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The rapid increase in carbon dioxide levels in seawater is causing ocean acidification and is expected to have significant effects on marine life. To explore the ability of the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus to adapt to an increased concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) in seawater, we compared the survival rates of adult and nauplius stages at 400, 1000, and 1550 ppm pCO2 over a 14-day period. The survival rate of T. japonicus dramatically decreased over time with increase in pCO2 concentration. At 1550 ppm, the survival rate showed a decrease of more than 20% at the end of the experimental period over that at 400 ppm. Furthermore, the survival rate decreased by a greater amount at all concentrations in nauplii than in adults, with a greater effect in wild-collected specimens than in culture-derived individuals. The results suggest that future ocean acidification may negatively influence the sustainability of T. japonicus and thus may eventually influence benthic ecosystems.

Remote detection of radioactive materials is impossible when the measurement location is far from the radioactive source such that the leakage of high-energy photons or electrons from the source cannot be measured. Current technologies are less effective in this respect because they only allow the detection at distances to which the high-energy photons or electrons can reach the detector. Here we demonstrate an experimental method for remote detection of radioactive materials by inducing plasma breakdown with the high-power pulsed electromagnetic waves. Measurements of the plasma formation time and its dispersion lead to enhanced detection sensitivity compared to the theoretically predicted one based only on the plasma on and off phenomena. We show that lower power of the incident electromagnetic wave is sufficient for plasma breakdown in atmospheric-pressure air and the elimination of the statistical distribution is possible in the presence of radioactive material., Detection of hazardous radioactive material far from its source is challenging. Here the authors demonstrate a method with higher sensitivity by utilizing high-power pulsed electromagnetic-wave-induced plasma breakdown, which has potential uses in security and defence.

We present a phase coefficient optimization technique for determining the vortex charge of a high-power orbital angular momentum beam. This high-power vortex beam is generated by transmitting a Gaussian-like beam emitted by a gyrotron with an output power of 25 kW through a spiral phase plate (SPP), which introduces a vorticity at the center of the beam characterized by the geometrical parameters of the SPP. One rigorous, intensity-measurement-based, phase retrieval technique, known as the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm, does not converge to a correct solution because of the presence of a phase singularity in the high-power vortex beam. Here, we introduce a new phase retrieval algorithm that chooses an appropriate initial phase estimate. This technique yields successful vortex charge determination for both low- and high-power vortex beams. The retrieved intensity profiles show 99.51% and 99.27% intensity regeneration at measurement planes with optimized initial phase estimates for the low- and high-power beams, respectively.

The Indian Ocean hydrothermal vent is a region where a new oceanic crust is formed by magma at the interface of the deep-sea bed over 2000 m in depth. Here we examined for the first time the exoskeleton structure and mechanical properties of the bythograeid crab Austinograea Rodriguezensis living in hydrothermal vents. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray were used for structural analysis, and a nanoindentation system was used for mechanical analysis. The exoskeleton was divided into four layers: epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle, and membrane. The thickness of each layer was different from that of other crustaceans previously reported. Additionally, the number of constituent elements, composition ratio, and hardness of each layer were unique among previously studied crabs. This observation indicates that those characteristics might have evolved for creatures with a hard exoskeleton living in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent.

KRAS GTPases are activated in one-third of cancers, and KRAS(G12C) is one of the most common activating alterations in lung adenocarcinoma

Mutation in theGRNgene, encoding the progranulin (PGRN) protein, shows a dose-dependent disease correlation, wherein haploinsufficiency results in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and complete loss results in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Although the exact function of PGRN is unknown, it has been increasingly implicated in lysosomal physiology. Here we report that PGRN interacts with the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase (GBA), and is essential for proper GBA activity. GBA activity is significantly reduced in tissue lysates from PGRN-deficient mice. This is further evidence that reduced lysosomal hydrolase activity may be a pathological mechanism in cases of GRN-related FTLD and NCL.

This is the first report of a transcriptome assembly of a newly discovered hydrothermal vent mussel, Gigantidas vrijenhoeki (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), on the Central Indian Ridge. Gigantidas vrijenhoeki was identified from material collected at the newly discovered Onnuri Vent Field (OVF) on the Central Indian Ridge in 2018, and was reported as a new species, distinct from another dominant hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus marisindicus, in 2020. We sequenced the transcriptome of G. vrijenhoeki using the Illumina HiSeq X System. De novo assembly and analysis of the coding regions predicted 25,405 genes, 84.76% of which was annotated by public databases. The transcriptome of G. vrijenhoeki will be a valuable resource in studying the ecological and biological characteristics of this new species, which is distinct from other deep-sea mussels. These data should also support the investigation of the relationship between the environmental conditions of hydrothermal vents and the unique distribution of G. vrijenhoeki in the OVF of the Central Indian Ridge.

We examined the effects of crude oil contamination on community assemblages of meiofauna and nematodes after exposure to total petroleum hydrocarbons in the laboratory. We administered a seawater solution that had been contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons to seven treatment groups at different concentrations, while the control group received uncontaminated filtered seawater. The average density of total meiofauna in the experimental microcosms diluted with 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% contaminated seawater was higher than the density in the control. The average density of total meiofauna in the 8%, 15%, and 20% microcosms was lower than the density in the control. The density of nematodes was similar to that of the total meiofauna. Cluster analysis divided the microcosms into group 1 (control, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% microcosms) and group 2 (8%, 15%, and 20% microcosms). However, SIMPROF analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Bolbolaimus spp. (37.1%) were dominant among the nematodes. Cluster analysis showed similar results for nematode and meiofaunal communities. The total meiofaunal density, nematode density, and number of Bolbolaimus spp. individuals were significantly negatively associated with the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (Spearman correlation coefficients, p < 0.05). Within the nematodes, epistrate feeders (group 2A: 46%) were the most abundant trophic group. Among the treatment groups, the abundance of group 2A increased in low-concentration microcosms and decreased in high-concentration microcosms. Thus, our findings provide information on the effects of oil pollution on meiofauna in the intertidal zones of sandy beaches.

A new species of free-living marine draconematid nematode, Dracograllus trukensis sp. nov., is described based on the specimens collected from the sediments of a intertidal seagrass bed from Chuuk Islands, Micronesia. Dracograllus trukensis sp. nov. differs from other species of the genus by the combination of the following characteristics: the presence of numerous minute spiny ornamented body cuticular annules in both sexes, eight cephalic adhesion tubes inserted on the head capsule in both sexes, the presence of stiff posteriorly directed setae anterior to posterior adhesion tubes in both sexes, the shape (large, elongated, open loop-shaped in male and large, elongated, closed loop-shaped in female) and position (longer ventral arm extending to the first body annule in male) of amphideal fovea, shorter spicule length (34–42 μm), the presence of sexual dimorphism in shape and length of the non-annulated tail terminus, and number of posterior sublateral adhesion tubes (10 in male and 13–15 in female) and posterior subventral adhesion tubes (8–10 in male and 9–11 in female). A comparative table on the biogeographical and ecological characteristics of the species of Dracograllus is presented. This is the first taxonomic report on the genus Dracograllus from Chuuk Islands, Micronesia, central western Pacific Ocean.

We report an efficient pulse shortening technique of a high-power millimeter source using plasma breakdown. A W-band gyrotron with a frequency of 95 GHz and an output power of 30 kW was used for the demonstration. The pulse shortening technique was based on plasma breakdown phenomena that do not need any change in the high-power source and its modulator. The pulse shortening of a factor of 20 was demonstrated. This method may provide a simple and compact system for controlling the RF pulse length without modifying the main millimeter-wave system.

KRAS GTPases are activated in one-third of cancers and KRAS G12C is the most common activating alteration in lung adenocarcinoma. KRAS G12C-specific inhibitors (G12Ci) are in Phase-I clinical trials and early data show only partial responses in lung cancer patients. How cancer cells bypass inhibition, to prevent maximal responses to therapy, is not understood. Because KRAS G12C cycles between an active and inactive conformation, and the covalent G12Ci only bind to the latter, we tested whether isogenic cell populations respond non-uniformly by studying the effect of treatment at a single-cell resolution. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and a fluorescent quiescence biosensor, we show that shortly after treatment, most cancer cells are sequestered in a quiescent state with low KRAS activity, while a small population reactivates KRAS to resume proliferation. This rapid divergent response is due to synthesis of new, drug-free KRAS protein, resulting from increased KRAS transcription in response to suppressed MAPK signaling. Combining cell fate-specific gene expressions and results from a CRISPR-Cas9 screen, we identified that adaptive signals such as epidermal growth-factor receptor and aurora kinase A signaling modulate the heterogeneous response to treatment with G12Ci. These upstream signals help to maintain new KRAS G12C protein in its active, drug-insensitive state, which restores KRAS signaling and transcriptional output in a subset of cells to allow escape from G12Ci-induced quiescence. Cells without these adaptive changes (or cells where they are pharmacologically inhibited) remain sensitive to G12Ci treatment, because new KRAS G12C is either not available, or it exists in its inactive, drug-sensitive state. Combined inhibition of these adaptive signals along with KRAS G12C produced more potent antitumor effects in xenograft models. The direct targeting of KRAS oncoproteins has been a longstanding objective in precision oncology. Our study uncovers a flexible non-uniform fitness mechanism that enables groups of cells within a population to rapidly bypass the effect of treatment. This adaptive process must be overcome to maximize the therapeutic potential of conformation-specific KRAS G12C inhibitors in the clinic. Citation Format: Jenny Y. Xue, Yulei Zhao, Jordan Aronowitz, Trang T. Mai, Alberto Vides, Besnik Qeriqi, Dongsung Kim, Chuanchuan Li, Elisa de Stanchina, Linas Mazutis, Davide Risso, Piro Lito. Rapid non-uniform adaptation to conformation-specific KRAS G12Cinhibition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 622.

We describe a new vent mussel species, Gigantidas vrijenhoeki n. sp., from material collected at a depth of 2022 m in the newly discovered Onnuri Vent Field (OVF) during the 2018 expedition to the Central Indian Ridge. This large modioliform mussel thrives around diffusive vents in aggregation with another dominant hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus marisindicus. G. vrijenhoeki n. sp. was distinguished from its neighboring B. marisindicus by its distinct shell profile, which consists of an elongated shell with a short and low anterior region, high expanded posterior region, and deep ventral concavity. Visually, the new mussel species resembles G. securiformis; however, it is clearly distinguished by several shell and anatomical features. Genetically, the new species is closely related to two undescribed Gigantidas species found in the cold seeps of the western Pacific. Phylogenetic analysis of G. vrijenhoeki n. sp. supports the connectivity of vent fauna between the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific in the past. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of a Gigantidas species in the Indian Ocean. In addition, we found gill-associated sulfur-oxidizing and methane-oxidizing bacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria, symbionts present on this new species. Their composition was clearly different from symbionts found on the co-occurring B. marisindicus at the OVF. Notably, the sulfurovum-related Epsilonproteobacteria on the G. vrijenhoeki n. sp. were phylogenetically distinct from the family of Bathymodiolinae-related Epsilonproteobacteria. Taken together, the co-occurrence of two mussel species at the new vent field and their distinct gill symbiotic communities provides a useful setting in which to study the genetic connectivity of vent mussels along the Central Indian Ridge and the evolutionary dynamics between host mussels and symbionts.

This paper reports the results of a divergence study and emittance measurements for an electron beam emitted from a single diamond pyramid in a sparse diamond field-emitter array (DFEA) cathode. DFEA cathodes are arrays of micrometer scale diamond pyramids with nanometer scale tips. A single diamond pyramid produces currents as high as 10 μ A from a small surface area. DFEA cathodes are expected to be a good beam source for compact dielectric laser accelerators. For the electron beam divergence experiment, we have designed and assembled a test stand consisting of a DFEA cathode, a mesh anode, and a screen. We measured current and the size of the beam on the screen as functions of the distance between the cathode and the anode, the size of a pyramid’s base, and applied voltage on the cathode. In order to perform beam emittance measurements, we designed and fabricated a magnetic lens to be placed between the mesh and the screen. By measuring the size of the beam for different distances between the lens and the screen, we estimate the beam’s emittance. We also simulated the electron beam dynamics with Computer Simulation Technology Studio and General Particle Tracer codes. Experimentally measured divergence angles and normalized transverse emittance show good agreement with simulations.

We have demonstrated generation and transport of a patterned electron beam from a Diamond Field-Emitter Array (DFEA) cathode in a radio frequency (rf) gun. DFEAs are arrays of micrometer-scale pyramids with nanometer-scale tips. They can be fabricated with base widths ranging from 3 μm to 25 μm and pitches as small as 5 μm. They have an inherent 1:0.7 base to height ratio. DFEAs operate as field-emitter cathodes and potentially produce intrinsically shaped electron beams, which are of interest for a number of accelerator applications. We report on the results of a recent experiment in which a beam, consisting of several beamlets, was produced from a DFEA cathode in an rf gun and transported 2.54 m along a beam line. A macrobunch charge of 60 pC was measured at a cathode field gradient of 15.1 MV/m.

Field emission from nanocrystalline diamond and especially from diamond field emitters is known to have an onset at low electric fields of a few MV/m, although the discussion on the agreement of the results with the classical Fowler-Nordheim model is still pending. While measurements of pure photoemission from flat nanocrystalline diamond agree reasonably well with the 3-step photoemission model for the wide bandgap semiconductor with low electron affinity, we are not aware of systematic studies of photoemission in the ~0.1-5 MV/ m range, where the electron emission mechanism is expected to be affected by the Schottky effect and crossover with the field emission. In order to understand applicability of field enhanced photoemission from diamond to generation of bright coherent photo-gated electron beams suitable for dielectric laser accelerators, we have designed a system to measure spectral response (quantum efficiency vs wavelength) of ~mm-sized samples with up to 5 MV/ m electric field in the anode-cathode gap. The system is based on an incoherent Xe lamp-based tunable ultaviolet light source, therefore relatively large and dense diamond field emitter arrays are required for comparative studies of arrays versus flat nanocrystalline diamond samples. We present the results of our original measurements in the range between 195 nm and 270 nm. Potential schemes of laser-triggered photoemission from a single diamond field emitter tip are discussed in view of the obtained results.

We present the results of beam divergence studies for the diamond field emitter array (DFEA) cathodes producing high-current-density electron beams. At Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), we fabricate and test the micrometer-scale diamond pyramids with nanometer-scale sharp tips for use as an electron beam source for a compact dielectric laser accelerator. For the beam divergence measurements, we assembled a test stand consisting of a DFEA cathode, a small mesh aperture anode, and a screen representing of a sapphire disk coated with ZnO (AZO) for beam visualization. A negative voltage of about 40 keV is applied to the cathode, and the mesh and the screen are kept at ground. We record the spot size corresponding to the size of the electron beam on the AZO screen past the mesh anode at different mesh to screen distances. We also conduct the beam dynamics simulations with General particle Tracer (GPT). In this paper, we present the results of the experimental measurements and GPT simulations, along with calculations of the beam's divergence.

We have recently established a capability to fabricate diamond field emitter array (DFEA) cathodes at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The DFEA cathodes are proposed to be utilized as an electron beam source for a compact laser accelerator. DFEAs are produced using a mold-transfer process. With wet etching and dry oxidation, micron pyramidal-shapes are formed on a Si substrate. Next, a layer of diamond is seeded and grown on the substrate. The sample is brazed on the molybdenum (Mo) substrate with TiCuSil, and Si and SiO 2 layers are removed by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and buffered oxide etchant (BOE), respectively. We test fabricated DFEA cathodes on our field emission test stand. In this paper, we describe the detailed process of fabrication and discuss the quality of some fabricated samples.

The ATR kinase is crucial for genome maintenance, but the mechanisms by which ATR controls the DNA repair machinery are not fully understood. Here, we find that long-term chronic inhibition of ATR signaling severely impairs the ability of cells to utilize homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair. Proteomic analysis shows that chronic ATR inhibition depletes the abundance of key HR factors, suggesting that spontaneous ATR signaling enhances the capacity of cells to use HR-mediated repair by controlling the abundance of the HR machinery. Notably, ATR controls the abundance of HR factors largely via CHK1-dependent transcription, and can also promote stabilization of specific HR proteins. Cancer cells exhibit a strong dependency on ATR signaling for maintaining elevated levels of HR factors, and we propose that increased constitutive ATR signaling caused by augmented replication stress in cancer cells drives the enhanced HR capacity observed in certain tumor types. Overall, these findings define a major pro-HR function for ATR and have important implications for therapy by providing rationale for sensitizing HR-proficient cancer cells to PARP inhibitors.

A high-power W-band gyrotron has been designed and performance tested in Korea, with an output power in the range of tens of kilowatts. The gyrotron consists of a diode-type electron gun operating at 40 kV, a TE6,2 mode interaction cavity, and a mode converter for producing a highly Gaussian output mode beam. Presented here are the detailed component design procedure and the experimental results of the gyrotron’s performance evaluation. A maximum power of 62 kW was achieved with an efficiency of 22 %, and a highly Gaussian output beam was observed. The gyrotron’s output beam is analyzed, and its transmission through an oversized waveguide is discussed. This gyrotron is the first gyrotron developed in Korea with high power greater than 10 kW and high frequency greater than 90 GHz.

Measurements of the absolute power of high-power millimeter/THz wave generators have been considered to be highly variable and to occasionally produce faulty results owing to experimental difficulty. In this study, we propose a calibration-free method for real-time power measurement of an electron cyclotron maser system, a so-called gyrotron. We demonstrate the feasibility of the method by using a recently developed W-band gyrotron with a peak power of tens of kilowatts. The technique is based on transmitter antenna power measurement by using the Friis transmission equation with a defined gyrotron antenna gain. The new technique will allow extremely simple and accurate real-time measurement of output power over a wide dynamic range ( ${>} {\hbox{50}}$ dB) for continuous wave sources to high-power millimeter/THz wave sources with nanosecond pulse lengths.

Three new species of ColletteaLang, 1973 are described from the Korea Deep Ocean Study (KODOS) area of the eastern central Pacific based on collections made at a depth of approximately 5000 m by R/V Onnuri. This study is a component of environmental impact research for manganese nodule mining in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ). Only one species of the genus Colletteahas previously been described from the CCFZ. This situation may result from similar morphologies among related species, a lack of samples, and the frequent poor quality of specimens which results from sampling difficulties. This paper describes three new Colletteaspecies from the KODOS area. These species vary in the characteristics of the cheliped propodus: in C. asperaand C. prominentia, this structure shows bark-like ornamentation on its outer surface. Additionally, the cephalothorax bears fine setules along the mid-lateral margins ( C. eminulaand C. aspera), and the cheliped fixed finger shows protrusions along the proximal incisive margin ( C. eminula). These characteristics have not yet been found in other species of the genus. In this study, full descriptions of new species of Colletteaand the key characters of genus are provided, and the comparison of these characteristics with those of closely related species is given.

We present the first experimental demonstration of the remote-detection of a concealed radioactive material using a high-power millimetre-wave vacuum device, a gyrotron. A 95 GHz, 30 kW pulsed gyrotron was used for detecting a 0.64 mCi 60Co radioactive material via plasma breakdown. We observed the obvious difference in the measured plasma formation delay time in the presence of radioactive material compared to without the radioactive material. The plasma breakdown threshold electric field was measured with the radioactive material and compared to without it. The presented experimental results support a strong detection capability of the concealed radioactive material using the invisible electromagnetic wave source, a highpower vacuum device.

It is indisputable that the public's sentiment toward corporations determines their brand image and enterprise value. Nonetheless, the majority of studies have merely focused on financial indexes and polarity-based sentiment analysis. The absence of an effective sentiment analysis method has limited corporations' opportunity to grasp and manage the public's sentiment systematically. In this research, we propose a practical multidimensional sentiment analysis methodology, which consists of constructing a multi-categorical lexicon process using morphological analysis, detecting corporate events with social network analysis, and classifying detected events by stakeholder-based event classification. We tested the proposed framework with data collected from Twitter. Examining the analysis, we concluded that the suggested approach provides more worthwhile information about how the public's sentiment is composed and what the causes are of each sentiment, which could not be identified from previous studies. We are also convinced about the feasibility of the proposed methodology for business purposes and the possibility of extended usage regardless of discipline.

A gaseous plasma avalanche phenomenon is one of candidates to discover a radioactivity in long-distance. A minimum lag time composed of mainly formative delay time and statistical delay time is essential to initiate the plasma volume discharge. Based on the delay time distribution, the existence of radioactive material is determined. In this paper, we present experimental results on the reduced delay time with radioactive source.

Xanthid crabs, decapod crustacean, with the black coloured fingers, are easily found under rocks or stones in the intertidal or subtidal zones. Two xanthids, Etisus laevimanus Randall, 1840 and Paraxanthias elegans (Stimpson, 1858), were newly reported in Korean waters as part of continuous taxonomic studies on crabs. The genus Paraxanthias Odhner, 1925 was also reported for the first time in Korea. Of these, the examined specimen of P. elegans showed eight feathery hairs on the subdistal tip of the first gonopod, which differs from the description of Dai and Yang at 1991. Here, the descriptions and illustrations of these species are provided. Korean Xanthoidea currently consists of 30 species belonging to 25 genera.

To support business decision making, interests and efforts to analyze and use transaction data in different perspectives are increasing. Such efforts are not only limited to customer management or marketing, but also used for monitoring and detecting fraud transactions. Fraud transactions are evolving into various patterns by taking advantage of information technology. To reflect the evolution of fraud transactions, there are many efforts on fraud detection methods and advanced application systems in order to improve the accuracy and ease of fraud detection. As a case of fraud detection, this study aims to provide effective fraud detection methods for auction exception agricultural products in the largest Korean agricultural wholesale market. Auction exception products policy exists to complement auction-based trades in agricultural wholesale market. That is, most trades on agricultural products are performed by auction; however, specific products are assigned as auction exception products when total volumes of products are relatively small, the number of wholesalers is small, or there are difficulties for wholesalers to purchase the products. However, auction exception products policy makes several problems on fairness and transparency of transaction, which requires help of fraud detection. In this study, to generate fraud detection rules, real huge agricultural products trade transaction data from 2008 to 2010 in the market are analyzed, which increase more than 1 million transactions and 1 billion US dollar in transaction volume. Agricultural transaction data has unique characteristics such as frequent changes in supply volumes and turbulent time-dependent changes in price. Since this was the first trial to identify fraud transactions in this domain, there was no training data set for supervised learning. So, fraud detection rules are generated using outlier detection approach. We assume that outlier transactions have more possibility of fraud transactions than normal transactions. The outlier transactions are identified to compare daily average unit price, weekly average unit price, and quarterly average unit price of product items. Also quarterly averages unit price of product items of the specific wholesalers are used to identify outlier transactions. The reliability of generated fraud detection rules are confirmed by domain experts. To determine whether a transaction is fraudulent or not, normal distribution and normalized Z-value concept are applied. That is, a unit price of a transaction is transformed to Z-value to calculate the occurrence probability when we approximate the distribution of unit prices to normal distribution. The modified Z-value of the unit price in the transaction is used rather than using the original Z-value of it. The reason is that in the case of auction exception agricultural products, Z-values are influenced by outlier fraud transactions themselves because the number of wholesalers is small. The modified Z-values are called Self-Eliminated Z-scores because they are calculated excluding the unit price of the specific transaction which is subject to check whether it is fraud transaction or not. To show the usefulness of the proposed approach, a prototype of fraud transaction detection system is developed using Delphi. The system consists of five main menus and related submenus. First functionalities of the system is to import transaction databases. Next important functions are to set up fraud detection parameters. By changing fraud detection parameters, system users can control the number of potential fraud transactions. Execution functions provide fraud detection results which are found based on fraud detection parameters. The potential fraud transactions can be viewed on screen or exported as files. The study is an initial trial to identify fraud transactions in Auction Exception Agricultural Products. There are still many remained research topics of the issue. First, the scope of analysis data was limited due to the availability of data. It is necessary to include more data on transactions, wholesalers, and producers to detect fraud transactions more accurately. Next, we need to extend the scope of fraud transaction detection to fishery products. Also there are many possibilities to apply different data mining techniques for fraud detection. For example, time series approach is a potential technique to apply the problem. Even though outlier transactions are detected based on unit prices of transactions, however it is possible to derive fraud detection rules based on transaction volumes.

A new gastrotrich species of the genus Dendrodasys (Dactylopodolidae) is described on the basis of specimens collected from sublittoral fine sandy bottoms at Uljin, East Sea and at Gujwa, the northeastern coast of Jeju Island, South Korea. Dendrodasys duplus is characterized by a triangular head with lateral lobes extending outward, two pairs of pestle organs posterior to the lateral cephalic lobes, a pair of anterior adhesive tubes, the absence of dorsal, lateral and ventral adhesive tubes, large posterior adhesive tubes arising from the anterior third of the caudal peduncle, and paired testes of different lengths. The genus Dendrodasys is recorded for the first time in East Asia.

KRAS GTPases are activated in one-third of cancers and KRAS G12C is the most common activating alteration in lung adenocarcinoma. KRAS G12C inhibitors are in Phase-I clinical trials and early data show only partial responses in lung cancer patients. How cancer cells bypass inhibition, to prevent maximal responses to therapy, is not understood. Because KRAS G12C cycles between an active and inactive conformation, and the inhibitors only bind to the latter, we hypothesized that isogenic cell populations respond non-uniformly. Here we studied the effect of treatment at the single cell level and showed that shortly after treatment, some cancer cells were sequestered in a quiescent state with low KRAS activity, while others reactivated KRAS to resume proliferation. By combining cell fate-specific gene expressions and results from a CRISPR-Cas9 screen, we identified that this rapid divergent response is due to new KRAS G12C produced in response to suppressed MAPK output. Upstream-acting adaptive signals, such as epidermal growth-factor receptor and aurora kinase signaling, maintain new KRAS G12C protein in its active/drug-insensitive state to restore KRAS output. Cells without these adaptive changes (or cells where they are pharmacologically inhibited) remain sensitive to drug treatment, because new KRAS G12C is either not available, or it exists in its inactive/drug-sensitive state. Combined inhibition of these adaptive signals along with KRAS G12C produced more potent antitumor effects in vivo. Our study uncovers a flexible non-uniform fitness mechanism that enables groups of cells within a population to rapidly bypass the effect of treatment. This adaptive process must be overcome to maximize the therapeutic potential of conformation-specific KRAS G12C inhibitors in the clinic. Citation Format: Jenny Xue, Yulei Zhao, Jordan Aronowitz, Trang T Mai, Alberto Vides, Besnik Qeriqi, Dongsung Kim, Chuanchuan Li, Elisa de Stanchina, Linas Mazutis, Davide Risso, Piro Lito. Rapid non-uniform adaptation to conformation-specific KRAS G12C inhibition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-A04. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-LB-A04

Mutation in the GRN gene, encoding the progranulin (PGRN) protein, shows a dose-dependent disease correlation, wherein haploinsufficiency results in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and complete loss results in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Although the exact function of PGRN is unknown, it has been increasingly implicated in lysosomal physiology. Here we report that PGRN interacts with the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase (GCase), and is essential for proper GCase activity. GCase activity is significantly reduced in tissue lysates from PGRN-deficient mice. This is further evidence that reduced lysosomal hydrolase activity may be a pathological mechanism in cases of GRN-related FTLD and NCL.

Many applications, such as compact accelerators and electron microscopy, demand high brightness electron beams with small source size and ultralow emittance. Diamond emitters manufactured with semiconductor processes can be employed in such compact beam sources. The micrometer-scale pyramid structure of the emitter allows enhancement of the external field compared to that at the substrate, leading to electron emission with small beam size. We investigate the dependence of the field enhancement on the shape of the emitter and the resulting emission characteristics. The beam formation and dynamics are simulated with the LSP [D. Welch, D. Rose, R. Clark, T. Genoni, and T. Hughes, Comput. Phys. Commun. 164, 183 (2004)] particle-in-cell code to obtain the macroscopic observables. To account for the semiconductor charge transport in the bulk material and the tunneling through the surface, a first-principle semiclassical Monte Carlo emission model is developed and applied to the diamond pyramid. Using this Monte Carlo emission model and the result from the geometric field enhancement calculation, we construct a simple model to qualitatively explain the measured emission characteristics. A comparison between our model and experiments indicates that the beam current is mostly emitted at the apex of the emitter.Many applications, such as compact accelerators and electron microscopy, demand high brightness electron beams with small source size and ultralow emittance. Diamond emitters manufactured with semiconductor processes can be employed in such compact beam sources. The micrometer-scale pyramid structure of the emitter allows enhancement of the external field compared to that at the substrate, leading to electron emission with small beam size. We investigate the dependence of the field enhancement on the shape of the emitter and the resulting emission characteristics. The beam formation and dynamics are simulated with the LSP [D. Welch, D. Rose, R. Clark, T. Genoni, and T. Hughes, Comput. Phys. Commun. 164, 183 (2004)] particle-in-cell code to obtain the macroscopic observables. To account for the semiconductor charge transport in the bulk material and the tunneling through the surface, a first-principle semiclassical Monte Carlo emission model is developed and applied to the diamond pyramid. Using this Monte...

Centromeres serve a critical function in preserving genome integrity across sequential cell divisions, by mediating symmetric chromosome segregation. The repetitive, heterochromatic nature of centromeres is thought to be inhibitory to DNA replication, but has also led to their underrepresentation in human reference genome assemblies. Consequently, centromeres have been excluded from genomic replication timing analyses, leaving their time of replication unresolved. However, the most recent human reference genome, hg38, included models of centromere sequences. To establish the experimental requirements for achieving replication timing profiles for centromeres, we sequenced G1- and S-phase cells from five human cell lines, and aligned the sequence reads to hg38. We were able to infer DNA replication timing profiles for the centromeres in each of the five cell lines, which showed that centromere replication occurs in mid-to-late S phase. Furthermore, we found that replication timing was more variable between cell lines in the centromere regions than expected, given the distribution of variation in replication timing genome-wide. These results suggest the potential of these, and future, sequence models to enable high-resolution studies of replication in centromeres and other heterochromatic regions.

This study aimed to determine the potential impact of an oil spill on intertidal meiofauna at a clean, sandy beach in Korea. This objective was accomplished by examining changes in the structure of meiofaunal assemblages after a controlled oil spill of different concentrations on the beach. The concentration of total petroleum hydrocabon (TPH) in the experimental plots after oil application was expectedly higher for the first 4 d compared to before oil application. The TPH concentrations decreased at a faster rate in the first 4 d, and then progressively. The sharp decline in meiofaunal density in the experimental plots during the first 4 d after the spill might be attributed to the short-term toxic effects of the oil. This suggestion is supported by a significant negative interaction of the TPH on meiofaunal density during the study period. The period of low density of meiofauna also coincided with the maximum concentration of TPH in the sediment. The multivariate indices proved to be highly efficient, showing that samples contaminated with oil had high TPH concentrations, and were partially separated in terms of meiofaunal communities from samples before oil application or samples with low TPH concentrations. The structure of the meiofaunal communities in the experimental plots was similar before and 1 month after oil application. However, the density of meiofauna sharply decreased immediately after oil application in the experiment plots. Furthermore, the meiofaunal density recovered slowly as time passed.

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of benthic invertebrates and their potential food sources, such as suspended particulate organic matter (POM), benthic microalgae, attached algae and seagrass, were identified in Dong-dae Bay during the winter. The carbon stable isotope ratios demonstrate that filter feeders, such as oysters (−19.5 ± 1.0‰), use benthic microalgae (−21.2 ± 0.2‰) as a major food, and polychaetes such as Glycera spp. (−14.0 ± 0.6 ‰) preferentially use meiofauna, such as nematodes (−14.0 ± 0.4‰) and copepods (−13.3 ± 1.0‰). These meiofauna may feed on mixed resources (including bacteria) with the isotope ratios between benthic microalgae (−21.2 ± 0.2‰) and seagrass (−9.3 ± 01.0‰). These findings are consistent with the trophic enrichment in the nitrogen isotope ratios (by 3–4‰) between consumers and food sources. Moreover, the results of the MixSIR model based on the observed isotope ratios suggest a large seagrass contribution to the food sources of benthic organisms such as meiofauna (~53.7–62.6%) and macrobenthos (~41.1–68%) through the food web. This model additionally suggests a relatively large contribution of benthic microalgae to the food sources of filter feeders (i.e. 26.4% for oysters).

Four new species of Pycnophyes are described from Korean waters and the East China Sea. Pycnophyes pardosi n. sp. is distinguished from other congeners by the presence of a single paradorsal seta on segments 2-8 and a pair on segment 9, combined with the presence of longitudinal cuticular thickenings on the dorsal and ventral sides of segment 10. Pycnophyes chalgap n. sp. is easily distinguished by the shape of its midsternal plate with the rounded posterior margin, extending beyond and overlapping half of the following segment. Pycnophyes cristatus n. sp. is recognized by its lack of ventromedial setae on segments 3-6 combined with the presence of pointed middorsal processes that turn progressively longer towards the posterior segments from segment 6. The process on segment 10 is conspicuously long, extending beyond the posterior margin of segment 11. Pycnophyes smaug n. sp. is distinguished by its general scarcity of setae which, with the exception of those in lateroventral positions, only appear in laterodorsal positions on segments 2 and 9 and in ventromedial position on segment 9. The description of four additional species brings the total number of valid kinorhynch species around the Korean Peninsula up to 26.

Stresses such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation and acidification disturb protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and activate the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) to trigger adaptive responses through the effectors, PERK, IRE1 and ATF6. Most of these responses relate to ER homoeostasis; however, here we show that the PERK branch of the UPR also controls DNA replication. Treatment of cells with the non-genotoxic UPR agonist thapsigargin led to a rapid inhibition of DNA synthesis that was attributable to a combination of DNA replication fork slowing and reduced replication origin firing. DNA synthesis inhibition was dependent on the UPR effector PERK and was associated with phosphorylation of the checkpoint adaptor protein Claspin and activation of the Chk1 effector kinase, both of which occurred in the absence of detectable DNA damage. Remarkably, thapsigargin did not inhibit bulk DNA synthesis or activate Chk1 in cells depleted of Claspin, or when Chk1 was depleted or subject to chemical inhibition. In each case thapsigargin-resistant DNA synthesis was due to an increase in replication origin firing that compensated for reduced fork progression. Taken together, our results unveil a new aspect of PERK function and previously unknown roles for Claspin and Chk1 as negative regulators of DNA replication in the absence of genotoxic stress. Because tumour cells proliferate in suboptimal environments, and frequently show evidence of UPR activation, this pathway could modulate the response to DNA replication-targeted chemotherapies.

C9orf72 deficiency in mice leads to age dependent spleen enlargement. Representative images of spleen dissected from 2 month, 5 month and 10 month old WT and C9or72-/- mice are shown. Scale bar = 1 cm. (PDF 217 kb)

List of hits from the SILAC proteomic screen. Proteins with more than 10 peptides and Log2 fold changes (GFP/GFP-C9orf72)

Absence of C9orf72 isoform I in the C9orf72 CRISPR targeted mice. a. Western blot of brain lysates from WT or C9orf72 deficient (KO) mice using various C9orf72 antibodies as indicated. b. Western blot analysis of C9orf72 protein levels in wild type (WT) and C9orf72 knockout (KO) mouse tissues with anti-C9-L antibodies. (PDF 147Â kb)

Specimens of the rare priapulid genus Meiopriapulus were collected near Jeju Island, Korea. Trunk lengths of adult specimens ranged between 1.92 mm and 3.38 mm, whereas putative juvenile specimens were smaller, measuring 1.10 m and 1.30 mm. Adult specimens have a head consisting of an eversible pharynx with 16 to 21 rings of regular pharyngeal teeth and two additional basal rings with modified teeth, and an introvert with 3 rings of sensory scalids and ca. 19 to 22 rings of locomotory scalids. About 13 to 14 irregular rings of trunk scalids are present on the anterior part of the trunk, and a single ring with 32 to 38 preanal hooks is located near the posterior end. Comparison with previous descriptions suggests that the recorded specimens are identical with M. fijiensis, and allows us conclude that specimens of the genus that formerly were collected for molecular sequencing at this locality belong to M. fijiensis as well. Examination of juvenile specimens revealed new information about postembryonic development within the species. Rings of pharyngeal teeth are added during development from a zone in the anterior part of the everted pharynx. Also the numbers of scale-like cover elements on the ornamented sensory scalids increase during development, as well as the numbers of locomotory scalids and trunk scalids. Juvenile morphology has not previously been described in detail from other populations of M. fijiensis, and future studies may reveal differences that would justify a distinction between several species within the genus. In addition to the morphological data, molecular sequence data of COI from 6 specimens and 18S rRNA from 3 specimens has been made available and deposited in GenBank for future molecular taxonomic studies.

Meristoderes is the most recently described kinorhynch genus and has until now only accommodated its type species M. macracanthus from the Mediterranean and M. galatheae from the Solomon Islands in Southeast Asia. The present contribution is an account on the genus based on samples from the ongoing exploration of the kinorhynch fauna in coastal and subtidal waters around in the Korean Peninsula. The samples yielded no less than five new species of Meristoderes, of which four are formally described herein, whereas only diagnostic notes are provided for the fifth. The descriptions are supplemented with a key to species of the genus, and morphological notes on the organization of cephalic structures and cuticular trunk structures. New morphological findings include intrageneric variation in the composition of the terminal segment, which may have either one unpaired or two paired tergal plates. The data also show that the differentiation of a tergal and sternal plate in segment 2 varies greatly between the species. Results of the present study indicate that the genus probably holds a significant, unrecovered biodiversity, but the data also shed light on potential future taxonomic problems among genera of Echinoderidae and stress the importance of identifying additional diagnostic traits to define Meristoderes.

ΔNp63α is a p63 isoform that is predominantly expressed in the epidermal stem cells and in cancer. To find the regulatory pathways of ΔNp63α, we assessed whether ΔNp63α is acetylated and determined the functional implications of acetylation. First, the hinge region of p63 was shown to be acetylated by PCAF, similarly to other p53 family members. Second, acetylation synergistically induced cytoplasmic localization of ΔNp63α. Finally, acetyl-ΔNp63α was induced during high-density culture, suggesting that acetylation of ΔNp63α may reinforce cell cycle arrest upon cell contact. Altogether, these findings suggest that acetylation of ΔNp63α contributes to the epidermal homeostasis.Structured summary of protein interactionsPCAF acetylates ΔNp63α by acetylation assay (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3)ΔNp63α physically interacts with ΔNp63α by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)ΔNp63α physically interacts with p53 by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)

The community structure of meiobenthos was studied at 16 stations within sandy tidal and subtidal zones in Jangbongdo in the Yellow Sea, Korea from Aug. 2006 to Jan. 2007. Meiobenthic organisms were collected by three core samples, with a 3.6 ㎝ diameter, from each sediment sample taken with a Smith-McIntyre Grab. Mean grain size of study stations ranged from 1.49φ to 3.55φ. Composition of sand ranged from 80.38% to 99.89%. There was reduction in total abundance and biomass of meiobenthos from summer to winter. Total densities of meiofauna ranged between 17 inds./10 ㎠ and 853 inds./10 ㎠. Nematodes, gastrotricha, nauplius and harpacticoids appeared as major taxa in decreasing order. This study shows that major taxa comprised 90 percent of total abundance. Most meiofaunal organisms are concentrated in the upper sediment layers and the total abundance and biomass of organisms in the tidal zone is higher than the subtidal zone.