação Matemática, com avaliação A1 a B2 no Qualis Capes provisório, divulgado em julho de 2019. Usou-se um recorte temporal de 10 anos (2010-2019), sendo selecionados 31 artigos para compor o corpus de análise. O método utilizado foi a revisão sistemática de literatura. Os dados foram analisados por meio de 05 categorias: (1) trabalhos que abordam significados atribuídos ao conceito de equação; (2) trabalhos que abordam os conhecimentos mobilizados por professores; (3) trabalhos que abordam análise de equações em livros didáticos; (4) trabalhos que abordam a análise de questões e materiais sobre equações; e (5) trabalhos que abordam análise de produções escritas de alunos. Os resultados revelam: i) dificuldades de professores e alunos diante dos conceitos de equação e equivalência e na resolução de problemas envolvendo equação polinomial de primeiro grau; ii) predominância do uso da variável como incógnita frente a número genérico e número funcional; iii) pouca demanda de conversão de registros de representação, restringindo-se basicamente à passagem da língua natural para a linguagem algébrica; iv) o uso, por professores, de artigos acadêmicos, sites, balança de dois pratos, software matemático, sequências de atividades eletrônicas para prepararem e ministrarem aulas sobre equação; e, v) que o uso de tarefas, recursos e metodologias apropriados favorecem o desenvolvimento da aprendizagem e a construção de significados para os objetos algébricos.

We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the coincidence, up to equivalence of the norms, between strong and weak Orlicz spaces. Roughly speaking, this coincidence holds true only for the so-called exponential spaces. We also find the exact value of the embedding constant which appears in the corresponding norm inequality.

In this survey we discuss work of Levin and V’yugin on collections of sequences that are non-negligible in the sense that they can be computed by a probabilistic algorithm with positive probability. More precisely, Levin and V’yugin introduced an ordering on collections of sequences that are closed under Turing equivalence. Roughly speaking, given two such collections $\mathcal {A}$ and $\mathcal {B}$ , $\mathcal {A}$ is below $\mathcal {B}$ in this ordering if $\mathcal {A}\setminus \mathcal {B}$ is negligible. The degree structure associated with this ordering, the Levin–V’yugin degrees (or $\mathrm {LV}$ -degrees), can be shown to be a Boolean algebra, and in fact a measure algebra. We demonstrate the interactions of this work with recent results in computability theory and algorithmic randomness: First, we recall the definition of the Levin–V’yugin algebra and identify connections between its properties and classical properties from computability theory. In particular, we apply results on the interactions between notions of randomness and Turing reducibility to establish new facts about specific LV-degrees, such as the LV-degree of the collection of 1-generic sequences, that of the collection of sequences of hyperimmune degree, and those collections corresponding to various notions of effective randomness. Next, we provide a detailed explanation of a complex technique developed by V’yugin that allows the construction of semi-measures into which computability-theoretic properties can be encoded. We provide two examples of the use of this technique by explicating a result of V’yugin’s about the LV-degree of the collection of Martin-Löf random sequences and extending the result to the LV-degree of the collection of sequences of DNC degree.

Purpose The Australian prisoner population has experienced a dramatic increase in the number of older inmates over the past decade, consistent with the greying of the prisoner population that is being observed worldwide. Reviews suggest the need for further evidence and practice outside of the USA. This paper aims to review and discuss the cost and social implications of the rising health-care needs of this population in Australia. Design/methodology/approach A review of international research and policies is presented, as well as the results of basic economic modelling relating to the expected rise in health-care costs of the ageing prisoner population in Australia. Findings Taking into consideration the continued rise in incarceration rates, the calculations show that the health costs of prisoners could increase by anywhere between 17% and 90% depending on whether the increase of older prisoners continues as it has in the past decade. These trends are likely to continue over the next decade and will result in higher health costs of prisons under a number of different imprisonment scenarios. Policy responses in Australia have been slow so far, with most initiatives being undertaken in the USA with promising results. Practical implications The authors suggest that in the absence of a coordinated policy response, covering a range of interventions, costs will continue to increase, particularly as this population continues to age more rapidly than the general population due to an accumulation of risk factors. Well-conceived interventions would be a worthwhile investment from both financial and social perspectives. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first commentary to acknowledge this rising public health issue and to both review and model its implications for the future.

The paper is devoted to Lagrange problem of optimal control theory with higher-order differential inclusions (HODI) and special boundary conditions. Optimality conditions are derived for HODIs, as well as for their discrete analogy. In this case, discretization method of the second-order differential inclusion is used to form sufficient optimality conditions for HODIs and periodic boundary conditions, the so-called transversality conditions. And to construct an Euler–Lagrange-type inclusion, a locally adjoint mapping is used, which is closely related to the coderivative concept of Mordukhovich. In turn, this approach requires several important equivalence results concerning LAMs to the discrete and discrete-approximate problems. The results obtained are demonstrated by the optimization of some “linear” optimal control problems, for which the Weierstrass–Pontryagin maximum principle and transversality conditions are formulated.

This paper investigates the optimal design problem for the prediction of the individual parameters in hierarchical linear models with heteroscedastic errors. An equivalence theorem is established to characterize D-optimality of designs for the prediction based on the mean squared error matrix. The admissibility of designs is also considered and a sufficient condition to simplify the design problem is obtained. The results obtained are illustrated in terms of a simple linear model with random slope and heteroscedastic errors.

We present an active learning algorithm named NRTALearning for nondeterministic real-time automata (NRTAs). Real-time automata (RTAs) are a subclass of timed automata with only one clock which resets at each transition. First, we prove the corresponding Myhill-Nerode theorem for real-time languages. Then we show that there exists a unique minimal deterministic real-time automaton (DRTA) recognizing a given real-time language, but the same does not hold for NRTAs. We thus define a special kind of NRTAs, named residual real-time automata (RRTAs), and prove that there exists a minimal RRTA to recognize any given real-time language. This transforms the learning problem of NRTAs to the learning problem of RRTAs. After describing the learning algorithm in detail, we prove its correctness and polynomial complexity. In addition, based on the corresponding Myhill-Nerode theorem, we extend the existing active learning algorithm NL* for nondeterministic finite automata to learn RRTAs. We evaluate and compare the two algorithms on two benchmarks consisting of randomly generated NRTAs and rational regular expressions. The results show that NRTALearning generally performs fewer membership queries and more equivalence queries than the extended NL* algorithm, and the learnt NRTAs have much fewer locations than the corresponding minimal DRTAs. We also conduct a case study using a model of scheduling of final testing of integrated circuits.

Let X be a completely regular topological space and f a real-valued bounded from above lower semicontinuous function in it. Let C(X) be the space of all bounded continuous real-valued functions in X endowed with the usual sup-norm. We show that the following two properties are equivalent: X is α-favourable (in the sense of the Banach-Mazur game); The set of functions h in C(X) for which f + h attains its supremum in X contains a dense and Gδ-subset of the space C(X). In particular, property (b) has place if X is a compact space or, more generally, if X is homeomorphic to a dense Gδ subset of a compact space.We show also the equivalence of the following stronger properties: X contains some dense completely metrizable subset; the set of functions h in C(X) for which f + h has strong maximum in X contains a dense and Gδ-subset of the space C(X). If X is a complete metric space and f is bounded, then the set of functions h from C(X) for which f + h has both strong maximum and strong minimum in X contains a dense Gδ-subset of C(X).

We present a version of so called formula size games for regular expressions. These games characterize the equivalence of languages up to expressions of a given size. We use the regular expression size game to give a simple proof of a known non-elementary succinctness gap between first-order logic and regular expressions. We also use the game to only count the number of stars in an expression instead of the overall size. For regular expressions this measure trivially gives a hierarchy in terms of expressive power. We obtain such a hierarchy also for what we call RE over star-free expressions, where star-free expressions, that is ones with complement but no stars, are combined using the operations of regular expressions., In Proceedings GandALF 2021, arXiv:2109.07798

Null hypothesis significance testing is the major statistical procedure in fMRI, but provides only a rather limited picture of the effects in a data set. When sample size and power is low relying only on strict significance testing may lead to a host of false negative findings. In contrast, with very large data sets virtually every voxel might become significant. It is thus desirable to complement significance testing with procedures like inferiority and equivalence tests that allow to formally compare effect sizes within and between data sets and offer novel approaches to obtain insight into fMRI data. The major component of these tests are estimates of standardized effect sizes and their confidence intervals. Here, we show how Hedges' g, the bias corrected version of Cohen's d, and its confidence interval can be obtained from SPM t maps. We then demonstrate how these values can be used to evaluate whether nonsignificant effects are really statistically smaller than significant effects to obtain “regions of undecidability” within a data set, and to test for the replicability and lateralization of effects. This method allows the analysis of fMRI data beyond point estimates enabling researchers to take measurement uncertainty into account when interpreting their findings., Inferiority and equivalence tests allow to compare effect sizes within and between data sets and are based on standardized effect sizes and their confidence intervals. We show how Hedges'g and its confidence interval can be obtained from SPM t maps and demonstrate how these can be used to obtain “regions of undecidability” within a data set, to test for the replicability, and for the lateralization of effects.

Objective: To collect evidence of validity for a selection of digital tests on the Philips IntelliSpace Cognition (ISC) platform. Method: A total of 200 healthy participants (age 50-80) completed both the ISC battery and an analog version of the battery during separate visits. The battery included the following screeners and cognitive tests: Mini-Mental State Examination (2nd edition), Clock Drawing Test, Trail-Making Test (TMT), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT), Letter Fluency, Star Cancellation Test, and Digit Span Test. The ISC tests were administered on an iPad Pro and were automatically scored using designated algorithms. The analog tests were administered in line with existing guidelines and scored by trained neuropsychologists. Criterion validity was established through relative agreement coefficients and raw score equivalence tests. In addition,measurement invariance analysis was used to compare the factor structures of both versions. Finally, we explored effects of demographics and experience with digital devices on performance. Results: We found fair to excellent relative agreement between test versions. Absolute equivalence was found for RAVLT, Letter Fluency, Star Cancellation Test, and Digit Span Test. Importantly, we demonstrated equal loadings of the digital and analog test versions on the same set of underlying cognitive domains. Demographic effects were mostly comparable between modalities, and people’s experience with digital devices was found to only influence performance on TMT B. Conclusions: This study provides several sources of evidence for the validity of the ISC test battery, offering an important step in validating ISC for clinical use. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1974565.

A blockmodel is a network in which the nodes are clusters of equivalent (in terms of the structure of the links connecting) nodes in the network being studied. The term block refers to the links between two clusters. When structural equivalence is relied on, two types of blocks are possible: complete blocks and null blocks. Ideally, all possible links are found in complete blocks while there are no links in null blocks. Yet, in the case of empirical networks, some links frequently appear in null blocks and some non-links appear in complete blocks. These links and non-links are called inconsistencies. When a relocation algorithm is applied to obtain a blockmodel, the criterion function is minimised. The number of inconsistencies is reflected in a criterion function’s value, leading to it being regularly used to fit an empirical network to an ideal blockmodel. Since the value of a criterion function depends on various factors (e.g. the block types allowed, the network size and its density), the values obtained for different networks are incomparable. To address this deficiency, the Relative Fit measure is proposed in this paper. Relative Fit values may be used to select the appropriate blockmodel type and/or number of clusters. Values of the Relative Fit measure can also be of value when fitting different empirical networks to a given blockmodel.

Introdução: A avaliação cognitiva sistemática é essencial para estabelecer planos de reabilitação ajustados à pessoa com traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE). A Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale (LCFS) é uma ferramenta descritiva de enquadramento do nível de cognitivo e comportamental, representando a recuperação típica das pessoas com TCE. Este estudo teve como objetivo traduzir e adaptar transculturalmente a LCFS. Metodologia: Foi realizada a equivalência linguística da LCFS com recurso a tradutores e retrotradutores independentes. A equivalência conceptual obteve-se através de um painel de peritos, constituído por 5 elementos selecionados nas áreas das neurociências e enfermagem, seguido de um cognitive debriefing formado por 8 enfermeiros com experiência significativa em neurocirurgia. Ao longo deste processo houve o envolvimento e contributo dos autores da escala original. Resultados: A equivalência linguística foi um processo de decorreu de forma fluída. No Painel de Peritos obteve-se consenso em 79 (94%) dos 84 itens da escala. Da análise realizada no Cognitive Debriefing resultaram alterações num número reduzido de termos, obtendo-se a LCFS no português europeu. Conclusão: A versão portuguesa da LCFS demonstra ser de fácil entendimento e obteve-se uma robusta validade de conteúdo. Sugere-se a realização do estudo psicométrico para assegurar a validação transcultural.

Hierarchy is a tool that has been applied to improve the scalability of solving planning problems modeled using Supervisory Control Theory. In the work of Hill and Lafortune (2016), the notion of cost equivalence was employed to generate an abstraction of the supervisor that, with additional conditions, guarantees that an optimal plan generated on the abstraction is also optimal when applied to the full supervisor. Their work is able to improve their abstraction by artificially giving transitions zero cost based on the sequentially-dependent ordering of events. Here, we relax the requirement on a specific ordering of the dependent events, while maintaining the optimal relationship between upper and lower levels of the hierarchy. This present paper also extends the authors’ work (Vilela and Hill 2020) where we developed a new notion of equivalence based on cost equivalence and weak bisimulation that we term priced-observation equivalence. This equivalence allows the supervisor abstraction to be generated compositionally. This helps to avoid the explosion of the state space that arises from having to first synthesize the full supervisor before the abstraction can be applied. Here, we also show that models with artificial zero-cost transitions can be created compositionally employing the new relaxed sequential dependence definition. An example cooperative robot control application is used to demonstrate the improvements achieved by the compositional approach to abstraction proposed by this paper.

Higher-order constrained Horn clauses (HoCHC) are a semantically-invariant system of higher-order logic modulo theories. With semi-decidable unsolvability over a semi-decidable background theory, HoCHC is suitable for safety verification. Less is known about its relation to larger classes of higher-order verification problems. Motivated by program equivalence, we introduce a coinductive version of HoCHC that enjoys a greatest model property. We define an encoding of higher-order recursion schemes (HoRS) into HoCHC logic programs. Correctness of this encoding reduces decidability of the open HoRS equivalence problem -- and, thus, the LambdaY-calculus B\"ohm tree equivalence problem -- to semi-decidability of coinductive HoCHC over a complete and decidable theory of trees., Comment: In Proceedings HCVS 2021, arXiv:2109.03988

The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) is widely used to measure personal cognitive emotion regulation strategies. This study was aimed to validate the factorial invariance of CERQ across gender and reexamine its psychometric properties. A total of 4572 Chinese college students (50.09% female; age: M = 18.62, SD = 0.97) completed the CERQ and other psychological scales. The factorial invariance of CERQ across gender was conducted by multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, Omega coefficients and mean inter-item correlation coefficients (MIC) were used to examine the internal consistency reliability, and multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the criterion validity of CERQ. The results showed that nine-factor model of CERQ fit the data reasonably in the total sample and in each gender group, the configural, metric, scalar and strict equivalence of CERQ across gender were all acceptable, and there were significant gender differences in most factors’ latent means except Refocusing on planning, which was generally in line with the observed gender differences. Moreover, the internal consistency reliability and criterion validity of CERQ were both well evidenced. Overall, the nine-factor structure of CERQ was invariant across gender and there were gender differences in cognitive emotion regulation.

Construction and equivalence of APN functions play a significant role in the research of cryptographic functions. On finite fields of characteristic 2, six infinite families of APN power functions and thirteen infinite families of APN polynomial functions have been constructed in the literature. Yoshiara showed that CCZ-equivalence between APN power functions in characteristic 2 reduces to cyclotomic equivalence. After that, in 2018, Dempwolff generalized Yoshira’s result to any characteristic p. Moreover, some results on equivalence between known families of APN polynomial functions and APN power functions were obtained. In this paper, we show that two other known infinite families of APN polynomial functions are CCZ-inequivalent to APN power functions.

This paper deals with the quadratic-mean-of-order-r indexes of output, input and productivity. Each index is a family of indexes that unify many of the existing indexes, including the most popular ones. We show that all index number formulae belonging to these families are superlative indexes. This is considered as a generalization of the equivalence of Fisher and Malmquist indexes, shown by Diewert (1992).

We propose test statistics for testing for the equivalence of the mean functions with respect to time for two sets of time series and that for several sets of time series. We also propose multiple ...

We investigate a collective-choice bargaining model under minimal assumptions. In this model, the set of alternatives is arbitrary; each player’s utility function is nonnegative-valued; the decision rule is monotonic; the probability of each player’s being recognized as a proposer depends only on the tuple of actions in the previous round; any player is perfectly patient. We show that for any alternative, it is in the core if and only if there exists a stationary subgame perfect equilibrium (SSPE) such that it is proposed by every player and implemented with certainty.

Information measures in neighborhood decision systems underlie information processing and uncertainty measurement, especially regarding neighborhood rough sets. Their constructions on covering structuring and neighborhood counting can acquire theoretical extensions and practical compactness but become difficult and rare when comparing the sample counting approach and its defects. In terms of three-way information measures (i.e., information entropy, conditional entropy, and mutual information), classification-level and class-level complement information measures are established by extending equivalence decision systems to neighborhood decision systems; thus, the construction on nonrepetitive neighborhoods becomes ingenious, and the study of criss-cross structuring and granulation properties becomes valuable. At the classification level, neighborhood-complement information measures are proposed by imitation; they perfectly expand existing complement information measures, and thus, they offer an extended isomorphism regarding systematicity. At the class level, neighborhood-complement information measures are determined by decomposition to generate a hierarchical isomorphism, and they also induce equivalence-complement information measures to yield a degenerate isomorphism. Then, granulation nonmonotonicity and monotonicity of neighborhood-complement information measures are revealed at these two levels, and their uncertainty mechanisms are analyzed deeply by three-level granular structures. Finally, all complement measures are calculated programmatically, and their relationships and nonmonotonicity or monotonicity are effectively verified by virtue of table examples and data experiments. In summary, systematically, there are four criss-cross modes of three-way complement information measures based on two knowledge granulations and two decision levels; the variably extended and degenerated isomorphisms and hierarchically decomposed and integrated isomorphisms are thoroughly uncovered, the granulation nonmonotonicity and monotonicity are deeply mined, and all achievements are found to have good application prospects for feature reduction and rule induction in machine learning.

We prove that the class of equational co-domains is not closed under elementary and geometric equivalence. We find corresponding counter-examples in predicate and functional languages.

In this study, for double set sequences, we present the notions of Wijsman asymptotic lacunary invariant equivalence, Wijsman asymptotic lacunary $$\mathcal {I}_2$$ -invariant equivalence and Wijsman asymptotic lacunary $$\mathcal {I}_2^{*}$$ -invariant equivalence. Also, we examine the relations between these notions and Wijsman asymptotic lacunary invariant statistical equivalence studied in this field before.

In this work, we present the experimental results obtained from hydrogen fuelled spark-ignited dual piston free-piston engine generator (FPEG) prototype operated in two-stroke and four-stroke mode. The FPEG testing was successfully conducted at 3.7 compression ratio, engine speed between 5 Hz and 11 Hz and with different equivalence ratios. The FPEG technical details, experimental set-up and operational control are explained in detail. Performance indicators show that both equivalence ratio and engine speed affect the engine operation characteristics. For every set of specified FPEG parameters, appropriate range of equivalence ratio is recommended to prevent unwanted disturbance to electric generator operation. Both two-stroke and four-stroke cycle mode were tested, and the results showed different combustion characteristics with the two thermodynamic cycles. Four-stroke cycle mode could operate with indicated thermal efficiency gain up to 13.2% compared with the two-stroke cycle.

Background Dynamic myocardial CT perfusion (CTP) has emerged as a potential strategy to combine anatomical and functional evaluation in a single modality. However, this method results in a high radiation dose. Methods Dynamic CTP was performed in 56 patients with suspected or known ischemic heart disease of whom 48 had complete CT-data. Datasets with reduced sampling rate of 2- and 3 RR-intervals (2RR and 3RR) were constructed post hoc. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) estimates from the 2RR and 3RR datasets were compared with estimates based on the full dataset (1RR) using the two one-sided test of equivalence for paired samples. Results Significant equivalence was found for rest MBFLV (p ​ Conclusion MBF can be quantitated with dynamic CTP using a sampling strategy of one volume for every second heartbeat. This strategy could lead to a significant reduction in radiation dose.

In this paper we supplement the problem statement of synthesis of layered dielectric filters considered in our previous studies and based on the ideas of P.L. Chebyshev. Fundamental constraints for such problems on layer materials admissible for synthesis are included. A mathematical apparatus that significantly simplifies the classical approach and computational procedures for such problems while maintaining the mathematical equivalence of the results was developed. For the first time, the broadest approach to the layered media theory is substantiated for the case of piecewise continuous dependence of the dielectric and magnetic permeability. The proposed formulation of the synthesis problem is shown to lead to much more economical computational procedures as compared to the previously known computational procedures, keeping all other important constraints on the synthesis problem unchanged.

We study a linear system of integral equations of the first kind arising in the problem of wave diffraction by a local permeable body. The equivalence of the system and the original boundary value diffraction problem is established. The existence and uniqueness of the solution of the system and the dissipativity of its matrix operator are proved. The questions of the existence of nonradiating currents and their relation to the properties of the matrix operator of the system are considered.

The concept of equivalence, despite the criticism it has received in the past decades, remains a useful framework for the study of correspondence between legal terms. In the present article, I address the question of direction-asymmetric equivalence in legal translation, i.e. equivalence that does not obey the “one-to-one” principle, and which usually implies that the translator’s decision-making is more difficult in one direction than in the other. This asymmetry may be triggered by intrinsic semantic characteristics of legal terms (synonymy and polysemy), by differences between legal systems (system-specific terms, the procedures used for their translation and their handling in lexicographic sources, competing legal systems, tension between cultural boundedness and neutrality), or by social factors (L1 vs. L2 translation). The instances of directional asymmetry discussed are illustrated with examples from French and Czech.

A brief overview of the features of the fatigue resistance of some steels is given with the selection of terms, concepts and numerical data necessary for the subsequent compilation and verification of the equivalence criterion in relation to assessing the ability of structural materials to resist fatigue for a long time under the action of certain combinations of alternating and static loads. Keywords: regular loading cycle, extremely stressed state, static stressed state, bending, torsion, biaxial static tension. bdsho@nkmz.donetsk.ua

This paper makes an effort to investigate the obstacles in nonequivalence at the idiomatic and expressional level and then presents some certain factors to face such difficulties in Animal Farm novel (1945) by George Orwell and its translation by Amir Amirshahi (1969). The researchers in the current study try by analyzing six certain strategies as using an idiomatic expression of similar meaning and form, similar meaning but dissimilar form, borrowing the source language, translation by paraphrase, translation by the omission of a play on idiomatic expression and translation by the omission of entire idiomatic expression (Baker, 2011). Moreover, the present research is a descriptive, non-judgmental, comparative and corpus-based analysis of EnglishPersian parallel study. The findings demonstrate the fact that the practical ways in the translation of idiomatic expressions presented by Baker (2011) are applicable, and the most useable strategy is using an idiomatic expression of similar meaning but dissimilar form at 35.96%.

Purpose: To confirm whether peak aerobic capacity determined during laboratory testing could be replicated during an on-court field-based test in wheelchair rugby players. Methods: Sixteen wheelchair rugby players performed an incremental speed-based peak oxygen uptake () test on a motorized treadmill (TM) and completed a multistage fitness test (MFT) on a basketball court in a counterbalanced order, while spirometric data were recorded. A paired t test was performed to check for systematic error between tests. A Bland–Altman plot for illustrated the agreement between the TM and MFT results and how this related to the boundaries of practical equivalence. Results: No significant differences between mean were reported (TM: 1.85 [0.63] vs MFT: 1.81 [0.63] L·min−1; P = .33). Bland–Altman plot for suggests that the mean values are in good agreement at the group level; that is, the exact 95% confidence limits for the ratio systematic error (0.95–1.02) are within the boundaries of practical equivalence (0.88–1.13) showing that the group average TM and MFT values are interchangeable. However, consideration of the data at the level of the individual athlete suggests that the TM and MFT results were not interchangeable because the 95% ratio limits of agreement either coincide with the boundaries of practical equivalence (upper limit) or fall outside (lower limit). Conclusions: Results suggest that the MFT provides a suitable test at a group level with this cohort of wheelchair rugby players for the assessment of (range 0.97–3.64 L·min–1), yet caution is noted for interchangeable use of values between tests for individual players.

This research extends design optimization to model involving count data. A two-variable Poisson regression model was investigated for A-optimality on a constrained design space and the weights of the optimal design points were obtained. The constructed designs were verified to be A-optimal at 4-point design through the general equivalence theorem. The efficiency of the constructed optimal design was found to be 100% A-efficient. The concept of weighted optimal designs for Poisson regression model was applied to fertility studies. Approximate A-optimal design weights of educational level of women were obtained for each marriage duration period with respect to their places of residence. The study revealed that the numbers of women with secondary education and above were found to be consistently more than that of women with no education, lower primary education and upper primary education, respectively for all the marriage duration periods considered and at each place of residence. The only exclusion is the marriage duration of 0–4 years at Suva where the proportion of women with no education was more than other educational levels. Keywords: A-optimality; Design Point; Fisher Information Matrix; Imperialist Competitive Algorithm; Poisson Regression Model