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Convenient, ready-to consume thermally processed potato stuffed parothas retaining their natural sensory attributes have been developed. Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize the Stuffing: dough ratio along with other ingredients. Optimized Stuffed parothas were packed in indigenously developed retortable pouches and processed in a steam–air retort. The time-temperature history was recorded during heat processing using an Ellab data cum Fo recorder. The total processing time was 25 min with a Fo value of 3.5. The quality of the developed product was evaluated chemically, sensorily and microbiologically to assess the shelf-life. After 12 months of storage, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid value (TBA) and free fatty acid value (FFA) increases significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from 9.98 to 29.16 meqO2/Kg fat, 0.101 to 0.171 mg MA/Kg sample and 1.01 to 2.66 % oleic acid respectively. The chemical changes and overall acceptability scores were found to be negatively correlated during storage. Textural and colour values also had an impact on the sensory scores of stuffed parothas during storage. After 12 months of storage, sensory scores decreases significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from 8.6 to 7.1 on a nine point hedonic scale. Microbiologically stuffed parothas remained stable during entire period of storage.

The antioxygenic activity of Solanum nigrum L. leaves and its various solvent extracts were evaluated using sunflower oil model system. Leaf powder and its methanol/water (80:20) soluble fraction showed strong antioxygenic activity in refined sunflower oil. On the other hand, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited marginal antioxygenic activity, whereas the water soluble fraction was practically devoid of any activity in refined sunflower oil. Thermal stability of different extracts of Solanum nigrum L. leaves heated at 80?C in refined sunflower oil also indicated the strong efficacy of methanol/water (80:20) extract to inhibit thermal oxidation. Solanum nigrum L. contain high levels of magnesium (239.0 mg/100g) and phosphorous (80.3 mg/100g). Fatty acid analysis of the lipid extracted from Solanum nigrum L. leaves indicated the presence of linoleic (59.1%) as a major fatty acid. The result of this study confirmed the presence of antioxygenic compounds in leaves, in particular its methanol/water (80:20) extracts showed great potential as a natural antioxidant to inhibit lipid peroxidation in foods.

Vehicular adhoc networks are a subset of mobile adhoc networks. This forms wireless network between vehicles for better communications and to break away from the hindrance caused by attackers. Various security architectures and methods are proposed. In this paper, we focused on the survey for various security issues and preventive methods from works for vanets

One of the most widely used high-resolution Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) research products, version 6 (V6) has gone through major changes, and consequently version 7 (V7) was recently released. In this study, these two recent versions of TMPA-3B43 product are compared with available rain gauge data from ocean buoys for a 13-year (1998–2010) period to evaluate the changes in error characteristics over the tropical oceans. The precipitation over high precipitation regimes is enhanced by 5–9% in the V7 product, primarily over the ocean. However, root mean square error is unexpectedly enhanced by 2–5% in V7 compared to V6, although the underestimation of high precipitation (more than 10 mm day−1) by V6 product is reduced by about 5–8% in the new version product.

In this study, long-term changes in the summer monsoon rainfall over the west coast of India and adjoining eastern Arabian Sea (WCA) have been examined independently using rain gauge adjusted multisatellite rainfall data available since 1979. Present analysis using the satellite-based rainfall data agrees with the long-term rainfall decrease reported in the earlier studies. However, close examination of the data reveals that the rainfall in the recent years (since 2002) has started increasing over the WCA. Hence, it is stressed that a detailed analysis using the satellite-derived rainfall data of longer period is required to arrive at a firm conclusion.

This paper provides the study of a new emerging energy technology. In order to provide clean and reliable power, the renewable and non — renewable power resources has to integrate as a microgrid. The integrated system comprises distributed generation units, power storage units, electrical loads and control systems for an efficient management, the management system of a microgrid must provide a better control for both voltage and frequency in order to manage the grid and will protect the loads. Therefore, the power electronic interfacing modules are playing the major role in the integration of distributed generation units and microgrids. The power generation details of different distribution units, an existing control and architecture of a microgrid and the comparison of control methods which adopted with the grid system also provided in this study.

This paper deals with the process of construction and calibration of 6DOF Stewart platform using LabVIEW software that can be used for various mechatronic applications. An intelligent control is required in order to coordinate the six legged parallel manipulators of the platform. The various process has been involved in the construction assembling and controlling the setup and the calibration of the platform is done with the help of mathematical modelling, LabVIEW programming and the obtained results are presented.

Introduction: Stresses generated during root canal instrumentation have been reported to cause apical cracks. The smaller, less pronounced defects like cracks can later propagate into vertical root fracture, when the tooth is subjected to repeated stresses from endodontic or restorative procedures. Aim: This study evaluated occurrence of apical cracks with stainless steel hand files, rotary NiTi RaCe and K3 files at two different instrumentation lengths. Materials and Methods: In the present in vitro study, 60 mandibular premolars were mounted in resin blocks with simulated periodontal ligament. Apical 3 mm of the root surfaces were exposed and stained using India ink. Preoperative images of root apices were obtained at 100x using stereomicroscope. The teeth were divided into six groups of 10 each. First two groups were instrumented with stainless steel files, next two groups with rotary NiTi RaCe files and the last two groups with rotary NiTi K3 files. The instrumentation was carried out till the apical foramen (Working Length-WL) and 1 mm short of the apical foramen (WL-1) with each file system. After root canal instrumentation, postoperative images of root apices were obtained. Preoperative and postoperative images were compared and the occurrence of cracks was recorded. Descriptive statistical analysis and Chi-square tests were used to analyze the results. Results: Apical root cracks were seen in 30%, 35% and 20% of teeth instrumented with K-files, RaCe files and K3 files respectively. There was no statistical significance among three instrumentation systems in the formation of apical cracks (p=0.563). Apical cracks were seen in 40% and 20% of teeth instrumented with K-files; 60% and 10% of teeth with RaCe files and 40% and 0% of teeth with K3 files at WL and WL-1 respectively. For groups instrumented with hand files there was no statistical significance in number of cracks at WL and WL-1 (p=0.628). But for teeth instrumented with RaCe files and K3 files significantly more number of cracks were seen at WL than WL-1 (p=0.057 for RaCe files and p=0.087 for K3 files). Conclusion: There was no statistical significance between stainless steel hand files and rotary files in terms of crack formation. Instrumentation length had a significant effect on the formation of cracks when rotary files were used. Using rotary instruments 1 mm short of apical foramen caused lesser crack formation. But, there was no statistically significant difference in number of cracks formed with hand files at two instrumentation levels.

In this article, we study the SB-robustness of various estimators of the mean direction (μ) and the concentration parameter (ρ) of the wrapped normal distribution. The functional corresponding to the sample mean direction is seen to be not SB-robust as an estimator of μ at the family of wrapped normal distributions with varying ρ, whereas the γ-trimmed mean direction is SB-robust at the same family of distributions for the different dispersion measures considered in this article. We also study the SB-robustness of the moment estimator of ρ and also that for a newly introduced trimmed estimator of ρ.

The characterization of a closed-cell aluminum foam with the trade name Alporas is carried out here under compression loading for a nominal cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Foam samples in the form of cubes are tested in a UTM and the average stress-strain behavior is obtained which clearly displays a plateau strength of approximately 2 MPa. It is noted that the specific energy absorption capacity of the foam can be high despite its low strength which makes it attractive as a material for certain energy-absorbing countermeasures. The mechanical behavior of the present Alporas foam is simulated using cellular (i.e. so-called microstructure-based) and solid element-based finite element models. The efficacy of the cellular approach is shown, perhaps for the first time in published literature, in terms of prediction of both stress-strain response and inclined fold formation during axial crush under compression loading. Keeping in mind future applications under impact loads, limited results are presented when foam samples are subjected to low velocity impact in a drop-weight test set-up.

The path number of a graph G is the number of paths in any pathos. The path number of a tree T equals k, where 2k is the number of odd degree vertices of T Harary and Stanton calculated the path number of certain classes of graphs like trees and complete graphs.

The major scientific objective of the Megha-Tropiques (MT) satellite, an Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)–Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) collaborative project, is to understand the energy and water cycles in the global tropical region. With its 20° inclined orbit, it will frequently measure radiation emitted by the Earth-Atmosphere System in the visible, infrared and microwave spectrum through its four sensors on board. Various geophysical parameters, namely water vapour, cloud liquid water and surface winds over oceanic regions, and the rainfall, humidity profile and top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes over land as well as over oceanic regions will be derived from the measurements made by these instruments. This article deals with the efforts made by ISRO to develop algorithms for deriving these geophysical parameters from the microwave imager and sounder, mentioning the pre-launch specifications with prelude examples from existing space-borne sensors of similar types. The sensor-specific algorithms are presented in different sections. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society

Galvanostatic and potentiostatic intermittent titration techniques have been used to study the lithium ion insertion into LiMnPO 4 from aqueous sat. LiOH electrolyte and 1 M LiPF 6 /EC-DMC. The potential–time and current–time responses of LiMnPO 4 obtained from chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry respectively have been discussed for lithium insertion into LiMnPO 4 from the aqueous electrolyte and it is compared with that obtained with the non-aqueous electrolyte. The PITT technique is very useful in describing the whole intercalation mechanism. The effects of ohmic potential drops and charge-transfer resistances have been taken into account while predicting the current transients obtained with aqueous electrolyte and non-aqueous electrolyte. The characteristic diffusion time constant ( t o ) in sat. LiOH is found to be 24.1 s and that in non-aqueous 1 M LiPF 6 /EC-DMC electrolyte is 51.2 s. The chemical diffusion coefficient ( D ), an important kinetic parameter, calculated from GITT and PITT during intercalation process is found to be varying between 10 −11 and 10 −13 cm 2 s −1 in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes.

The Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) is one of the major interannual climate variation signals in this region through the coupled air-sea interactions. In this letter, the oceanic surface parameters in the eastern Indian Ocean during two consecutive contrasting dipole years 2005 (negative) and 2006 (positive) are examined exclusively from satellite and in situ observations. Results showed that there was sea surface temperature anomaly up to ±2°C in the south eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) during the mature phase (September-November) of the dipole. Except for the south EEIO, the south of the equator showed very high positive sea level anomaly (up to 45 cm) during the boreal fall (September-November) in 2006 under the influence of the strong positive IOD event. Similar coherent differences were observed in freshwater flux and sea surface salinity anomalies which show the large impact of these dipole events in the south EEIO box. Also, the seasonal rainfall during the northeast Indian monsoon for these two years shows substantial difference over southern India which reveals the paramount impact of IOD on the northeast monsoon rainfall.

The mechanism of lithium ion intercalation/de-intercalation into LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode material prepared by reactions under autogenic pressure at elevated temperatures method is investigated both in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. In accordance with the results obtained an equivalent circuit is used to fit the impedance spectra. The kinetic parameters of intercalation/de-intercalation processes are evaluated with the help of the same equivalent circuit. The dependence of charge transfer resistance (R ct), exchange current (I 0), double layer capacitance (C dl), Warburg resistance (Z w), and chemical diffusion coefficient (D Li+) on potential during intercalation/de-intercalation is studied. The behavior of EIS spectra and its potential dependence is studied to get the kinetics of the mechanism of intercalation/de-intercalation processes, which cannot be obtained from the usual electrochemical studies like cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that intercalation and de-intercalation of lithium ions in aqueous solution follows almost similar mechanism in non-aqueous system. D Li+ values are in the range of 10−8 to 10−14 cm2 s−1 in aqueous 5 M LiNO3 and that in non-aqueous 1 M LiAsF6/EC+DMC electrolyte is in the order of 10−12 cm2 s−1 during the intercalation/de-intercalation processes. A typical cell LiTi2 (PO4)3/5 M LiNO3/LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 is constructed and the cycling stability is compared to that with an organic electrolyte.

Using 10-year (2001-10) monthly evaporation, precipitation, and sea surface salinity (SSS) datasets, the relationship between local freshwater flux and SSS in the north Indian Ocean (NIO) is evaluated quantitatively. The results suggest a highly positive linear correlation between freshwater flux and SSS in the Arabian Sea (correlation coefficient, R=0.74) and the western equatorial Indian Ocean (R=0.73), whereas the linear relationships are relatively weaker in the Bay of Bengal (R=0.50) and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (R=0.40). Additionally, the interannual variations of freshwater flux and SSS and their mutual relationship are investigated in four sub-regions for pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons separately. The satellite retrievals of SSS from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Aquarius missions can provide continuous and consistent SSS fields for a better understanding of its variability and the differences between the freshwater flux and SSS signals, which a...

LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode material for lithium ion batteries is synthesized by reaction under autogenic pressure at elevated temperature (RAPET) method. The simple synthesis procedure is time and energy saving, and thus is promising for commercial application. The structure and stability of the material have been characterized by means of XRD and TG-DTA. The electrochemical properties of the LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode are investigated in 2 M Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte and they are compared to that in an organic electrolyte. A battery cell consisting of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 as cathode in 2 M Li2SO4 solution is constructed in combination with LiTi2 (PO4)(3) as anode. The cell retained almost constant discharge capacity over hundred cycles. The electrochemical impedance spectral ( EIS) studies in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes revealed that the mechanism of lithium ion intercalation and deintercalation processes in LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 electrode follow almost similar mechanism in both aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes. The chemical diffusion coefficient was calculated from slow scan rate cyclic voltammetry and EIS. (C) 2012 The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.075205jes] All rights reserved.

In order to evaluate the performance of satellite-retrieved precipitation estimation during cyclonic events, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of surface rain rate from three different data products namely TMI-2A12, TMPA-3B42, and GSMaP are carried out with respect to PR-2A25 data product. For this purpose, four recent tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) during 2009–2010 are considered. Some aspects of the associated environmental wind fields are also investigated for their relationship with the tropical rainfall intensity in the individual cases. The relatively small root-mean-square error (RMSE) of TMPA-3B42 product shows better performance than the other two precipitation products during low to moderate rainfall regimes. But, the negative bias associated with all the three precipitation products show underestimation of rain rates with respect to PR derived rain rates. Furthermore, the GSMaP precipitation product shows better compliance than the TMPA-3B42 product with PR rain rate under extreme (more than 10 mm h−1) rain events. The lack of information regarding the associated uncertainties and reliability of these precipitation products suggest that substantial efforts are necessary to develop algorithms that can capture such extreme precipitation events more reliably.

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based technique is proposed for estimating precipitation over Indian land and oceanic regions [30° S – 40° N and 30° E – 120° E] using Scattering Index (SI) and Polarization Corrected Temperature (PCT) derived from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) measurements. This rainfall retrieval algorithm is designed to estimate rainfall using a combination of SSM/I and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) measurements. For training the ANN, SI and PCT (which signify rain signatures in a better way) calculated from SSM/I brightness temperature are considered as inputs and Precipitation Radar (PR) rain rate as output. SI is computed using 19.35 GHz, 22.235 GHz and 85.5 GHz Vertical channels and PCT is computed using 85.5 GHz Vertical and Horizontal channels. Once the training is completed, the independent data sets (which were not included in the training) were used to test the performance of the network. Instantaneous precipitation estimates with independent test data sets are validated with PR surface rain rate measurements. The results are compared with precipitation estimated using power law based (i) global algorithm and (ii) regional algorithm. Overall results show that ANN based present algorithm shows better agreement with PR rain rate. This study is aimed at developing a more accurate operational rainfall retrieval algorithm for Indo-French Megha-Tropiques Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Structures (MADRAS) radiometer.

A series of polypyrrole (PPy)–LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 composite electrodes are formed by physical mixing of polypyrrole with LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode material. LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 is synthesized by reaction under autogenic pressure at elevated temperature method. Highly resolved splitting of 006/102 and 108/110 peaks in the XRD pattern provide an evidence to well-ordered layered structure of the compound. The ratios of the intensities of 003 and 104 peaks are found to be >1, which indicate no pronounced mixing of the cation. Cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance studies revealed that the addition of polypyrrole significantly decreases the charge-transfer resistance of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 electrodes. The electrochemical reactivity of PPy–LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 composite electrode is examined during lithium ion insertion and de-insertion by galvanostatic charge–discharge testing; 10 wt.% PPy–LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 composite electrode exhibits better electrochemical performance by increasing the reaction reversibility and capacity compared to that of the pristine LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 electrode. The cell with 10 wt.% PPy added cathode shows significant improvement in the electrochemical performance compared with that having pristine cathode. The capacity remains about 70% of the initial value after 50 cycles while for cell with pristine cathode only about 28% of initial capacity remains after 40 cycles.

In this paper we study the robustness of the directional mean (a.k.a. circular mean) for different families of circular distributions. We show that the directional mean is robust in the sense of finite standardized gross error sensitivity (SB-robust) for the following families: (1) mixture of two circular normal distributions, (2) mixture of wrapped normal and circular normal distributions and (3) mixture of two wrapped normal distributions. We also show that the directional mean is not SB-robust for the family of all circular normal distributions with varying concentration parameter. We define the circular trimmed mean and prove that it is SB-robust for this family. In general the property of SB-robustness of an estimator at a family of probability distributions is dependent on the choice of the dispersion measure. We introduce the concept of equivalent dispersion measures and prove that if an estimator is SB-robust for one dispersion measure then it is SB-robust for all equivalent dispersion measures. Three different dispersion measures for circular distributions are considered and their equivalence studied.

The exchange of surface freshwater, heat and moisture fluxes across the air-sea interface strongly influences the oceanic circulation and its variability at all time scales. The goal of this paper is to estimate and examine surface freshwater flux at monthly scale exclusively from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) measurements over the tropical oceans for the period of 1998 - 2010. The monthly mean fields of TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed (WS), and total precipitable water (W) are used to estimate the surface evaporation utilizing the bulk aerodynamics parameterization formula. The merged TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA)-3B43 product is combined with the estimated evaporation to compute the surface freshwater flux. A preliminary comparison of the satellite derived evaporation, precipitation and freshwater flux has been carried out with the Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes (HOAPS-3) datasets. Also, the estimated evaporation and TMPA-3B43 precipitation are validated with in-situ observations from the moored buoys in the different oceans. The results suggest that the TRMM has great potential to estimate surface freshwater flux for climatological and oceanic hydrological applications.

In this work, we report a basic study on the mechanism of lithium ion de-insertion/insertion process from/into LiMn2O4 cathode material in aqueous Li2SO4 solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). An equivalent circuit distinguishing the kinetic parameters of lithium ion de-insertion/insertion is used to simulate the experimental impedance data. The fitting results are in good agreement with the experimental results and the parameters of the kinetic process of Li+ de-insertion and insertion in LiMn2O4 at different potentials during charge and discharge are obtained using the same circuit. The results indicate that the de-insertion/insertion behavior of lithium ions at LiMn2O4 cathode in Li2SO4 aqueous solution is similar to that reported in the organic electrolytes. The charge transfer resistance (Rct), warburg resistance, double layer capacitance and chemical diffusion coefficient ( D L i + ) vary with potentials during de-insertion/insertion processes. Rct is lowest at the CV peak potentials and the important kinetic parameter, D L i + exhibits two distinct minima at potentials corresponding to CV peaks during de-insertion–insertion and it was found to be between 10−8 and 10−10 cm2 s−1during lithium de-insertion/insertion processes.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to estimate and validate the daily and monthly rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon seasons of 2008 and 2009 using INSAT (Indian National Satellite System) Multispectral Rainfall Algorithm (IMSRA) technique utilizing Kalpana-1 very high resolution radiometer (VHRR) measurements. In contrary to infrared (IR), microwave (MW) rain rates are based on measurements that sense precipitation in clouds and do not rely merely on cloud top temperature. Geostationary satellites provide broad coverage and frequent refresh measurements but microwave measurements are accurate but sparse. IMSRA technique is the combination of the infrared and microwave measurements which make use of the best features of both IR- and MW-based rainfall estimates. The development of this algorithm included two major steps: (a) classification of rain-bearing clouds using proper cloud classification scheme utilizing Kalpana-1 IR and water vapor (WV) brightness temperatures (Tb) and (b) collocation of Kalpana-1 IR brightness temperature with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-Precipitation Radar (PR) surface rain rate and establishment of a regression relation between them. In this paper, the capability of IMSRA as an operational algorithm has been tested for the two monsoon seasons 2008 and 2009. For this, IMSRA has been used to estimate daily and monthly rainfall and has been intercompared on daily and monthly scales with TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA)-3B42 V6 product and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) rain product during these two monsoon years. The daily and monthly IMSRA rainfall has also been validated against ground-based observations from Automatic Weather Station (AWS) Rain Gauge and Buoy data. The algorithm proved to be in good correlation with AWS data over land up to 0.70 for daily rain estimates except orographic regions like North-East and South-West India and 0.72 for monthly rain estimates. The validation with Buoys gives the reasonable correlation of 0.49 for daily rain estimates and 0.66 for monthly rain estimates over Tropical Indian Ocean.

In this paper we discuss robust estimation of the concentration parameter (κ) of the circular normal (CN) distribution. It is known that the MLE of the concentration parameter is not B-robust at the family of all circular normal distributions with fixed mean direction (μ) and varying κ > 0. In this paper we propose a new estimator for κ and show that it is B-robust and SB-robust at the family {CN(μ, κ) : m ≤ κ ≤ M} where m and M are two arbitrary constants.

Microgrid is an integrated network of renewable and non renewable resources to supply the green power to a small range of community. An effective communication technology is necessary to be implemented among the power generations, storages and loads of microgrid in order to manage the load sharing, shedding and protection issues. This paper provides the study on architecture, characteristics, load managements, protection schemes, communication techniques and research challenges of microgrid.

Memory loss is a common problem found among old people, the person may forget mealtime altogether due to memory loss. This paper proposes an idea for a monitoring system which will monitor the old people food intake from a remote place and generate an alarm locally. A wearable system is designed usingpiezoelectric sensor that will sense the trachea movement during food ingestion and produces an output signal with variations in the frequencies over time. Based on the detected frequency, food type is classified. Food classification algorithm is depends on Time-Frequency analysis of the piezoelectric output and the wearable design transmits the signals to PC via Bluetooth module. The received signal is processed by LabVIEW and accuracy is tested.

Summary Vitamin losses during processing of cereal grains and their food products play an important role in human vitamin intake. Therefore, experiments were conducted to optimise the baking parameters for chapati, a flat unleavened, hot-plate-baked product of Asian diet. In the experiments, whole-wheat flour (100% extraction rate) was used for the preparation of chapaties. Central composite rotatable design with three independent variables (thickness of dough sheet, time as well as temperature of baking) at five levels and nine dependent variables, i.e. vitamin B1 and B2 content, textural properties and overall acceptability scores, were used to conduct the experiments. The ranges for three independent variables were: thickness, 2.5–4.5 mm; time, 2.0–3.0 min; and temperature, 200–240 °C. Thickness of the dough sheet had a significant (P ≤ 0.05) positive effect on vitamin retention, while the temperature had greater negative effect as compared with the time of baking. Based on compromise optimisation, optimum conditions for baking of chapati, especially with respect to vitamin retention were: thickness of dough sheet 3.2 mm, time of baking 2.1 min and baking temperature 216.3 °C.

Herbals such as Cynodon dactylon, Piper longum, Phyllanthus niruri, Tridax procumbens, and Zingiber officinalis were extracted with acetone, benzene, butanol, and petroleum ether and screened against the pathogen Vibrio harveyi isolated from the infected Grouper Epinephalus tauvina. Among the different solvent extractions screening to V. harveyi, petroleum ether extracts were suppressed significantly (P

Background/Objectives: Privacy preservation in data mining to hold back the sensitive data from attackers. Findings: There are various existing methods available to preserve the data like perturbation, anonymization, randomization etc., each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. The trade-off between security and utility of data should be handled with standardizing methods for the PPDM. In this paper explained a method based on PPDM in data mining using cluster based greedy method. Application/Improvements: This method can be applied in sensitive data areas such as hospitals, Customer Management System, government survey, etc., where there is need for privacy preservation.

New generation autonomous vehicles use different data fusion techniques to solve the Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) problems in urban terrains. However, the majority of the implementations uses high-cost sensors like LIDAR to obtain a high accuracy map. In this paper, we present a method to solve this problem using sequences of stereo images. Our approach uses Local Intensity Order Pattern (LIOP) based feature descriptors to overcome the problem of monotonic intensity changes and affine transformations of detected features. Ego-motion of the vehicle is estimated using correspondence of features on the consecutive frames. Estimated motion parameters are then corrected using an extended Kalman filter. Depth of the detected features is calculated using stereo triangulation. Mahalanobis distance is used to avoid outliers in the detected features. The accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated using the measurements from a high accurate inertial navigation system. Method is tested using the odometry data set of the KITTI Vision Benchmark Suite.

In south India rice is the major food source and in agriculture, rice production covers more than 70 percentages of entire forming. But in recent the production only from south India not enough to satisfy the need of all, such a huge demand is there. The better production comes from the selection of good seeds. Up to now formers depend on two factors for selecting better seeds, One is the brand which is approved by some quality standards and second one is analyzed manually by experienced people. Both are risky one, we are not pretty much sure the accuracy of analyze. The second one is seeing and feeling. The inspection is not consistent also very time consuming. In the other way we can use computer vision technology to analyze the quality of the seeds. In recent years many of the big industries they are using computer vision technology with Digital Image Processing for many of the applications. In this Paper we are going to discuss the different seed quality analyzing methods and accuracy of result also. Moreover there are different factors and features are there for it, here we are going to study about varietal purity estimation by different methods.

Buffered Leaky Bucket algorithm, a simple and efficient scheme to regulate the information sources to the agreed rate at the admission time in ATM networks, allowing a certain degree of source burstiness is presented in this paper. Discrete-time simulation study is presented to evaluate the performance of the Buffered Leaky Bucket algorithm for the critical ON/ OFF bursty traffic. The flow enforcement action with traffic smoothing effects Is evaluated with the help of ATM traffic modeling and the simulation of traffic scenario at congestion control device. The simulation results for waiting time in finite input queue case are presented. Assuming Poisson cell arrival process, Cell Loss Probability evaluation in the context of bit rate variation and mean burst duration variation is carried out. The results are also compared with Leaky Bucket algorithm. The influence of traffic burstiness on the congestion control device selection is analysed and the numerical results are presented.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) use unidentified routing protocols that hide node uniqueness and which protects the node from outside observers to provide privacy protection. However, existing unidentified routing protocols depend on either hop-by-hop encryption or unnecessary traffic whichever makes high cost or cannot provide full privacy protection to data, sender, receiver, and routes. The high cost intensifies the essential resource constraint problem in VANET. To offer high privacy protection at a low cost, we propose an unidentified location-based efficient routing protocol. Here, using digital signatures and public key infrastructure (PKI) and mix zone-based security to protect message integrity is sufficient taking into account multilateral security. Main goal is to develop security architecture for VANETs that balances security requirements of all participants and also tries to identify to develop feasible mechanisms that fit in this architecture. This balances security requirements of all participants while keeping in mind the real time.

Fried cashewnuts were treated with antioxygenic salt and stored at 37°C in polypropylene packs. Treatment with antioxygenic salt considerably retarded the rate of autoxidation of fat in fried cashewnuts, as indicated by changes in peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value, fatty acid composition, overall acceptability and concentration of steam-volatile carbonyls. During storage, the concentrations of all the carbonyls increased but increases in the concentration of pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, hexenal, heptenal, octenal and 2,4-decadienals were greatest. Most of the aldehydes were formed from the oxidative degradation of linoleic and linolenic acids which decreased on storage. Antioxygenic salt enhanced the shelf-life of fried cashewnuts by two- to threefold.

A large injection-molding company was incurring customer dissatisfaction because of warping in its computer keyboard product. The warpage was a blot on the manufacturer's ability to engineer the manufacturing process. The level of rework caused by warp..

Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. The virus interferes with the function of the liver while replicating in hepatocytes. It is a major global health problem and the most serious type of viral hepatitis. Chronic liver disease is caused by viral hepatitis and putting people at high risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. Medical information available is extensive and which is utilized by the clinical specialists. The ranging of information is from details of clinical symptoms to various types of biochemical data. Information provided by each data is evaluated and assigned to a particular pathology during the diagnostic process. Artificial intelligence methods especially computer aided diagnosis and artificial neural networks can be employed to streamline the diagnostic process. These adaptive learning algorithms can handle diverse types of medical data and integrate them into categorized outputs. Artificial neural networks are finding many uses in the medical diagnosis application. In this paper we have proposed a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) based expert system for the diagnosis of the hepatitis B virus disease. The system classifies each patient into infected and non-infected. If infected then how severe it is in terms of intensity rate.

Aim and objectives To evaluate the effect of 2% chlorhexidine, 2% sodium hypochlorite, 3% hydrogen peroxide on shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin using two-step and onestep self-etch bonding systems and to study the mode of failure of specimens under stereomicroscope. Materials and methods Eighty extracted sound human posterior teeth were used. The occlusal surfaces were ground to expose the dentin and were then randomly divided into 4 main groups. In group I, no cavity disinfectant was used and served as control. In groups II, III, IV, 2% chlorhexidine, 2% sodium hypochlorite and 3% hydrogen peroxide were used as cavity disinfectants respectively. Each group was then divided into two subgroups of 10 teeth each according to the bonding agent used, two-step self-etch (Adper SE Plus) and one-step self-etch (Adper Easy One) respectively. A transparent cylindrical plastic tube was loaded with microhybrid composite and placed over the dentin and light cured for 40 seconds. The specimens were subjected to shear stress in the universal testing machine. Results Pretreatment with 2% chlorhexidine, 2% sodium hypochlorite and 3% hydrogen peroxide, had a negative effect on the shear bond strength of self-etching bonding systems. Conclusion The highest bond strength was found in 2% chlorhexidine group followed by 2% sodium hypochlorite group and the lowest bond strength was found in 3% hydrogen peroxide group. Clinical significance All three cavity disinfectants used in this study reduced the shear bond strength and hence should be used with caution. How to cite this article Reddy MSC, Mahesh MC, Bhandary S, Pramod J, Shetty A. Evaluation of Effect of Different Cavity Disinfectants on Shear Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Dentin using Two-Step Self-Etch and One-Step Self-Etch Bonding Systems: A Comparative in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):275-280.

In today's fast moving life, with everyone involved in the busy schedule, least attention is given towards one's own personal health. The health condition does not come to the notice until it goes alarming. By that time, they are vulnerable to serous risks. So it is advisable to continuously monitor one's own health so that preventing that serious condition is better than treating it. But continuous monitoring is not that feasible as visits to the clinic and getting tested consumes a lot of their working time. Only if the continuous monitoring could be done at ease, things will get a lot better. So, considering all these factors, the idea of monitoring at home could be offered in hand. This device incorporates electrical circuits that continuously measure the vital body parameters like the heart rate, temperature and the oxygen content in blood and also the concerned person is alerted if the condition goes abnormal.