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This study was to determine the effects of the mixture of glycerol monolaurate and cinnamaldehyde (GCM) supplementation on the intestinal morphology, immunity, antioxidant status and cecal microbiota of laying hens. A total of 1,120 healthy laying hens (Jingfen-1 strain) at the age of 14 wk were randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 replicates of 28 layers in each and layers were fed diets containing 0 (control group), or 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg GCM for 12 wk. The results showed that dietary supplementation with GCM significantly increased intestinal villus height and villus height/crypt depth, duodenal villus area, total superoxide disumutase activities in the liver and jejunum, jejunal glutathione peroxidase activities while decreased duodenal and jejunal crypt depth, hydrogen peroxide content in the liver and jejunal malondialdehyde content of laying hens aging 28 wk (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, GCM addition significantly increased serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M concentration of layers at the age of 20, 24, and 28 wk (P < 0.05). Moreover, it was observed in the 16S rRNA sequencing that the addition of GCM elevated the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in laying hens. The predominant bacteria from each group were Bacteroidota and Firmicutes at the phylum level and Bacteroides and Lactobacillus were the dominant genera. The composition and structure of cecal microflora were changed by the addition of GCM to the diet of laying hens. In conclusion, the addition of GCM (500–1,000 mg/kg diet) can improve intestinal morphology, immune function, intestinal and liver antioxidant status and intestinal flora of laying hens, thereby improving intestinal digestion and absorption capacity. These findings provide a new way to further explore the mechanism of GCM improving intestinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavored e-liquid use has become popular among e-cigarette users recently, but the effects of such products outside the lung are not well characterized. In this work, acute exposure to the popular flavoring cinnamaldehyde (CIN) was performed on human proximal tubule (HK-2) kidney cells. Cells were exposed to 0–100 µM CIN for 24–48 h and cellular stress responses were assessed. Mitochondrial viability via MTT assay was significantly decreased at 20 µM for 24 and 48 h exposure. Seahorse XFp analysis showed significantly decreased mitochondrial energy output at 20 µM by 24 h exposure, in addition to significantly reduced ATP Synthase expression. Seahorse analysis also revealed significantly decreased glycolytic function at 20 µM by 24 h exposure, suggesting inability of glycolytic processes to compensate for reduced mitochondrial energy output. Cleaved caspase-3 expression, a mediator of apoptosis, was significantly increased at the 24 h mark. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression, a mediator of ER-induced apoptosis, was induced by 48 h and subsequently lost at the highest concentration of 100 µM. This decrease was accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in its downstream target cleaved caspase-3 at the 48 h mark. The autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B light chain 3 (LC3B-I and LC3B-II) expression was significantly increased at 100 µM by 24 h. Autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) protein and mitophagy-related proteins PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and PARKIN expression were significantly reduced at 24 and 48 h exposure. These results indicate acute exposure to CIN in the kidney HK-2 model induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular stress responses. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an edible composite film with pH-responsive release was prepared by the formation of Schiff-base imine bonds between chitosan (CS) and oxidized fucoidan (CS–FU) and encapsulating cinnamaldehyde (CA). Fourier-transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography confirmed the formation of CS–FU. The result showed that, oxidation degree of FU, degrees of substitution, average molecular weight and yield of CS–FU were 25.57 %, 10.48 %, 23.3094 kDa and 45.63 ± 0.64 %, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that CA was encapsulated within the CS–FU matrix. Increasing the CA content could improve the mechanical properties and ultraviolet and visible-light resistances of the CS–FU coating films but enhance their water vapor permeabilities. The release of CA increased as the pH decreased, and the antibacterial rate at pH 5 was 2.3-fold higher than that at pH 7, indicating good pH-responsive release and antibacterial properties in mildly acidic environments. Owing to their excellent properties, the CA/CS–FU-0.1 coating films maintained the appearance and quality indices of litchis for at least eight days. Hence, multifunctional composite coating films are prospective eco-friendly and intelligently responsive controlled-release packaging materials for fruit preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amalgamation of an appropriate cocatalyst is a proficient technique to expand the efficacy of precious Pt-based catalytic materials. In this study, Mo 2 N–TiO 2 with regularly distributed Mo 2 N particles were simply prepared for the deposition of precious Pt nanoparticles (NPs). Numerous techniques were implemented to thoroughly explore, how synthesis method influence the bulk structural, interfacial and cata1ytic features of the as-prepared 3 wt%Pt/TiO 2 and 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 catalytic materials. The catalytic results obviously show that the 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 catalyst has exceptional hydrogenation performance when compared to 3 wt%Pt/TiO 2 catalyst. The 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 catalyst displayed high conversion (72.4 %) of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) with a maximum selectivity (82.1 %) towards C O bond. The excellent hydrogenation performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction taking place between Pt NPs and Mo 2 N entities of 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2. Also, the enhanced standardized dispersal of Pt NPs on the Mo 2 N–TiO 2 surface causes more exposed Pt0 sites on the 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 surface, which is productive for the improved activation and conversion of C O bond of CAL to yield COL. In addition, the 3 wt%Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 catalyst retained its higher catalytic activity for consecutive five successive rounds without substantial loss in either conversion or selectivity. [Display omitted] • Mo 2 N–TiO 2 were synthesized through one pot synthetic procedure. • Pt NPs was uniformly dispersed over Mo 2 N–TiO 2 by a simple polyol method. • The Pt/Mo 2 N–TiO 2 catalyst exhibits good catalytic activity for CAL hydrogenation. • Pt has synergistic effect with Mo 2 N for the selective hydrogenation of CAL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NiSi intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were prepared via an arc-melting method. • The NiSi IMCs show high activity for hydrogenation and oxidation of cinnamaldehyde. • The NiSi IMCs can be used for 5 runs without deactivation for both transformations. • The Si vacancy and NiO x species account for the dual functions of the NiSi IMCs. • The IMCs structure leads to the excellent stability of the NiSi IMCs. Intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are promising catalysts for upgrading biomass-derived platform chemicals. Herein, bifunctional NiSi IMCs catalysts were developed for the hydrogenation and oxidation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL). A solvent-free arc-melting method was employed for the synthesis of NiSi IMCs within 5 min. The NiSi IMCs catalysts afforded 99 % conversion of CAL and presented ∼ 71 % yield of 2-phenyl propanol and ∼ 34 % yield of benzaldehyde for the hydrogenation and base-free oxidation of CAL, respectively. Moreover, NiSi IMCs could be used for five runs without deactivation. Characterizations and theoretical calculation results indicated the formation of intermetallic structure and the existence of Si vacancy sites, which could not only facilitate the efficient hydrogenation of CAL but also expose NiO x species as catalytic centers for the oxidation of CAL, leading to the high performance and stability in both hydrogenation and oxidation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cinnamaldehyde inhibited CWCs browning via different pathways. • Comprehensive exploration of the mechanism of action of cinnamaldehyde on CWCs. • Carefully evaluate changes in CWCs in storage. The quality of fresh-cut Chinese water chestnuts (CWCs) rapidly deteriorates with prolonged storage time, thus affecting its commercial value. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cinnamaldehyde (CA) treatment on the quality of fresh-cut CWCs and its mechanism of action. CA treatment maintained good appearance and higher total soluble solids content (TSS) of fresh-cut CWCs and also significantly inhibited microbial proliferation, respiration, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) and enzymatic browning substance content. Moreover, CA treatment increased the antioxidant capacity and defense function-related enzyme activities (PPO and POD) of fresh-cut CWCs, and suppressed ·OH production rate and MDA content. Meanwhile, CA treatment significantly increased the content of antioxidant compounds and enzyme activities of the AsA-GSH cycle system. In conclusion, CA can inhibit surface discoloration of fresh-cut CWCs and extend their shelf life, thus increasing their commercial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic antimicrobials have been questioned by consumers; thus, natural antimicrobials have emerged as an alternative. However, their use is limited by their low miscibility in high-moisture foods. The objective of this work was to formulate and characterize microparticles of cinnamaldehyde (E -CIN) and vanillin (E-VA) using whey protein concentrate (WPC), and to assess the effect of the encapsulation on the inactivation of L. innocua in a protein beverage. The concentration of WPC (1:1 or 2:1) in the E -CIN did not affect the droplet size and stability, thus the 1:1 ratio was selected. On the contrary, in E -VA increasing WPC concentration (2:1) reduced the droplet size, increasing stability. E -CIN presented greater antimicrobial activity than the unemulsified CIN. E-CIN (1.0 g/L) showed the greatest antimicrobial activity with 3.5 log cycles reduction of L. innocua. While vanillin encapsulation had an insignificant effect on the antimicrobial activity, reducing 1.0 log cycles of L. innocua. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde was more effective than vanillin, and the encapsulation with WPC increased its antimicrobial activity. Further research is necessary to improve the stability and the antimicrobial activity of vanillin microparticles. This work proposes an alternative to replace synthetic antimicrobials with natural antimicrobials of plant origin. It is based on solving the problem of the low miscibility of hydrophobic antimicrobials such as cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon oil) and vanillin, to incorporate them into foods with high moisture content. This information could be useful for the beverage and juice industry, as encapsulated natural antimicrobials can be used to obtain high-quality, fresh, clean label products. Additionally, extending the shelf life of the product can be advantageous for commercialization purposes. • Hydrophobic natural antimicrobials were encapsulated with whey protein concentrate. • Whey protein concentration affected only the stability of the vanillin formulations. • Emulsification of cinnamaldehyde improved antimicrobial activity against Listeria. • Vanillin encapsulation had no effect on antimicrobial activity. • Encapsulation was a good strategy to improve miscibility, thus antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pesticide nanocapsules (PNs) were prepared by a facile and green preparation process. • PNs have desirable physicochemical properties. • PNs show an improved biological activity and duration. • PNs can destroy cell membranes and synergistically eradicate pathogens. • PNs reduce the pesticide toxicity to non-targets. The low utilization efficiency of pesticides poses a significant challenge to the sustainable development of agriculture. The nanocapsule-based pesticide delivery systems combine the advantages of nanotechnology and advanced materials to achieve on-demand and accurately targeted release. Herein, a facile and universal strategy was used to fabricate photosensitive pesticide nanocapsules using a versatile imine polymer derived from cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and ε-poly-L-lysine (PLL). Characterization results demonstrated that the nanocapsules prepared under optimal conditions exhibited uniform sizes (200–400 nm) and high encapsulation efficiency (>90 %). Photodegradation experiments revealed a significant increase of half-lives (7.21–55.57 times) under UV irradiation for the different pesticide nanocapsules. Furthermore, the pesticide nanocapsules demonstrated a high biological activity and excellent physicochemical properties, including pH-responsive release, maximum retention, and rain erosion resistance. The results of the mechanistic studies on the increased biological activity indicated that the nanocapsules could be adsorbed on the surface of target pathogenic cells and then released CIN and PLL, destroying the integrity of the cell membrane, and synergistically and effectively eradicating the pathogen with pesticide. Additionally, nanocapsules exhibited lower toxicity to zebrafish and genetic toxicity to Vicia faba than pesticide technical. Therefore, stimuli-responsive nanocapsules based on imide polymer have broad application prospects in the field of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for paper-based packaging materials as an alternative to incumbent disposable petroleum-derived polymers for food packaging applications is ever-growing. However, typical paper-based formats are not suitable for use in unconventional applications due to inherent limitations (e.g., excessive hydrophilicity, lack antimicrobial ability), and accordingly, enabling new capabilities is necessity. Herein, a simple and environmentally friendly strategy was proposed to introduce antimicrobial and hydrophobic functions to cellulose paper through successive chemical grafting of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and cinnamaldehyde (CA). The results revealed that cellulose paper not only showed long-term antibacterial effect on different bacteria, but also inhibited a wide range of fungi. Encouragingly, the modified paper, which is fluorine-free, displays a high contact angle of 119.7°. Thus, even in the wet state, the modified paper can still maintain good mechanical strength. Meanwhile, the multifunctional composite papers have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Compared with ordinary cellulose paper, multifunctional composite paper can effectively prolong the shelf life of strawberries. Therefore, the multifunctional composite paper represents good application potential as a fruit packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Core-shell structured NPs that consisted of Pt cores and Sn shells were prepared. • The partial coverage of Pt by Sn facilitated their adsorption of C O bonds. • The strong Pt-Sn interaction is responsible for the enhanced performance. The selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) to prepare cinnamyl alcohol (COL) is challenging as the unwanted hydrogenation of C C bond in CAL is thermodynamically more favorable than the hydrogenation of C O bond. We herein designed core–shell structured nanoparticles (NPs) that consisted of Pt cores and Sn shells to catalyze the CAL to COL conversion. By simply changing the amount of Sn precursor, we generated Pt@Sn NPs with different Sn shell thickness and catalytic performance. Among the samples, Pt@Sn/SiO 2 with Pt/Sn of 1/1 achieved the highest CAL conversion (87.2 %) as well as the COL selectivity (95.4 %), which were 5-fold and 6-fold, respectively, higher than those of Pt/SiO 2. This catalyst was also applicable to the hydrogenation of other α, β-unsaturated aldehyde and unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Both experiments and theoretical calculations indicated that the strong Pt-Sn interaction and the partial coverage of Pt by Sn facilitated their adsorption of C O bonds, thus enhancing the conversion of CAL and the selectivity towards COL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde (CA), the main active constituent of cinnamon oil, is reported to have neuroprotective effects. However, the potential benefits of CA for brain protection in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are still not understood. Thus, the present study investigates the possible ameliorative effect of CA (70 mg/kg/day, I.P.) either alone or in combination with lactulose (Lac) (5.3 g/kg/day, oral) against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats. For induction of HE, TAA (200 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered for 1 week at alternative days. CA, Lac and Lac+CA were administered for 14 days prior to and for further 7 days together with TAA injection. CA, Lac and Lac+CA combination effectively attenuated TAA-induced HE; as indicated by the improvement in behavioral tests, mitigation of pathological abnormalities in both liver and brain, the significant reduction in serum hyperammonemia and amelioration in liver function biomarkers; ALT and AST. This was accompanied with a substantial restoration of redox state in liver and brain; MDA and GSH levels. Moreover, CA, Lac and Lac+CA combination reduced neuroinflammation as demonstrated by the notable attenuation of P2X7R, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, GFAP and Iba1 brain levels, as well as the amelioration of brain edema as manifested by reduction in AQP4 levels in brain. Our study has demonstrated that CA in combination with Lac possesses a superior neuroprotective effect over Lac alone against TAA-induced HE by attenuation of P2X7R/NLRP3 mediated neuroinflammation and relieving brain edema. [Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde (CA)/lactulose (Lac) combination therapy has a neuroprotective activity against acute hepatic encephalopathy. • CA/Lac combination therapy alleviates hyperammonemia-induced cognitive/motor deficits and brain edema. • CA/Lac combination therapy attenuates P2X7R/NLRP3 mediated neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible films with modulated release of antimicrobial agents are important for food preservation. Herein, antimicrobial edible films were prepared using whey protein (WP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HM) as polymer matrix materials and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) as antimicrobial agent. The mass ratios of WP and HM were 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100. The release kinetics of CIN through the film was studied, applying the Fickian model, power law and Weibull model. The films were also characterized by physical and structural characteristics, and antibacterial activity. In comparison to other films, the CIN-loaded film with a WP/HM ratio of 50/50 had better moisture resistance, water vapor barrier properties and mechanical properties. High correlation factors were obtained by fitting the CIN release data with the power law (R 2 > 0.96) and Weibull model (R 2 > 0.97). The diffusion mechanism of CIN was pseudo-Fickian. The diffusion coefficients (D 1 and D 2) had a positive linear relationship with the HM ratio, suggesting that a high HM ratio was beneficial to the CIN release. Finally, the WH50-C film was successfully used to preserve Mongolian cheese. This research provides a new perspective on the design of active packaging film with sustained-release characteristics. • Antibacterial edible films of WP/HM incorporated with CIN were developed. • The CIN release kinetics was studied using the Fickian, power law and Weibull model. • The diffusion mechanism of CIN was observed to follow pseudo-Fickian diffusion. • The release of CIN was dependent on the WP/HM ratio in the film. • The WH50-C film with better characteristics was effective in preserving Mongolian cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Co-based catalysts are prepared via calcination and reduction of Co-Al-contained hydrotalcites. • Reduction condition of Co 2 Al catalyst was optimized for good selectivity of C=O hydrogenation. • Co2+ species as Lewis acid site prefers to activate and hydrogenate the C=O bond. • Small-size metallic Co site promotes the hydrogen activation and dissociation. • Water as the solvent or additive facilitates the production of cinnamyl alcohol. Non-noble metal-catalyzed selective C O hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to corresponding alcohols is chemically atom economic and practically feasible. This work reports hydrotalcite-derived Co-based catalysts for catalyzing aqueous phase selective hydrogenation reaction of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol. The structure characterizations demonstrate the phase transition from hydrotalcite to co-existed CoO x and metallic Co0 in the optimal Co 2 Al-H 2 -400 catalyst. It exhibits superior catalytic activity and selectivity relative to other as-obtained Co catalysts, because of the synergy effect of Co2+ sites to promote the adsorptive activation of C O group and small-size Co0 sites to facilitate the activating dissociation of hydrogen. Furthermore, the catalytic role of water has also been explored. Adopting water as pure solvent and partially adding water into organic solvent can both effectively enhance the activity and selectivity. Such reaction environment may induce creation of more intermolecular hydrogen bonds for promoting the hydrogen transfer and thus boosting the hydrogenation reaction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CIN restricted the interaction between oxygen agents and oil droplets. • CIN improved the uniformity of emulsion droplets and the antioxidation of oil. • CIN/β-CD composite improved the bioaccessibility of α-tocopherol. • CIN/β-CD Pickering emulsion was an excellent delivery system. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) Pickering emulsion and cinnamaldehyde/β-cyclodextrin (CIN/β-CD) Pickering emulsion were prepared and the influences of oxidation and digestion were investigated. CIN/β-CD composite was better dispersed at the oil–water interface than β-CD. Hydrophobic group of CIN anchored in the oil phase and Hydrophilic hydroxyl group of β-CD extended into the aqueous phase, which allowed CIN/β-CD composite to be oriented at the oil–water interface and formed a more stable oil–water interface layer. β-CD Pickering emulsion was more susceptible to oxidative deterioration than CIN/β-CD Pickering emulsion, its malondialdehyde (MDA) value was as high as 509.41 ± 9.37 nmol/L. Digestion experiment indicated that CIN/β-CD Pickering emulsion was released inner oil phase in the small intestine and free fatty acid (FFA) release rate was 44.32 ± 1.08%. Pharmacokinetic parameters manifested that α-tocopherol peak concentration (C max) was 64.32 ± 6.45 mg/L and the peak time (T max) appeared at 5 h after administration of CIN/β-CD Pickering emulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybutylene succinate (PBS) film containing spherical lignin nanoparticles (LNP) and natural agents (NA) such as vanillin (VAN), trans -cinnamaldehyde (CIN), and citral (CIT) was produced via blown film extrusion. The effect of the substance on controlled release qualities and inhibitory action against tropical fruit diseases in the vapor phase was investigated. Solvent extraction results revealed that PBS/LNP/NA composite films have a greater remaining content of each active agent than PBS/NA films. The morphology, mechanical properties, and barrier properties of the PBS/LNP/NA composite films were influenced by the lignin and natural agents. The release behavior of natural agents released into the headspace was appropriately described by mathematical models, with diffusion mainly dependent on NA concentration. According to the diffusion coefficient, PBS/LNP/NA films have a slow and steady constant release into a food matrix. Trans -cinnamaldehyde exhibited the fastest migration, followed by vanillin and citral, with diffusion coefficients ranging from 10−9 to 10−13 m2/s. Furthermore, the composite films were found to exhibit improved antifungal efficacy against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in the vapor phase. The results show that the biodegradable PBS/LNP/NA film could potentially be used as active packaging to extend the shelf life of tropical fruits. • Active films are produced by PBS-loaded LNP and natural agents (NA) via blown film extrusion. • LNP enhanced the remaining contents of NA after processing by solvent extraction. • The controlled release of NA in the vapor phase was described in Fick's second law. • The release behavior of PBS, LNP, and NA films showed slow, constant release. • PBS/LNP/CIN film exhibited antifungal activity in the vapor phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle-filled films were fabricated as smart and active packaging materials to monitor and preserve the freshness of foods (fish). Antisolvent precipitation was used to produce zein nanoparticles containing anthocyanin in their hydrophobic cores and cinnamaldehyde on their surfaces. These nanoparticles were then coated with a layer of carrageenan, resulting in the formation of anthocyanin-zein-cinnamaldehyde-carrageenan (AZCC) composite nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering, electrophoresis, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the properties of these composite nanoparticles. The particles formed were spherical and had relatively small diameters (563 nm) and high negative charges (−24.6 mV). The particles were mainly held together by hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. The impact of nanoparticle concentration on the physical, structural, and functional properties of nano-composite films was investigated. Increasing the nanoparticle concentration led to changes in the opacity (17.42 A mm−1), microstructure, thermal stability (65.3%), and antioxidant activity of the films, as evaluated through DPPH (48.39%) and ABTS (92.77%) assays. The changes in color (S Lab : 16.98%–85.98%) of the nanoparticle-loaded films was sensitive to pH and ammonia content, which meant that they could be used as quality sensors. The release of anthocyanins from the films depended on the polarity of the model food they were in contact with. Optimized films significantly extended the freshness of Mandarin fish, resulting in a 13.3% reduction in total volatile base-nitrogen levels, which highlights their potential for monitoring and controlling the freshness of packaged foods. [Display omitted] • Nanoparticles-filled film was developed by antisolvent precipitation and solvent casting method. • Nanoparticles-filled film can simultaneously prevent food spoilage and detect freshness. • Nanoparticles enhance the physical properties and antioxidant activities of the films. • Carrageenan shell serves to protect the active substances and regulate their release. • The color of the nanoparticles-filled film varies with changes in environmental pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to investigate the effect of cinnamaldehyde on intestinal structure of Anguilla japonica. About 360 000 Anguilla japonica with an average weight of (4.56±0.02) g were selected and randomly divided into control group and test group, with three replicates in each group and 60 000 fish in each replicate. The control group was fed basic diet, the experimental group was fed 250 mg/kg cinnamaldehyde on basis of control group. HE staining and microscopic observation were used to compare the structural differences of intestinal tract between two groups. The experimental period was 30 d. The results showed that the muscle thickness of fish intestine in experimental group was significantly increased, the number and height of villi in foregut and midgut in experimental group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). The branching structure of the villi was also improved, the number of goblet cells in foregut and midgut of experimental group was significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.05). The study indicates that cinnamaldehyde can effectively improve the structure and morphology of foregut and midgut of Anguilla japonica, and reduce the occurrence of inflammation, but the effect on hindgut is relatively limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a natural compound that has promising biological activity. The current study investigates the antitumor activity of CA in thioacetamide induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats through targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and evaluates the capability of CA to relieve hepatocytes oxidative stress in the HCC-rat model. After 16 weeks of HCC induction by thioacetamide (TAA), rats were treated for 7 consecutive weeks with CA daily; i.p. injection, Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, necroinflammatory score and fibrosis percentage were measured to assess HCC development. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway was evaluated by measuring the hepatic protein level of Wnt-3a, β-catenin, cyclin D, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, hepatocytes' oxidative stress was assessed by measuring hepatic GSH and MDA contents. Results showed that CA was significantly inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through the downregulation of hepatic Wnt-3a, β-catenin, cyclin D, MMP-9, and VEGF. Moreover, CA ameliorates hepatocytes' oxidative stress via lowering hepatic MDA content and rising hepatic GSH content. Thus, in conclusion, CA is a promising treatment for HCC. It not only has an effective antitumor activity but also ameliorates hepatocytes' oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The larvicidal activity of cinnamon oil and its main component, cinnamaldehyde, was compared with their nano-emulsions (NEs) against Culex pipiens mosquito larvae. Oil-in-water (O/W) NEs preparation was based on the coarse emulsion followed by high-energy ultra-sonication. The droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, zeta potential, and pH of NEs were investigated. The droplet sizes of the NEs were 95.67 nm for cinnamon oil and 174.59 nm for cinnamaldehyde. The NEs recorded high negative zeta potentials (-30.0 and -21.20 for cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde, respectively). The larvicidal activity results showed that the cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 94.46 and 72.91 mg/l for T and NE, respectively) had higher activities than cinnamon oil (LC50 = 154.08 and 123.13 mg/l for T and NE, respectively) after 24 h of exposure against C. pipiens larvae. These results proved that NE formulation enhanced the activity of tested compounds against larvae. The in vitro effect on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) were demonstrated, and the data proved that the NEs formulations were higher than their pure compounds. Non-formulated cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde caused 17.26% and 30.83% of AChE, respectively, while their NEs caused 46.40% and 60.59% inhibition. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies indicated that the affinity binding of cinnamaldehyde on AChE and GABA-T was higher than ATPase. This work describes bio-products with potential use against C. pipiens larvae as eco-friendly products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the best preparation method of Bagui Zhitong cream, to determine the best matrix formulation, and to investigate the effect of different Penetration Enhancers on in vitro Transdermal Permeation of Bagui Zhitong Cream. Methods: We prepared Bagui Zhitong Cream with different concentrations of penetration enhancer of azone. Modified Franz diffusion cell was adopted using mouse skin of isolated male rat as transdermal barrier. The content of Cinnamaldehyde was determined by UPLC. The accumulative transdermal amount (Q)and percutaneous permeability (J)were calculated and compared between different concentrations of BaGui Zhitong cream to select the best concentration of Penetration Enhancers. Results: Different concentrations of azone promoted Cinnamaldehyde in vitro permeation in different degrees, the order of promoting infiltration was as follows: 5% azone > 3% azone > 7% azone > 1% azone > 10% azone. Through the multiple comparison, the difference had statistical significance (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In Bagui Zhitong cream containing 1% azone, 3% azone, 5% azone, 7% azone and 10% azone, 5% azone as penetration enhancer has the best effect in Bagui Zhitong Cream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of cinnamaldehyde (CALD) to Cinnamyl alcohol (CALC) over a Pt/SiO2 catalyst was investigated. To achieve maximum CALC production, the historical data design of using a response surface methodology (RSM) experimental design was applied to Correlate and optimize the operation process variables (i.e., catalyst amount, 0.1-0.3 g; reaction temperature, 70-110 °C; pressure, 20-40 bar; and reaction time, 30-360 min) for the CALD conversion and selectivity for CALC. The obtained experimental values of the conversion and selectivity were in good agreement with those predicted by a second-order quadratic model, indicating the suitability of the model to estimate the conversion and selectivity. The maximum CALD conversion and selectivity for CALC were 98.905% and 80.295%, respectively, at the following conditions: temperature, 75.96 °C; pressure, 20.11 bar; catalyst amount, 0.19 g; and reaction time, 296.59 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor cells with innate oxidative stress are more susceptible to exogenous ROS-mediated oxidative damage than normal cells. However, the generated ROS could be scavenged by the overexpressed GSH in cancer cells, thus causing greatly restricted efficiency of ROS-mediated antitumor therapy. Herein, using cinnamaldehyde (CA) as a ROS generator while β-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) as a GSH scavenger, we designed a tumor-targeted oxidative stress nanoamplifier to elevate intracellular ROS level and synchronously suppress antioxidant systems, for thorough redox imbalance and effective tumor cells killing. First, an amphiphilic acid-sensitive cinnamaldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid conjugates (HA-CA) were synthesized, which could self-assemble into nano-assembly in aqueous media via strong hydrophobic interaction and π-π stacking. Then, aromatic PEITC was appropriately encapsulated into HA-CA nano-assembly to obtain HA-CA/PEITC nanoparticles. Through enhanced permeability retention (EPR) effect and specific CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis, HA-CA/PEITC nanoparticles could accumulate in tumor tissues and successfully release CA and PEITC under acidic lysosomal environment. Both in vitro and in vivo results showed that the nanoparticles could efficiently boost oxidative stress of tumor cells via generating ROS and depleting GSH, and finally achieve superior antitumor efficacy. This nanoamplifier with good biosafety provides a potential strategy to augment ROS generation and suppress GSH for enhanced oxidation therapy. • The tumor-targeted hyaluronic acid-based nanoamplifier was developed. • The nanoamplifier was efficiently cleaved under acidic lysosomal environment. • The nanoamplifier could utilize CA and β-PEITC for enhanced ROS-mediated oxidation. • The nanoamplifier could augment ROS generation and suppress antioxidant systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder related to blood insulin deficiency and high glucose level. Cinnamaldehyde is an important component of cinnamon and has an effect on blood glucose. It was aimed to investigate the the effect of cinnamaldehyde on the liver glutathione (GSH), glucose-6-phosphate dehidrogenase (G6PD) activity, blood glucose, protein, lipid and erythrocyte parameters, live weight in diabetic rats. Rat used for this research were divided 4 group as control, diabetic, cinnamaldehyde and diabetic + cinnamaldehyde group. The live weight and fasting blood glucose level, taken from tail vein were recorded every ten days. End of the trail the blood samples were taken from rats. Biochemical parameters with autoanalyzer and hematological parameters with blood cell counter were determined in blood. The activity of G6PD and GSH amounts were measured with ELISA in the liver tissues. Blood sugar, triglyceride, total cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, and urea levels increased in diabetic rats, and cinnemaldehyde significantly decreased these parameters. Cinnemaldehyde also showed a positive effect on body weight, blood total protein, and mean corpuscular volume in diabetes. A decrease in HbA1c and an increase in liver G6PD, GSH activity were found in treatment group, but these changes were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of cinnamaldehyde were determined. It has also been shown to improve anaemia, ürea levels and weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To reveal the antibacterial mechanism of the combination of thymol and cinnamaldehyde to Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 on autoclaved chicken breast. Methods and Results: In this study, L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 on autoclaved chicken breast was exposed to the stress of 125 μg/ml thymol and 125 μg/ml cinnamaldehyde, and transcriptome analysis was used to reveal the crucial antibacterial mechanism. According to the results, 1303 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Treated by thymol and cinnamaldehyde in combination, pyrimidine and branched‐chain amino acid biosynthesis of L. monocytogenes were thwarted which impairs its nucleic acid biosynthesis and intracellular metabolism. The up‐regulated DEGs involved in membrane composition and function contributed to membrane repair. Besides, pyruvate catabolism and TCA cycle were restrained which brought about the disturbance of amino acid metabolism. ABC transporters were also perturbed, for instance, the uptake of cysteine, D‐methionine, and betaine was activated, while the uptake of vitamin, iron, and carnitine was repressed. Thus, L. monocytogenes tended to activate PTS, glycolysis, glycerol catabolism, and pentose phosphate pathways to obtain energy to adapt to the hostile condition. Noticeably, DEGs involved in virulence factors were totally down‐regulated, including genes devoted to encoding flagella, chemotaxis, biofilm formation, internalin as well as virulence gene clusters. Conclusions: The combination of thymol and cinnamaldehyde is effective to reduce the survival and potential virulence of L. monocytogenes on autoclaved chicken breast. Significance and Impact of Study: This work contributes to providing theoretical information for the application and optimization of thymol and cinnamaldehyde in ready‐to‐eat meat products to inhibit L. monocytogenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases are the most disturbing problem throughout the world. The side effects of existing drugs are continuously compelling scientists to look for some better options in terms of safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Moving in this direction, we used cinnamaldehyde and quercetin combination to see its cardioprotective effect in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats. Experimental animals were randomly divided into six groups: (I) normal saline (0.1 mL/kg, p.o.) treated group; (II) isoproterenol (ISO, 85 mg/kg, s.c.) treated group; (III—V) cinnamaldehyde (90 mg/kg/day, p.o.), quercetin (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and their combination [cinnamaldehyde (45 mg/kg/day, p.o) + quercetin (25 mg/kg/day, p.o.)] treated groups, respectively; (VI) per se group of the combination. Drugs were administered as a single daily dose for 15 days, with isoproterenol on 14th and 15th day of experiment. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last dosing, and various parameters were estimated. Subcutaneous administration of ISO in rats caused increase in cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA), CK-MB and LDH concentration as well as decreased glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase content. ISO administration further increased the expression of NF-kB and cleaved caspase 3. The level of these parameters was significantly reversed toward normal. The treatment with cinnamaldehyde + ISO and quercetin + ISO reduced the infarct size (p < 0.001), whereas cinnamaldehyde + quercetin + ISO exhibited better reduction in infarcted area (P > 0.001) than the treatment with cinnamaldehyde and quercetin individually and in combination. Thus, cinnamaldehyde and quercetin taken individually showed cardioprotection, but a combination of half their doses gave better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Root rot caused by Fusarium solani is an important disease seriously affecting the yield and quality of Astragalus membranaceus. Therefore, this study was performed to elucidate the antifungal activities and mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde treatment against F. solani and its control effect for A. membranaceus root rot. Methods and Results: Cinnamaldehyde significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of F. solani in dose‐dependent, and the median effective concentration was 178.68 μl l−1. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy, propidium iodide staining, cell leakage experiments and ergosterol quantitation illuminated that cinnamaldehyde could alter the mycelial morphology, damage the plasma membrane and hinder the biosynthesis of ergosterol. Besides, cinnamaldehyde induced the generation of reactive oxygen species by synergistically upregulating the genes encoded subunits for NADPH oxidase. The disease suppression efficacy of 600 μl l−1 cinnamaldehyde against A. membranaceus root rot was 92.98 ± 6.08% (p < 0.05) under greenhouse conditions. Conclusions: This study proved that cinnamaldehyde could markedly inhibit the growth of F. solani in vitro and effectively suppress the occurrence of A. membranaceus root rot, perhaps by inducing oxidative damage, which results in the distortion of F. solani, and the destruction of cell membrane integrity and permeability. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study first explores the antifungal mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde against F. solani in vivo and vitro, thereby providing a promising candidate for disease biocontrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Essential oils (EOs) are extensively used in swine production because of their bioactive action in gut health. In addition, some EOs have the potential to reduce waste emission. The present study aimed to find an optimal combination of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde to promote nitrogen utilization and reduce waste emission by a model in vitro and an animal study. RESULTS: In the study in vitro, various dosages of essential oils (EOs) were used to evaluate the effect on nitrogen metabolism through a three‐step model. Compared with other EO combinations, 2EO (10 ppm cinnamaldehyde and 20 ppm thymol), and 3EO (10 ppm cinnamaldehyde, 20 ppm thymol and 200 ppm carvacrol) displayed greater nitrogen digestibility, lesser ammonia production and lower activity of microbial enzymes. In the animal study, growing male Landrace × Yorkshire pigs (initial body weight: 31.8 ± 3.3 kg, n = 18) were randomly divided into three groups and fed the control, 2EO or 3EO diet for 4 weeks. Pigs fed 3EO exhibited the greatest nitrogen digestibility (85.4%, P < 0.05). EO supplementation decreased the emission of ammonia (130–140 vs. 223 mg g−1) and total fecal nitrogen (8.0–9.9 vs. 12.4 g d−1) (P < 0.05). Microbial protease and urease activities were inhibited by EO treatments (P < 0.01). Both 2EO and 3EO reduced the content of indole and 3‐methylindole (P < 0.01), whereas only 2EO caused a decrease in p‐cresol (P < 0.1). CONCLUSION: 2EO was suitable for reducing waste emission and odorous compounds in growing pigs, whereas 3EO was optimal for increasing nitrogen utilization and partially reducing waste odorous compounds. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing amount of evidence suggests that cinnamon, due to its rich source of polyphenol content, may exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, hence could be used in the treatment of variety of diseases. in this regard, many studies explored the effects of cinnamon and its bioactive components (coumarin, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde and type A procyanidin polymers) on various neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, multiple sclerosis, brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, migraine, and hyperactivity. The present study attempts to review available data concerning the therapeutic potential of cinnamon and its derivatives in neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of a new type of cross-conjugated system − 2-(R-benzylidene)-5-(R-cinnamylidene)cyclopentanones in PEG-400. The preparation of these compounds by two routes from 2-(R-benzylidene)cyclopentanones and 2-cinnamylidenecyclopentanone was considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic cough heavily affects patients' quality of life, and there are no effective licensed therapies available. Cough is a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, asthma, and other diseases. Patients with various diseases have a different profile of tussive responses to diverse cough triggers, thereby suggesting sundry mechanisms of neuronal dysfunctions. Previously, we demonstrated that the small molecule drug XC8 shows a clinical anti-asthmatic effect. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of XC8 on cough. Methods: We studied the antitussive effect of XC8 on cough induced by agonists activating human transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels TRPA1 or TRPV1 in guinea pigs. We checked the agonistic/antagonistic activity of XC8 on the human cation channels TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPM8, P2X purinoceptor 2 (P2X2), and human acid sensing ion channel 3 (hASIC3) in Fluorescent Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR) assay. Results: XC8 demonstrated clear antitussive activity and dose-dependently inhibited cough in guinea pigs induced by citric acid alone (up to 67.1%) or in combination with IFN-γ (up to 76.4%). XC8 suppressed cough reflexes induced by the repeated inhalation of citric acid (up to 80%) or by cinnamaldehyde (up to 60%). No activity of XC8 against cough evoked by capsaicin was revealed. No direct agonistic/antagonistic activity of XC8 on human TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPM8, P2X2, or hASIC3 was detected. Conclusions: XC8 acts against cough evoked by the activation of TRPA1 (citric acid/cinnamaldehyde) but not TRPV1 (capsaicin) channels. XC8 inhibits the cough reflex and suppresses the cough potentiation by IFN-γ. XC8 might be of significant therapeutic value for patients suffering from chronic cough associated with inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid were extracted from cinnamon bark. • Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid were analyzed by HPLC and UV–vis spectroscopy. • Maximum efficiency of the microwave extraction method was 85 % of the soxhlet. • Maximum efficiency of the ultrasonic extraction method was 65 % of the soxhlet. • Microwave and ultrasonic extractions process parameters were optimized. In recent times, there has been special attention to the antidiabetic properties of herbal medicine like cinnamon, because of its major compounds such as cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde. This study optimizes an effective technique for the extraction of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon bark. The effective parameters of both microwave and ultrasound methods were considered and then compared with the soxhlet extraction method. The impact of different solvent types, temperature and process time, solid: solvent portion, particle size, on the yield of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde extraction were investigated. In addition, all the obtained extraction samples were analyzed by the newly developed HPLC method via UV detector. Finally, the optimized extraction factors were obtained 85 % aqueous ethanol; solid: solvent portion, 1:40 g/mL; particle size of 0.18 mm; for both microwave and ultrasound extraction methods. The maximum yield of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde in microwave extraction were gained 3.9 and 49.4 mg/g, respectively. Both advanced extraction techniques with our obtained optimized conditions are suggested for cinnamon bark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuFe2O4 spinel oxide catalyst was synthesized by sol–gel and co‐precipitation methods for liquid phase oxidation of Cinnamyl alcohol (CnOH) to Cinnamaldehydes (CnHO) using tert‐Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidising agent. Spinel oxide catalyst was characterized by different techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption‐desorption, BET surface area, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the structural, physical properties and oxidation state of the catalyst. The result shows that catalyst prepared by sol‐gel method was found higher surface area and smaller crystalline size than co‐precipitation method. XPS data confirm the formation of Cu2+ in the spinel which helps to improve the catalytic activity of oxidation. This reaction follows radical mechanism, and exhibited 76.7 % of CnOH conversion and 68.4 % of CnHO, and 24.8 % benzaldehyde (benzald) selectivity using TBHP at 60 °C. Kinetic data reveal that 41.2 kJ/mol of activation energy for the reaction. The higher activity of spinel oxide catalyst could be due synergetic effect of spinel (88 %) and oxides (12 %) formed in the catalyst, which helps to provide the oxygen during reaction. The contribution of Cu2+ is higher in sol‐gel than co‐precipitation, which may provide the better reactivity of catalyst. This work helps to select the effective and cost‐effective catalyst for the oxidation of CnOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: In the context of minor orthodontic intervention using clear aligner technologies, we determined antimicrobial properties of a cellulose‐based material loaded with essential oils such as cinnamaldehyde. Methods and Results: Isothermal microcalorimetry was used to assess the growth of bacterial biofilms at the interface between the tested material and the solid growth medium. The calorimetric data were analyzed using conventional growth models (Gompertz and Richards), and inhibition at 12 and 24 h was calculated. Conclusions: The tested material showed antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis clinical isolates. The inhibition was more pronounced against S. epidermidis, for which growth rate was reduced by 70% and lag phase was extended by 12 h. For S. mutans and S. mitis, the decrease in growth rate was 20% and 10%, and the lag phase increased by 2 and 6 h, respectively. Significance and Impact: Clear aligners for minor teeth alignment are becoming very popular. As they must be worn for at least 22 h per day for up to 40 weeks, it is important that they remain clean and do not promote caries formation or other oral infections. Therefore, introducing material with antimicrobial properties is expected to maintain oral hygiene during the aligner therapy. Here, we demonstrate the use of cinnamaldehyde for reducing microbial growth and biofilm formation on cellulose‐based dental clear aligners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in the activity of Pd/WO 3 and Pd/MoO 3 (Pd loading 0.4–4 wt%) catalysts in competitive hydrogenations of the C C and C O groups in polyfunctional reagents have been studied as a function of two effects: (1) the in situ formation of hydrogen bronzes, H x WO 3 and H x MoO 3 , and (2) the electronic interaction between the supports and the metallic Pd. The cinnamaldehyde (CAL), furfural (FU) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were hydrogenated under mild reaction conditions. The formation of hydrogen bronzes in Pd/WO 3 and physical mixture of Pd/WO 3 with supporting WO 3 oxide upon exposure to H 2 was also studied using the gas flow-through microcalorimetry. In both Pd/MoO 3 and Pd/WO 3 catalysts, the electronic interactions contributed to the promotion of selectivity toward the C O hydrogenation in CAL and FU, yet in Pd/MoO 3 this effect was much more pronounced. On the other hand, apart from increasing the overall reaction rate, the formation of hydrogen bronzes remarkably enhances the C C hydrogenation in CAL, as well as the decarbonylation of FU to furan and hydrogenolysis of C–OH in HMF to 5-methylfurfural. The bronze effects are significantly stronger in H x WO 3 , compared to H x MoO 3 , which may be related to higher H-species mobility and weaker H-bonding in the W–O–H (54 kJ/mol H 2) than in the Mo–O–H (100 kJ/mol H 2). This may also explain very high tendency of Pd/WO 3 to furan ring hydrogenation in FU and HMF as well as almost selective (>98%) hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. [Display omitted] • Comparative studies on a role of hydrogen bronzes H x WO 3 , H x MoO 3 in Pd/WO 3 , Pd/MoO 3. • Hydrogenation of polyfunctional reagents with C=C and C=O groups. • Hydrogen bronzes H x MoO 3 , H x WO 3 formation monitored by microcalorimetry. • Hydrogen bronzes provided additional active sites. • Pd/MoO 3 promoted C=O hydrogenation, Pd/WO 3 favored C=C and furan ring saturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils are plants' secondary metabolites that have the potential to be valorized as feed additives. Literature background indicates that cinnamaldehyde (main component of the cinnamon oil) and carvacrol (present in oregano leaves) possess properties that might influence the rumen metabolism. In order to assess this potential, a 3x3 Latin square experimental design was organized using three wethers fed diets supplemented with cinnamaldehyde or carvacrol. The pH, ammonia concentrations and VFA concentrations (total and individual) of the rumen fluid were determined at the each of each experimental period. Supplementation with cinnamaldehyde and, in a lesser extent, with carvacrol significantly improved some of the parameters related to the rumen pH level. Slight decreases, not statistically significant, was observed in case of ammonia and total VFA concentrations, for both cinnamaldehyde-and carvacrol-supplemented diets. However, the cinnamaldehyde-supplemented diet significantly influenced the VFA profile, leading to a decrease of the butyric acid (p=0.044) and a decrease tendency for valeric acid (p=0.067). These changes confirmed the potential of the two essential oils to influence the rumen metabolism, especially in the case of cinnamaldehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term morphine use for therapeutic approaches may lead to serious side effects. Several studies have suggested opioid antagonist and antioxidant therapy for reducing adverse effects of morphine. Cinnamaldehyde has a potent anti-oxidant property. In this study, separate and combined effects of cinnamaldehyde and naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist) on behavioral changes and cerebellar histological and biochemical outcomes were investigated after long-term morphine administration. Seventy-eight rats were divided into two major morphine-treated and morphine-untreated groups. Morphine-treated group was subdivided into seven subgroups for receiving vehicle, normal saline, cinnamaldehyde (1.25, 5, and 20 mg/kg), naloxone, and cinnamaldehyde plus naloxone before morphine. Morphine-untreated group was subdivided into six subgroups and treated with vehicle, cinnamaldehyde (1.25, 5, and 20 mg/kg), naloxone, and their combination. Chemical compounds were administered for 28 consecutive days. Behavioral tests including footprint, rotarod, and beam balance tests were employed. Histopathological and biochemical alterations of cerebellum were determined. Body and cerebellum weights, stride width, time spent on the rotarod, Purkinje cell number, thickness of molecular and granular layers, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) decreased as a result of administrating morphine. Morphine increased beam transverse time, malondealdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and caspase-3 levels. Histopathological changes such as cellular vacuolation and loss were also produced as a result of treatment with morphine. Cinnamaldehyde, naloxone, and their combination treatments improved all the above-mentioned alterations induced by morphine. We concluded that cinnamaldehyde produced a neuroprotective effect through anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, and probably naloxone-sensitive opioid receptor interaction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-one of sixty dyspeptic patients tested positive for Helicobacter pylori colonization in this study, as determined by histopathology and 16S rRNA. The cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) genes were found in 67.7 and 93.5% of H. pylori patients, respectively. The cagA gene was found to be associated with 100% of patients with duodenal erosion and ulceration identified via endoscopy examination. In addition, 86.7% of patients with cancerous and precancerous lesions, glandular atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia identified via histopathology examination. The vacA s1m1 mutation was associated with more severe forms of gastric erosion and ulceration, as well as the presence of precancerous and cancerous lesions. Eighteen (64.3%) of the twenty-eight isolates were classified as multi-drug resistant (MDR) or pan-drug resistant (PDR) H. pylori. Due to a resurgence of interest in alternative therapies derived from plants as a result of H. pylori resistance to the majority of commonly used antibiotics, the inhibitory activity of five essential oils extracted from some commonly used medicinal plants was evaluated in vitro against drug-resistant H. pylori clinical isolates. Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil demonstrated the highest anti-H. pylori activity when compared to the other essential oils tested. Cinnamaldehyde was the most abundant compound in C. zeylanicum (65.91%). The toxicological evaluation established the safety of C. zeylanicum oil for human use. As a result, C. zeylanicum essential oil may represent a novel antibacterial agent capable of combating drug-resistant H. pylori carrying cytotoxin genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde, a yellowish essential oil, has potential applications because of its antibacterial ability but is limited by its instability. In this study, we prepared the microencapsulated cinnamaldehyde emulsion co-stabilized by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase-catalyzed (CGTase-catalyzed) starch products and Tween 80. Microscopic structure analysis by transmission electron microscopy, inverted fluorescence microscopy, and size distribution determination revealed that additional CGTase-catalyzed starch products could increase their homogeneity and decrease their particle sizes by 67.8%. Fluorescence spectra analysis showed the interactions between cinnamaldehyde and the wall materials with a decrease of 29.2% in fluorescence intensity. The cinnamaldehyde emulsion had good temperature, ionic strength, pH, and storage stability. Time-kill curve and inhibition zone showed increased antibacterial activity. Mechanism analysis by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the emulsion had a dual structure of gel network and cyclodextrin inclusion, contributing to its stability. This study could give new insights into the cinnamaldehyde emulsion and provide a good guidance for its application. [Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde emulsion was stabilized by CGTase-catalyzed products. • CGTase-catalyzed products increased the homogeneity and decreased particle sizes. • The emulsion had better environmental stress stability and storage stability. • The emulsion had better antibacterial activity. • Gel network structure and cyclodextrin inclusion greatly enhanced the stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion (CNE) was obtained through ultrasonication, using Tween 80 as an emulsifier. The CNE was then applied to chilled pork in conjunction with a high-voltage electrostatic field (HVEF) to mitigate quality deterioration during refrigerated storage. The particle size of CNE ranged from 60 to 150 nm and was positively correlated with the amount of added cinnamaldehyde. The polydispersity index and zeta potential of CNE ranged from 0.25 to 0.30 and − 12 to −11 mV, respectively, indicating a narrow size distribution and stability. The CNE released the odor specific to cinnamaldehyde to pork in the first 4 days of chilling; however, it had little effect on the taste. HVEF pretreatment reduced the initial total viable count (TVC) in pork by 1.14 log cycle. The combination of CNE with HVEF successfully slowed down the loss of moisture, decrease in pH, and accumulation of total volatile basic nitrogen in pork during refrigeration. Furthermore, it mitigated the increase in TVC of pork. Therefore, this integrated method appears to be suitable for extending the shelf life of chilled pork. • Different concentrations of cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsions (CNE) were prepared. • CNE encapsulates cinnamaldehyde and has good stability. • HVEF is effective in killing microorganisms initially. • CNE combined with HVEF can slow down the quality deterioration of pork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact and mechanism of soy lecithin incorporation into the gelatin-cinnamaldehyde emulsion, focusing on how it influences emulsion stability during the electrospinning process. In this work, a cinnamaldehyde/gelatin/soy lecithin (CGS) fiber membrane with excellent antibacterial properties was successfully created. The addition of soy lecithin improves the stability of the emulsion and improves the loading performance and fiber morphology of the CGS fiber membrane. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and urea addition confirmed that soy lecithin may strengthen the interface structure of gelatin in the oil and water phases through hydrogen bonds, thus enhancing the stability of the emulsion in electrospinning. The application tests also revealed that the CGS fiber membrane effectively preserved the sensory quality of beef. This study indicates that the vector construction method can extend the utilization of cinnamaldehyde in food industry. [Display omitted] • CGS nanofiber films based on CMA, gelatin and SL have been successfully produced. • Hydrogen bonds between SL and gelatin enhance the electrospinability of emulsion. • CGS films show higher loading and better sustained-release effect on essential oils. • SL optimizes core-shell and fiber structure of CGS nanofibers. • CGS films are very effective in antibacterial and delaying beef quality change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum cassia Presl (Cinnamomum cassia) is a common traditional Chinese medicine, which can promote the secretion and digestion of gastric juice, improve the function of gastrointestinal tract. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a synthetic food flavoring in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. This study aimed to search for the active ingredient (CA) of inhibiting H. pylori from Cinnamomum cassia , and elucidate mechanism of action, so as to provide the experimental basis for the treatment of H. pylori infection with Cinnamomum cassia. It's in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties were evaluated based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and an acute gastric inflammation model in mice infected with H. pylori. Drug safety was evaluated using the CCK8 method and high-dose administration in mice. The advantageous characteristics of CA in inhibiting H. pylori were confirmed using acidic conditions and in combination with the antibiotics. The mechanism underlying the action of CA on H. pylori was explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), adhesion experiments, biofilm inhibition tests, ATP and ROS release experiments, and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) screening of target proteins. The protein function and target genes were verified by molecular docking and Real-Time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The results demonstrated that CA was found to be the main active ingredient against H. pylori in Cinnamomum cassia in-vitro tests, with a MIC of 8–16 μg/mL. Moreover, CA effectively inhibited both sensitive and resistant H. pylori strains. The dual therapy of PPI + CA exhibited remarkable in vivo efficacy in the acute gastritis mouse model, superior to the standard triple therapy. DARTS, molecular docking, and qRT-PCR results suggested that the target sites of action were closely associated with GyrA , GyrB , AtpA , and TopA , which made DNA replication and transcription impossible, then leading to inhibition of bacterial adhesion and colonization, suppression of biofilm formation, and inhibition ATP and enhancing ROS. This study demonstrated the suitability of CA as a promising lead drug against H. pylori , The main mechanisms can target GyrA ect, leading to reduce ATP and produce ROS, which induces the apoptosis of bacterial. [Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde can inhibit the sensitive and resistant Helicobacter pylori. • Helicobacter pylori is not easy to develop resistance to cinnamaldehyde. • Cinnamaldehyde has a good antibacterial effect under acidic conditions. • Cinnamaldehyde can treat acute gastritis with Helicobacter pylori infecting. • Cinnamaldehyde can target the GyrA , GyrB , AtpA and TopA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus flavus colonization on agricultural products during preharvest and postharvest results in tremendous economic losses. Inspired by the synergistic antifungal effects of essential oils, the aims of this study were to explore the mechanism of combined cinnamaldehyde and nonanal (S CAN) against A. flavus and to evaluate the antifungal activity of S CAN loading into diatomite (DM). Shriveled mycelia were observed by scanning electron microscopy, especially in the S CAN treatment group. Calcofluor white staining, transmission electron microscopy, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate staining and the inhibition of key enzymes in tricarboxylic acid cycle indicated that the antifungal mechanism of S CAN against A. flavus was related to the cell wall damage, reactive oxygen species accumulation and energy metabolism interruption. RNA sequencing revealed that some genes involved in antioxidation were upregulated, whereas genes responsible for cell wall biosynthesis, oxidative stress, cell cycle and spore development were significantly downregulated, supporting the occurrence of cellular apoptosis. In addition, compared with the control group, conidia production in 1.5 mg/mL DM/cinnamaldehyde, DM/nonanal and DM/S CAN groups were decreased by 27.16%, 48.22% and 76.66%, respectively, and the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contents decreased by 2.00%, 73.02% and 84.15%, respectively. These finding suggest that DM/S CAN complex has potential uses in food preservation. • The combined cinnamaldehyde and nonanal (S CAN) could damage cell wall of A. flavus. • S CAN could induce ROS accumulation and inhibit energy metabolism. • Transcriptome provides antifungal mechanism of S CAN at the molecular level. • Diatomite/S CAN complex also exerted synergistic effects against A. flavus in peanuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis has emerged as an environmentally friendly technology to develop selective reactions such as the oxidation of alcohol to aldehydes. Graphitic carbon nitride (CN) is a metal-free polymeric structure easily photoactivated under radiation. This work focuses on the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of bare CN by doping it with phosphorous (P-CN). Different doping levels of P (2–12 wt.) have been explored and the samples were fully characterized by XRD, FTIR, N 2 physisorption, elemental analysis, XPS, DRS-UV–visible, and photoluminescence. A better activity and enhanced selectivity were observed in the P-CN samples if compared to the undoped CN in the oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol to cinnamaldehyde in aqueous solution. The presence of P was demonstrated to contribute to a better delocalization of photo-generated charges. Moreover, the reactivity and selectivity of the CN and P-CN samples were analyzed in water-acetonitrile mixtures, appreciating a better selectivity in the presence of acetonitrile to the detriment of the conversion of the cinnamyl alcohol. The photocatalytic oxidation mechanism over P-CN in aqueous media has been tentatively proposed based on the influence of the reactive oxidative species generated in the process by chemical scavenger tests. They suggested the contribution of superoxide radicals with more selectivity than the photo-generated holes, the second reactive species of importance in the overall oxidation scheme. The contribution of hydroxyl radicals was discharged since its presence was negligible in a probe test based on the formation of 2-hydroxy-terephthalic acid. [Display omitted] • Incorporation of P into graphitic-like carbon nitride attacking C positions. • P-doping enhanced the radiation uptake and noticeably abated the recombination rate. • Presence of optimum P dosage for selective cinnamaldehyde production in aqueous solution. • Essential role played by O 2 • and h+ in aqueous solution, being the HO• negligible. • Selectivity was severely raised in detriment of conversion by using organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde is an important reaction for preparation of high value-added chemicals. Thermodynamic disadvantage makes it difficult to prepare cinnamyl alcohol under mild conditions. Thus, preparation of Pt dominant heterogenous catalysts with improved catalytic activity and stability has attached significant importance for solving this problem. In this paper, L-histidine (His) decorated Fe 2 O 3 material was employed to support Pt nanoparticles and fabricate Pt/His-Fe 2 O 3 catalyst with high catalytic activity. The presence of L-histidine greatly improved interfacial effect between Pt nanoparticles and His-Fe 2 O 3 carrier, which not only effectively promoted its dispersion, but also brought better mass transfer between Pt nanoparticles and cinnamaldehyde. Therefore, it showed high catalytic performance with 92.4% cinnamaldehyde conversion and 90.4% selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol at 60 °C. Besides, this catalyst exhibited high catalytic stability and slight fluctuations in catalytic efficiency were observed after five cycle tests. In substrate-extending hydrogenation tests, the Pt/His-Fe 2 O 3 catalyst also presented high applicability in chemoselective hydrogenation of a, β-unsaturated aldehydes and achieved higher selectivity toward unsaturated alcohols. Thus, this work provides a facile and effective approach for designing high-performance Pt based heterogenous catalysts with L-histidine decoration for enhanced chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. [Display omitted] • L-histidine modified Pt/Fe 2 O 3 catalysts were prepared. • The existing L-histidine greatly improved mass transfer and catalytic activity. • A high CAL conversion and COL selectivity were achieved at 60 °C. • The Pt/His-Fe 2 O 3 catalyst showed high applicability and catalytic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a novel strategy for preparing bio-based antibacterial emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Antibacterial ε-polylysine (ε-PL) with a positive charge was introduced into the aqueous phase to modulate the interfacial behavior of CNCs via electrostatic interactions. Pickering emulsions containing ε-PL/CNCs (ε-PL 0.07–0.1 g/L) had significantly better stability, larger emulsion ratio, smaller emulsion droplet diameter, and superior antibacterial ability than emulsions stabilized by CNCs alone. This could be attributed to the formation of a CNC-dense layer at the interface in the continuous phase caused by a reduction of electrostatic repulsion after adding ε-PL. This was confirmed by zeta potential measurements, rheological properties, and bio-freezing scanning electron microscopy. In addition, cinnamaldehyde was introduced into the oil phase to further improve the antibacterial properties of the emulsion, thereby avoiding easy evaporation into water. Our findings provide an innovative solution for preparing bio-based antibacterial emulsions stabilized by ε-PL/CNCs, which will benefit the development of food, medicine, and cosmetic lotions. • In situ electrostatic adsorption of ε-polylysine (ε-PL) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). • Improving emulsion stability by adjusting the dispersion of CNCs by ε-PL. • Encapsulated cinnamaldehyde solves evaporation problems and improves antimicrobial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesis of the new Schiff base (SMZ-CAL) and its complexes. • Structural analysis by using elemental, IR, UV, 1H, 13C, XRD and mass spectroscopy. • The XRD analysis revealed that the complexes have crystallite sizes of 29, and 31 nm. • Effective antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria. • Significant radical scavenging as antioxidants. This manuscript presents a comprehensive study on the synthesis and characterization of two novel Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes incorporating N(cinnamylidene) Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ-CAL). The investigation focuses on the structural analysis of these complexes using elemental analyses, IR, UV-vis, 1HNMR, 13C NMR, XRD as well as HOMO-LUMO analysis and determination of the band gap through DFT/6-311G++(d,p) calculations. The biological activity of SMZ-CAL and its metal complexes, [Cu(SMZ-CAL) 2 ] and [Ni(SMZ-CAL) 2 ], against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. Inhibition zone diameters were measured at different concentrations, indicating the compounds' effectiveness in inhibiting bacterial growth. The complexes exhibited promising biological activity, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting their potential as effective antibiotics. This study investigated the antioxidant activity of SMZ-CAL, [Cu (SMZ-CAL) 2 ], and [Ni (SMZ-CAL) 2 ]. The samples exhibited significant radical scavenging activity, indicating their potential as antioxidants. [Cu (SMZ-CAL) 2 ] demonstrated the highest potency among the tested compounds. This study contributes to the advancement of medicinal chemistry by exploring the synthesis and characterization of novel metal complexes with unique structural features. The findings provide valuable information for the development of new pharmaceuticals with improved pharmacological characteristics. This article discusses the synthesis and analysis of Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes with SMZ-CAL, including structural, biological, and antioxidant studies. The results suggest their potential as antibiotics and antioxidants, contributing to medicinal chemistry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] This study set out to formulate antibacterial and antioxidant gelatin boosted by cinnamaldehyde for combating multi-drug resistant bacteria previously obtained from chronic wounds. Towards this end, gelatin amine groups were conjugated with carbonyl groups of cinnamaldehyde, producing cinnamyl-gelatin Schiff bases. The physicochemical attributes of cinnamyl-gelatin Schiff bases were probed concerning alterations in chemical structures and microstructures compared to native gelatin. Besides, cinnamyl-gelatin Schiff bases exhibited higher thermal stability than gelatin, with a diminishing in solubility due to increases in hydrophobicity features. Interestingly, cinnamyl-gelatin derivatives exerted antibacterial activities versus multi-drug resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, showing maximum growth inhibition at the highest concentration of cinnamaldehyde incorporated into gelatin. The scavenging activities of gelatin against DPPH and ABTS•+ were promoted in cinnamyl-gelatin derivatives from 11.93 ± 0.6 % to 49.9 ± 2.5 % and 12.54 ± 0.63 % to 49.9 ± 3.12 %, respectively. Remarkably, cinnamyl-gelatin derivatives induced the proliferation of fibroblast cells, implying their prospective applications in tissue engineering. Molecular docking and pharmacokinetic investigations disclosed the potential antibacterial mechanisms of cinnamyl-gelatin derivatives alongside their biopharmaceutical applications. Altogether, these findings suggest that cinnamyl-gelatin derivatives could be utilized to tailor antibacterial-free antibiotics and antioxidant wound dressings against virulent bacteria to promote chronic wound recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effects of cinnamaldehyde on the accumulation of biogenic amines (BAs), the growth of microorganisms, and sensory quality in Xinjiang smoked horsemeat sausage. Single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) was used to identify bacterial composition. The results revealed that cinnamaldehyde significantly decreased the contents of tyramine, histamine, putrescine, and cadaverine in sausage during ripening and storage. Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Lactococcus , and Weissella were the abundant bacterial genera during the fermentation. Compared with the other groups, pH, as well as the counts and relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae , were lower in the cinnamaldehyde batch. What's more, amino acid analysis and sensory evaluation showed that the incorporation of cinnamaldehyde promoted the release of amino acids and improved the flavor of smoked horsemeat sausage.The results of principal component analysis showed that spoilage bacteria (especially Enterobacteriaceae) are responsible for the accumulation of BAs, and cinnamaldehyde has an inhibitory effect on these indicators. Therefore, the addition of cinnamaldehyde is an effective method of inhibiting BAs formation, minimizing the proportion of spoilage microorganisms, and improving the quality of smoked horsemeat sausage. [Display omitted] • Cinnamaldehyde inhibited enterobacteria growth especially Obesumbacterium proteus. • Cinnamaldehyde reduced tyramine, histamine, putrescine and cadaverine content. • SMRT revealed Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Lactococcus, Weissella were core flora. • Cinnamaldehyde modified the relative abundance of microbial community. • Cinnamaldehyde promoted the release of amino acids and improved sausage flavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective hydrogenation of unsaturated-organic compounds derived from biomass sources is a key step for producing chemicals and fuels, but it faces challenges in enhancing product selectivity and energy efficiency. Metal nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in zeolite crystals (metal@zeolite) are desirable and robust materials that can control catalytic activity and selectivity by tuning their structure. However, the solvent effect on selective hydrogenation over metal@zeolite has been unexplored, which plays a significant role in the reaction process. Here, the solvent effect on the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL), a representative substrate, over Pd–Ni bimetallic clusters encapsulated inside S-1 zeolite (Pd0.6Ni@S-1) was first reported. The results showed that Pd0.6Ni@S-1 effectively converted CAL into hydrocinnamaldehyde (HCAL) under mild conditions and that the product distribution was solvent-dependent by correlating the selectivity with solvent properties. The polarity of polar solvents affected the solvent-CAL interaction and thus the hydrogenation pathway. Our study reveals the importance of solvent engineering for selective hydrogenation over metal@zeolite catalysts and provides insights for designing efficient and robust materials for biomass conversion. [Display omitted] • Pd0.6Ni@S-1 showed high activity and selectivity for the selective hydrogenation of CAL to HCAL under mild conditions. • The hydrogenation of the C O bond of HCAL was difficult, and the main by-product HCOL was derived from COL. • Conversion and selectivity were controlled by steric effect and polarity of solvent. • Solvent engineering was a key factor in optimizing the performance of metal@zeolite catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]