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The development of electrically conductive polymer-based filament is the challenging process in energy storage applications. Moreover, the development of electrodes using polymer-based conductive material is fascinating researchers mainly for lithium-ion battery. In this work, electrical film casting was prepared using CMC/SBR and PLA pellets with Graphite elements. The anode was developed with active, conductive, and binder materials of PLA, Graphite, and SBR/CMC materials respectively. The fixed active and conductive elements were taken with different range (0-50%) of binder for preparing anode using the slurry film process. Totally six specimens were made with different binder compositions in the dimensions of ~50 mm diameter and ~5 mm thickness. The mechanical and electrochemical characteristics were analyzed to investigate cell voltage, microstructure, composition analysis, electrical and thermal conductivity with the influence of binder composition. A binder composition of 20-30% was completely formed in the good conductive path. Moreover, the electrical conduction path formed by the binder elements in PLA matrix reached the percolation threshold at this range. Binder with 30% was determined as the best ratio of plasticizer to be added with PLA/Graphite matrix to minimize porous structure and to make well defined bonding of active, conductive and binder elements. Therefore, a maximum Shore D value of 25.4 and tensile strength of ~27 MPa were noted on the specimen casted with 30% of binder elements. The results of Half-cells galvanostatically characteristics revealed that 30% of CMC/SBR can be obtained a high specific discharge capacity of 238 (mAh/g). The FEA analysis exhibited that the maximum cell voltage of 3 V-4.6 V during charging and 4.3 V-3 V during discharging at 0.5C rate for the specimen prepared with 30 wt% binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review on printable supercapacitors (SCs) and their printing technologies delves into the realm of energy storage devices, focusing on the advancements in SC technology and the role of printing techniques in their fabrication. The abstract highlights the key advantages of SCs over traditional batteries and the latest developments in materials and fabrication methods. Highlighting materials like graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes showcases their role in printable inks for SCs. Additive manufacturing techniques like inkjet printing enable precise electrode deposition, leading to high‐performance SCs with enhanced energy storage capabilities. The integration of printable SCs in portable electronics, wearable devices, and soft robotics demonstrates their versatility and impact across industries. Future research directions aim to optimize material formulations, enhance printing processes, and explore novel applications in emerging fields like IoT devices and smart textiles. Through a comprehensive analysis of research articles and studies, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of printable SCs to revolutionize the energy storage landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is the first attempt to explore the supercapacitor applications of Barium nickelate (BaNiO3) perovskite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are synthesized using a simple combustion method and their morphology, elemental composition, and so forth are studied using standard characterization methods such as x‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and so forth. The nanoparticles were found to be hexagonal in shape, with an average particle size of 16 nm, and the elemental analysis confirms the successful synthesis of the BaNiO3 perovskite nanoparticles. For electrochemical studies, the electrodes are fabricated over a wearable and flexible conductive fabric (CF) substrate. A slurry paste of the synthesized BaNiO3 nanoparticles is applied over CF and dried overnight, thereby forming a thin film electrode. The fabricated electrode acts as a positive electrode with a high specific capacitance of 508.64 F g−1 at 2.2 A g−1 current density. Upon increasing the current density, the electrode maintains 60% of its specific capacitance and displays 97% cyclic stability over 5000 cycles. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study indicates excellent conductivity of the electrode, with a bulk resistance of 3.2 Ohms. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrode is also compared with various previously reported works and the electrode displays higher specific capacitance and better cyclic stability. These findings suggest that the BaNiO3 perovskite nanoparticles‐based electrode holds promise for utilization as an anode material in supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline has been utilized in various applications, yet its widespread adoption has often been impeded by challenges. Composite systems have been proposed as a means of mitigating some of these limitations, and anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid) has emerged as a possible moderator for use in co-polymer systems. It offers improved solubility and retention of electroactivity in neutral and alkaline media, and, significantly, it can also bestow chemical functionality through its carboxylic acid substituent, which can greatly ease post-polymer modification. The benefits of using anthranilic acid (as a homopolymer or copolymer) have been demonstrated in applications including corrosion protection, memory devices, photovoltaics, and biosensors. Moreover, this polymer has been used as a versatile framework for the sequestration of metal ions for water treatment, and, critically, these same mechanisms serve as a facile route for the production of catalytic metallic nanoparticles. However, the widespread adoption of polyanthranilic acid has been limited, and the aim of the present narrative review is to revisit the early promise of anthranilic acid and assess its potential future use within modern smart materials. A critical evaluation of its properties is presented, and its versatility as both a monomer and a polymer across a spectrum of applications is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the electrode materials used for Li-ion batteries. Key electrode materials for Li-ion batteries have been explored and the associated challenges and advancements have been discussed. Through an extensive literature review, the current state of research and future developments related to Li-ion battery electrodes were identified. The study also covers a wide range of subtopics, including the theoretical aspects of the basic functioning of lithium-ion batteries and the crystal structures of different electrode materials. Additionally, emerging trends and future directions in the development of high-performance commercial battery electrodes have been revealed, providing insights into promising avenues for further research. By synthesizing existing knowledge and analyzing the latest research, this review aims to provide a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders interested in developing state-of-the-art high-performance Li-ion batteries. The findings and perspectives presented in this paper contribute to a deeper understanding of electrode materials for Li-ion batteries and their advantages and disadvantages, ultimately fostering advancements and innovations in commercial lithium-ion battery (LiB) electrode technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the method for rational design of hierarchical structures such as hollow, sphere, and core–shell structures is a crucial challenge for enhancing the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor electrodes. In this study, we demonstrate a facile method for controllable preparation of hydrangea-shaped CoAl-LDHs/CoF2 composite and used as a positive electrode for supercapacitor. A series of contrast tests are performed to select optimal experiment condition. CoAl-LDHs obtained at a metal ratio of 2:1, reacting 8 h with the addition of NH4F, display optimal performance associated with the hierarchical structure, where NH4F plays a vital role in regulating this uniform generation process. The fabricated working electrode shows a high specific capacitance of 827.8 Fg−1, with excellent capacitance retention of 62.8% after current density increases ten times. At last, an asymmetric supercapacitor using C2A1-8 h sample as positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode is assembled and delivers an outstanding energy density of 53.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 239.9 kW kg−1, and energy density reaches 27.8 Wh kg−1 at maximum power density of 12,000 W kg−1, indicating C2A1-8 h is a potential candidate for energy storage and conversion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have the advantages of excellent visual experience and low power consumption, and can be applied to flexible display technology, completely breaking from traditional display technology. Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are an important component for realizing high-performance OLEDs. At present, cathode materials widely used in transparent OLEDs include Mg:Ag alloys and Ca:Ag alloys; however, their low transmittance makes the light extraction rate relatively low. In this study, a composite transparent conductive cathode with a ZnO/Ca:Au/Al2O3 structure was fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD), achieving excellent optical transmittance, mechanical flexibility, and lateral conductivity. The ZnO layer prepared by ALD was used as the seed layer of the ultrathin Ca:Au alloy layer, while ensuring the low work function of the entire structure, and the Al2O3 layer prepared by ALD was used as an anti-reflection layer and encapsulation layer to improve the optical transmittance and the overall structure of the device lifetime. The luminance and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the transparent OLED prepared in this work were significantly improved over the traditional Ca:Ag electrode, achieving values of 40,000 cd/m2 and 31.2% at 5 V, respectively, and the average transmittance of the device in the visible light range was 53%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing populations and development led to a higher utilization of fossil fuels and more CO2 emissions; which prompted researchers to look for pollution-free energy sources and improved energy-storage technologies. Supercapacitors (SCs) are thought to be the most advanced available energy-storage technology and are improving day by day via modifying the electrode composition. In this work, we described the hydrothermal production of SrCeO3/RGO nanocomposite as an effective and high-performance electrode material for SCs. Different approaches were adopted to look at the structural features along with the electrochemical behaviors of the prepared nanocomposite. X-ray structural analysis data and surface analysis showed that the nanocomposite had a pure crystalline phase and enhanced surface area. SrCeO3/RGO nanocomposite possessed a specific capacitance of 1359.9 F/g at 1 A/g, while it was 653.1 F/g for pure SrCeO3 electrode. The nanocomposite showed a small decrease in its polarization curve area following the 6000th cycle of the stability test. Additionally, SrCeO3 and SrCeO3/RGO nanocomposite exhibited specific energy of 28.7 and 63.5 Wh/kg at 1 A/g value with specific power of 281.5 and 290.1 W/kg, respectively. Numerous findings demonstrated that the enhanced ion/electron mobility and electric conductivity of nanocomposite lead to a rapid charge-storing approach and significantly boost electrochemical performance. The exceptional functionality of the SrCeO3/RGO nanocomposite demonstrated its favorable potential for the future generation of energy storage by reducing reliance on materials with a spinel-like structure. Highlights: SrCeO3/RGO nanocomposite prepared via hydrothermal route and was utilized as supercapacitor electrode. Exhibited exceptional morphological features evaluated through various physical characterizations. GCD results showed an enhanced rate capability of 1359.9 F/g at 1 A/g. Impedance results exhibited enhanced electrical features than their pristine materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present day, one of the major issues that is affecting human health and the quality of human life is stress. Sensors are developed with different shapes of electrodes. Electrodes with different shapes possess different surface areas for the accumulation of hormones, so they play a vital role in hormone analysis. This paper presents an analysis of sensing methods like electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry. It explores the optimization of the electrode shapes for use in hormone detection using these sensing methods. The designs and analyses are conducted using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS software. COMSOL is used to design and analyze three electrode geometries: stepped cuboidal, cuboidal, and cylindrical for both the techniques. The electrode sizes used are in the standard range of 2–5 mm. The voltage equivalent of the sensed current is around 1 nV (with measured current ranging between around 10 and 520 pA). This is a very small value and is amplified to the order of about 0.1 V, which is more convenient to measure using a signal conditioning circuit. In cyclic voltammetry and thereby EIS, the range of current values shows a 26.61% and 8.39% improvement in cylindrical electrodes compared to stepped cuboidal and cuboidal electrodes, respectively. This can be justified by its increased surface area for hormone accumulation for comparable volumes of electrodes. These improvements can be applied in applications like cortisol hormone detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to the similar properties of the Li and Na elements as well as the abundance and accessibility of Na resources. Most of the current research has been focused on the half‐cell system (using Na metal as the counter electrode) to evaluate the performance of the cathode/anode/electrolyte. The relationship between the performance achieved in half cells and that obtained in full cells, however, has been neglected in much of this research. Additionally, the trade‐off in the relationship between electrochemical performance and cost needs to be given more consideration. Therefore, systematic and comprehensive insights into the research status and key issues for the full‐cell system need to be gained to advance its commercialization. Consequently, this review evaluates the recent progress based on various cathodes and highlights the most significant challenges for full cells. Several strategies have also been proposed to enhance the electrochemical performance of NIBs, including designing electrode materials, optimizing electrolytes, sodium compensation, and so forth. Finally, perspectives and outlooks are provided to guide future research on sodium‐ion full cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state supercapacitors (SSCs) are emerging as one of the promising energy storage devices due to their high safety, superior power density, and excellent cycling life. However, performance degradation and safety issues under extreme conditions are the main challenges for the practical application. With the expansion of human activities, such as space missions, polar exploration, and so on, the investigation of SSC with wide temperature tolerance, high energy density, power density, and sustainability is highly desired. In this review, the effects of temperature on SSC are systematically illustrated and clarified, including the properties of the electrolyte, ion diffusion, and reaction dynamics of the supercapacitor. Subsequently, we summarize the recent advances in wide‐temperature‐range SSCs from the aspect of electrolyte modification, electrode design, and interface adjustment between electrode and electrolyte, especially with critical concerns on ionic conductivity and cycling stability. In the end, a perspective is presented, expecting to promote the practical application of the SSC in harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now, the mainstream adoption of renewable energy has brought about substantial transformations in the electricity and energy sector. This shift has garnered considerable attention within the scientific community. Supercapacitors, known for their exceptional performance metrics like good charge/discharge capability, strong power density, as well as extended cycle longevity, have gained widespread traction across various sectors, including transportation and aviation. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with unique traits including adaptable structure, highly customizable synthetic methods, and high specific surface area, have emerged as strong candidates for electrode materials. For enhancing the performance, MOFs are commonly compounded with other conducting materials to increase capacitance. This paper provides a detailed analysis of various common preparation strategies and characteristics of MOFs. It summarizes the recent application of MOFs and their derivatives as supercapacitor electrodes alongside other carbon materials, metal compounds, and conductive polymers. Additionally, the challenges encountered by MOFs in the realm of supercapacitor applications are thoroughly discussed. Compared to previous reviews, the content of this paper is more comprehensive, offering readers a deeper understanding of the diverse applications of MOFs. Furthermore, it provides valuable suggestions and guidance for future progress and development in the field of MOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the challenges faced during conventional machining of Titanium (Ti) alloys due to their low thermal conductivity and high chemical reaction, non-conventional machining techniques are used. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a promising solution that can precisely machine hard materials into intricate geometries but faces lower material removal rate, higher tool wear rate, and poor surface quality. In this research work, the effect of sub-zero treatments on EDM electrodes was investigated, and experimental investigations were conducted to identify the impact of sub-zero treated electrodes during EDM of Ti-6Al-4V under different discharge energy regimes. Peak Current, Pulse-On-Time and Gap Voltage were varied in 3 levels to evaluate the effect on MRR and TWR. A comprehensive study on EDMed surfaces has been assessed using the morphological and metallurgical observations from SEM micrographs, EDAX and XRD patterns. Sub-zero treated electrodes outperformed the Untreated (UT) electrodes regarding erosion rates and surface quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach for regulating the properties of lignin‐based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which was UV‐induced Tetrahydrofuran (THF) to form peroxide for the etching of these nanoparticles. The lignin coating was first degraded by oxidation, and the properties of the exposed AgNPs changed under etching. Notably, water can greatly regulate the oxidation capacity of the THF medium, thereby controlling the degradation degree of lignin coating and obtaining dissolution, aggregation, precipitation, and color‐variable phenomena of AgNPs under the synergistic effect of UV irradiation and peroxide etching. By adjusting UV irradiation time, various functional products of silver nanowires (AgNWs), color‐variable AgNPs, lignin‐based AgNPs aggregates, and composite solution of Ag particles and Ag+ were obtained. The transformation of these product properties is closely related to the oxidation capacity of H2O/THF medium. In addition, Multi‐functional Lignin‐based AgNPs show excellent application potential in conductive coating, antibacterial enhancement, and product separation, providing a promising avenue for the targeted utilization of lignin‐based AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate migration and other electrode-related complications in cochlear implant surgery. Methods: Retrospective review of all patients (adult and paediatric) undergoing cochlear implantation at a tertiary referral centre in England, between April 2019 and December 2021. Split arrays and patients who did not have post-op imaging were excluded. Results: Two hundred and ninety-nine cochlear implants were performed including 90% primary and 10% revision surgeries. Two hundred and forty-eight (86%) of electrodes implanted were straight arrays. Twenty-seven (9%) demonstrated suboptimal position on post-operative imaging. Three (11%) were true migration, 4 (15%) possible migration, 15 (56%) had two or less extra-cochlear electrodes, 3 (11%) expected partial insertion and 2 (7%) demonstrated tip fold-overs. Twenty (74%) of arrays within the suboptimal insertion group were in primary surgeries. Six patients required re-implantation. The most common reason for re-implantation was migration. Discussion: Electrode migration after cochlear implantation may be more common than previously thought. We demonstrate rates of migration congruous with current literature; this is despite robust and varied fixation techniques. Notable in our series is that all true captured migrations were seen exclusively in straight arrays. The majority of patients in the possible and confirmed migration group had normal inner ear anatomy. Conclusion: Suboptimal electrode position following cochlear implant surgery is a recognized complication and can affect implant performance. Reporting may increase with more widespread use of sophisticated post-operative imaging. Use of a pre-curved electrode and routine use of appropriate fixation techniques may reduce migration rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Misplacement of the CI electrode array is one of the rarest complications of cochlear implant surgery. This condition can be noticed intraoperatively and diagnosed radiologically in the early postoperative period. To present a novel and minimally invasive revision approach for a misplaced cochlear implant (CI) electrode array. Case: In this case report, the authors present a previously undescribed alternative minimally invasive revision cochlear implantation approach for a patient with a misplaced CI electrode array in the right ear who underwent bilateral simultaneous cochlear implantation one and a half years ago at another center. Conclusion: To correct CI electrode array misplacement, the endoscopic transcanal approach is a safe and effective alternative to the conventional approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an ideal candidate for the next generation of large‐scale energy storage devices, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have received great attention due to their low cost. However, the practical utility of SIBs faces constraints imposed by geographical and environmental factors, particularly in high‐altitude and cold regions. In these areas, the low‐temperature (LT) performance of SIBs presents a pressing technological challenge that requires significant breakthroughs. In LT environments, the electrochemical reaction kinetics of SIBs are sluggish, the electrode/electrolyte interface is unstable, and the diffusion of sodium ions in electrode materials is slow, leading to a decrease in battery performance. Therefore, the reasonable design of electrolyte and electrode materials is of great significance for optimizing the LT performance of SIBs. In this review, the research progress of LT SIBs electrolytes, cathode, and anode materials, as well as sodium metal batteries and solid‐state electrolytes is systematically summarized in recent years, aiming to understand the design principles of LT SIBs, clarify the basic research and development of high‐performance SIBs in practical applications, and promote the development of SIBs technology in the full temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Researchers are keen to reduce the over potential value through fabrication of electrocatalyst consisted of environmentally benign and inexpensive material. Supercapacitors on the other hand have gained immense attention in recent years as an energy storage device due to the high power density potential of these devices as compared to conventional batteries based storage system. Aim: The research aims to synthesize nanoscale transition metal oxides (TMO) through green route. TMO based nanomaterials have vast role in energy related applications. Materials & methods: In this study, organic compounds of A. Viridis were used as reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of binary nanocomposite Sb2O3-ZrO2. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using xray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The electrode material was analyzed for supercapacitor potential using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge discharge techniques. HER and OER studies were also conducted using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear sweep voltammetry. The synthesized material was also tested for stability. Results & discussion: The crystal size was 15.9 nm. Optical band gap of 2.55 eV was obtained through Tauc plot. The capacitance value of 339.8 F/g at 2 mV/s and the specific capacitance of 100.6 F/g was obtained at 1 A/g. The overpotential value of 201 mV and Tafel value of 121 mV/dec was recorded for the HER, whereas the lower Tafel value of 106 mV/dec and over potential value of 383 mV was determined for OER. Electrode showed promising stability up to various cycles in case of both applications. Conclusion: The obtained results revealed the promising performance with excellent stability of fabricated electrode for super capacitor as well as water splitting studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Realizing an electrode that can stably monitor biosignals after multiple exposures to sweat is challenging. Utilizing a Janus electrode, which is composed of a stack of ultrathin hydrophobic microporous Au membrane and water-durable hydrophilic nanofiber layers, asymmetric wettability can be realized and maintained for 7 days. Thus, it can create spontaneous unidirectional sweat transport from the skin surface, ensuring that the skin-electrode interface remains dry, especially during sweating. The ultrathin hydrophobic membrane facilitates self-adhesion with an adhesion energy of 59.2 µJ cm−2, which creates a high conformal contact to the skin and self-adhering to the hydrophilic nanofibers. The hydrophilic nanofibers exhibit excellent durability even after continuous immersion in water for up to 1 month. Additionally, a thin translucent polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers frame assists the Janus electrode in achieving highly conformable attachment to both dry and sweaty skin. The Janus electrode also exhibits excellent breathability and high mechanical stability owing to its porous structure and fine thickness. With these properties, the Janus electrode can monitor an electrocardiogram signal after dynamic activities, including physical exercise, waking up, desk work, meals, and going out for 6 days, while maintaining a stable signal-to-noise ratio of ∼ 18.8 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an original method for synthesizing high-density composite ceramics with a Mo 2 C/Mo 3 Co 3 C composition using the technology of high-speed Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) of a mechanically activated powder mixture of Mo 2 C-10 wt%Co. The activated homogeneous starting mixture was obtained by wet milling/activation of the initial powders of Mo 2 C and Co in an anhydrous isopropanol medium. The ceramic samples were consolidated by SPS under vacuum (10−5 atm.) at 1000, 1100, 1150, and 1200 °C with a heating rate of 87.3 °C·min−1 under constant external uniaxial pressing pressure of 50 MPa. The sintering kinetics were studied, the twofold nature of sintering was established, and the temperature range of active densification was determined. The ceramic synthesis is accompanied by a reactive interaction of the components, resulting in the formation of the Mo 3 Co 3 C phase and a change in the crystal lattice of the non-stoichiometric Mo 2 C x compound. The ceramic obtained in the temperature interval of the isothermal sintering stage of 1150–1200 °C is homogeneous in the distribution of Mo and Co, consists of a Mo 2 C/Mo 3 Co 3 C phase mixture, has a density value of 98.13 ± 0.5 % theoretical density, and has an average Vickers hardness value of ∼1526 HV. Increasing the sintering temperature to 1200 °C results in the formation of almost monolithic structures in the samples, but also induces the formation of large defects due to the collective consolidation of pores within the bulk material and increases the susceptibility of the ceramic to cracking. The paper presents preliminary results from electrochemical testing. The proposed method for synthesizing Mo 2 C/Mo 3 Co 3 C ceramics has potential for use in optimizing the composition and production methods of electrode materials for the realization of active components in heterostructured electrodes used for hydrogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suitable interface between the electrode and electrolyte is crucial in achieving highly stable electrochemical performance for Li‐ion batteries, as facile ionic transport is required. Intriguing research and development have recently been conducted to form a stable interface between the electrode and electrolyte. Therefore, it is essential to investigate emerging knowledge and contextualize it. The nanoengineering of the electrode‐electrolyte interface has been actively researched at the electrode/electrolyte and interphase levels. This review presents and summarizes some recent advances aimed at nanoengineering approaches to build a more stable electrode‐electrolyte interface and assess the impact of each approach adopted. Furthermore, future perspectives on the feasibility and practicality of each approach will also be reviewed in detail. Finally, this review aids in projecting a more sustainable research pathway for a nanoengineered interphase design between electrode and electrolyte, which is pivotal for high‐performance, thermally stable Li‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of plant electrophysiology offers promising techniques to track plant health and stress in vivo for both agricultural and environmental monitoring applications. Use of superficial electrodes on the plant body to record surface potentials may provide new phenotyping insights. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a flexible, optically translucent, and water-vapor-permeable material with low manufacturing costs, making it an ideal substrate for non-invasive and non-destructive plant electrodes. This work presents BNC electrodes with screen-printed carbon (graphite) ink-based conductive traces and pads. It investigates the potential of these electrodes for plant surface electrophysiology measurements in comparison to commercially available standard wet gel and needle electrodes. The electrochemically active surface area and impedance of the BNC electrodes varied based on the annealing temperature and time over the ranges of 50 °C to 90 °C and 5 to 60 min, respectively. The water vapor transfer rate and optical transmittance of the BNC substrate were measured to estimate the level of occlusion caused by these surface electrodes on the plant tissue. The total reduction in chlorophyll content under the electrodes was measured after the electrodes were placed on maize leaves for up to 300 h, showing that the BNC caused only a 16% reduction. Maize leaf transpiration was reduced by only 20% under the BNC electrodes after 72 h compared to a 60% reduction under wet gel electrodes in 48 h. On three different model plants, BNC–carbon ink surface electrodes and standard invasive needle electrodes were shown to have a comparable signal quality, with a correlation coefficient of >0.9, when measuring surface biopotentials induced by acute environmental stressors. These are strong indications of the superior performance of the BNC substrate with screen-printed graphite ink as an electrode material for plant surface biopotential recordings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of an electrochemical energy storage device highly depends on the electrode material. Currently, metal oxalates are evolving as low-cost and stable electrode materials for batteries and supercapacitors. Herein, mixed metal oxalate (Ni x Co 1-x C 2 O 4 /NF) based binder-free electrode was fabricated. The nickel foam contributed not only as a substrate but also as a nickel source. The Ni x Co 1-x C 2 O 4 /NF confirmed the crystalline phase through X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM) confirmed the integrated 1D/2D-like morphology of Ni x Co 1-x C 2 O 4 /NF. The electrochemical results reveled the Ni x Co 1-x C 2 O 4 /NF electrode exhibit battery behavior with capacity retention of 86.58 % and possessed the highest specific capacity of 470.012 C g−1 at 1 A g-1. Hence, the nickel inclusion during the synthesis has further enhanced the overall properties and performance of the Ni x Co 1-x C 2 O 4 /NF electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the heightened sensitivity of the electrochemical formaldehyde detection achieved by incorporating a modified graphene paste electrode with a titanium dioxide-silver (TiO2/Ag) composite (GTA). The G-TiO2 matrix was augmented with varying masses of silver modifiers, namely, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g, aiming to establish the most effective composition for formaldehyde detection. Characterization through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the material's composition, revealing GTA electrode nanocomposites consisting of carbon, oxygen, titanium, and silver with the compositions of 77.05, 19.46, 2.39, and 1.11%, respectively. An electrochemical analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of the developed electrode in a 1 M K3[Fe(CN)6] solution. Furthermore, a real sample testing was performed to evaluate the practical utility of the electrode gauging its efficiency through the calculation of percentage recovery before and after treatment. The GTA electrode with a 0.4 g Ag modifier exhibited the optimal performance, as evidenced by a Horwitz Ratio stability test result of 1.38% and a limit of detection of 0.0168 µg/L. This research highlights the promising potential of the GTA electrode for the precise and sensitive formaldehyde detection, particularly in processed food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical reactivity between Pr4Ni3O10±δ (3‐PNO) electrodes and Y0.08Zr0.92O1.96 (YSZ), Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC), and La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 (LSGM) electrolytes was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. 3‐PNO powders were synthesized by two different chemical routes, one of them uses hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as a complexing agent (route A) while the other citrates (route B). The samples observed by scanning electron microscopy presented different microstructures; route A powders present small submicronic grains with an open microstructure while route B powders are formed by larger well‐connected grains. The polarization resistance (RP) values for 3‐PNO/YSZ cells are one order of magnitude higher than those of 3‐PNO/GDC and 3‐PNO/LSGM cells. The RP for both cells 3‐PNO/GDC and 3‐PNO/LSGM and its evolution in time suggest that chemical reactivity takes place during the adhesion treatment and electrochemical measurements. The microstructure plays a crucial role in RP and the degradation rate; 3‐PNO obtained by route A (3‐PNO‐HMTA) exhibits the best electrochemical performance since these powders present a well‐loose morphology and a large exposed area. However, this fact makes them active chemically, so the increase of RP with time is slower for 3‐PNO electrodes prepared by route B (3‐PNO‐Cit), since the rate of chemical reactivity with the electrolyte is slower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ru is extensively used in electrical and energy applications because of its high electrical conductivity and catalytic activity. This study reports the H2 plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) of Ru thin films using a novel carbonyl cyclohexadiene ruthenium precursor. The optimized process conditions for depositing Ru thin films by PEALD were established based on the growth per cycle (GPC), chemical formation, crystallinity, conformality, and resistivity, according to process parameters such as precursor pulse time, H2 plasma pulse time, purge time, and deposition temperature. Pure Ru thin films (low carbon and oxygen) were deposited with low resistivity (30.8 μΩ cm) and showed high conformality (> 95%) on the Si trenches. The oxidant-free PEALD Ru process reported in this study may have implications on the fabrication of high-quality interfaces between Ru and easily-oxidized substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO nanoparticles were used as composites on carbon paste working electrodes to enhance electrode performance in the analysis of nicotine content in e-cigarette liquids by voltammetry cyclic. The optimum composition and condition (pH and scan rate) were determined to identify the conditions that gave the best response. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method and characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The determination of optimum composition and conditions was studied using cyclic voltammetry. The determination of nicotine content in e-cigarette liquids was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry. The electrode composition that gave the best response was 3:5:2 (carbon: nanoparticles ZnO: paraffin). The optimum conditions for nicotine determination by cyclic voltammetry were at pH 8 and a scan rate of 90 mVs-1. The cyclic voltammetry’s limit detection (LoD) using a ZnO nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode is 0.00678 mg/mL, and the percent recovery is 100.35%.

The escalating demand for green hydrogen (H2) as a sustainable energy carrier has attracted intensive research into efficient water electrolysis methods. Promising candidates have emerged as binder-less metal electrodes, which enhance electrochemical performance and durability by reducing electron hindrance and avoiding binder degradation. Despite their potential, a comprehensive understanding of various binder-less fabrication techniques remains limited in the existing literature. As the main objective, this review paper aims to bridge this gap by providing an in-depth analysis of state-of-the-art fabrication methods for binder-less metal electrodes utilized in electrochemical water splitting. Recognizing the critical need for sustainable hydrogen production, the advantages of binder-less electrodes over conventional binder-based counterparts are elucidated, with emphasis placed on their role in promoting cost-effectiveness, improved stability, and enhanced catalytic activity. Techniques such as Hydrothermal/Solvothermal, Electrodeposition, Chemical/Vapor Deposition, and Laser-based fabrication are systematically examined, with their respective advantages, drawbacks, and comparison being highlighted. Drawing upon relevant examples from literature, insights on other aspects and recent trends are also provided, such as the performance of binder-less metal electrodes at industrial-scale current densities (0.1–1 A/cm2) or their potential as photoactive catalysts. Additionally, future directions in the field of binder-less electrode fabrication and the exploration of innovative techniques are also discussed, ensuring that the trajectory of research aligns with the evolving demands of sustainable energy production. The ''what's next'' section highlights areas of further investigation and potential avenues for technological advancement.

All-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) have the advantages of high safety and long life, and have broad application prospects in the field of large-scale power energy storage. Low energy density is the main factor restricting its development. In this study, the carbon felt used as the electrode was pretreated in various ways to improve the performance of the vanadium redox flow battery. The pretreatment conditions of carbon felt were compared to the performance of carbon felt after treatment at different temperatures and different times. The properties of the pretreated carbon felt were investigated and their effect on cell performance was tested.Next, by introducing a noble metal catalyst into the carbon felt, the characteristics of the carbon felt were studied and the effect on the performance of the vanadium redox flow battery was investigated. It was found that Carbon felt thermal-treated at 500 °C for 2 h showed the best characteristics and had the longest charge/discharge time and the lowest resistance. The results also show that Carbon felt with catalyst introduced without PTFE(Polytetrafluoroethylene) binder showed larger BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area and electrical conductivity compared to PTFE mixed, and cell performance was also excellent.

This overview is designed to highpoint the existing field state of graphene and derived nanocomposites towards most demanding energy devices and systems. Recently, adopting efficient energy conversion and storage systems for technical practices have attained increasing research focus. Owing to unique structure, microstructure, and methodological features, graphene nanomaterials have been focused towards advanced systems like lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Graphene nanocomposites have been recognized for high surface area, electron transference, charge capacity, specific capacitance, charge-discharge capabilities, cyclability, power conversion efficiency, fuel cell parameters, and competent features. In addition, specific features of graphene nanocomposites include exceptional microstructure and mechanical, thermal, and chemical reliability characteristics. In spite of indispensable characteristics of graphene nanocomposites, several processing and property challenges need to be resolved to achieve high-tech graphene nanocomposites towards advanced energy storage/conversion devices and systems.

Aqueous multivalent ion batteries have attracted increasing attention due to their high capacity, long cycle life, and impressive output energy. Considering that intercalation electrodes are more suitable for long cycle battery compared to the conversion ones, Cu2+ with appropriate ion radii has been chosen as intercalation carriers and bismuth sulfide with the matched lattice spacing as cathode to achieve long cycle life aqueous battery. We have synthesized the micrometer-scale flower-like Bi2S3 by regulating temperature and it is proved to be a perennial phase during Cu2+ intercalation/deintercalation of the Bi2S3 host when charge/discharge with a capacity of 104.5 mAh g–1 retention at 0.5 A g–1 after 1000 cycles. Lastly, build a hybrid ion battery with Zn and ZnSO4 electrolyte, the Bi2S3 cathode for Cu2+ intercalation can reach a maximum energy of 427.5 Wh Kg–1. The study provides a new intercalation cathode for aqueous multivalent ion batteries and will broaden the energy storage system.

Introduction and purpose: Leachate of the urban waste landfill is one of the most contaminated wastewaters that can pollute surface and groundwater sources, especially the environment. The production trend of urban wastewater is also increasing with a sharp rise in population and the development of urbanization. To address this environmental issue, the present study aimed to consider the simultaneous treatment of mixed landfill leachate and urban wastewater using the electrochemical coagulation process. Methods: The present laboratory study was carried out on the effluent produced from the landfill and urban wastewater produced in Qaemshahr. In this study, effective parameters in the electrochemical coagulation process, including the type of electrodes (iron and aluminum), electrode arrangement (monopolar series-parallel and bipolar series), current intensity (0.5, 1, and 2 amperes), and the initial pH of the wastewater (3.2, 6.1, and 11.4) were investigated for the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater containing a mixture of landfill leachate and urban wastewater (in equal proportions). After the appropriate electrode selection under default conditions (current intensity of 1 ampere, wastewater pH, and a duration of 120 min), the impacts of the current intensity and the initial pH of the wastewater on the COD removal rate in various electrode arrangements were assessed. Furthermore, the results were reported after three repetitions for validation purposes. Results: Under optimal conditions, the iron electrode in a monopolar series arrangement with a current intensity of 2 amperes under the wastewater pH and a duration of 120 min resulted in a 57.8% COD removal. Conclusion: Regarding the acceptable performance of the electrochemical coagulation process, it is possible to utilize its potential to treat municipal wastewater and landfill leachate.

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) represent an environmentally-friendly approach to generating electricity, but the need to study variation parameters to find improvement conditions has been an important challenge for decades. In this study, a single-chamber MFC was designed to investigate the key parameters such as the concentration and type of bacteria, chamber temperature, electrode spacing, and substrate rotation speed that affected the performance of MFCs. Therefore, two types of bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis (S.one) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), were compared as microorganisms. Then, the function of MFC was investigated under the following condition: three temperatures (30 ℃, 45℃, and 60℃), three bacterial concentrations (0.5% (v/v) (4.5 mg/ml), 1% (v/v) (9mg/ml), and 1.5% (v/v) (13.5mg/ml)), electrode distances (2 cm, 3 cm, 4cm), and substrate speeds (100 rpm, 150 rpm, 200 rpm). Ultimately, (S.one) bacteria, a chamber temperature of 45 ℃, a bacterial concentration of 1% (v/v) (9mg/ml), a cathode-anode spacing of 3 cm, and a rotation speed of 150 rpm proved to be the most efficient parameter settings for the constructed microbial fuel cell. The maximum voltage and highest power density were 486.9 mV and 9.73 mW/ , respectively, with a resistance of 7500 ohms. These results are meaningful for determining and improving important parameters in an MFC device.

Cosmetics are products of several substances or ingredients with a predetermined time limit. Efforts to extend the time limit of cosmetic use are made by adding preservatives. One preservative that is often used is methylparaben. Methylparaben has been tested using spectrophotometry, voltammetry, and HPLC. In this study, electrode modification was carried out in the voltammetry test to obtain a low detection limit. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the working electrode composition of carbon paste, bentonite nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and paraffin on the best response in the analysis of methylparaben by cyclic voltammetry, knowing the optimum measurement conditions of pH with the best electrode composition in the analysis of methylparaben by cyclic voltammetry. FTIR characterized bentonite nanoparticles to determine vibrations and functional groups, and XRD was performed to determine the phase and particle size. The electrode was made from a mixture of carbon, bentonite nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and paraffin. The best electrode composition was added with titanium dioxide nanoparticles to obtain a higher peak current. XRD characterization of bentonite nanoparticles showed an average particle size of 43.8155 nm. The result of determining the best electrode composition is 3:2:3:2 with an anodic peak current of 9.6.10-4 A. The best methylparaben measurement at pH seven solution conditions. The latest research shows that carbon paste electrodes modified with bentonite and titanium dioxide nanoparticles can be used for methylparaben analysis.

The fabrication of robust and high-performance graphene-based electrodes on engineering plastics has garnered significant attention in recent years. In this study, we present a novel methodology to produce porous graphene structures derived from epoxy resin (EP) utilizing a straightforward laser direct-scribing process. Under the influence of a CO2 laser in an ambient atmosphere, EP undergoes a transformation to yield laser-induced graphene (LIG-APP/EP). Furthermore, this LIG-APP/EP was employed to construct an electrode for lithium-ion batteries, which exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance. Notably, the initial charge and discharge capacities of the LIG-APP/EP electrode material were recorded at 976 and 1,452 mAh g−1, respectively, with a coulombic efficiency of 67.2%. Such impressive performance can be ascribed to the hierarchical porous architecture of LIG-APP/EP and the concurrent doping with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) atoms. Given these findings, LIG-APP/EP demonstrates significant potential for applications in advanced electrochemical systems. This innovative approach also offers profound implications for the sustainable recycling of discarded engineering plastics.

Activated carbon or activated charcoal is one of the best materials that can be used as a constituent of CDI electrodes, not only because of its various advantageous properties but also because it can be sourced abundantly from plant waste. This research aims to determine the effect of the thickness of the candlenut shell activated charcoal electrode and the particle size of the activated carbon used on the capacitive deionization (CDI) performance in seawater desalination. Candlenut shell-based activated charcoal is obtained in three stages, namely preparation, carbonization, and activation. The carbonization stage was done by using a pyrolysis reactor at a temperature of 400°C for 8 hours. The activation was done with the activator of H3PO4 67%. The variation of thickness was 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm while the variation of particle size was 60 mesh, 80 mesh, 100 mesh, and 200 mesh. The results showed that the higher capacitance was obtained with the thinner electrodes, where the best value was the thinnest electrode, 6 mm, which produced the highest capacitance, 122.96 nF. For the desalination of seawater, it is shown that the finest particle/smallest particle size will result in the best desalination performance, where 200 mesh particle size will result in the decrease of salinity from 34% to 4%. That is 88.23% decrease in salinity. Therefore, the using of candlenut shell-based activated carbon as the electrode in CDI is proven to be able to obtain good performance in seawater desalination.

Background: Precise localization of intracerebral implants in rodent brains is required for physiological and behavioral studies, particularly if targeting deep brain nuclei. Traditional histological methods, based on manual estimation through sectioning can introduce errors and complicate data interpretation. Methods: Here, we introduce an alternative method based on recent advances in tissue-clearing techniques and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. This method uses a simplified recipe of the Clear, Unobstructed Brain/Body Imaging Cocktails and Computational Analysis (CUBIC) method, which is a rapid clearing procedure using an aqueous-based solution compatible with fluorescence and fluorescence markers. We demonstrate the utility of this approach in anesthetized transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and enhanced yellow fluorescent fusion (EYFP) protein under the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) promoter/enhancer regions (ChAT-ChR2-EYFP mice) with implanted linear silicon optrode probes into the midbrain interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Results: By applying the red fluorescent DiD' dye (DiIC18(5) solid (1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-Tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonate Salt) to the electrode surface, we precisely visualize the electrode localization in the IPN of ChAT-ChR2-EYFP mice. Three-dimensional brain videos from different orientations highlight the potential of this method. Optogenetic responses recorded from electrodes placed in the IPN validate these findings. Conclusions: This method allows for precise localization of brain implantation sites in transgenic mice expressing cell-specific fluorescence markers. It enables virtual brain slicing in any orientation, making it a useful tool for functional studies in mice.

This study utilized semiconductor processing techniques to fabricate patterned silicon (Si) substrates with arrays of inverted pyramid-shaped micro-pits by etching. Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) was then deposited on these patterned Si substrates using a thermal evaporation system, followed by two-stage sulfurization in a high-temperature furnace to grow MoS2 thin films consisting of only a few atomic layers. During the dropwise titration of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) solution, a longitudinal electric field was applied using a Keithley 2400 (Cleveland, OH, USA) source meter. Raman mapping revealed that under a 100 mV condition, the analyte R6G molecules were effectively confined within the pits. Due to its two-dimensional structure, MoS2 provides a high surface area and supports a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) charge transfer mechanism. The SERS results demonstrated that the intensity in the pits of the few-layer MoS2/patterned Si SERS substrate was approximately 274 times greater compared to planar Si, with a limit of detection reaching 10−5 M. The experimental results confirm that this method effectively resolves the issue of random distribution of analyte molecules during droplet evaporation, thereby enhancing detection sensitivity and stability.

Carbon fiber is known for being lightweight and adaptable, making it useful for various current and future applications. However, to broaden the use of carbon fibers beyond niche applications, production costs must be lowered. A potential approach to achieving this is by using more affordable raw materials, such as lignin, which is renewable, cost-effective, and widely available compared with the materials commonly used in industry today. This study explores the impact of metal ions on the quality of carbon fiber derived from lignin, focusing on its mechanical and electrochemical properties and morphology. The effect of a specific metal ion (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O) was examined by incorporating it into the spinning solution. The carbonization stage of the fiber was conducted at temperatures of 800, 900, and 1000 °C in an inert atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed no defects or damage in any of the fibers. Therefore, it was concluded that moderate concentrations of Ni2+ ions in the fibers do not influence the stabilization or carbonization processes, thus leaving the mechanical properties of the final carbon fiber unchanged. These carbon nanofibers were also tested as a sustainable alternative to the non-renewable materials used in electrodes for energy storage and conversion devices, such as supercapacitors. Electrochemical performance was assessed in a 6 M KOH solution using a two-electrode cell configuration. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests were performed at different current densities (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 A g−1). The specific capacitance of the carbon nanofibers was determined from CVA data at various scan rates: 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mV s−1. The results indicated that at 0.1 A g−1, the capacitance reached 108 F g−1, and at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1, it was 91 F g−1. The innovation of this work lies in its use of lignin, a renewable and widely available material, to produce carbon fibers, reducing costs compared with traditional methods. Additionally, the incorporation of nickel ions enhances the electrochemical properties of the fibers for supercapacitor applications without compromising their mechanical performance.

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is critical for green hydrogen generation and exhibits distinct pH-dependent kinetics that have been elusive to understand. A molecular-level understanding of the electrochemical interfaces is essential for developing more efficient electrochemical processes. Here we exploit an exclusively surface-specific electrical transport spectroscopy (ETS) approach to probe the Pt-surface water protonation status and experimentally determine the surface hydronium pKa [Formula: see text] 4.3. Quantum mechanics (QM) and reactive dynamics using a reactive force field (ReaxFF) molecular dynamics (RMD) calculations confirm the enrichment of hydroniums (H3O[Formula: see text]) near Pt surface and predict a surface hydronium pKa of 2.5 to 4.4, corroborating the experimental results. Importantly, the observed Pt-surface hydronium pKa correlates well with the pH-dependent HER kinetics, with the protonated surface state at lower pH favoring fast Tafel kinetics with a Tafel slope of 30 mV per decade and the deprotonated surface state at higher pH following Volmer-step limited kinetics with a much higher Tafel slope of 120 mV per decade, offering a robust and precise interpretation of the pH-dependent HER kinetics. These insights may help design improved electrocatalysts for renewable energy conversion.

IntroductionSurgery can be an effective treatment for epilepsy if the seizure onset is adequately localized. Invasive monitoring is used if noninvasive methods are inconclusive. Initial invasive monitoring may fail if the pre-surgical hypothesis regarding location of epileptic foci is wrong. At this point, a decision must be made whether to remove all electrodes without a clearly defined location of onset or to implant additional electrodes with the aim of achieving localization by expanding coverage.MethodsElectrodes were placed according to a hypothesis derived from noninvasive monitoring techniques in adult patients with long term epilepsy. Seizure onset was not clearly localized at the end of the invasive monitoring period in ten patients, and additional electrodes were placed based on a new hypothesis that incorporated data from the invasive monitoring period.ResultsSuccessful localization was achieved in nine patients. There were no complications with adding additional electrodes. At final follow up, four patients were seizure free while four others had at least a 50% reduction in seizures after undergoing surgical intervention.ConclusionSeizure foci were localized safely in 90% of adult patients with long term epilepsy after implanting additional electrodes and expanding coverage. Patients undergoing invasive monitoring without clear localization should have additional electrodes placed to expand monitoring coverage as it is safe and effective.