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Čas od smrti kralja Aleksandra, leta 1935, do začetka druge svetovne vojne v Jugoslaviji, leta 1941, je bil čas postopne demokratizacije političnega življenja, oživela pa so tudi različna društva in organizacije. Te spremembe so se odražale tudi v Celju, kjer se je v tem času organizirala nova vsedržavna stranka JRZ za celjski okraj, katere del je bila tudi vodilna katoliška stranka v Dravski banovini, Koroščeva SLS. Med leti 1935–1941 so v Celju oživela tudi številna katoliška društva in organizacije. V tem času je bilo za Celje značilno pestro politično življenje, predvsem organiziranje nove stranke JRZ, prav tako pa so bili za ta čas značilni katoliški tabori fantov in mož ter zbori in tabori Kmečke zveze. Med leti 1935–1941 so potekale tudi volitve v narodno skupščino, prve so bile leta 1935, druge pa leta 1938. The period from the death of King Alexander in 1935 to the beginning of World War II in Yugoslavia in 1941was the period of gradual democratisation of political life. Many societies and organisations also came to life. These changes were also present in Celje, where a new nationwide political party, Yugoslav Radical Union, for the district of Celje was being organized at that time. The leading “Catholic” party, Slovene People’s party led by Korošec, in Drava Banovina was also a part of it. Between 1935 and 1941 many Catholic societies and organisations came to life. A diverse political life was typical for Celje in this time, especially in organisation of a new political party Yugoslav Radical Union, as well as “Catholic camps of boys and men”, conventions and camps of Farmers’ association. Yugoslav parliamentary elections were held between 1935 and 1941. The first elections were held in 1935 and the second elections in 1938.

Druga polovica 15. stoletja je čas, ki je pomenil za Celje velike spremembe. Spremembe so se začele že leta 1451, ko jim je Friderik II. Celjski podelil mestne pravice, čeprav se je Celje kot mesto omenjalo že v listinah o pokneženju Celjskih iz leta 1436. Poleg mestnih pravic jim je določil še pomerij, oprostil jih je tlake in plačila davkov pri prodaji vina ter jim podelil hišo v kateri so si uredili rotovž. Leta 1455, po smrti Friderika, je Ulrik II. to listino potrdil in jo dopolnil s pravico meščanov do izvolitve lastnega sodnika. Leta 1456, ko je umrl še zadnji predstavnik Celjskih grofov, je prišlo do bojev za njihovo dediščino, mesto Celje pa je nato prešlo pod oblast Habsburžanov, na kar je nakazovala že obojestranska dedna pogodba med rodbinama leta 1443. Pod novim vodstvom je prišlo do sprememb v sami upravi mesta, glavno besedo so še vedno imeli sodniki, Habsburžani pa so v mesto postavili še vicedoma, ki je bil vmesni element med vodstvenimi organi Celja ter deželnim knezom. Pod vodstvom Habsburžanov so do konca zgradili obzidje, prestavili špital v mesto, gradili so mostove čez Savinjo in skrbeli za to, da hiše niso bile zapuščene in zanemarjene. Na področju gospodarstva so jim podelili privilegije, kot so bili prosto lovljenje rib in ptic (kar jim je omejila domača oblast), uvedli so obvezno skladiščenje v Celju za vse, ki so mimo tovorili trgovsko blago, zmanjšali število krčem v okolici in uvedli obvezno uporabo mitnic. Pomembna novost pa je bila tudi vodenje računskih knjig. The second half of the 15th century was a period of great significance for Celje. Although documents on the elevation of the Counts of Celje to the rank of princes mention Celje as a town as early as in 1436, the changes actually began in 1451 when Frederick II of Celje granted the city its town privileges. He also defined Celje’s legal boundaries, exempted the residents from socage and paying wine taxes, and gave the city a house in which a town hall was established. After Frederick’s death in 1455, Ulrich II endorsed the charter and supplemented the document with the townsfolk's right to elect their own judge. In 1456, when the last representative of the Counts of Celje died, a battle began for their estate and the city came under Habsburg rule, which was already indicated in a mutual inheritance agreement signed between the families in 1443. Under the new leadership the city administration underwent changes. Judges still had the last word, but the Habsburgs appointed a vidame to the city, who acted as an intermediary between the leadership of Celje and the provincial prince. Under the leadership of the Habsburgs the city walls were fully constructed, the hospital was transferred to the city, bridges were built over the Savinja River and it was ensured that houses were not deserted and uncared-for. In the field of economy the city was granted privileges like free fishing and bird hunting (which was limited by the national authorities), an obligatory storage facility was introduced in Celje for all people who transferred commercial goods through the area, the number of taverns in the surrounding area was limited and the obligatory use of tollhouses was introduced. An important novelty was also the keeping of account books.

V projektni nalogi je izdelana arhitekturna rešitev informativnega paviljona, v katerega so vključeni prostori manjšega lokala, mobilnih kioskov in manjši večnamenski prostor. Lokacija se nahaja nasproti občinske stavbe v starem mestnem jedru Celja. Prvi, teoretični del, na kratko opisuje zgodovino in razvoj Celja, družbenokulturne danosti mesta in Celje v današnjem času s poudarkom na problematiki mestnega jedra. V drugem, aplikativnem delu, je natančno analizirana anketa in opravljena je analiza obstoječega stanja ter okoliških objektov. Na podlagi predhodnih analiz je predstavljena arhitekturna rešitev informativnega paviljona s spremljevalnimi programi in urbanistično urejeno okolico. The project assignment elaborates on the architectural design of the information pavilion, which includes the premises of a smaller pub, mobile kiosks and a smaller multi-purpose area. The location is opposite the municipal building in the old city core of Celje. The first, theoretical part, briefly describes the history and the development of Celje, the social and cultural resources of the city, and Celje today with an emphasis on the issue of the old town core. The applied part analyses the questionnaire, and the analysis of the existing situation and the surrounding buildings was also conducted. The preliminary analyses served as the basis for the solution of the architectural design of the information pavilion with accompanying programmes and urban planning.

IVAN DEčKO – »TEACHER« OF SLOVENIAN MAYORS AND »SOUL« OF LOWER‐STYRIAN POLITICS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURYIn the following discussion the author analysed certain aspects of Ivan Dečko’s political activi- ties since the 1890s. He focused on the local (municipal) self-government, which represented the springboard for the rest of his political life. The Slovenian politics was well aware of this fact. To this end Dečko compiled or adapted the manual entitled zbirka zakonov, zadevajoč posle občinskega področja [Collection of Legislation Regarding the Operations of the Municipal Field], which assisted many a Slovenian mayor significantly in the time of tense national relations. As it was, the municipal legislation was »scattered« around several provincial legal codes, written in the German language. Many mayors in the rural areas were not fluent in German, while Slovenian translations were more or less poor and incomprehensible. The German side would take advantage of their ignorance. In the second part of the following contribution the author describes Dečko’s role in the Lower Styrian policy of unity and establishes that his sudden retreat contributed decisively to the final dissolution of unity in the Lower Styria.

Narodne domove so na Slovenskem gradili od konca 19. stoletja pa vse do začetka 20. stoletja. Prvi narodni dom, ki so ga uredili v stari stavbi, je nastal na Ptuju, nato pa so mu sledili še Narodni dom v Celju, Mariboru, Ljubljani, Trstu… Glavni razlog za nastajanje narodnih domov je bilo dokazovanje slovenskosti v mestih in obuditev narodne zavesti pri Slovencih. Večina narodnih domov je bila zgrajena v historističnih slogih, zgledovali pa so se po dunajskih in čeških vzorih. Narodni dom je zasnoval češki arhitekt Jan Vladimír Hráský. Kot reakcija na gradnjo narodnih domov in poudarjanje slovenstva, so Nemci v času nacionalnih sporov, ki so bili posebej izraziti prav na celjskem območju, začeli graditi nemške hiše oziroma nemške domove (Celje, delo avstrijskega arhitekta je Petra Paula Branga, Ptuj, Brežice). Nemške hiše so gradili v t. i. staronemškem slogu (altdeutsch). Stavbe s poudarjenimi neogotskimi značilnostmi so delovale kot gradovi z vogalnimi stolpi in so s svojo precej členjeno fasado prikazovale strogost, ki je bila značilna za utrdbe. Narodni domovi in nemške hiše so bile namenjene prirejanju različnih kulturnih in družabnih prireditev ter zborovanjem različnih si društev. Pomembnost stavb poudarja njihova lokacija, saj stojijo na pomembnejših delih mesta ali vhodih v mesto ter so s svojo monumentalnostjo in pomembno lego v mestu ponazarjajo bodisi slovenski bodisi nemški pečat. National Halls in Slovenia began to build in the period from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. The first National Hall was created in Ptuj, which was renovated in the old building, followed by National Halls in Celje, Ljubljana, Maribor, Brežice, Trieste … The main reason for the emergence of National Halls was the affirmation of the Slovenian national character in the cities and the revival of national consciousness among Slovenians. Most National Halls were built in the historical architectural style and were inspired by the Czech models. The National Hall in Celje was designed by the Czech architect Jan Vladimír Hráský. During national conflicts between Slovenian and Germans, which were especially strong in Celje, the Germans began to build German Houses (the German House in Celje, the plan of the Austrian architect Peter Paul Brang, the German Houses in Ptuj and Brežice) as a reaction to the emergence of National Halls as a sign of the strength of the Slovenian character. The German Houses were built in an old German style (altdeutsch). Buildings with neo-gothic characteristics were similar to castles with corner towers and a façade resembling that of a fortress. National Halls and German Houses had the purpose of organizing various cultural and social events and meetings of various societies. The importance of the buildings was emphasized by their location in the important parts of the city or at the entrance to the city, with their position and monumentality functioning as an important symbol of the Slovenian or the German mark.

V diplomskem izpitu je predstavljena zasnova večstanovanjskega objekta z nadstandardnimi stanovanji v središču starega mestnega jedra Celja, ki s svojo obliko, zasnovo fasade in samo prisotnostjo na lokaciji neovirano sovpada, združuje mestno tvorbo. V teoretičnem delu je predstavljena zgodovina mesta Celja, trenutna situacija obstoječe stavbe in uporaba materialov v odnosu do človeka, v drugem delu pa predstavimo postopni razvoj ideje in samo idejno rešitev novega nadstandardnega stanovanja. In the thesis we introduce the design of a luxury apartment buiding in the old city center of Celje. With its shape, facade design, and presence on the site, it freely coincides and combines with the urban form. In the theoretical part we introduce Celje's history, current situation of the existing building and use of materials in relation to people. In the second part we introduce the project development and the proposed idea itself.

Mestni gozdovi s svojo prisotnostjo in delovanjem v neposredni bližini Celja bistveno vplivajo na kvaliteto fizičnih in psihičnih pogojev bivanja v mestu. Predstavljajo izravnalni ekosistem ekstremom urbanega okolja. V nalogi smo predstavili njihov pomen in razvoj v zadnjem desetletju. Poleg štetja rekreacijskega obiska v mestnem gozdu Anski vrh, ki obravnava številčne kazalce rekreacije, nas je zaradi celovitosti raziskave zanimal tudi odnos obiskovalcev o stanju mestnih gozdov, njihovem urejanju za rekreacijske nameneter predlogah za gospodarjenje z njimi. Rezultati štetja obiska in ankete so pokazali, da prebivalci Celja radi zahajajo v mestni gozd Anski vrh.Ta gozd skupaj z ostalimi predstavlja svojevrsten in največji celjski park, namenjen prebivalcem mesta za oddih in sprostitev v ohranjenem naravnem okolju. Urban forests with their presence and functioning in the immediate vicinity ofthe city Celje have substantial effect on the quality of physical and psychical living conditions of the inhabitants in Celje. These forests represent a balanced natural ecological system towards the exstremes of urban environment. In this paperwork the meaning and the development of these forests in the last decade are presented. Besides counting of recreation visitors in the city forest Anski vrh, where numeric pointers of recreation are handled, we were also interested in the human relationship towards the state of the city forests, their arrangements for entertainment purposes and any suggestions for good managing of these forests. The results of counting the visits in the forest and the questionnaires show that people living in thecity love coming into the forest of Anski vrh. Among all other city forestsin the neighbourhood represents a peculiar and the biggest city park in the region of Celje meant for city inhabitants to relax and entertain in a preserved natural environment.

Nižinski antropogeno zasmrečeni gozdovi so pomemben del Celjske kotline. V zadnjem desetletju je prišlo do večletne zaporedne gradacije podlubnikov. Ti so se namnožili predvsem zaradi spremenljivih klimatskih razmer. S svojo namnožitvijo so ustvarili precejšnjo gospodarsko škodo. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena dinamika sanitarne sečnje v obdobju od leta 2002-2005. Prikazan je vpliv gradacije smrekovih podlubnikov na delež smreke v lesni zalogi in na skupno lesno zalogo na preučevanem območju. Ugotovljeno je, da se delež smreke v sestojih zmanjšuje. Lowland anthropogenic spruce forests, present an important part of Celje basin. In last decade, a sequential gradation of bark beetles has occurred several years. They have multiplied, because of changed climate conditions. Byits proliferation they have coused a considerable economic loss. In this graduation thesis we were monitoring dynamics of sanitary felling in the period 2002-2005. We studied the impact of spruce bark beetles gradation on the share of spruce in total growing stock in the studied area. We found out that the share of spruce in total growing stock has decreased.

V diplomskem izpitu predstavimo idejno zasnovo večstanovanjskega objekta v Celju, njegovo funkcionalno zasnovo in obliko. Rešitev je sestavljena iz kombinacije starega in novega objekta. Skupaj tvorita celovito tvorbo, ki se odraža v kompleksnih tlorisih in zunanji podobi, primerni za staro mestno jedro. In the degree examination we introduce a concept of multi-residential object in Celje, its funcional design and form. The solution is composed of combination of old and new objects. Together they present a complete formation which reflects in complex ground plans and in outside image, appropriate for the old town.

V diplomskem izpitu ponudimo idejno rešitev za večstanovanjski objekt z luksuznimi stanovanji v Celju na Kocenovi ulici 2 A. V prvem, teoretičnem delu se posvečamo minimalnim tehničnim zahtevam stanovanj in stanovanjskih zgradb ter skušamo definirati termin luksuzno stanovanje. Na podlagi statističnih podatkov na kratko predstavimo trg stanovanjskih nepremičnin v Sloveniji in predstavimo referenčne primere luksuznih stanovanj oz. stanovanjskih zgradb v Sloveniji. V drugem delu podamo idejno rešitev za objekt na dani lokaciji, s predhodnimi analizami širše in ožje lokacije. This bachelor thesis offers a concept solution for an apartment building with luxury apartments in Celje on Kocenova street 2 A. In the theoretical part we focus on the minimum technological requirements of the apartments and apartment buildings. We also try to define the term luxury apartment. We make a short presentation of the property market in Slovenia based on statistical data and describe reference examples of luxury apartments or apartment buildings in Slovenia. In the second part we give a concept solution for an object at the aforementioned location with preliminary analyses of broader and narrower areas.

U jednom od najljepših i najstarijih gradova Štajerske, Celju, nalazi se crkva Svetog Danijela sa Kapelom žalostne matere Božje. Kapela je građena kao obiteljska kapela grofova Celjskih, u zadnjoj trećini 14. stoljeća, te je nadsvođena početkom 15. stoljeća. Bogato je ukrašena arhitektonskom plastikom stilskih svojstava razvijene gotike ('dvorski stil', umjetnost 1400.', 'internacionalna gotika'), a stilski ju pobliže smještavamo u trag koji prema prekodravskim zemljama širi nasljeđe dvorske škole Rudolfa Habsburškoga. U bogatoj arhitektonskoj plastici očuvanoj u kapeli, ističe se ciklus od 20, odnosno 21 konzole koje su nosile skulpture pod visokim baldahinima. Od originalnog broja konzola, do danas je sačuvano 13, neke potpuno, a druge oštećene i/ili popravljane kroz stoljeća. Ovaj broj, mada pokriva manje od 2/3 cjelovitog izvornog ciklusa dovoljan je da ovaj ciklus analiziramo, ne samo po ikonografskom značenju pojedine konzole, nego i kao ciklusa, te da ga u tom smislu kulturološki smjestimo u kontekst vremena i prostora. Iz ciklusa figuralnih konzola izdvojili smo dvije prve konzole lijevo od ulaza: Analizom ovih figura dokazat ćemo da se radi o likovima Sirene i Onokentaura, likovima koji, iako pripadaju miljeu klasične paganske ikonografije, nalaze svoje mjesto u srednjovjekovnoj ikonografiji, kao i u kasnoantičkim i srednjovjekovnim bestijarijima, te u moralizatorskim djelima crkvenih učitelja.

Pričujoče diplomsko delo obravnava izdelavo idejne zasnove pet-nadstropne poslovne stavbe v poslovni coni Tehnopolis v Celju ob upoštevanju jeklene konstrukcije kot osnovne nosilne konstrukcije stavbe. Podane so prednosti uporabe jekla za obravnavani objekt, osnovni podatki o območju obdelave, t. j. Tehnopolisu ter referenčni primeri stavb dveh znanih slovenskih arhitekturnih birojev. Sledi idejna zasnova stavbe s priloženo vso pripadajočo dokumentacijo. Diplomsko delo zaokrožuje računska analiza najbolj obremenjenega stebra in nosilca v obravnavanem objektu po mejnem stanju nosilnosti. The diploma paper focuses on making conceptual design of five-storey office building in business area Tehnopolis in Celje regarding steel structure as main supporting structure of the building. Presented are the advantages of using steel with treated building, basic data of processing zone (Tehnopolis) and case study of reference buildings of two well-known Slovenian architectural bureaus. A conceptual design of building with all documentation included is presented in the part that follows. The paper concludes analisys of the most loaded construction elements of the building at the ultimate limit state.

Celje je kot spodnještajersko mesto na lastni koži občutilo celotno novoveško dogajanje. Vodilna plast družbe – plemstvo je bilo že od poznega srednjega veka pravno izenačeno, razlikovalo pa se je po bogastvu, ugledu in naslovih. Sestava plemstva se je sčasoma v zgodnjem novem veku občutno spremenila, deloma zaradi migracij in deloma z vse številčnejšimi vladarskimi poplemenitvami. Poleg Thurnov in Dietrichsteinov, ki so tukaj živeli že od srede 15. stoletja, so se v deželo Štajersko priselili tudi družine Apostolis, Busetti, Bartholotti iz italijanskega prostora. Plemiče mesta ob Savinji sta doleteli reformacija in protireformacija, slednja je bila plemičem še posebej znana po vladarjevem principu korenčka in palice. Slednje je v veliki meri pripomoglo, da je neposlušneže znova vpregel v tir deželnoknežje politike. Vsak plemič, ki je hotel nadaljevati kariero, se je slej ko prej moral podrediti vladarjevi volji. Imel je izbiro ostati oziroma prestopiti v katoliško vero ter si tako izboriti potrditev svojih svoboščin oziroma nazivov, ali pa vztrajati pri protestantizmu ter jih zato izgubiti. Za odhod so se včasih odločili posamezniki, zakonski pari in tudi celotne družine oziroma veje posamezne rodbine. Celje pri tem ni bilo nobena izjema, vendar je kljub izselitvi nekaj članov rodbine v mestu ostalo. Ti so aktivno participirali pri mestnem vsakdanu, vendar se je moje zanimanje usmerilo predvsem na njihovo izobraževanje – na celjske učence na ruški latinski šoli. V spodnještajerski regiji je v času pred terezijanskimi reformami izstopala latinska šola v Rušah, ustanova, ki je v duhu reformiranega katolicizma kvalitetno izobraževala pomladek. Njeno odprtje leta 1645 je postavljeno v zanimivo periodo raziskanega obdobja. Širše gledano se je tedaj deželnoknežja „reformacija“ že zaključila, največji evropski spopad 17. stoletja pa se je počasi bližal h koncu. Moj namen odkriti Celjane, ki so hodili na ruško latinsko šolo, je opravljen. V kroniki sem na seznamih učencev našel 77 učencev s pripisom Cilliensis. Kronist je dodal ta termin osebam, ki so v času vpisa na šolo prihajale iz Celja ali iz bližnje okolice. Rojene v samem mestu oziroma krščene pri župniji Sv. Danijela sem našel v krstni matični knjigi. Teh je bilo 14 in so bili različnega družbenega izvora, od plemenitih oseb do stanovsko nižjih pripadnikov, ki pa so v življenju dosegli različne poklice. Te osebe so bile temelj uspešne kneževe „reformacije“ ter so kroni zagotavljale lojalnost in stabilnost mest in dežele. The Lower-Styrian town of Celje has experienced and gone through all the events of the modern era. The nobility, the governing layer of society, has, since the late Middle Ages been legally equal, but could be distinguished by its wealth, prestige and titles. The composition of the nobility has changed significantly over time partly due to migration and partly because of the growing number of royal elevations into nobles. Besides the Thurns, Dietrichsteins and the Moscons who had lived here since the mid-15th century, other nobles, i.e. Apostolis, Busetti, Bartholotti who came from Italy, have migrated to the land. The noblemen of the city on the Savinja were befallen by the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, the latter was particularly known by the nobles because of the ruler’s carrot and stick principle. This has largely contributed to the fact that disobedient individuals could be easily re-submitted to provincial policy. Every nobleman who wanted to pursue a career had sooner or later had to submit to the will of the rulers. He had a choice in staying and accepting the Catholic faith and would, by doing so be confirming his liberties and titles, or insisting in Protestantism and consequently losing everything. Individuals, married couples and entire families or family branches decided to leave sometimes. Celje was no exception, but despite the eviction of a few members, families stayed in the city. They have actively participated in everyday life but my interest is mainly focused on their education and therefore Celje’s students attending Ruše’s Latin School. One of the most prominent schools in the Lower-Styria region before the time of the Theresian reforms was the Latin school in Ruše, an institution that, in the spirit of the reformed Catholicism, provided quality education for the young. Its opening in 1645 is set in an interesting period of the investigated era. More broadly, the then provincial "Reformation" was concluded and the largest European battle of the 17th century was slowly coming to an end. It was my intention to discover citizens of Celje who attended Ruše’s Latin school. I have discovered 77 students registered as Cilliensis in the Chronicles. The Chronicler has added this term to persons who, at the time of entry, came from Celje or its surrounding area. I have found individuals in the baptismal register who were either born in the town itself or were baptized in the parish of St. Daniel. There were 14 of them and they came from different social origins, from nobles to lower members who have learned different professions. These people were the foundation of a successful prince’s "Reformation" and provided loyalty to the crown and ensured the stability of towns and the country.

Zgodnjesrednjeveško Celje se je razvijalo zelo počasi in razmeroma pozno pridobilo trški oziroma mestni status. Celje pridobi status trga v 13. stoletju v času grofov Vovbrških. Po njihovem izumrtju leta 1322 Celje postopoma popolnoma preide v roke gospodov Žovneških iz Savinjske doline. V 14. in 15. stoletju se skupaj s celjskimi grofi vzpenja tudi Celje, ki postane eno pomembnejših mest v srednji Evropi. Uspešna in ambiciozna rodbina grofov Celjskih je v kratki dobi svoje vladavine Celju vtisnila neizbrisen pečat. S svojo preračunljivostjo, spretno politiko in ženitvami so si nenehno večali bogastvo, vpliv in oblast. Po pokneženju celjskih grofov leta 1436 je Celje v listinah prvič poimenovano kot mesto, pa čeprav formalnopravno to še ni bilo. 11. aprila 1451 je Friderik II. Celjski na prošnjo celjskih meščanov priznal Celju vse pravice štajerskih mest. Določil mu je pomerij, oprostil meščane plačila davka od prodaje vina, jih odvezal obvezne prodaje dvorskega vina in tlake, še vedno pa so morali sodelovati pri gradnji obzidja. V tem času se je Celje pričelo hitreje razvijati. Razvoj je bil viden tako z arhitekturnega kot tudi s (samo)upravnega vidika. Zgodba o celjskih mestnih pravicah je hkrati zgodba o boju meščanstva za svoj prostor v družbi. Mesto je bilo prestolnica celjske kneževine, sedež vicedoma, okrožno glavarstvo, sedež četrti in sedež sodne oblasti za vso slovensko Štajersko. V diplomskem delu so transliterirane in analizirane listine, ki so mestu Celju in njegovim meščanom podeljevale svoboščine in privilegije do konca srednjega veka. Prične se s podelitvijo mestnih pravic grofa Friderika II. dne 11. aprila 1451, sledi ponovna potrditev in razširitev pravic grofa Ulrika II. z dne 6. oktobra 1455. Po izumrtju celjskih grofov leta 1456 je njihovo ozemlje prešlo pod Habsburžane. Tako v prihodnjih letih izdaja listine s potrditvami obstoječih pravic ter dodatnimi pravicami cesar Friderik III. in nato njegov naslednik, Maksimiljan I., ki sta se poleg potrjevanja že obstoječih pravic in privilegijev ukvarjala predvsem s pritožbami meščanov in urejanjem gospodarske in trgovinske problematike. In the early medieval times Celje was a slowly developing town and got its status of a town relatively late. It became a medieval settlement in the 13th century in the times of the Heunburg counts. After their extinction in 1322 Celje got under the reign of the Lords of Žovnek. In the 14th and 15th century the Counts of Celje became one of the most important European noble families and Celje became one of the most important town in the Middle Europe. The Counts of Celje were a very successful and ambitious dynasty who were expanding their wealth and power. Although it was not legally proclaimed a town yet, in 1436 Celje was first mentioned as a town in documents. On the 11th April 1451 Friderick II. granted Celje its official rights. He defined Celje’s legal borderline, exempted the residents from paying wine taxes, exempted them from certain forms of work, but they still had to help him build the town walls. In this era Celje was flourishing and achieved its greatest architectural as well as administrative success. Fight for Celje’s city rights still has a strong symbolic meaning for this historic period. The town was the metropolis of the principality of Celje, headquarter of vicedom, regional district board, headquarter of the district and jurisdiction headquarter for the whole Slovenian Styrian. In my diploma I present transliterated and analyzed documents of how Celje gained its rights and position until the end of the Middle ages. It all started on 11th April 1451. On 6th October 1455 count Ulrich II. confirmed and extended the rights. With the extinction of the counts of Celje their territory was passed under the Hapsburg family. In that period the two emperors, Friderick III. and Maximilian I., were expanding and confirming old and new city rights.

Teoretični del opisuje definicijo nasilja, vrste nasilja, kje se nasilje povzroča, značilnosti nasilnežev in žrtev, ter samo vrstniško nasilje. Empirični del zajema raziskavo o vrstniškem nasilju na treh osnovnih šolah v mestu Celje. The theoretical part describes the definition of violence, types of violence, where violence is rised, the characteristics of bullies and victims, and just bullying. Empirical part of the research on bullying at three elementary schools in the city of Celje.

Namen naloge je predstaviti razvoj in delovanje delavskih sindikalnih organizacij v Celju v času Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Diplomska naloga je izdelana po zgodovinski metodi tj. zbiranje virov, njihova analiza in primerjava podatkov. Osnovni viri so bili časopisni članki časnikov Nova doba in Delavska pravica ter arhivsko gradivo fonda Jugoslovanske strokovne zveze in Delavske zbornice. Mesto Celje je bilo predvsem zaradi Cinkarne in Westnove tovarne emajlirane posode med vojnama eno najpomembnejših industrijskih središč na Slovenskem. Celje je še posebej po I. svetovni vojni zaposloval številne delavce iz vse države, ki so bili brez premoženja in so se za uveljavitev svojih pravic zanašali na delavske strokovne organizacije. Te organizacije so skrbele tudi za kulturno in družabno življenje delavcev, saj so preko svojih društev prirejale razne igre, koncerte, predavanja in druge prireditve. Na njihovo delovanje so vplivale državne in svetovne razmere, ki so se bistveno spremenile po kraljevi diktaturi leta 1929, svetovni gospodarski krizi in bližnji vojni. Vsi ti dogodki so vplivali na različno intenzivnost delovanja posameznih delavskih strokovnih organizacij. The purpose of the diploma work is to present the development and operation of labor union organizations in Celje during the kingdom of Yugoslavia. The diploma work is drawn up on historical method i.e. collection of resources, their analysis and data comparison. As basic resources newspaper articles from Nova doba and Delavska pravica were used as well as file materials of the Yugoslav professional union fund and Labor chamber. The city of Celje was, due to zinc factory and Westen's factory of enamel vessel, during the wars one of the most important industrial centres in Slovenia. Especially after World War I Celje employed large number of workers from the whole country who were without any means and relied on labor specialized organizations for asserting their rights. These organizations also looked after cultural and social life of workers organizing through their associations various plays, concerts, lectures and other performances. Their operation was influenced by state and world circumstances which changed essentially after king's dictatorship in 1929, world economic crisis and approaching war. All these events affected with different intensity the operation of individual labor union organizations.

V Celju je poleg vseh ostalih gospodarskih dejavnosti, pomembna dejavnost tudi turizem. V mestu so številne turistične znamenitosti, najbolj poznana pa je Stari grad Celje. Številčnost in raznolikost turističnih znamenitosti nam je bila izhodišče za pripravo tematskih poti po mestu. Tematske poti so sestavljene tako, da združeno predstavijo določeno temo (npr. rimsko obdobje v Celju) in vse temi pripadajoče znamenitosti. Zanimanje domačinov in turistov za tematske poti smo ugotavljali s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je pristop po načinu tematskih poti turistom blizu, poleg tega pa Celje označujejo kot turistom prijazno mesto. V diplomskem delu predstavljamo tudi primere zloženk za tematske poti, ki bi bile na voljo turistom za samostojno spoznavanje mesta. Ugotovitve o turističnih navadah turistov, bi lahko bile vodilo za izdelavo še več tematskih poti in njim ustreznih zloženk, kar bi še dvignilo prepoznavnost Celja v Sloveniji, kot tudi v svetu. Tourism is an important activity in Celje. The city contains numerous touristic attractions and maybe the most recognized is the old Celje castle. Number and diversity of touristic attractions were grounds for creating theme trips through the city. Theme trips are created to present a specific topic (e.g. the Roman period in Celje) and all the attractions belonging to the topic. Celje residents and tourist's interest regarding those theme trips was determined with the help of the questionnaire. Results show that tourists like the idea of theme trips and that Celje is a tourist friendly city. This diploma paper includes a sample of information folder about theme trips, which would be available to tourists for individual tours through the city. Findings about tourist's habits could be the basis for creating more theme trips and proper information folders, which would increase Celje's recognisability in Slovenia as well as around the world.

The aim of this paper is to investigate and present the activities of the Public Library in Celje during German occupation during World War II. The research is based on a survey of archival sources – relevant documents are available in Celje Historical Arcives (Zgodovinski arhiv Celje – ZAC). The article is divided in two parts, the first one presenting the condition of librarianship in Nazi Germany in general, and the second one focusing on a case study: the conditions of librarianship in occupied Slovenian city of Celje. The city was an important administrative, commercial, industrial, traffic and educational centre in the area of Styria during the occupation. Its library operated according to standards and models applied to libraries in Germany. This was reflected in the overall library operation: selection and processing of material, layout, employee selection and work with users. Public libraries were founded by individual municipalities or groups of municipalities, which took care of the operation of libraries. Special government advisory centres (Staatliche Volksbuechereistelle) provided library’s additional materials. Consequently, libraries played an important role in dissemination of the German language and culture in new border areas, which was regarded as their major aim. War conditions did not deter users from visiting libraries and employee complaints about the lack of financial means were not recorded. Towards the end of the war only the lack of paper was noticed., Cilj je rada istražiti i predstaviti djelovanje Javne knjižnice u Celju tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata. Rad je podijeljen u dva dijela, u prvom se općenito govori o stanju u knjižničarstvu u nacističkoj Njemačkoj, a drugi se dio bavi djelovanjem Javne knjižnice u okupiranom Celju. Istraživanje se temelji na arhivskim dokumentima dostupnim u Povijesnom arhivu u Celju (Zgodovinski arhiv Celje – ZAC). Celje je tijekom okupacije bilo važno administrativno, trgovinsko, industrijsko, prometno i obrazovno središte Štajerske. Celjska je knjižnica djelovala sukladno standardima i modelima važećima za sve njemačke knjižnice, što se odražavalo na njezino cjelokupno poslovanje: izbor i obradu građe, izbor zaposlenika i rad s korisnicima. Javne su knjižnice bile utemeljene municipalnim sredstvima, a grad je brinuo o njihovom poslovanju. Usto, posebno je državno savjetodavno tijelo (Staatliche Volksbuechereistelle) osiguravalo dodatne materijale. Knjižnice su u novim pograničnim područjima imale važnu ulogu u diseminaciji njemačkog jezika i kulture, što se i smatralo njihovom temeljnom zadaćom. Ratne okolnosti nisu odvratile korisnike od posjeta knjižnici, niti su se zaposlenici žalili na nedostatak financijskih sredstava. Kako se rat bližio kraju, zamijećen je tek nedostatak papira. Doprinos radnje je rekonstrukcija poslovanja Javne knjižnice u Celju tijekom vrlo burnog povijesnog razdoblja, što je tema kojoj do sada nije pridavana veća pozornost.

In the Cilli family chapel in Celje, amongst the rich architectonic plastic, figural consoles that were once used to bear the statues of saints stand out. Out of the original twenty consoles, there are thirteen preserved consoles to date. Without a detailed iconographic analysis, the dominance of well known motives of gothic bestiary, specifically motives from the classical Physiologus catches your eyes immediately. At the same time, we are noticing some peculiarities of the iconographic programme: Alongside the three consoles, there are plaques carved with inscriptions which describe the contents of the consoles and their theological significance. We believe that the other consoles had such support “legends”. Furthermore, we can anticipate one eschatological theme in the appearance of a Siren, the Onocentaur and of John the Evangelist. In the following consideration we will center our attention to the presence of one possible Homeric theme, specifically the themes from the Homer's Odyssey. At least two consoles belong to the Homeric cycle: the Siren and the Scylla. The Siren console is located almost near to the console of the Onocentaur while on the contrary wall, several fields further towards the altar, the Scylla. The appearance of the Siren is found in Christian iconography, given that it is a pagan motif, relatively often, it is not usually related to the Homeric content. It is different for the Scylla, which appears less often as an exclusive Homeric theme. The Scylla is not brought by various translations of the Physiologus, and it almost does not appear in other contemporary bestiaries. Nevertheless, before a detailed examination, let’s have a closer look at these two consoles: The first (preserved) console from the left side of the entrance represents a figure of a young winged woman with dispersed hair, with a naked body that takes the form of a fish from the waist bellow. The tail is bended to (her) left side and her hips are gently pushed to the opposite side, which gives elegance to the figure. With the head and the wings, it supports a multi-angle panel on which a statue once stood. This representation of the Siren we can later recognize as a type of a half-fish – half-girl, unlike the classical and early medieval representations of the Siren as a half-bird. On the right wall (also observed from the entrance), in line between the representations of Saint John the Evangelist and the Ostrich, there is a representation of the Scylla. The Scylla is a woman with feathered crown with the right arm raised as if it was threatening, as if she was holding a spear in her fist. The left hand is damaged. The upper part of the body as well as the hands are protected with a shield, bellow the waist it has a shape of a bird of prey. Her wings are turned down. With regards to the rare appearance of the Scylla in the medieval visual arts, we would have difficulties recognizing her in this representation if there was no plate under her that describes her. The Scylla and the Siren are characters that are shown in classic literature and in illustrations, such as in Ancient Greece and later. They became famous through Homer’s Odyssey where they appear in the twelve canto, as obstacles on Odysseus’ epic travel. The Sirens seduce with their singing the sailor so that he would smash on the rocks while the Scylla, together with Charybdis, destroy ships in the furious maelstrom. So, as much as they have things in common, they are mutually different as well. In classical representations, the Siren is regularly shown as a half-girl – half-bird, a creature that lurks off from high rocks and flies around the boat. Such conception of the Siren will be kept in the medieval art as well as the various descriptions of sea monsters. There are various translations of the late Antic Physiologus as well as early natural history discussions. Not until after the ninth century (Physiologus of Bern), illustrations of the Siren as a sea creature, half-fish, appear. In the late Middle Ages, alongside the artistic transformation into a fish-virgin, in the Germanic and Anglo-Saxon language areas it will come to the same transformation: Instead of the term “Siren” various versions of the term “Mermaid” will be used. Just as in the late Middle Ages natural history discussions, from the beginning, theology texts also begin to take an interest in Sirens: We encounter the Siren in early translations of biblical texts, Septuaginta and Vulgata. Together with the Onocentaurs, the Sirens devastate Babylon in the visions of the prophet Isaiah. Since these Isaiah’s verses are taken for the prefiguration of the judgment day, the Sirens and the Onocentaurs appear in a special Romanic art as part of the eschatological cycle. The appearance of the Siren and the Onocentaur in the chapel in Celje, as well as the appearance of John the Evangelist on the opposite wall, opens a special problematic. It seems that the Apocalypse of John is certainly a sub-theme of the iconological concept of the consoles in Celje. Ecclesiastical writers are peculiar in the ratings of the Siren as a symbol of a seducing female nature, which leads the weak into perdition. The Siren is a carnal temptation which is used at the same time as a synonym for a prostitute. The most radical ecclesiastical author of the 6th century, Leander of Seville, laconically concludes that all women are nuns or Sirens, or in other words deleterious seducers, whose proximity necessarily leads to sin and peril of the soul. The Sirens, together with Onocentaurs, represent to the ecclesiastical writers the embodiment of man's dual, half-animal nature, Sirens as half-birds (or half-fishes), and the Onocentausr as half-ass. But in the strange twists and turns, Christian writers bring back the Sirens into their pagan classic literary context: Early Christian writer Ambrose reads off the classic pagan epopee, the Odyssey, as a Christian allegory in which Odysseus – a human soul wandering the seas of the world, encountering various temptations and dangers that interfere in his journey to salvation. It is easy to guess what is the role intended for the Sirens in such readings. For our subject of discussion, it is interesting to see that in their examination of Homer’s Odyssey, ecclesiastical writers relate another character to the Siren: the Scylla. Even though the Scylla in Homer’s Odyssey, as well as later when it grows into a paradigm, is regularly tied to the neighboring monster Charybdis, the situation is very different in the visual arts. The Scylla appears repeatedly in Greek and Roman antiquity, in the context of displays from the Odyssey and outside that context as well. It has its own elaborate iconography, represented as a girl, naked to the waist and from the waist bellow it has a body of a fish or sea snake. Important features for her are a spear in the hand and dog heads around her waist. Judging from the illustrations, these dogs are part of her body. Unlike the Scylla, the Charybdis never appears in visual representations. If we compare the Scylla from Celje with the classic iconography, it will be clear to us why we would not be able to recognize her, if not for the specific inscription that discloses her. Still, some of the details on the illustration strongly support the attribution to the inscription: Firstly, we have mentioned the elevated right hand in the characteristic position of an attack with a spear. The spear, or sometimes a sharpened paddle, is infallible attribute of the Scylla. Further, another attribute is the waist with dog heads, which is also emphasized by the ecclesiastical writers dealing with the Scylla and her symbolism. We are observing a decorated belt on the Scylla of Celje in which shape we can easily recognize the stylized dog heads. The Cistercian monastery in Neuberg is located in Upper Styria. The special attraction of this monastery is the east wing of the monastery’s courtyard with fifteen figuratively decorated consoles. Time and cultural proximity, and many matching motifs led the writers to speak in the same contexts on the consoles from Neuberg and Celje. In addition to other common motifs, specifically motifs from the Physiologus, than the Scylla and the Siren are represented in Neuberg as well as in Celje. Their illustrations from Neuberg are entirely different from those in Celje: Both sea monsters are shown in a literary context, alongside Odysseus' boat, how they both lurk Odysseus and his crewmen. The Siren is provided between waves with a strange hybrid of fish and bird type body, holding hands as if she was playing the flute. The flute is probably lost, as well as many small details of this consoles. Also, in the classic Greek illustrations, the Sirens regularly play flutes or harps. The Scylla is in details identical to the Scylla in Celje as it also holds the hand as if it were attacking with a spear, which is lost here as well. Neuberg's illustration of the Siren and the Scylla is important in order to understand the illustration in Celje. Since the middle ages often take both figures out of their classical, or Homeric contexts and it assigns to them different but appropriate meanings to Christian teachings, there would be much doubt about the interpretation that should be given to these consoles in Celje. We have already mentioned the motif of the Apocalypse, which gives the manifestation of the Siren, the Onocentaur and John the Evangelist together. This, however, does not include the Scylla. We cannot explain the Scylla with the motifs from the Physiologus either because the Scylla does not appear in the Physiologus. The Scylla appears in natural history texts of the middle ages exceptionally for example in the Book of Nature of Konrad von Megenberg. The writer describes the Scylla in his work as a “Meerjuncfrawen” or a sea virgin. The Scylla from Neuberg is the immediate precursor and model to the Scylla in Celje. As well as the Siren, the Scylla in Neuberg is in a strong Homeric context: The boat with Odyssey’s sailors alienates the subject from any other possible link. In medieval artistic depictions, the Scylla is extremely rare: Along the two mentioned Styrian depictions we could barely find her. There is a documented wall painting showing the known depiction of the battle between Odyssey and the Scylla in the Corvey Abbey near the North Rhine. The mentioned illustration dates from the ninth century. This is why the Scylla of Celje, determined with the undoubtedly associated inscription especially ichnographically important: Certainly, after the introduction of the Scylla from Celje, it is possible to recognize with a comparative analysis hitherto unknown depictions of Scylla which were recognized until now in some visual depictions as Sirens Harpies or something else. But this is the research that is yet to come. The Scylla and the Siren in Celje are surely, as the rest of the consoles with figurative depictions, intended for the reflection on the theological issues of modern and early Christian authors. The role is the same for the other cycle, the Apocalypse group in which the Siren acts as a “homo duplex” and the sub-themes of the complete cycle of consoles are certainly opening the question of the lost consoles and their content, as well as the content of the sculptures that stood under the baldachin. Such complex, sophisticated contents are appropriate to the privacy of a family chapel, literate and educated noblemen who read moral messages from enclosed inscriptions, discussing on “last issues”, and are in this way faced with their own mortality. This enclosure does not enter into the complex issue of style analysis of the artistic decoration of the chapel nor the question of its dating which was mentioned and written on many times. Still, raising the question on how much iconographic analysis can help contribute to the discussion around the dating of the construction of the chapel, we are emphasizing the iconographic closeness to the monastery in Neuberg, and other monuments in Upper Styria. On the other side, the similar motifs do not appear in the churches and monasteries, that were funded from the Cilli family, for example in Ptujska Gora and Pleterje.

The topic of this paper is contemporary tendencies and business trends in Slovenia, a country which left behind the period of crisis and by transforming its outdated and obsolete industry has overcome the period of transition. The paper deals with economy, industrial and economic solutions in Slovenia thanks to which this country has recovered from post-socialistic crisis and thus ranked among European and world's competitive countries. The examples of Maribor and Celje illustrate the fact that though medium sized centers, they can achieve good results by clever investment and planning. Serbia, which is still in the period of crisis, could be governed by the example of Slovenia on its path of development. This paper provides just some of the examples that Serbia could resort to. The issues which Serbia has been facing for a certain period of time could be overcome by adequate investment, building up of the infrastructure, economy transformation and industry modernization.

V diplomskem delu je na strnjen način in na enem mestu predstavljeno tiskarstvo, (slovenski) tiski in časopisje na (slovenskem) Štajerskem do druge svetovne vojne. Na začetku je predstavljena tiskarska dejavnost na Slovenskem, nato pa je podrobneje obravnavan razvoj le-te na (slovenskem) Štajerskem, predvsem v Mariboru, Celju in Ptuju. Pri tem sem opisala tiskarne v omenjenih mestih in njihov razvoj skozi čas. Nadalje so me zanimali tiski, ki so jih obravnavane tiskarne tiskale. V ta namen sem pripravila kronološki pregled izbranih slovenskih monografskih publikacij za vsako mesto posebej. Pri pripravi pregleda tiskov sem ugotovila, da je bilo v tem času zelo pomembno in razvito časopisje, ki je bilo po številu različnih naslovov prav presenetljivo. Prav zaradi njihove vloge v življenju štajerskega prebivalstva sem se odločila in pripravila še kronološki pregled izbranega slovenskega in nemškega časopisja za Maribor, Celje in Ptuj. K temu pregledu sem dodala še nekoliko podrobnejši opis nekaterih, po mojem mnenju pomembnejših, časopisov, katerih naloga je bila seznanjati štajersko prebivalstvo s političnimi in gospodarskimi razmerami ter kulturnim življenjem. Diploma paper presents typography summed in one place, (Slovenian) prints and newspapers in (Slovenian) Styria until Second World War. In the beginning typographical activity in Slovenia is introduced followed by discussion of its precise evolution in (Slovenian) Styria, above all in Maribor, Celje and Ptuj. Meanwhile I described printing houses in the above mentioned cities and their evolution through time. Furthermore, I was interested in prints, printed by discussed printing houses. For this purpose I prepared a chronological overview of the chosen Slovenian monographic publications for each city. While preparing the print overview, I discovered the importance and development of the newspapers in that time, the number of different titles was really fascinating. Because of its important role in lives of Styrian people, I decided to also make a chronological overview of the chosen Slovenian and German newspapers for Maribor, Celje and Ptuj. To that I added also a bit more precise description of some, in my opinion, more important newspapers, which role was to introduce Styrian people to political and economical circumstances und cultural life.

U jednom od najljepših i najstarijih gradova Štajerske, Celju, nalazi se crkva Svetog Danijela sa prigrađenom Kapelom žalostne matere Božje. Kapela je građena kao obiteljska kapela grofova Celjskih, u zadnjoj trećini 14. stoljeća, te je nadsvođena početkom 15. stoljeća. Građena je u tradiciji gornjoštajerskih i donjoaustrijskih obiteljskih kapela 14. stoljeća. U bogatoj arhitektonskoj plastici očuvanoj u kapeli, ističe se ciklus od 21 konzole koje su nosile skulpture pod visokim baldahinima. Od originalnog broja konzola, do danas je sačuvano 13. Celjski ciklus, posebno je značajan zbog uklesanih 'legendi', koje utvrđuju ikonografske sadržaje. Iako su sačuvane samo tri legende, njihova je važnost velika: one nesumnjivo determiniraju ikonografske motive, te stvaraju polazište za određivanje inače često spornih motiva, poput morske nemani Scile.