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Background: Comprehensive research on the impact of various types of refractive errors (RE) and anisometropia on dry eye disease is still lacking. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence rates and potential lifestyle factors related to symptomatic dry eye (SDE) among adolescents in eastern China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 2023, and a stratified cluster sampling technique was used among adolescents in Nantong, China. Demographic information, including sex, age and BMI, were collected. All participants underwent optometric tests, while Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and self-designed questionnaires were administered. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between SDE and related parameters, and various types of RE and anisometropia were also included in the study. Results: A total of 1,518 participants were enrolled in the study, and the overall prevalence of SDE was 20.3% among adolescents in Nantong, China. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that high myopia (aOR = 3.42, 95% CI = 1.60–3.36, p = 0.025), frequent use of eye drops (aOR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.60–3.36, p<0.001), a history of allergic conjunctivitis (aOR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.09–3.34, p = 0.025), and frequent blinking (aOR = 3.23, 95% CI = 2.31–4.53, p<0.001) were identified as risk factors for SDE. Conversely, male gender (aOR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.58–0.99, p = 0.043), increased sleep time (6–7 h: aOR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.46–0.89, p = 0.009; 7–8 h: aOR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.43–0.95, p = 0.026; >8 h: aOR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.23–0.82, p = 0.010), and timely intervention when vision decline occurred were protective factors against SDE (aOR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.43–0.85, p = 0.004). Conclusion: High myopia was found to be independently associated with an increased risk of SDE., while hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were not independent risk factors for SDE. The identified risk and protective factors may help provide valuable insights for future research and interventions aimed at improving ocular health in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent condition affecting over 16 million patients in the USA. DED and the symptoms of ocular discomfort are debilitating and a significant burden on patients. If left untreated, DED can progress to cause severe pathology. Treatment is often initiated by patients without consulting a healthcare professional. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of a novel lipid-containing eye drop (BTC), which might better mimic the components of natural tears. Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, active control, two arm, parallel group study of eye drops in adult subjects with self-reported DED. Subjects were randomly assigned to BTC or control (commercially available non-lipid eye drops; NLED) arm and were followed for 30 days. Assessments using visual analog scale and patient-reported outcomes (PRO) questionnaires, non-invasive tear break up time, slit-lamp examination, and subject-reported ocular symptoms were conducted at baseline and at days 7 and 30. The primary endpoint was change in overall ocular comfort score from baseline to day 30. Results: 158 subjects were randomized, of whom 130 completed the study per protocol (PP). Mean (SD) age was 47.8 (14.14) years. The mean (95% CI) change in overall comfort scores at the 30-day follow-up in the PP population was 21.4 (15.1, 27.7) for the test drop and 10.0 (3.9, 16.1) for the comparator. The mean (95% CI) treatment difference was 11.3 (2.6, 20.1); this met the pre-defined requirements for non-inferiority. There was no significant difference in the proportion of eyes with reported ocular symptoms between the groups. At day 7, the OR (95% CI) was 0.967 (0.528, 1.770) and at day 30 was 1.160 (0.610, 2.203). There were no Grade 3 or higher corneal edema, corneal neovascularization, corneal staining, conjunctival injection, tarsal abnormalities or any other biomicroscopy findings, and no corneal infiltrates observed during the study. Conclusions: The investigational lipid eye drop BTC was noninferior to the commercially available non-lipid comparator in all parameters measured and has the potential to provide an effective therapy for subjects with symptoms of dry eye who would benefit from a lipid-based artificial tear. Trial Registration: NCT03995355 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), registered June 24, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher serum cholesterol levels have been associated with an increased risk of dry eye disease (DED). The relationship between statin (HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor) use and DED in patients with hyperlipidemia remains unclear. To investigate the association between statin use and the risk of DED in patients with hyperlipidemia, we conducted a population‐based retrospective cohort study utilizing data from Taiwan's Longitudinal Generation Tracking Database. Patients were categorized into statin users and nonusers, with a 5‐year follow‐up period. The study identified patients with newly diagnosed hyperlipidemia, excluding those with prior DED diagnoses. Matching and adjustments for covariates resulted in 41,931 individuals in each group. Patients receiving statin therapy were compared with those unexposed. Cumulative exposure doses were also evaluated to assess dose–response relationships. The primary outcome was the incidence of DED diagnosed during the follow‐up period. Cox proportional hazards regression models estimated the risk of DED, and conditional logistic regression analyzed the dose–response effect of statin exposure. Among 41,931 matched pairs, statin users exhibited a slightly increased risk of developing DED compared with nonusers (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02–1.11; p < 0.01). However, no dose–response relationship was observed between statin exposure and DED risk. Statin use among patients with hyperlipidemia is associated with a marginally higher risk of DED. These findings underscore the importance of regular eye examinations in this patient population to facilitate early detection and management of DED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This prospective comparative study aimed to assess the effects on contact lens comfort, dryness, and wear time when symptomatic daily disposable (DD) contact lens (CL) wearers were refit with delefilcon A (DT1) lenses. Patients and Methods: Thirty five symptomatic DD CL wearers with dry eye disease as determined according to the TFOS DEWS 2 guidelines, were enrolled and completed the study. Participants wore their habitual DD CLs during an initial assessment and were subsequently refit with DT1 for 1 month. Participants were masked to the study lens type. Subjective ratings of end-of-day comfort and dryness, average wear time, and comfortable wear time were evaluated as primary endpoints. Results: Of the 35 participants, two participants were classified as aqueous deficient dry eye, while the remaining participants exhibited symptoms primarily due to evaporative causes. The median CLDEQ-8 score for dryness significantly improved from 17 (fair) with habitual lenses to 13 (good) with DT1 lenses (p < 0.01). Participants reported significantly better end-of-day comfort (p = 0.01) and less end-of-day dryness (p = 0.01) with DT1 compared to their habitual DD lenses. The comfortable wear time was significantly longer with DT1 (8.5 ± 4.1 hours) compared to habitual DD lenses (6.7 ± 3.2 hours) (p = 0.04). No significant differences were observed in vision ratings (p = 0.07). Conclusion: Refitting symptomatic DD CL wearers with DT1 resulted in improved end-of-day comfort, reduced end-of-day dryness, and extended comfortable wear time compared to their habitual lenses. These findings suggest that DT1 may offer benefits for symptomatic DD wearers with dry eye disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most prevalent eye conditions worldwide, with artificial tears serving as a primary treatment option. Despite their wide availability on the European market, there is a lack of established classifications based on their physicochemical properties. The aim of our study was therefore (i) to develop an analytical method that measures the concentration and the molecular weight (MW) of the hyaluronic acid (HA) in commercialized products, and (ii) to propose an overview based on their various physicochemical parameters. Methods: The intrinsic viscosity and MW of the HA, as well as osmolarity, pH, rheological profile, and viscosity, were measured or determined. A specific method was developed to measure the average intrinsic viscosity and HA content using a liquid size-exclusion chromatography system. The MW was determined using the Mark–Houwink equation. Results: Thirty-seven products commercialized in Europe were analyzed, with 21 of them containing HA. The HA MW was lowest (300 kDa) for Thealose®, Thealoz Duo® Gel, and Hyabak®, and highest (1300 kDa) for Vismed® Multi, Vismed® Gel, and Neovis® Gel. The pH values varied between 5.94 for Treovis® and 8.06 for Systane® Ultra. Osmolarity ranged between 148 mOsm/L and 325 mOsm/L for Neovis® and Treovis®, respectively. Viscosity was highly variable, ranging from 0.38 mPas·s for Hylolipid® to 337.47 mPas·s for Thealoz® Duo Gel. Finally, rheological profile analysis revealed different shear-thinning behaviors. Conclusion: While the perfect eye drop does not exist, a multitude of options are available to choose from. This study improves our understanding of the major tear substitutes available on the European market based on several physicochemical properties. A better understanding and awareness of these parameters is crucial in order to offer the best treatment for patients with DED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to assess the real-life efficacy and tolerance of a new preservative-free, surfactant-free latanoprost (PFSF-LAT) formulation. Methods: Retrospective, multicentre, non-comparative, observational study in patients with ocular hypertension or open angle glaucoma, naïve or non-naïve to previous intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering treatment, and treated for at least 3 months with the study eye drop. IOP for worse eye, ocular signs and symptoms, and concomitant use of artificial tears were collected at study drug initiation and at last visit under treatment. Reasons for discontinuing the study eye drop (if relevant) and investigators' satisfaction were also assessed. Results: In the per protocol population (103 eyes; 63 naïve, 39 switched, 1 not classified because of missing data), IOP decreased significantly (p < 0.001) from 21.6 ± 5.0 mmHg at baseline to 16.1 ± 3.5 mmHg at the end of the study (mean reduction of − 5.5 ± 4.6 mmHg; − 25.5%). IOP in naïve patients was significantly improved, with a mean reduction of 7.1 mmHg (− 30.7%), which was within expected latanoprost IOP-lowering effect. Interestingly, in previously treated patients, switching to PFSF-LAT also allowed for a further 2.9 mmHg decrease in IOP (p < 0.001). The incidence of ocular side effects at study initiation was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced from 31.1% to 11.3% in the overall population, and from 65.0% to 7.5% in switched patients. This included conjunctival hyperaemia and superficial punctate keratitis (from 42.5% to 2.5% and from 37.5% to 2.5% in switched patients, respectively). According to investigators, tolerance and efficacy of the study eye drop were satisfactory or very satisfactory in 98.1% and 83.2% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: PFSF-LAT is an efficient treatment for patients with glaucoma with an improved tolerance profile. It can be considered as initial therapy in naïve patients or in patients with poor ocular tolerance to previous IOP-lowering eye drops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients with dry eye disease (DED) complain of a multitude of symptoms that affect their visual function and quality of life (QoL). This clinical investigation assessed the performance, tolerance, and safety of a novel preservative-free ophthalmic solution containing xanthan gum 0.2% and desonide sodium phosphate 0.025%. Methods: This was an observational, prospective, multicentric, and post-market clinical investigation to assess the effect of three times a day instillation of the study formulation in patients suffering from DED. The primary objective was to achieve a 50% reduction in conjunctival hyperemia index as assessed with the OCULUS Keratograph after 1 month of treatment compared to baseline values. The secondary objectives included patient-reported outcomes, clinical performance, and safety. Results: Thirty patients were enrolled (21 women, 9 men) with a mean age of 61.10 ± 14.53 years. The instillation of the study formulation was associated with a significant reduction in redness scores after 1 month of treatment compared to baseline (mean − 0.51 ± 0.51; p ≤ 0.0001). Although the primary endpoint was not completely met, a 50% reduction in the conjunctival hyperemia index was achieved in 23% of the participants, and 77% showed a reduction of 26% of the same index. In addition, the ophthalmic solution significantly increased tear film break-up time, and a significant reduction of corneal and conjunctival staining with fluorescein was achieved. It also reduced DED symptoms and had a very good safety profile. Conclusions: the study formulation produced a significant improvement in the signs, symptoms, and QoL of patients with mild to moderate DED with a good safety profile after 1 month of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This review examines how mechanisms that are not related to tear dysfunctions may contribute to the development of symptoms of dry eye disease and help to explain why dry eye symptoms do not correlate with signs. Consideration is also given to the significance of tear deficiencies which cannot contribute to an examination of symptom-sign correlation. Areas covered: Tear deficiencies which are not routinely assessed include inflammation, mucin quantity and quality, as well as corneal neuropathy and blink inefficiency. Expert opinion: Tear deficiencies detected in an examination of patients reporting symptoms of dry eye disease become the targets for remedial approaches but not always with satisfactory outcomes. Other possible influences on symptoms could include genetic predispositions, sex, ethnicity, race, health literacy, mental health conditions, lower perceived health-related quality of life, and psychological factors. However, these possible influences cannot be assessed in most dry eye disease clinical settings. Consequently, too often symptoms of dry eye cannot correlate with signs of tear dysfunction that are not identified (and so not treated). Consequently, noncompliance with treatment recommendations may not be relevant to the persistence of symptoms or signs when treatment does not address tear dysfunctions which are difficult to assess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare two types of lipid expression procedures to treat dry eye disease. Standardized treatment and evaluation methods were used in patients treated with either manual thermoelectric lipid expression (MiBoFlo) or automated lipid expression (Lipiflow) of the Meibomian glands. This was a contemporaneous, non-randomized study of both treatment methods. Treatment was per the manufacturers’ recommendation. The primary outcome included two types of dry eye questionnaires as well as objective analysis of ocular surface including tear break up time, Schirmer testing, Osmolarity, and fluorescein staining. Baseline characteristics analyzed included floppy lid, conjunctivochalasis and lagophthalmos. Statistical analysis was performed correcting for baseline factors such as age and co existing pathology using multivariable analysis. Both treatments improved the results of the OSDI and SPEED dry eye questionnaire results. Both treatments resulted in improvement of many objective findings including SPK, lissamine green staining and tear break up time with the MiBoFlo showing more improvement than Lipiflow. OSDI was more sensitive to improvement of symptoms than the SPEED questionnaire. Manual expression with MiBoFlo device resulted in statistically more improvement in questionnaire scores than did automated expression with Lipiflow. Negative prognostic factors for symptomatic improvement included blepharitis, autoimmune disease and ocular allergies. Thermal lid therapy along with mechanical expression of lipids from the meibomian glands successfully treats dry eye symptoms and signs. Manual therapy with MiBoFlo resulted in more subjective and objective improvement scores than automated therapy with the Lipiflow device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a widespread ocular condition affecting the general population. It is a complex disorder affecting the eye surface, characterized by a tear film imbalance and ocular symptoms such as eye ache, burning, irritation, dryness, blurred vision, and foreign body sensation. DES can reduce visual acuity, increase the risk of ocular infection, and significantly impact daily activities and quality of life. Aim: Determine the impact of nursing-led educational program on the management of DES and patients' health outcomes including the intensity of DES symptoms and their influence on visual-related functions. Methods: The study was conducted with a quasi-experimental design. Sixty adult patients diagnosed with DES were selected using a convenience sampling method. Two tools were employed for the collection of data. Tool I: Precipitating factors of DES structured interview schedule. Tool II: Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) to assess ocular irritation symptoms associated with DES and their effect on functions related to vision. Results: A statistically significant decrease in the mean scores of OSDI in the study group two weeks after the implementation of the educational program regarding the ocular symptoms, functions associated with vision, environmental triggers, and overall score of OSDI. Conclusion: Implementing an educational program for DES is effective in relieving symptoms, boosting patients' understanding of managing symptoms effectively, and maintaining eye health. Therefore, patients must be instructed on dry eye early detection and management to enhance health-related outcomes and self-care practices. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06288945. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-acting diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS-LX) has significant advantages regarding patient adherence owing to the reduced frequency of required eye drops; however, some patients prefer conventional diquafosol ophthalmic solution (DQS) over DQS-LX. Herein, to clarify the characteristics of patients according to their preference for ophthalmic solutions, dry eye (DE) and meibomian gland (MG) findings were retrospectively investigated. This study enrolled 341 patients with DE (mean age, 62.1 ± 11.7 years) treated at the Itoh Clinic between November 8, 2022, and July 31, 2023, who switched from DQS to DQS-LX. Patients were divided into two groups: those who continued DQS-LX administration (DQS-LX group) and those who wished to revert to conventional DQS (DQS group). Data regarding subjective symptoms assessed using the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) questionnaire, tear film breakup time (BUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining (CFS), conjunctival hyperemia/papilla, meiboscore, plugging, vascularity, meibum grade, and Schirmer's score at the time of DQS-LX switch were evaluated. Of the 341 patients, 31 (9.1%) wished to revert to conventional DQS. In total, 16 eyes of 16 patients in the DQS group and 32 eyes of 32 patients in the DQS-LX group—for whom complete data were available—were included in the analysis. The DQS-LX group had higher SPEED scores, lower TMHs (P < 0.001, respectively), shorter FBUTs, greater CFS findings, larger meibum grades, lower Schirmer scores, and more pluggings compared with the DQS group (P = 0.005, 0.001, 0.001, 0.046, 0.003, respectively). Meiboscores and vascularity did not differ significantly between the two groups (P = 0.73 and 0.39, respectively). In conclusion, patients with low tear film volume and DE complicated by moderate or severe meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) preferred DQS-LX, while those with allergic findings preferred conventional DQS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Warm compresses are the routine treatment for Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in daily life, but in order to achieve satisfactory efficacy, the treatment needs to be sustained over a long time, which can have an impact on the patient compliance. A more convenient warm compresses will help improve the patient compliance. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of the disposable eyelid warming masks for treatment of dry eye disease (DED) due to MGD. Methods: This was a randomized, controlled, non-masked, two-center clinical trial. One hundred and forty-four patients were treated by the masks or the hot towel twice daily for 12 weeks. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 4-week and 12-week visits for subjective symptoms, objective signs and safety assessments, including ocular symptom scores, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear break-up time (BUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), Schirmer I test (SIT), meibum quality, meibum expressibility, and adverse events (AEs). Results: A totle of 134 patients were followed in the study. The mean age of the masks group (14 males and 52 females) and the hot towel group (20 males and 48 females) was 43.7 ± 13.5 years and 39.5 ± 13.9 years, respectively. At 4-week visit, there were significant statistical differences in ocular symptom scores, OSDI and CFS between two groups (P < 0.05). Except for SIT, the treatment group showed a greater improvement in subjective symptoms and objective signs than the control group at 12-week visit. (P < 0.05). In addition, 40 AEs occurred in 27 patients (37.5%) in the treatment group, and 34 AEs occurred in 21 patients (29.17%) in the control group. No serious AEs were reported. Conclusions: The masks had a good efficacy and safety in the treatment of DED due to MGD, and might offer an attractive treatment option for some patients. Trial registration: The study was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900025443) on August 26, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) and its associated risk factors in a sample of the Argentine population. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in Argentina during April 2022 through an anonymous electronic survey that included participants aged 12 years old or older. The prevalence of symptomatic DED was evaluated using the Women's Health Study (WHS) dry eye questionnaire. In addition, a list of conditions possibly related to dry eye were evaluated in the questionnaire to assess the prevalence of potential risk factors. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: 10,812 subjects (mean age 44.1 ± 13.9, range 12–94 years old) answered the survey. Overall prevalence of DED was 42.1%. DED prevalence in women was 45.1% (3848 out of 8525) and in men was 30.8% (704 out of 2287). Risk factors were female sex (OR 2.78; p < 0.001), age > 60 years (OR 2.92), rheumatologic disease (OR 2.80, CI 1.62–3.13), use of digital screens for more than 6 h per day (OR 2.62; CI 1.43–2.80), glaucoma topical treatment (OR 2.05; CI 1.20–3.01), dysthyroidism (2.03; CI 1.48–2.51), and sleeping less than 7 h per day (OR 1.92; CI 1.30–2.51). Conclusion: DED was found to be a prevalent condition among Argentine participants, the main risk factors were determined by sex, age, and especially those related to lifestyle in South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A cross-sectional population-based survey in the Beichen district of Tianjin was conducted to estimate the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) among the population over 50 years old with Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) II and Chinese expert consensus (CEC) criteria. Methods: A total of 5791 subjects over 50 years old were enrolled. Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, lipid layer thickness (LLT), partial blink ratio (PBR), fluorescein tear film breakup time (FBUT), Schirmer I test (SIT), fluorescein staining, meibomian gland dropout, meibomian gland expression scores (MES) and quantity scores (MQS) was assessed. Additionally, basic information, weight, disease history, living habits, anxiety, and depression condition were collected. Results: According to the CEC, the prevalence of DED was 39.0%, whereas 44.0% based on DEWS II. The prevalence of DED increased with age and was substantially greater among women (41.1%, 95% CI, 39.5-42.6%) than males (35.1%, 95% CI, 33.1 -37.2%) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the severity of DED was more severe in women (p = 0.006). The associated risk factors were age, female, depression, smoking, insomnia, and glaucoma. On the other hand, 53.6% of these populations were diagnosed as asymptomatic DED, and the morbidity was higher in males (p = 0.007). Conclusions: The prevalence of DED in China was relatively high, which was associated with aging, female(sex), depression, smoking and sleep problems. Hence, it is crucial for clinicians and caregivers to be aware of the existence of asymptomatic DED within the susceptible population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations between environmental and occupational factors and the prevalence of dry eye symptoms among participants from the Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Participants from urban, rural, and suburban areas seeking medical care at primary health centers were recruited through systematic random sampling. Data on demographics, exposures, and ocular health were captured using a structured questionnaire. Dry eye symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Impact of Dry Eye on Everyday Life (IDEEL), and Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (SANDE) questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis examined the relationships between environmental/occupational factors and the prevalence of dry eye symptoms. Results: Key exposures included particulate matter (PM) (60%), low humidity (55%), wind/dust (50%), prolonged computer use (65%), and chemical irritants (45%). These factors were significantly associated with an increased prevalence of dry eye symptoms, with the following odds ratios (ORs): PM (1.85, 95% CI: 1.35– 2.52), low humidity (1.45, 95% CI: 1.05– 2.00), wind and dust (1.60, 95% CI: 1.20– 2.14), prolonged computer use (2.10, 95% CI: 1.55– 2.85), and chemical irritants (1.75, 95% CI: 1.30– 2.35). All associations were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The use of protective equipment was associated with reduced odds of dry eye symptoms (OR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42– 0.85, p = 0.03). Conclusion: This study identifies significant associations between specific environmental and occupational exposures and the prevalence of dry eye symptoms. Reducing modifiable exposures through policy, workplace enhancements, and clinical preventative strategies is essential to mitigate the burden of dry eye symptoms related to modern lifestyles and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research aims to investigate the influence of environmental factors on the treatment efficacy of ocular lubricants in patients from urban areas with dry eye disease (DED). Methods: A phase IV clinical trial, which included 173 patients from major cities in Mexico, was randomly assigned to use ocular lubricants four times a day for 30 days. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), noninvasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), ocular staining, and conjunctival hyperemia (CH) among other factors like weather, and air pollution as covariates were analysed. Results: After 30 days, OSDI score decreased by 14.8 points (p< 0.001), and NIBUT increased by 2.9 seconds (p< 0.001), with longer values observed in patients recruited in autumn and winter (additional 1.8 seconds, p< 0.05) compared to those recruited in spring. Patients living in cities with cooler weather and high humidity, but low air quality had higher OSDI and conjunctival stain scores of up to 4.4 and 0.3 points, respectively, as compared to those living in cities with similar pollution and humidity levels but with higher temperatures (p-values= 0.019 and 0.050). Patients with moderate CH had an increase of up to 0.8 points in their corneal stain score (p< 0.010). We also found that ozone levels were related to the predicted changes in OSDI and NIBUT. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the impact of environmental factors on the signs and symptoms of DED and suggests that patients residing in cities with inadequately controlled air pollution can benefit from using ocular lubricants to alleviate their symptoms. Trial Registration: Trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04702776). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors and events in glaucoma patients with and without peripapillary focal arteriolar narrowing of retinal vessels., Methods: We examined the fundus photographs of 325 consecutive glaucoma patients for evidence of focal arteriolar narrowing of retinal vessels adjacent to the optic disc. Cases and controls were matched for age, race, sex and mean deviation on Humphrey visual field. Medical information regarding cardiovascular risk factors and events was collected from patients' primary care physicians, and this information was confirmed by questionnaires sent to the patients themselves., Results: A total of 58 pairs of cases and controls were matched. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was exactly equal in both groups, 65.5% and 27.6%, respectively. Similarly, the prevalences of myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery, angioplasty, family history of heart disease and smoking were nearly identical in both groups. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of strokes or transient ischaemic attacks. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and mortality was greater in the case group (mean differences of 8.6, p = 0.42 and 5.2, p = 0.25, respectively), however, these differences were not statistically significant., Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between peripapillary focal arteriolar narrowing of retinal vessels and cardiovascular risk factors or events in patients with glaucoma. Proximal narrowing does not appear to be a marker of systemic vascular disease.

A method is described for the isolation of filamentous phage-displayed human monoclonal antibodies directed at unpurifiable cell surface-expressed molecules. To optimize the capture of antigen-specific phage and minimize the binding of irrelevant phage antibodies, a simultaneous positive and negative selection strategy is employed. Cells bearing the antigen of interest are pre-coated with magnetic beads and diluted into an excess of unmodified antigen-negative cells. Following incubation of the cell admixture with a Fab/phage library, the antigen-positive cell population is retrieved using magnetically-activated cell sorting and antigen-specific Fab/phage are eluted and propagated in bacterial culture. Utilizing this protocol with magnetically-labeled Rh(D)-positive and excess unlabeled Rh(D)-negative human red blood cells and a Fab/phage library constructed from human peripheral blood lymphocytes, dozens of unique clinically-useful gamma 1 kappa and gamma 1 lambda anti-Rh(D) antibodies were isolated from a single alloimmunized individual. This cell-surface selection method is readily adaptable for use in other systems, such as for the identification of putative tumor-specific antigens and provides a rapid (< 1 month), high-yield approach for isolating self-replicative antibody reagents directed at novel or conformationally-dependent cell-surface epitopes.

Background: An impaired ocular surface presents substantial challenges in terms of planning for cataract surgery. As a multifactorial ocular disorder, dry eye disease (DED) is common in the general population and prevalent in patients scheduled for lens replacement surgery. Cataract surgery can exacerbate DED and worsen several ocular parameters. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of DED are vital to ensuring positive ophthalmic surgical outcomes. This consensus report of the Taiwan Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (TSCRS) regarding the management of DED before, during, and after cataract surgery highlights the gaps between clinical guidelines and several aspects of DED, including diagnostic testing, diagnostic criteria, and clinical practice treatment. Methods: An expert panel of five specialists in the field of ophthalmology was recruited to develop consensus statements regarding the management of DED in both the general population and in patients undergoing cataract surgery in Taiwan. Two separate meetings of the five specialists, who were endorsed by the TSCRS, were convened for this purpose. A survey questionnaire consisting of binary or multiple-choice questions was developed through a consensus-driven formulation process. A percentage value was calculated for each statement, and a minimum of 60% agreement (equivalent to three out of five members) was required to achieve consensus. The second discussion meeting involved the presentation of the finalized consensus statements and concluded the consensus development process. Lastly, the finalized consensus statements were approved by all the experts, and the formulated recommendations for DED in the general population and prospective cataract surgery patients were accordingly presented. Results: The optimal algorithm for managing DED in the general population and in patients scheduled for cataract surgery was developed to address the unmet needs of this cohort in Taiwan. Conclusion: This report provides recommendations for managing dry eye disease. It is essential to screen and confirm DED through endorsed questionnaires and tests and then diagnose it. Treatment and management of DED should follow a stepwise approach. Screening and diagnosing DED is also recommended before cataract surgery. After cataract surgery, relatively aggressive treatment strategies are recommended to manage DED effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main roles of the lipid layer (LL) of the tear film (TF) is to help prevent evaporation of the aqueous layer (AL). The LL thickness, composition, and structure all contribute to its barrier function. It is believed that the lipid layer is primarily nonpolar with a layer of polar lipids at the LL/AL interface. There is evidence that the nonpolar region of the LL may have liquid crystalline characteristics. We investigate the structure and function of the LL via a model of the tear film with two layers, using extensional flow of a nematic liquid crystal for the LL and shear-dominated flow of a Newtonian AL. Evaporation is taken into account and is affected by the LL thickness, internal arrangement of its rod-like molecules, and external conditions. We conduct a detailed parameter study with a focus on the evaporative resistance parameter, the Marangoni number, and primary liquid crystal parameters including the Leslie viscosities and director angle. This new model responds similarly to previous Newtonian models in some respects; however, incorporating internal structure via the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules affects both evaporation and flow. As a result, we see new effects on TF dynamics and breakup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting exocrine glands such as the salivary glands, leading to impaired secretion and sicca symptoms. As the mainstay of salivation, salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) have an important role in the pathology of pSS. Emerging evidence suggests that the interplay between immunological factors and SGECs may not be the initial trigger or the sole mechanism responsible for xerostomia in pSS, challenging conventional perceptions. To deepen our understanding, current research regarding SGECs in pSS was reviewed. Among the extensive aberrations in cellular architecture and function, this review highlighted certain alterations of SGECs that were identified to occur independently of or in absence of lymphocytic infiltration. In particular, some of these alterations may serve as upstream factors of immuno-inflammatory responses. These findings underscore the significance of introspecting the pathogenesis of pSS and developing interventions targeting SGECs in the early stages of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thin tear film is the unique fluid layer, covers external mucosal surface of the eye. As such this layer is the interface between the ocular surface and the environment. This thin film is a transparent layer, has a mucin phase and a distinct lipid layer superficially. The lipid layer prevents evaporation of tears from outer ocular surface. Dry eye occurs due to insufficient lubrication of ocular surface and a potentially harmful condition which limits the activity as well as in extreme cases causes' blindness. Objectives: To assess prevalence of dry eye in post menopausal women. Materials and Methods: This study was planned and conducted in a tertiary care health institute in eastern India. Total no of subjects recruited in this study was 183. Post menopausal women attending outpatient department (OPD) were included on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Diagnosis of dry was done by Schimmer's test. Data analysis was done by Chi square test. Results: Out of 183 subjects 97 postmenopausal women were suffering from dry eye which accounts 53% prevalence. Prevalence of dry eye in the age group 51-60, 61-70 and more than 70 years were 42.8%, 50.9% and 67.2% respectively. Also we found that, out of 97 dry eye, 54 (55.6%) were symptomatic and 43 (44.4%) were asymptomatic. Mild, moderate and severe form of dry eyes was 50.5%, 38.1%, and 11.4% respectively. Conclusion: It was found that prevalence of dry eye, high among postmenopausal women. There was significant association between dry eye and elder age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a tear film disorder caused by increased tear evaporation or decreased production. The heavy workload on the eye and the increased usage of digital screens may decrease blink frequency, leading to an increased evaporation rate and an upsurge in the incidence and severity of DES. This study aims to assess the severity of DES symptoms and the risk factors among university students. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Umm AlQura University to evaluate the severity of DES among students and explore its potential association with digital screen use. Validated questionnaires were used to assess the severity of DES and digital screen usage. The study included 457 participants, of which 13% had symptoms suggestive of severe DES. Furthermore, multiple risk factors had a significant association with the severity of DES, including gender, use of monitor filters, monitor and room brightness, and smoking habits. DES symptoms were prevalent among university students, particularly female students. Although there was no significant association with the duration of screen usage and collage distribution. Other factors however, such as the usage of screen monitors and the brightness of both the monitor and the room, were significantly associated with the severity of DES symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective and subjective dry eye tests. The vision, endothelial cell count, and the pressure inside the eye were all found to be within normal limits after the IPL treatment. Even though the people in our study had glaucoma and had been taking glaucoma medicine for it for a year and the fact that the symptoms last for a long time may also change the results. Also, DED caused by glaucoma medication is complicated, with a lot of different symptoms and signs, even in the same stage. Also, subjective complaints may not match up with clinical signs. The type, amount, and length of anti-glaucoma drugs may have affected the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]