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Background——Measuring the economic effect of tariff increases on wood products between China and the United States, comparing the gains and losses, and simulating China’s tariff plan for wood products in response to the trade friction are conducive to optimizing China’s anti-tariff structure of wood products and reducing the adverse impact of the US-China trade friction on China’s wood products trade. Methods——Based on the trade data of US-China wood products in the UN Comtrade database from 2012 to 2017,the model of Armington elasticity of substitution was constructed to estimate the Armington elasticity of substitution of US-China wood products in the other market, and the estimated substitution elasticity was introduced into the local equilibrium analysis tool SMART model. Based on the trade data of wood products from various countries in the UNCTAD TRAINS database, the economic effects of tariff increase on US-China wood products in the US-China trade friction were calculated by product categories. Results——The estimation results of the model of Armington elasticity of substitution show that the substitutability of Chinese wood products in the US market is higher than that of American wood products in the Chinese market. In the tariff increases on wood products imposed by China and the US, Chinese wood products are in a disadvantageous situation. China should adopt differentiated tariff countermeasures according to the Armington elasticity of substitution of American wood products in the Chinese market. The results of SMART model on trade creation effect and trade transfer effect confirm that China’s wood products are facing greater export losses in US-China trade friction, and show that the high import transfer rate of China’s wood products is an important reason for China’s export losses. The calculation results of tariff effect and welfare effect confirm that the US-China trade friction is a double-loss outcome for the two countries, but the welfare loss of the United States is much greater than that of China. With the gradual implementation of tariffs imposed by the United States, the trade effect of tariff increases has gradually emerged. The model calculation results show that China’s export of processed products such as wooden furniture, paper and board, wood products to the United States still faces a significant threat of export reduction. The results of the model show that China’s different tariff countermeasures for wood products have achieved remarkable results, but there are still improvements. Conclusions and Discussions——The Armington elasticity of substitution of wood products in the other market between China and the United States is very different, indicating that the default value of 1.5 is not used in the SMART model. The local equilibrium analysis tool SMART model is used to study the economic effect of US-China tariff increases on US-China trade in wood products, which can provide more and more accurate information than other methods. In order to reduce the adverse effects of US-China trade friction on China’s wood products trade, firstly, China should strengthen technological innovation and brand building, and reduce the substitutability of China’s wood products. Second, China can seize the major opportunities of Belt and Road Initiative and RCEP to find export substitute markets for China’s wood products. Third, China needs to optimize the tariff structure of wood products timely and improve the import transfer rate of wood products. Finally, China is expected to accelerate the implementation of the “dual circulation” strategy, effectively increase domestic timber supply, and actively develop the domestic wood products market, to achieve high-quality development of wood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Changzhou University (Social Science Edition) is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Changzhou University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. One of the most important issues facing the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia is the efficient use of the championship’s legacy in the future. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to consider the first results (economic indicators) and territorial features of using the legacy created during the preparation for and holding of the World Cup in the host cities in the Volga Federal District. Materials and Methods. The main provisions of the article are based on materials from periodicals, Internet sources, and statistical data. When implementing the article, statistical research methods were used to identify the territorial features of the impact of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on the gross regional product of the host regions. Comparison of regions was carried out using indicators of the development of the tourism industry such as the size of tourist flow, creation of new jobs, commissioning of new service enterprises, etc. Results. The influence of the expenses associated with organizing and holding the 2018 FIFA World Cup on the economy of the country as a whole, as well as on the gross regional product in those regions of the Russian Federation where the matches were held, has been studied. The authors have concluded that assessment of the effectiveness of using the World Cup legacy should be based on two indicators: the ratio of the effect obtained to the annual gross regional product and the share of tourism in the effect. The authors have examined the existing experience of using the World Cup legacy in four constituent entities of the Volga Federal District that hosted the World Cup matches and have identified the problems facing the tourism industry in these regions. Discussion and Conclusion. The legacy of the 2018 FIFA World Cup is of great importance for the development of tourism, since tourism infrastructure is an important factor in attracting tourists and will be in demand for a long time to come. The results of the study can contribute to the development of regional programs for the use of the legacy of the 2018 FIFA World Cup

The possibilities of using cognitive technologies in the organization of systematic industrial enterprise management are described in the article. Strategic links are defined in the development of a system of stochastic models of enterprise management based on artificial intelligence. The possibility of introduction of the Perceptron model in the industrial enterprise management with the purpose of identification of “bottlenecks” in the functionality of business activity and improvement of procedures of decision-making in the framework of creation of the program of development and technical re-equipment of the enterprise is proven. The authors offered an organizational and economic mechanism of operation of an industrial enterprise, which includes new means of implementation of managerial actions through the use of a matrix of assessment of the level of implementation of cognitive technologies. The method of determining priority directions for the implementation of cognitive technologies at an enterprise was developed based on the results of the assessment of the depth of penetration of cognitive technologies and the result obtained from their implementation, which additionally takes into account the resource ratio of the implemented technologies defined as the ratio of estimates of the actual level of competencies to what is needed to work with new cognitive technologies, which allows to obtain the planned economic and organizational effect.

One of the most important indicators for evaluating the innovation activity of enterprises is the economic effect of introducing advanced technology into production. Each type of production has its own characteristics, which are manifested not only in the organisation of the technological process but also in calculations related to the establishment of economic indicators of the feasibility of using new technologies. Evidently, casting and special casting technologies, such as the use of thermite foundry applications of the high-temperature gradient to save the alloy poured into the mould, influence the algorithm for determining the economic effect. This is caused primarily not only by the establishment of direct costs when transforming the standard technological process, namely, the cost of the metal-thermal mixture, changing the mould, ferroalloys, the use of light-separating foundry additives plates, but also by the possibility to re-use remnants of the foundry application, gate, sprue base, etc. elements for remelting. The purpose of the study is to establish the specific features of calculating the economic effect of the introduction of advanced technologies in production, such as technologies associated with the reduction of foundry applications. Statistical methods, namely the quantitative analysis, comparison, and grouping methods were used to conduct research and process the results. Comparison of economic indicators with the actual quantitative characteristics of industrial technology through Integrated evaluation allowed analysing the results and drawing conclusions for the study. The main results of the study are determined by the proposed methodology for determining the economic effect, which, unlike the existing one, considers renewable resources and the possibility of obtaining an environmental effect. This allows using the renewable resources obtained from industrial waste in a reasonable and rational way and contributing to environmental protection. The areas of further research are primarily related to the identification and evaluation of technical and economic indicators of casting-related technologies, namely the production of ferroalloys, foundry production, non-ferrous metallurgy technologies, etc. In the future, this will allow establishing conditions for the most effective use of innovative technologies and obtaining the maximum economic effect from their introduction

This study proposes to explore the economic, sociocultural, and environmental effects of coastal tourism development in a Turkish context. It adopts a quantitative approach and performed a random sampling technique. The survey data was collected from a sample of local people in Sinop/Turkey and total number of 252 utilizable questionnaires was gathered and analyzed through descriptive statistics. ANOVA test was also applied in order to compute the perceptional differences among demographical groups. The findings demonstrate that while majority of residents have positive perceptions in general, some agree with negative economic, sociocultural, and environmental effects of coastal tourism in the area. Specifically, they perceive that tourism raises the cost of products and services and as a result of an increase in living costs. ANOVA test shows that there were differences between educational groups in negative environmental impacts and age groups in positive economic impacts. In terms of sustainable coastal tourism, the present work procures further addition to tourism literature and also offers beneficial implications to industry practitioners.

The authors evaluate the effects generated in the economy of the Russian Far East by the emerging petrochemical industry center, its core in Amursk gas processing plant. The calculations are based on the regional social accounting matrix for 2015 augmented with data on gas processing and petrochemical technologies, consumption of their products. According to the assessment, with the output of new industries at 38 BCM gas and 2 MT polyethylene the regional GRP will increase by 13.9% against 2015. Also, with prevailing export orientation of the new industries the highest increment of gross output is expected in gas extraction, oil processing and electric power industry. In terms of the concept of sequential interindustry modeling, the authors estimate the temporal distribution of the obtained integral effects. In view of the above, the opportunities of two methods are revealed, the analytical and the numerical one. It is demonstrated that despite the similarity of the economic contents in both calculation methods the measure of their convergence is different as their drivers are different: the external demand for new products is behind the choice of the analytical method while the gross output is behind the numerical one. In our case a high share of external demand in the gross output of new production levels out the difference between the effects of the two methods. The researchers conclude that without lags in production and consumption the integral GRP increase will be obtained by cycle 40 (or by 2055), with lags – after cycle 50 (or by 2065). The maximum discrepancy between the two trajectories of the macro indicator (without and with lags) will be observed in the period up to cycle 25 (to 2040)

Improvement of the technology for the cultivation of winter wheat in the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory based on the optimization and renewal of the varietal base of winter wheat grown using the No-Till technology. The work was carried out in 2019-2020 in the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory. In the experiment to study the assessment of varieties of winter wheat grown according to the predecessors of peas and sunflower, we studied 15 varieties. The economic variant, variety Yuka, was used as a control one. The total size of the experimental plot is 1.9 hectares. The yield of the predecessor peas was 23.92-39.44 q/ha, depending on the variety. The highest-yielding variety turned out to be Tanya (39.44 q/ha), which is 12.6% higher than the economic variant Yuka (35.04 q/ha). An increase of 4.8-7.1% in relation to the economic variant Yuka was given by the varieties Aksinya and Volny Don. All studied varieties showed a fairly high degree of resistance to the development of pathogens. The highest prevalence rate and intensity of development of pyrenophorosis in winter wheat plants sown after peas was noted in the Alekseich variety - 67% prevalence and 0.63% intensity, and the lowest in the Aist variety - 22% and 0.33%, respectively. The highest prevalence and development rate of pyrenophorosis in winter wheat plants sown after sunflower was observed in the Krasa Dona variety - 47% prevalence and 0.63% intensity, and the lowest in the Niva Stavropolya variety - 21% and 0.33%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The galvanic industry and the production of printed circuit boards are a significant source of environmental pollution, they pose a threat comparable to the chemical industry. They pollute both the atmosphere, the biosphere and the hydrosphere. The paper presents an assessment of the negative impact on the environment, galvanic production and the resulting post-production waste. It was proposed to use the technology of regeneration of used treating solutions, in which the recovered metal can be reused as a secondary raw material for the production of copper products. The regenerated solution, on the other hand, can be used to treat integrated circuit boards. As part of the work, with the use of a microscope, the structural characteristics of the metal surface obtained as a result of the applied regeneration process were carried out. The indicator of the total exposure to substances present in the deposit formed during production was determined, both before (0.045) and after the introduction of the new technology (100). The economic analysis of the planned project based on the new technology showed that the implementation of the presented method of wastewater treatment allows for obtaining significant benefits, both financial and environmental. The analyses performed can be a valuable source of information on how to reduce the impact environment during the production of integrated circuit boards, as well as on the possibilities of obtaining less expensive materials in the form of secondary raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of the natural gas supply sector in the national economy by applying input–output analysis to South Korea and Japan. Specifically, the production-inducing effect, value-added creation effect, wage-inducing effect, employment-inducing effect, supply shortage effect, and price-inducing effect were analyzed using an input–output table of South Korea and Japan. As a result, the production-inducing effect, value-added creation effect, and employment-inducing effect of same investment amount in the natural gas supply sector were greater in Japan than in South Korea. On the other hand, the wage-inducing effect of an investment of USD 1 in the natural gas supply sector was found to be greater in South Korea than in Japan. In addition, the supply shortage effect and price-inducing effect in the natural gas supply sector were greater in South Korea than in Japan. The causes of differences in analysis results for each country and their implications were discussed. The results of this study could be a useful reference for the government to establish policies related to natural gas supply in the future.

The modern tourist has higher and higher requirements, he is not satisfied only with rest, but he is looking for and wants to participate in various creative activities, to play sports, to be a spectator and to participate in evening shows, ie. in a word, he is looking for "360 ° entertainment". Vacation is no longer just a nice place (destination), a good hotel and excellent food. It is an opportunity for people to do what they have always wanted. To pamper that child thirsty for adventure, games and fun, which each of us carries with us and which we often forget. If restaurant and hotel services satisfy some primary needs for comfort and security, then animation is designed to meet the needs of the higher levels of Maslow's pyramid, namely socialization, self-knowledge and self-improvement. The subject of this report is the quality of the animated product. The object is the hotel industry as a subsystem of the "Tourism" system. The aim is to emphasize the animation service in hotels as a leading competitive advantage. In order to achieve this goal, the advantages of offering animation in the hotel industry are also presented. In conclusion, we come to the conclusion that the main effect of the animation for a hotel is to increase the complexity of the offer, and hence greater satisfaction of tourists. This increases the number of repeat and multiple visits, as well as attracting new visitors. For the hotelier, this is already a guarantee for increasing revenues, respectively the realization of higher profits. The animation contributes to increasing the quality of all services offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since entering the new era, China's socialist contradiction has been transformed into the contradiction between the people's growing need for a better life and the unbalanced and inadequate development. How to improve the quality of people's life through the improvement of air quality has become an important content restricting social development and a key problem to be solved. Based on the life satisfaction (LS) method, this study takes air quality into the individual utility function, and through matching China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), two phases of microindividual tracking data with 122 urban environmental quality data innovatively investigate the impact of air quality on residents' LS and its income substitution effect. The results show that air quality significantly reduces residents' LS, among which, different air pollutants and comprehensive air quality AQI have significant negative effects. And PM10 has the highest marginal effect on different LS evaluation, SO2 has the smallest marginal effect, and AQI marginal effect is close to PM10. In terms of group heterogeneity, NO2 and SO2 have group influence differences in age group, regional economic group, gender group, and family per capita income group. But PM10 and AQI do not show group influence heterogeneity, and air quality has significant negative effect on LS of different groups. In addition, the interaction between air quality and income level shows that air quality strengthens the difference of residents' LS caused by income level difference. According to the equilibrium condition of residents' individual utility function, the improvement of air quality by 1% is equivalent to the improvement of residents' LS by 23.4402% of income. Firstly, air quality has an important impact on residents' LS, and different air pollutants have different effects. Secondly, the impact of air quality on LS of different groups is heterogeneous and mainly diversified in age group, regional economic group, gender group, and family per capital income group. Finally, there is substitution effect between air quality and regional GDP growth and household income, which affects residents' LS. Thirdly, the conclusion shows that the improvement of air quality is difficult to be replaced by other ways. Good air quality can not only directly improve residents' LS, but also has economic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing issues related to the economic efficiency of biostimulants in agriculture meets the needs of farmers and consumer requirements. The urgency of this study is also determined by its compliance with the priorities of the European Union for the new CAP 2021+, in accordance with the national priorities for healthy food. Increasing plant productivity can be achieved, on the one hand, through genetics and selection, as well as through the management of physiological and biochemical processes through the use of growth regulators, on the other hand. The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic efficiency of biostimulants used in agriculture. The economic efficiency of the various biostimulants is established by solving the problem with the production structure of the agricultural holding. To establish the economic efficiency of the various biostimulants, an economic-mathematical model based on linear optimization has been developed. The results of preliminary studies show that in assessing the impact of biological substances it is necessary to take into account not only the increase in profitability and profit of a particular crop but also whether the profit of the farm as a whole has increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery energy storage system (BESS) plays an important role in solving problems in which the intermittency has to be considered while operating distribution network (DN) penetrated with renewable energy. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a global centralized dispatch model that applies BESS technology to DN with renewable energy source (RES). The method proposed in this paper aims to minimize the power purchase cost considering network active loss cost as well as voltage deviation penalty cost. Later, second-order cone programming (SOCP) method as well as big M method are applied to make the problem tractable. Last, the method illustrated in this paper is applied and validated on a modified IEEE 33-bus benchmark system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in the period 2013-2016 at the Institute of Agriculture (Kyustendil, Bulgaria) in a cherry orchard with the sour cherry cultivar Erdi Bötermö, established in 2006 with planting distances 5 x 4 m. The soil was heavily leached Cinnamon Forest (Chromic Luvisols). The following fertilization treatments were examined: V1-unfertilized-(control); V2-ammonium nitrate-24.24 kg/da; V3-ammonium nitrate-30.30 kg/da; V4-poultry manure125 kg/da+leaf manure SoftGard-120 ml/da; V5-poultry manure-250 kg/da. During the fruiting period, the main economic indicators are calculated annually: gross output, lv/da; production costs, lv/da; net income, lv/da; norm of profitability,%. Due to the lower value of investments in the control, the production of cherries in this treatment had the highest norm of profitability – 60%. Despite the obtained higher average yields in all variants of fertilization compared to that of the nonfertilized variant, an additional profit was obtained only in the variants fertilized with ammonium nitrate. At the lower fertilization norm the value of the additional gain was 36.4 lv/da, whereas it was 32.1 lv/da at the higher dose. The additional costs incurred for fertilization with poultry manure were not justified due to its higher value and the slower action of this type of manure. Nitrogen fertilizers are absorbed faster, and thus their application leads to higher economic efficiency for sour cherry trees of the cultivar Erdi Bötermö. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period 2014 - 2016 in the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture in Troyan was conducted a research experiment to determine the economic effect of imported bioproducts in the following fertilizing variants: 1.Control /untreated/; 2. Lumbrex -- 1.5 L/ha; 3. Lumbrex -- 2.0 L/ha; 4. Lumbrical - 150 ml/m²; 5.Lumbrical - 200 ml/m². Based on the presented economic indicators, biofertilizer and fertilizing dose were chosen, combining high economic and ecological effect. It was found that for the conditions of light gray pseudo-podzolic soils, fertilizing with Lumbrex at a dose of 1.5 L/ha showed high productivity (11.3 t/ha), the lowest production costs (924.40 BGN/ha), the highest gross profit (2825.60 BGN/ha) and profitability (305.67%). The introduction of this bioproduct in the production of meadow grasses is an alternative for the realization of high yield and economically important technological solution for obtaining ecologically clean fodder production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Several systematic reviews (SRs) have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of microRNAs (miRNAs) for NSCLC, and this overview aimed to assess the relationship between diagnostic accuracy of miRNAs for NSCLC and number of microRNAs combinations. Methods: Embase.com, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched. The PRISMA-DTA was used for reporting quality evaluation. Meta-analysis was conducted to assess the pooled diagnostic accuracy of different miRNAs combinations, and subgroup analyses were performed based on the source of miRNA. Results: Fourteen SRs with 91 original studies were included. Three SRs had minimal reporting flaws, and 11 SRs had medium flaws. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.76 and 0.80 for single miRNA, 0.80 and 0.81 for two miRNAs combined, 0.82 and 0.88 for three miRNAs combined, 0.88 and 0.92 for four miRNAs combined, 0.87 and 0.87 for five miRNAs combined, and 0.87 and 0.89 for six or more miRNAs combined. And miR-21 was mostly appeared. Subgroup analyses suggested that the serum-derived miRNA had the relatively best diagnostic value compared to other sources. Conclusions: Future studies should explore specific and serum-derived miRNAs in NSCLC and combine them to improve the diagnosis accuracy of NSCLC, which had great significance in economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work emphasizes the urgency of this problem, the importance of timely and high-quality pre-hospital assistance to victims of road accidents. The purpose was to show the importance of complex, interagency interactions in helping victims on motorways. The existing different tactical schemes to assist victims at the pre-hospital stage were analyzed. The success of the European countries in reducing the level of road accidents has shown their negative consequences compared to the Ukrainian current indicators. Also, the historical example of the constitutional result from the introduction of several provisions and actions in 1985 and 1986 in the USSR to improve preemergency care for the injured on the highways. As a result of the introduction of the provisions, the savings from pre-hospital losses amounted to 96.85 % of the total loss of fatalities on motorways. These data show the need to improve the universal organizational scheme of assistance to victims at the pre-hospital stage in Ukraine, which requires significant attention from state structures of different levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methodological approach is presented in article to adoption of the reasonable decision on a choice of the strategic direction ofdevelopment of the monogrocery region, consisting of two stages - the qualitative and quantitative analysis, and theoretical regulations on carrying out a quantitative assessment of expediency of creation ofan innovative cluster on the basis of usefulness model are developed.

In the context of Ukraine's integration into the global economic society, business-related issues have become of great importance to businesses. There are problems with the reorientation of businesses to a new type of economic system. There was a need to increase competitiveness and manage business processes using advanced technologies. This, given the rapid change in the conditions of operation of national enterprises, required professional assistance to management in managing the activity of the enterprise. The aim of the article is to investigate the theoretical aspects of business consulting in the enterprise in the context of management decisions and to analyze the formation of total profit, which acts as an internal source of financing the resource potential of the enterprise. An element of scientific novelty was a wellfounded author's position on determining the main success factors and indicators of counseling effectiveness. The authors prove that in the process of business consulting an important role is played by the method of optimization of planning decisions, which is used in the economic justification of planned costs, forecasting the financial capabilities of the company, forecasting the structure of placement of equity capital, etc. The authors argue that one of the main indicators of business consulting in manufacturing is the increase in profits at the enterprise, as profit growth synthesizes cost reduction, increased sales, and estimates the change in profit. From the standpoint, for further research we consider it advisable to examine the success factors of the consultants' competencies, which form the basis of the results of consultations, actually ensure their emergence and become a prerequisite for financial and non-financial changes in the client organization

Russian manufacturing companies do not produce high-clearance equipment for nursery farms growing fruit and berry planting material. In this respect, VIM and Michurinsk State Agrarian University have developed a system of high-clearance machines, taking into account the nursery area, thus providing for effi cient production. (Research purpose) Increasing the effi ciency of growing seedlings and apple rootstocks reproducing in a vegetative way in a mother plantation by means of complex mechanization based on universal technical equipment and technological modules with rational design parameters and kinematic characteristics of working units. (Materials and methods) General methodology for testing machines and working units was supplemented with specifi c methods used in accordance with the research program. The authors made experimental models of machines for spring opening of grafters, cultivating growing shoots, cleaning leaves, and separating branches; provided a system of automatic orientation over a number of plants; and developed a set of technical tools for the care of grafters. (Results and discussion) It has been determined that high-quality spring opening of a mother plantation with the observance of optimal timing for opening shoots increases the productivity of the mother plantation by 7-10 percent. Establishing an optimal environment for plant development using a machine with an active working unit for hilling growing shoots increases the output of standard layering up to 86.2-90.6 percent. Appropriate mechanized separation of layering in improved cutting conditions allowed to increase the yield of standard layering by 5-7 percent, and in the subsequent year there was an 8-10 percent increase in the yield of standard layering (of the fi rst grade) due to their better rooting. (Conclusions) The economic effi ciency of using a universal mechanized set of machinery in a mother plantation is from 514 thousand to 664 thousand rubles per one hectare. The use of high-level technical means of SUVES, VP-1.5 and AP-1.5 with replaceable technological modules increases the level of mechanization by an average of 30 percent, signifi cantly reduces labor costs – up to 20 percent, and improves working conditions for operating staff .

Relevance of the topic of increasing the efficiency of the “wheel — rail” friction system is considered. It is shown that the main condition for a significant optimization of the interaction processes in the “wheel — rail” system is the use of scientifically based technologies and technical means for lubrication of a dynamically loaded open friction pair. Basic requirements for the characteristics of lubricants is used in the open “wheel — rail” friction system. Authors named lubricants that meet the stated requirements. The main disadvantages of the remote method of supplying liquid and/or plastic lubricants in the “wheel — rail” system are presented as argument. Examples are given. The article describes technology of contact rota-print rod lubricating system “GRS — RAPS” and its advantages over analogues, as well as the experience of industrial implementation and operation of this technology. Based on the experience of using the “GRS — RAPS” technology in various climatic zones and operating modes, work was carried out on its adaptation and development, in particular, the tribological properties of rod lubricants were improved, the volumes of one-time refueling were increased, the drive of lubricating rods was optimized. All this allows increasing the effectiveness of this technology in 5 – 7 times. Equipment for freight locomotives is provided with metal-plating systems for working surfaces of wheelsets. Total traction capacity of freight locomotives, if all other things being equal, increases by 15 – 20 %, while protecting wheel flanges of locomotives from wear and improves the braking characteristics of the train. A new concept of building a system for the lubrication of the “wheel — rail”contact zone on the basis of a modernized and improved “GRS — RAPS” technology and technology for modifying (metal-plating) working surfaces has been proposed. Potential economic effect from the comprehensive implementation of the proposed technology is estimated taking into account the existing economic conditions.

The paper is dedicated to the technical and economic analysis of air-conditioning solutions for office buildings. În this paper two air conditioning systems were compared: the variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system and the chiller-fan coil system. Comparison of the technical and economic indicators was done using the "global cost" method. As a result of the analysis, it was found that: the energy saving in the air conditioning system to a great extent depends on building design solutions and the type of air conditioning system

Reforming the current taxation system in Ukraine through changing enterprises’ profits tax into a fundamentally different approach as the tax on outflown capital causes the urgent issues concerning the peculiarities of implementation of the process. Taking into account the availability of international experience regarding the implementation of the changes, there is an opportunity to study their perspective and negative aspects, research the consequences of functioning this taxation system and evaluate fiscal and economic impact on the ecomomy of corresponding countries. Such an approach will allow to determine the ways of increasing efficiency during the realization of such implementation in Ukraine. Examining the consequences of implementation of the tax on outflown capital in Estonia, Macedonia, Moldova and Geaorgia made it possible to reveal that these countries’ experience is ambiguous. The experience of Estonia can be characterized by the most positive changes, while such reforming in Macedonia appeared to be extremely counterproductive. The conducted research of the international experience of implementation of the tax on outflown capital and experts’ evaluation allowed to single out the following principle positive aspects of the process: decrease in administrative load, facilitation of legislation control, creation of favourable business climate to attract investments (including foreign), establishment of motives for innovative re-equipping and renewal of companies’ main means. In addition, there are some risks as for incomplete budget financing, the risks of bringing pressure by tax authorities to increase budgetary incomings; the risks of increasing penalties on business, and the risks of worsening the investment climate as a result of the above mentioned facts. Taking into consideration all these factors when implementing the tax on outflown capital in Ukraine will allow to minimize the negative effect and strengthen the possibilities on realization of potential toward positive changes.

Enterprise innovation activity supposes coordinated technical and business processes of decision-making and its performance required for successful transformation of new product or service from concept to market. The purpose of this study is to develop valuation methods of innovative technology market potential and prospects of their introduction into the production enterprise activity. In order to achieve this goal, we used brand new evaluation tool, this is technology audit conception, application of which increased significantly the accuracy and reliability of technology market potential evaluation. Clarification of terminological essence of technological audit allowed the authors to discover the content of technology audit components required for the market research and thereupon to develop evaluation mechanism for innovative technology market potential using technology audit. This mechanism is built on structure evaluation table of technology market potential level detection as an object of commercialization. To ensure the efficiency of practical effect of the mechanism proposed, the authors systematized and completed methods of functional analysis and scanning of market environment for the purpose of qualitative comprehensive evaluation and innovative technology market potential forecasting.Introduction of the proposed evaluation method for technology market potential will result in the improvement of efficiency of enterprise innovation activity due to more rational distribution of available resources and immediate financing of developments with greater market potential.

Xinjiang production and Construction Corps (XPCC) is an important provincial administration in China and vigorously promotes the construction of industrialization. However, there has been little research on its emissions. This study first established the 1998-2018 XPCC subsectoral carbon emission inventory based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) carbon emission inventory method and adopted the logarithmic mean Divisia indexmethod (LMDI) model to analyze the driving factors. The results revealed that from 1998 to 2018, the total carbon emissions in the XPCC increased from 6.11 Mt CO2 in 1998 to 115.71 Mt CO2 in 2018. For the energy structure, raw coal, coke and industrial processes were the main contributors to carbon emissions. For industrial structure, the main emission sectors were the production and supply of electric power, steam and hot water, petroleum processing and coking, raw chemical materials and chemical products, and smelting and pressing of nonferrous metals. In addition, the economic effect was the leading factor promoting the growth of the corps carbon emissions, followed by technical and population effects. The energy structure effect was the only factor yielding a low emission reduction degree. This research provides policy recommendations for the XPCC to formulate effective carbon emission reduction measures, which is conducive to the construction of a low-carbon society. Moreover, it is of guiding significance for the development of carbon emission reduction actions for the enterprises under the corps and provides a reference value for other provincial regions.

The Arctic Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation are the dominant patterns of the atmospheric circulation except the tropics in the northern region. In winter, the Arctic Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation have a great influence on the climate of most regions except the tropics, and it has an organic integration with the North Atlantic sea surface temperature. It is still used by many departments and institutions to judge and predict atmospheric circulation according to the set sea surface temperature. However, the short-term climate judgment is greatly affected by different sea surface temperatures, and the understanding of the otherness is still lacking. Therefore, it is the main way for China to predict the climate of relevant regions through the prediction experiments of several different sea surface temperatures for atmospheric circulation climate carried out by the National Climate Center and the analysis of relevant data information through the experiments. It is still the main way to strengthen the development of trade, especially the development of import and export trade, by reducing tariffs. But it is inevitable that the reduction of tariffs will also reduce the country's government revenue. By studying the impact of tariff reduction on finance on the basis of theory, to enhance the level of fiscal revenue of each country. Import trade is the main content of international trade, and its scale and form have a significant impact on the development of a country. Research shows that we should strengthen the import of high-tech products. Improving the import structure of general products and paying attention to the import of consumer goods play a very important role in stabilizing the country's economic growth level and improving the country's economic income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty alleviation work is in full swing in China, and the acceleration of poverty alleviation work is the key to China's fight against poverty. The development of rural tourism has promoted the development of rural economy. However, the rural tourism evaluation system in many areas is incomplete, which leads to serious environmental damage and short-term economic behavior in rural tourism. In this paper, the evaluation method of rural economic development potential is analyzed in detail, based on the principle of three evaluation methods: factor analysis, compound weight method and classical domain method. An evaluation index system for tourist villages in the Yangtze River Economic Zone, China has been established from three aspects: economy, society and environment. This evaluation system was used to analyze the development potential of rural tourism in the Yangtze River Economic Zone. Through analysis, it is concluded that the economic, social and environmental development of rural tourism in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is uneven. From the perspective of economic impact, the Sichuan and Anhui Provinces are higher, while the Shanghai City and the Guizhou Province are lower. The highest economic impact is 22.52 times that of the lowest. From the perspective of social influence, the Sichuan and Jiangsu Provinces have higher social influence, while Shanghai City and the Guizhou Province have lower social influence. The highest is 7.07 times the lowest. From the perspective of environmental impact, the Guizhou Province is higher. The maximum environmental impact value is 3.84 times the minimum value. On the whole, the economy has the greatest impact on rural tourism, followed by social impact, and finally environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of today's society, intellectual property rights are an important source of economic benefits. When the infringement of these rights is done with regard to products or substances that also potentially endanger the environment and human health, research on these infringements becomes imperatively necessary. This paper highlights the dual effect of infringing intellectual property rights in the field of pesticides (both in economic and environmental terms, and on human health) and it draws attention to the need for multidisciplinary research to raise awareness among potential producers and users of such products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to radical change in all social and economic spheres and, even today, the scope of the pandemic cannot be detailed. This unprecedent situation is challenging the global world but particularly for business. The packages of measures internationally imposed as restrictions on commercial activity, isolation and social distancing mean that business should face a transformation in order to survive in each stage of the crisis. For this purpose, a content analysis with an initial dataset with 2,610 tweets of the most representative Spanish entrepreneurial organizations was carried out in key periods of the pandemic. The findings highlight that there are collective concerns with emotional burden in the business sector that encourage action despite confusion and uncertainty. Generalized distrust of policies led business organizations to insist on innovation and adaptation as the best tools to overcome the economic effect of the crisis.

The article on the basis of archival materials examines the biography of the national leader of the Kazakh people, the chairman of the “Alash” party Alikhan Bukeikhan, describes four scientific expeditions in 1897-1926, which worked on the territory of modern Kazakhstan. In this expedition, A. Bukeikhan, being the head of the research group, studied the history of the settlement of each county, the forms of indigenous economy, crafts (hunting, fishing, artisanal production, etc.), the quality of local soil, nature, climate, as well as the domestic census of livestock, outbuildings, determining the size and norms of land plots needed for nomadic cattlebreeding farms, fixing the patrimonial land of the Kazakhs (wintering – Kystau, summering – Zhailau, crops, fresh water sources, etc.). The proposed article will analyse a number of his papers on the traditional national economy of the Kazakhs at the beginning of the 20th century. The article discusses field studies of the national leader of the Kazakh people, Alash party chairman Alikhan Bukeikhan on the crafts of the Kazakhs of the Omsk district collected by him during the steppe expedition. It describes the names of localities, livestock, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, salt industry, types of trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation mechanism is based on certain organizational and economic approaches. Its goal is to raise the people’s feelings deliberately, give them the opportunity to think actively, to show their abilities and inclinations, and to enrich themselves spiritually. It should take into account not only the state of socio-economic development, but also the financial growth of the economic entities of the country, a certain administrative unit, the mentality of the people, national characteristics as well as the possibility of their change. The methodological, theoretical, normative and generalized approaches of labor motivation at the small agribusiness enterprises have been outlined in the work. At the enterprise level we have taken into account the features of the industry, the organization and rate of labor, the level of material remuneration and the staff expectations. Another requirement for the motivation mechanism is the ability to change the key factors of influence according to the situation quickly. We have substantiated the problem of the formation and regulation system of the effective management motivation and its practical application in agribusiness. It has been proved that the support of the motivation mechanisms for productive and efficient labor in order to have an awareness of being the owners and masters of the production means and ensuring the personal interest of the agribusiness workers is very important. The desired results can be achieved only by combining the moral, material, industrial, social, and psychological stimuli.

In the Gulf of Mexico, especially along the southwest Florida coast, blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis are a coastal natural hazard. The organism produces a potent class of toxins, known as brevetoxins, which are released following cell lysis into ocean or estuarine waters or, upon aerosolization, into the atmosphere. When exposed to sufficient levels of brevetoxins, humans may suffer from respiratory, gastrointestinal, or neurological illnesses. The hazard has been exacerbated by the geometric growth of human populations, including both residents and tourists, along Florida’s southwest coast. Impacts to marine organisms or ecosystems also may occur, such as fish kills or deaths of protected mammals, turtles, or birds. Since the occurrence of a severe Karenia brevis bloom off the southwest Florida coast three-quarters of a century ago, there has been an ongoing debate about the best way for humans to mitigate the impacts of this hazard. Because of the importance of tourism to coastal Florida, there are incentives for businesses and governments alike to obfuscate descriptions of these blooms, leading to the social amplification of risk. We argue that policies to improve the public’s ability to understand the physical attributes of blooms, specifically risk communication policies, are to be preferred over physical, chemical, or biological controls. In particular, we argue that responses to this type of hazard must emphasize maintaining the continuity of programs of scientific research, environmental monitoring, public education, and notification. We propose a common-sense approach to risk communication, comprising a simplification of the public provision of existing sources of information to be made available on a mobile website.

The article presents the analysis of economic effect for the innovative flour-based functional foods production incorporation. Based on the analysis of the current state and prospects for the bakery industry development, the authors propose to expand the range of flour-based foods meant for dietary preventive and dietary therapeutic nutrition using diversification methods. For this, they used alternative recipe ingredients of plant origin, such as amaranth seeds, lentil and lupine seeds, chufa, and carob beans. The innovative technologies improve the chemical composition and consumer characteristics of the foods, provide meeting the market requirements, and increase the efficiency of financial and material resources, which, as a result, facilitates the food competitiveness and leads to the bakery industry effective development. We propose to evaluate the economic effect of innovative foods by determining the retail price and profit with a minimum 10% cost effect. The calculations of economic indicators for traditional and new flour-based foods are presented. Estimated economic efficiency of 1 tonne bakery foods for the standard and high-protein diets (according to therapeutic nutrition diet classification) is 5,030–10,740 rbls, flour confectionary foods – 11,022 rbls, gluten-free breads – 7,625– 16,990 rbls, depending on the constituents and bakery technology. The results provide strong evidence of economic effect and the advantages of functional flour-based foods introduction.

The purpose of the research was to study and optimize the timing of growing tomatoes in conditions of transitional turnover, taking into account the natural and climatic conditions of Dagestan, biological features of culture, lighting conditions, market demand for vegetable products, profitability of production. Experimental studies were carried out in 2015-2016 in the greenhouse farm "Niva". The technology of tomato cultivation in winter and film greenhouses in the transitional turnover of the 6th and 7th light zone of the country is shown, its economic efficiency is shown in the light conditions of Dagestan. The studied F1 hybrids were distinguished by a good harvest yield from December to April, the highest yields were scored by hybrids: Tomimaru Mucho F1, Pink Paradise F1, providing 15.68 and 14.98 kg. The economic evaluation of the studied hybrids and varieties of tomato showed that during planting sowing and planting cannot be delayed, since plants fall into conditions of limited illumination by young ones that have not yet entered the phase of mass fruiting, and the harvest in the winter months is sharply reduced, profitability decreases. According to the average market price for the sale of tomato fruits in the winter months of 200 and 210 rubles per kg, depending on the timing of harvesting and marketing, the profitability of production of hybrids was in %%: Tomimaru Mucho F1 – 120-170, Tiwai F1 – 125-170, Pink Paradise F1 – 123-174, Revermun F1 – 90-110, Lvovich F1 – 123-159. Such profitability of cultivation of the studied varieties indicates that their growing in the transitional turnover is economically profitable.

Abstract Societal unrest and similar events are important for societies, but it is often difficult to quantify their effects on individuals, hindering a timely and effective policy-making in emergencies and in particular localized social shocks such as protests. Traditionally, effects are assessed through economic indicators or surveys with relatively low temporal and spatial resolutions. In this work, we compute two behavioral indexes, based on the use of credit card transaction data, for measuring the economic effects of a series of protests on consumer actions and personal consumption. Using data from a metropolitan area in an OECD country, we show that protests affect consumers’ shopping frequency and spending, but in noticeably different ways. The effects show strong temporal and spatial patterns, vary between neighborhoods and customers of different socio-demographical characteristics as well as between merchants of different categories, and suggest interesting subtleties in purchase behavior such as displaced or delayed shopping activities. Our method can generally serve for the real-time monitoring of the effects of major social shocks or events on urban economy and consumer sentiment, providing high-resolution and cost-effective measurement tools to complement traditional economic indicators.

The article is devoted to the activity of trade unions of Kalmykia on managing the work of primary organizations of a society of inventors and rationalizers (VOIR). The article is based on the documents of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. The analysis of an extensive documentary material has shown that there was a gradual increase in the number of innovators and inventors, in the number of rationalization proposals applied in industry and their economic effi ciency in the researched period. However, the activities of trade unions in guiding the work of the society of innovators and inventors were not perfect. The workersinnovators did not reach their full creative potential; membership involvement was poor. The facts of red tape in registration of rationalized proposals and payment of the royalties were also observed. Sometimes economically favourable offers remained without attention, the duly calculation of the received savings achieved from the implemented proposals was not conducted. Economically advantageous offers were sometimes ignored, savings achieved from the implemented proposals were not counted timely and many of the suggested ones were not implemented. The proposals which required a radical restructuring of the technological process were not popular since their introduction could put the company at risk of exceeding the allotted time for the plan which was fraught with serious consequences. Unfortunately, many enterprises could not give much attention to the development of mass technical creativity. The work in agricultural enterprises, enterprises of local industry, public utility companies was poorly organized due to the lack of engineers and technicians involved in the working process as well as the lack of broad assets; the released funds for the development of technical creativity were not fully utilized for various reasons. The analysis of an extensive documentary material has shown that there was a gradual increase in the number of innovators and inventors as well as in the number of rationalization proposals applied in industry and their economic efficiency in the researched period. Despite some shortcomings the trade-unions had to overcome, rationalization activity as well as invention were successfully developed in Kalmykia.

The article investigates the approaches to assessing the economic security of export deliveries of fuel and energy resources in the face of a possible counteraction of the global market. The authors give an analysis of possible compensatory measures, the most important of which is the reorientation of uses of hydrocarbon resources towards the predominantly domestic consumption. It appears promising to organize gas liquefaction plants in the coastal areas of the northern Russia with potential sea deliveries to the world market, thus decreasing some of the threats of the uncertainty of demand for this product. The article analyzes the areas of interaction of different types of transport in the development of new gas fi in the Arctic zone of the country. As a tool of quantitative estimates the authors use an intersectional interregional model of optimization with transport sector detailed in the block.

Abstract. Objectives The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for networking between small towns and regional centres on the basis of developing areas of mutual benefit. It is important to assess the possibility of cooperation between small towns and regional centres and local selfgovernment bodies on the example of individual territorial entities of Russia in the context of the formation and strengthening of networks and support for territorial development. Methods Systemic and functional methodical approaches were taken. The modelling of socio-economic processes provides a visual representation of the direction of positive changes for small towns and regional centres of selected Subjects of the Russian Federation. Results Specific examples of cooperation between small towns and district centres are revealed in some areas; these include education, trade and public catering, tourist and recreational activities. The supporting role of subsystems, including management, regulatory activity, transport and logistics, is described. Schemes, by to which mutually beneficial network interaction is formed, are characterised in terms of the specific advantages accruing to each network subject. Economic benefits of realising interaction between small cities and regional centres are discussed. The methodology is based on assessing the access of cities to commutation, on which basis contemporary regional and city networks are formed. Conclusion On the basis of the conducted study, a list of areas for mutually beneficial networking between small towns and district centres has been identified, allowing the appropriate changes in regional economic policies to be effected in terms of programmes aimed at the development of regions and small towns, including those suffering from economic depression.

Introduction. Infectious diseases make a significant contribution to the recurrence and disability, and therefore cause economic damage to the country, which is an indisputable argument in favor of the creation of a system of rehabilitation of children with infectious diseases.The objective of the study was the economic justification of the need to organize a multidisciplinary children’s rehabilitation center, including after infectious diseases. Material and methods. Based on the long-term experience of the only center in the Russian Federation for the treatment of children’s infections and the data of the statistical service we calculated the economic effect obtained as a result of reducing the recurrence of infectious diseases and disability caused by them among the child population.Results. The study found that the annual economic losses associated with the treatment of relapses of infectious diseases among children would be 4.344 billion rubles and 39.713 billion rubles due to the payment of disability benefits. The economic loss associated with the reduction of days of incapacity of parents obliged to care for children who need care due to infectious diseases is 2.791 billion rubles. In addition, the indirect economic loss caused by the under-produced products and the GDP decline due to the disability of such children already in working age is 30.102 billion rubles.Conclusion. We proved the significant economic effect that would be received at the opening of the rehabilitation center for children. The economic effect is caused by the reduction of both direct and indirect economic losses.

The paper examines the volume of biological resources of beekeeping, the possibility and feasibility of developing beekeeping in Russia on the basis of the available melliferous resources. An assessment of the economic effect of trophic connections between melliferous bees and entomophilous plants is provided. Beekeeping is an important branch of agriculture since pollination of entomophilous plants with the help of bees is a natural and most effective agricultural technique, which leads to a significant increase in the volume and quality of the yield of entomophilous plants. The development of beekeeping on a national scale is possible only with serious state support. For such participation of the state, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the state of the industry, biological resources of beekeeping and the development prospects. In this regard, it becomes necessary to analyse the fodder base of beekeeping in the Russian Federation, to determine the potential reserves of honey and the prospects for the development of beekeeping in the Russian Federation. The volume and structure of honey resources are given, potential honey reserves, the number of bee colonies that can be kept on the basis of the available melliferous resources in Russia are provided. The melliferous resources of entomophilous plants in Russia make it possible to increase the number of bee colonies and the volume of commercial honey production by 8-9-fold, that is, to productively contain from 26 to 30 million bee colonies and produce from 386 to 452 thousand tones of commercial honey annually, which can satisfy scientifically supported honey consumption norms on a national scale. In conclusion, an assessment of the economic effect of trophic connections between honey bees and entomophilous plants is given. It is shown that with proper pollination of entomophilous cultivated and wild plants in Russia, the total economic benefit will equate to an impressive amount: about 1 trillion rubbles annually, which is equivalent to 15 billion US dollars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technique for use in calculating the rational diameter of a pipeline by means of which the diameter of a pipe may be selected to achieve a minimally possible total cost of construction and operation of the pipeline in the case of a given flow rate of fluid assuming a designated period of operation is presented. The technique is constructed on the basis of two equations, an analytic equation of continuity of flow (Darcy−Weisbach equation) and equations for use in calculating the friction coefficient in rough tubes. The following parameters are taken into account here: the variation of the total cost of transporting the flow of fluid as a function of the diameter of the pipe with assigned volumetric flow rate of fluid, assigned period of operation of the pipeline, and the cost of a single linear meter of pipeline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological and economic problem from the use of substandard oil products is considered and it is found that the defense of oils from particles of pollution is the first and obligatory operation of the regeneration process. Savings in petroleum products have become relevant due to the increase in their use, as well as environmental problems associated with environmental pollution. The dynamics of pollution particles during settling and the mass of the temperature regime are analytically investigated. The rate of deposition of contaminant particles has been found to be greater the larger the radius and density and the lower the viscosity of the oil. Given that the viscosity of the oil decreases with increasing temperature, it is advisable to defend at elevated temperatures. The most effective contamination is released from the oil by means of a continuous gravity cleaner, the deposition of contamination particles in such a device is possible provided that the residence time of the oil in the cleaner is greater than or equal to the deposition time of the contamination. It is proved that the productivity of the purifier is proportional to the area of deposition and does not depend on the height of the oil level in it. This pattern is called the condition of the cleaner. Schemes of connection of the gravity cleaner in technological lines of regeneration of the fulfilled oils are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the endowment insurance payment rate on economy in China was studied according to data from 1991 to 2016 with error correction model. It was found that there was a negative correlation between economic growth and endowment insurance payment rate. A lower endowment insurance payment rate would promote economic growth. One percent drop of endowment insurance payment rate would lead to 0. 195 percent of economic growth. It is concluded that a lower endowment insurance payment rate may drive the economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]