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The global supply chain depends on the efficient transfer of containers between cargo ships and ground transport. To ensure reliable operations, equipment at ports requires predictive maintenance, with minimal downtime, at scheduled times. One common piece of equipment, rail mounted automated gantry (RMG) automatic stacking cranes (ASC), can be outfitted with commodity acceleration sensors to better monitor the structural health of the crane and the rails on which the crane runs. The ratio of the rolling standard deviation of the crane vibration at speed versus at rest is a metric that can separate the cranes and rails into those that are in need of detailed inspection and repair, and those that are in good health. This method produced zero false negative, and an even split of true positives and false positives. The cost of a false positive is orders of magnitude less than the cost of a false negative, so this technique should help bend the cost curve down on RMG maintenance. Industrial RMG ASCs and the rails on which they run are difficult and expensive to survey, but abnormalities can cause damage to the cranes that will be much more expensive and difficult to fix. We are developing a method using low cost computing in the form of Raspberry Pis and commodity acceleration sensors to detect abnormalities without disturbing the use of the crane for a survey. One limitation of low cost sensors is that they produce a signal with a relatively high amount of noise. However, the signal is usable. We quantify the noise level as the rolling standard deviation (RSD) of the raw signal from the smoothed signal, which can be calculated for the crane at rest and at different speeds. The ratio of resting RSD to moving RSD is used to classify a rail as needing attention or as nominal. That ratio can be compared between two cranes that are operating on the same set of rails to determine whether the abnormalities are caused by the crane or by the rail. Utilizing this metric to prioritize track repairs such as tamping or grinding, or crane repairs such as wheel replacement or bogie alignments can significantly reduce the maintenance cost for the overall crane systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has drastically affected the transport sector, because of the restrictions introduced to limit the spread of the threat. They concerned primarily passenger traffic, but trade in goods also faced completely new challenges, related to increased consumption and the dynamic development of e-commerce on the one hand and restrictions related to the pandemic and sealing borders on the other. One of the most susceptible to fluctuations in international trade is the maritime economy, which has been analysed in this article. It was checked how the global threat affected sea traffic in terms of gross weight of goods handled in main ports. The aim of the study was to characterize the impact of the pandemic on sea transport depending on the type of ship and to evaluate the current state of sea transport in the context of the level shaped by forecasts based on observations from before the coronavirus pandemic. The authors' assumption was to check whether the rail transport market has already reached the level it could reach in the absence of the virus threat. The use of a polynomial function was proposed for the study. Time series containing observations up to the outbreak of the pandemic and forecasts based on them, as well as time series containing additional observations from the pandemic period were analysed. The study results obtained allowed to conclude how the global crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic affected the cargo traffic in the sea transport, expressed by the mass of goods transshipped in major ports, depending on the individual types of ships.

This paper analyses the image of Taiwan (the Republic of China) in the Polish communist press in the mid-1950s. It focuses on the news coverage related to the two Polish cargo ships – the Praca and the Prezydent Gottwald – which were detained by the Taiwanese authorities in 1953 and 1954, respectively. Based on the press narratives and supported by declassified government documents, the paper analyses the impact of the Cold War conflicts and divisions on the detention of Polish ships and its coverage by the Polish communist media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The race of taking more cargo on a ship has increased the size of ships as well as other aspects, such as their capacity and structural complexity, which affect the stability of ships. For naval architects and academics, accurately predicting seakeeping performances is difficult. In order to address this, the seakeeping performance of a container ship hall built by Korea Research Institute for Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO), i.e., KRISO container ship hall (KCS) is described in this research utilizing a numerical method. Maxsurf software based on strip theory was used to determine the results, where the containership hull was considered and input motions were applied with appropriate boundary conditions. Later, the ship's heading and speed were changed to see the effect of the seakeeping performance of the container ship. The current study is concentrated on systematic comparative research on the investigation of the ship's pitch, heave, and roll movements in irregular waves. It has been found that rolling motion was the highest at 22 kn at the 60° heading angle, potentially affecting ship stability. The significant amplitude analysis indicates that the roll motion is the largest at 60° of wave direction. The pitch motion response and the heave motion are near for each heading angle when the wave frequency exceeds 0.5 and 1 rad/s, respectively. The calculation findings show that seakeeping performance is directly related to ship direction and speed. Furthermore, threatening heading angles during sailing are classified, which could also help in enhancing ship stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new chance-constrained optimization (CCO) formulation for the bulk carrier conceptual design. The CCO problem is modeled through the scenario design approach. We conducted extensive numerical experiments comparing the convergence of both canonical and state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms on the original and CCO formulations and showed that the CCO formulation is substantially more difficult to solve. The two best-performing methods were both found to be differential evolution-based algorithms. We then provide an analysis of the resulting solutions in terms of the dependence of the distribution functions of the unit transportation costs and annual cargo capacity of the ship design on the probability of violating the chance constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatiotemporal variations in air‐sea CO2 fluxes in the Kuroshio region were evaluated using measurements made by voluntary cargo ships and research vessels. The data were re‐gridded to produce a 1° × 1° horizontal grid and 0.1‐year timesteps. Spatial clustering showed that the area north of approximately 30°N was the strongest atmospheric CO2 sink. The spatial differences were largest in winter and insignificant in summer. The oceanic CO2 uptake in the Kuroshio region increased from 2000 to 2019. Changes in the wind speed and total alkalinity affected the decadal increase in CO2 absorption. The spatial distributions of the air‐sea CO2 fluxes were affected by the Kuroshio large meander (KLM). This effect was likely caused by the change in seawater fCO2 via the change in the Kuroshio Extension Path during the KLM period. The Fourier regression technique used in the data analysis was expected to facilitate analyses of the carbonate system in coastal waters, where comprehensive on‐site measurements and satellite analyses are difficult. Plain Language Summary: We analyzed oceanic CO2 uptake in the Kuroshio region using measurements from cargo ships and research vessels. The regression technique used in this study improved the spatiotemporal resolution of the data and is expected to be widely applicable for the analysis of other seawater carbonate systems, especially in coastal areas where comprehensive measurements and satellite analysis are difficult. CO2 absorption was particularly high in the area north of approximately 30°N. The differences between CO2 absorption in that area and other areas were largest in winter and small in summer. The CO2 absorption increased between 2000 and 2019. Changes in wind speed and alkalinity affected the increase in CO2 absorption. The areal differences in CO2 absorption were affected by the Kuroshio large meander. This effect was probably the result of the change of the Kuroshio path during the Kuroshio large meander. Key Points: Spatiotemporal variations in carbonate parameters and air‐sea CO2 fluxes in the Kuroshio region were analyzed by Fourier regressionOceanic CO2 uptake increased between 2000 and 2019. Changes in wind speed and total alkalinity affected the increase rate in CO2 uptakeThe Kuroshio large meander affects the spatial distribution of air‐sea CO2 fluxes by change in the Kuroshio Extension path [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the safety and reliability and maintain the stability of imaging quality when a space camera with a cargo spaceship is launched, a protection system for the space camera is designed. Firstly, according to the mechanical properties of the space camera, a working principle of the protection system is elaborated, and a model of the system is proposed. Secondly, a protective cover and a vibration isolation block are designed on the basis of shape, size, and requirements of the space camera. Thirdly, based on the finite element mesh, static and sinusoidal vibration simulation calculations of the space camera and its protection system are carried out. Finally, the protection system is validated after mechanical experiment. The results reveal that the three directional fundamental frequencies of space camera are 43.39 Hz, 26.74 Hz, and 22.83 Hz, respectively, and the maximum response of sinusoidal vibration acceleration is 17.02 g, which is amplified by 3.4 times. The image quality of the space camera lens is consistent before and after the test, which satisfies the requirement of the cargo ship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the asymmetric multifractality in maritime shipping freight rates, we have resorted to the use of the novel approach of asymmetric Multifractality Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. This approach examines the maritime shipping freight response towards the downward and upward movements. The outcomes in this regard show that the major maritime shipping freight rates have multifractals, which tend to increase as the fractal scale also increases. Also, a higher level of multifractality is observed in the downward movements for the Baltic Dry Index, and the Baltic Clean Tanker Index, suggesting that both the indexes have been less efficient, and also unpredictable during the time period pertaining to the pandemic. Moreover, the multifractality is observed to be greater in the upside for the Baltic Dirty Tanker Index during the pandemic, and also in the full-time period. The results also propagate that the maritime shipping freight rates are inefficient, a situation that has been evidently visible during the time period pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic. The maritime shipping freight rates require special attention to monitor such sudden changes in the price dynamics, and following strict regulations is extremely critical in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When transporting specimens, both living and preserved, naturalists often took great care when deciding how best to ship them. One of the most important shipping methods was in wooden barrels. In the eighteenth century, many naturalists, including Joseph Banks, John Ellis, and René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, advocated the use of, or used, barrels to transport specimens when long voyages often caused specimens to become damaged or destroyed. This paper will investigate the use of wooden barrels by naturalists and detail how such a ubiquitous object proved to be exceptionally important in the history of natural history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naval transportation played an important role in chrome mining in Cuba since the mineral was shipped and transferred in cargo ships to North American ports. In the community of Yamanigüey in the municipality of Moa, a wreck linked to chrome mining has been submerged for more than 60 years. Due to the lack of management of the municipality's underwater cultural heritage, there is a risk of it being looted. An inventory was carried out to identify the submerged wreck using knowledge of geodesy and diving techniques to achieve the subsequent cataloguing, registration and protection of this wreck as mining and cultural heritage of the Moa Municipality. The macroscopic identification of a chromite sample in the archaeological site where the wreck is located confirms the transportation of the mineral at the time of its shipwreck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black carbon (BC) has a significant impact on air quality, climate change, and human health. Studies on BC from vessel exhaust have been focused on in recent years. To realize the contribution of BC from vessels to ambient air quality, 28 months of BC variation were observed from February 2019 to May 2022, including 3 fishing moratoriums and 2 normal periods. The results showed that the average daily concentration of BC in the fishing moratorium was significantly lower than that in the normal period. The difference proportion of the BC concentration between 370 and 880 nm was calculated over the whole period. As a result, the mean difference value in the fishing moratorium from February to May was 0.06 ± 0.07, and the normal period was −0.02 ± 0.05. The aethalometer model indicated that BC was greatly affected by fossil fuel combustion in the normal period. The effect of vessel emissions on regional BC concentrations was considerable. In addition, 16 PAHs and 21 elements in PM emitted from 24 vessels of different types were sampled and analyzed in Dianshan Lake and the Taipu River. EC accounted for the highest proportion (23.64%) in the sample of small trawlers compared to the emissions from cargo ships with large tonnages. The component profiles of vessel exhaust showed that Zn, As, phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Fla), and pyrene (Pyr) were the dominant species, although some of these species were mainly recognized as characteristic factors of coal combustion. To improve the accuracy of identifying the vessel source, the diagnostic ratios of Ant/(Ant + Phe), BaA/(BaA + Chr), Phe/Ant, and BaA/Chr were provided, and they exhibited the obvious characteristics of fuel combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased use of fossil fuels in transportation is considered a major cause of environmental pollution and climate change on a global scale. In international shipping, regulations and strict measures have been introduced by the International Maritime Organization to achieve the goal of a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030, with the envisage to reach net-zero GHG emissions close to 2050. Renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, can be implemented on new-build or existing marine vessels as an effective alternative source for auxiliary power generation, reducing the dependency on fossil fuels and contributing to decarbonization. In the present paper, a sustainable retrofit design using PV panels on an existing Ro-Ro vessel is analyzed for its feasibility. The proposed system is used for energy production during ship cargo operations and takes advantage of the large space area on the upper deck and its continuous exposure to sunlight during its voyage. To investigate the effectiveness of the PV system as an alternative to fossil fuel consumption, an environmental and economic evaluation is performed. According to the results obtained, the solar PV system can provide approximately 88% of the required energy annually for lighting during ship cargo operations, with the corresponding fuel savings and emission reductions, making the investment economically feasible, with a high potential to contribute to environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical and wind propulsion, together with energy stored in batteries and renewable energies harnessed onboard, can lead the way towards zero-emission ships. This study compares wind propulsion solutions and battery storage possibilities for a RoRo ship operating in the Baltic Sea. The ship energy systems simulation model ShipCLEAN is used to predict the performance of the zero-emission ship in real-life operating conditions. The study showcases how ships can be transferred from a conventional, diesel-powered to a zero-emission ship. For the zero-emission ship, all energy needed for auxiliaries and propulsion is taken from renewable sources onboard or from batteries. Challenges and opportunities, as well as necessary adaptions of the route and logistics, are discussed. Results of the study present which wind propulsion technology is the most suitable for the example RoRo ship, and how the installation of suitably sized battery packs for zero-emission operation affects the cargo capacity of the ship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cargo oil should be kept at a particular temperature to prevent transport difficulties caused by the high viscosity and pour point during shipping. Optimisation of the heating/insulation scheme on cargo oil must be investigated by studying the heat transfer mechanism of cargo oil, associated with the voyage and hydrometeorological conditions. In this study, a theoretical model is developed to predict the heat transfer of cargo oil in an oil tanker. The heating/insulation data are also measured in two voyages and compared with the predicted results. The relative errors of the temperature between the voyage and predicted results range from 9∼15% and 4∼6% without and with consideration of the hydrometeorological conditions, respectively. The largest relative error of 15.1% is observed in the front cargo tank (1C) affected by the wave/wind conditions. A steam flow rate of 1000∼4000 kg/h is appropriated to optimise the heating/insulation scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A BOG buffer tank and a control strategy is proposed to optimize the liquefaction process and can maintain the stability of the system. • The inlet gas volume increases by 12.2% and system specific energy consumption is reduced by 5.7% compared with the reference process. • The results of the simulation data provide an identifiable scale demarcation for the control strategy. • The optimal intake ratio exists which can be more responsively adjusted and adapted to process fluctuations in actual operation. The re-liquefaction of BOG is a necessary part of the safety and security of LNG cargo ships. And the volatility of BOG will fluctuate with the sea conditions of ship transportation, so how to deal with the fluctuation of the re-liquefaction system and improve the liquefaction capacity is a problem that cannot be ignored in the operation of the liquefaction system; In this paper, a BOG buffer tank is added to the Reverse Brayton Process. Moreover, a control strategy is proposed to optimize the liquefaction process. The proposed four possible operating conditions' efficiency,the specific energy consumption (SEC), liquefaction rate and main heat exchanger parameters were simulated and analyzed by using Aspen HYSYS software. According to the results, the specific energy consumption of the basic re-liquefaction process is 1.329 kWh/kg LNG , which is 5.7% less than that of the reference process; In the study of flow fluctuation, after adopting the control strategy, the specific energy consumption of the whole process is 1.29 kWh/kg LNG , with 15.6% efficiency and 99.5% liquefaction rate. The whole system can be maintained at a low specific energy consumption level when the feed gas volume is fluctuating. The analyses of various BOG composition and the parameters of the main heat exchanger show that the regulation of the inlet gas volume can make the primary re-liquefaction process flexible and maintain the heat exchanger in a good working condition; Even if the system is in a worse working condition, the inlet gas volume can be improved by 12.2% compared with the reference process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of fuel consumption on merchant ships is categorized in both economic and environmental ways in terms of sustainable blue growth. Apart from the economic benefits of reducing fuel consumption, attention should be paid to related environmental concerns with ship fuels. As a result of global regulations and agreements concerning mitigating greenhouse gases on board, such as the International Maritime Organization and Paris Agreement, ships have to take a step to reduce fuel consumption to adopt these regulations. The present study aims to determine optimal speed diversity depending on ships' cargo amounts and wind-sea states to reduce fuel consumption. Within this context, one-year voyage data from two model sister Ro–Ro cargo ships were used, including daily ship speed, daily fuel consumption, ballast water consumption, total ship cargo consumption, sea state, and wind state. The genetic algorithm method was used to determine the optimal diversity rate. In conclusion, after speed optimization, optimum speed result values are calculated between 16.59 and 17.29 knots; thus, approximately 18% of exhaust gas emissions were also reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General cargo ships are the most numerous in the merchant fleet. In these vessels, the stowage and securing of non-standardized cargo must be designed prior to being shipped. Furthermore, during sea navigation, the shipmaster must be confident that the secured cargo is safe in any weather conditions. One of the goals of the present research is to provide helpful guides to ship operators about the optimal navigational parameters. Despite different criteria being followed by the shipping industry to calculate the rolling motion accelerations, relevant accidents and losses related to an inadequate securing arrangement still occur. Firstly, this paper analyzes and compares the IMO's and classification societies' criteria, obtaining relevant results about the different safety levels along the ship's dimensions. Secondly, it obtains a novel mathematical model of angular transverse acceleration, considering the sea state conditions and navigational parameters. For this reason, it investigates the combinations of optimization of these parameters. Finally, it proposes novel 3D surface graphs as being easy, useful, and quick to be interpreted by shipmasters when sailing in certain sea state conditions, to know if the limits of the maximum securing arrangement are exceeded and predict the ship's optimal speed and heading in order to set out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capability of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to provide real-time worldwide coverage of ship tracks has made it possible for maritime authorities to utilize AIS as a means of surveillance to identify anomalies. Anomaly detection in maritime traffic is crucial as anomalous behavior may be a sign of either emergencies or illegal activities. Anomalous ships are recognized based on their behavior by manual examination. Such work requires extensive effort, especially for nationwide surveillance. To deal with this, researchers proposed computational methods to analyze vessel behavior. However, most approaches are region-dependent and require a profile of normality to detect anomalies, and amongst the six types of anomaly, loitering is the least explored. Loitering is not necessarily anomalous behavior as it is common for certain types of ships, such as pilot boats and research vessels. However, tankers and cargo ships normally do not engage in loitering. Based on 12-month manually examined data, nearly 60% of the identified anomalies were loitering, particularly for those of types cargo and tanker. Although manual identification is inefficient, automatically identifying abnormal vessels by merely implementing computing algorithms is not yet feasible. It still needs subject matter experts' assessments. This study proposes a region-independent method to automatically detect loitering without training normal instances and produces a ranked list of loitering vessels to facilitate further anomaly investigation. First, the loitering spatiotemporal characteristics are defined: (1) movement of frequent course change, with a certain speed, within a certain spatial range, (2) movement of frequent course change within traversed geodetic distance, (3) might demonstrate frequent extreme turning, and (4) extreme turning produces a significant discrepancy between the course over ground and the heading of the ship. Then, the characteristics are quantified by manipulating the dynamic information of AIS messages. Finally, the parameters to determine a loitering trajectory are formulated by comparing the rate of course change, speed, and the discrepancy between heading and course with the area of spatial range enclosing the trajectory and the geodetic distance between the start and end point. The loitering score of each trajectory is calculated with the parameters, and the Isolation Forest algorithm is employed to establish a threshold and rank. Then, geographic visualization is created for intuitive evaluation. An experiment was conducted on a real-world dataset covering a sea area of 610,116.37 km2. The results prove the efficacy of the proposed method. It remarkably outperforms the existing approach with 97% accuracy and 92% F-score. The experiment produces a ranked list of loitering vessels and an intuitive visualization in the relevant geographic area. In the realworld scenario, they are practical means to support further examination by human operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Toxic Ship: The Voyage of the Khian Sea and the Global Waste Trade" by Simone M. Müller explores the history of a ship carrying incinerator ash from Philadelphia to Haiti in 1986, shedding light on the challenges of waste disposal in the face of growing environmental concerns and changing regulations. The book delves into the complexities of waste management, toxic colonialism in the Caribbean, and the global trade of hazardous waste, highlighting the intersections of materiality, politics, and scientific expertise. Müller's work underscores the enduring impact of the Khian Sea's journey on environmental justice issues and the historical patterns of racial and toxic colonialism in the United States and the Global South. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the global efforts to eradicate invasive rats from islands in order to protect native wildlife. Over the past half-century, there have been 820 attempts to eradicate rats from 666 islands, with a success rate of 88%. Rats pose a significant threat to island-dwelling species, which account for 75% of all known bird, mammal, amphibian, and reptile extinctions. The most common targets of eradication programs are black, brown, and Pacific rats. While eradication efforts have been successful on small, uninhabited islands, there are also ongoing efforts to eradicate rats from larger islands, including New Zealand's plan to make the entire country free of invasive predators by 2050. The article highlights the potential benefits of these eradication campaigns, as they could significantly improve the survival prospects of threatened island vertebrates. [Extracted from the article]

Using a Doppler radar to measure river surface velocity is a safe and effective technique. However, the measurement would be severely affected by undesired targets that enter the illuminated area of radar. The issue is worsened when measuring the surface velocities of wide rivers because undesired targets such as boats and ships are more likely to be present. The buoy boats fixed on the river surface and cargo ships sailing on the river would generate ground clutter and moving target interference, respectively. The clutter and interference can mask the signal produced by the Bragg scattering and seriously bias the extraction result of river surface velocity. This paper proposes two effective methods to remove ground clutter and moving target interference, respectively. One is an improved phase-based method that eliminates ground clutter after obtaining its boundaries through the phase in the frequency domain, and another is an improved constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector that combines smallest-of selection logic and a multi-step deletion scheme to detect and remove interference in the time-Doppler spectrum. The experimental data measuring the surface velocity of the Yangtze River with a coherent S-band radar in July 2022 are used to verify the proposed methods. The results show that the proposed methods can effectively remove ground clutter and moving target interference, respectively. After clutter and interference cancellation, a more reasonable result of river surface velocity distribution can be extracted. Therefore, the methods proposed in this paper can be used to remove clutter and interference when extracting the surface velocity of rivers with numerous undesired targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletonema potamos is a freshwater diatom that has been widely distributed in North America, Europe, and Australia since the 1980s. However, there have been few previous reports of S. potamos in China. Only recently has S. potamos been frequently found in our extensive ecological surveys in China, and it has sometimes even been the dominant species. This study clarified the morphology, distribution, and origin of S. potamos, as well as the underlying mechanism contributing to its dominance. We examined the samples collected from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Basin during 2016–2022 and determined their geographical distribution. Genetic distance analysis indicated that S. potamos strains in China might have been transported by ships and ballast water from the USA or Japan through the East Sea into the Yangtze River Estuary. Cargo ships possibly contribute to its dispersal. An analysis of the ecological factors affecting the occurrence and distribution of S. potamos in China indicated that many waterbodies provide environments suitable for S. potamos. The suitable environment, small size, and rapid reproduction of S. potamos are the reasons for its dominance in the Yangtze River Basin. We predict that S. potamos is likely to form "blooms" in China in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to estimate the market price of risks from the relationship between the spot and forward price dynamics in the shipping freight market. We employ three different stochastic models, which are analytically tractable and enable for pricing of forwards. Subsequently, we examine the forward curve performance. By doing that in such a way, we offer a method for estimating the market price of risk and the market price of volatility risk by adjusting theoretical prices to today's observed forward curve. The findings of this study are essential for minimizing the difference of price gap between the theoretical and actual forward prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exhaust emissions from ships have garnered significant attention because of their impact on global climate change, deterioration of air quality, and potential risks to human health. Consequently, it is necessary and urgent to quantify the gaseous and particulate emission factors (EFs) of ships in a local area. In order to supplement native EF profile data, an inland cargo ship in China was selected for measuring gaseous and particle pollutants under real-world operation modes. The fuel-based EFs of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons (THC) were 2965–3144 g/kg, 8.04–83.53 g/kg, 64.51–126.20 g/kg, and 3.90–23.35 g/kg, respectively. The maximum values of CO EF and THC EF were achieved under idling mode, which were 10.4 and 5.3 times those observed under cruising (500 rpm) mode, as extremely poor engine loads under idling mode can result in low temperature, low pressure, and uneven mixture of air and fuel. Organic carbon and element carbon were identified as the most abundant compositions of particulate matter (PM). Ions and elements were primarily dominated by SO42− and S, which can be attributed to the utilization of fuels with high sulfur content. Additionally, hopanes (dominated by 17α(H),21β(H)-Hopane and 17α(H),21β(H)-29-Norhopane) and fatty acids (dominated by n-Hexadecanoic acid and n-Octadecanoic acid) have the potential to serve as tracers for ship exhaust emissions. Pyrene and fluoranthene, two EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were identified as the major constituents of PAHs and accounted for 50% of total PAHs. This finding also provides an explanation for the significant contribution of four-ring PAHs to the total PAHs mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]