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Since its declaration as a pandemic in March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 217 million people worldwide and despite mild disease in the majority of the cases, more than 4.5 million cases of COVID-19-associated death have been reported as of September 2021. The question whether recovery from COVID-19 results in prevention of reinfection can be answered with a “no” since cases of reinfections have been reported. The more important question is whether during SARS-CoV-2 infection, a protective immunity is built and maintained afterwards in a way which protects from possibly severe courses of disease in case of a reinfection. A similar question arises with respect to vaccination: as of September 2021, globally, more than 5.2 billion doses of vaccines have been administered. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study the cellular and humoral immunity toward SARS-CoV-2 in a longitudinal manner. In this study, reconvalescent COVID-19 patients have been followed up for more than 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 infection to characterize in detail the long-term humoral as well as cellular immunity. Both SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and antibodies could be detected for a period of more than 1 year after infection, indicating that the immune protection established during initial infection is maintained and might possibly protect from severe disease in case of reinfection or infection with novel emerging variants. Moreover, these data demonstrate the opportunity for immunotherapy of hospitalized COVID-19 patients via adoptive transfer of functional antiviral T cells isolated from reconvalescent individuals.

Introduction: Viral infections and reactivations still remain a cause of morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation due to immunodeficiency and immunosuppression. Transfer of unmanipulated donor-derived lymphocytes (DLI) represents a promising strategy for improving cellular immunity but carries the risk of graft versus host disease (GvHD). Depleting alloreactive naïve T cells (TN) from DLIs was implemented to reduce the risk of GvHD induction while preserving antiviral memory T-cell activity. Here, we compared two TN depletion strategies via CD45RA and CD62L expression and investigated the presence of antiviral memory T cells against human adenovirus (AdV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the depleted fractions in relation to their functional and immunophenotypic characteristics. Methods: T-cell responses against ppEBV_EBNA1, ppEBV_Consensus and ppAdV_Hexon within TN-depleted (CD45RA−/CD62L−) and TN-enriched (CD45RA+/CD62L+) fractions were quantified by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELISpot assay after short- and long-term in vitro stimulation. T-cell frequencies and immunophenotypic composition were assessed in all fractions by flow cytometry. Moreover, alloimmune T-cell responses were evaluated by mixed lymphocyte reaction. Results: According to differences in the phenotype composition, antigen-specific T-cell responses in CD45RA− fraction were up to 2 times higher than those in the CD62L− fraction, with the highest increase (up to 4-fold) observed after 7 days for ppEBV_EBNA1-specific T cells. The CD4+ effector memory T cells (TEM) were mainly responsible for EBV_EBNA1- and AdV_Hexon-specific T-cell responses, whereas the main functionally active T cells against ppEBV_Consensus were CD8+ central memory T cells (TCM) and TEM. Moreover, comparison of both depletion strategies indicated that alloreactivity in CD45RA− was lower than that in CD62L− fraction. Conclusion: Taken together, our results indicate that CD45RA depletion is a more suitable strategy for generating TN-depleted products consisting of memory T cells against ppEBV_EBNA1 and ppAdV_Hexon than CD62L in terms of depletion effectiveness, T-cell functionality and alloreactivity. To maximally exploit the beneficial effects mediated by antiviral memory T cells in TN-depleted products, depletion methods should be selected individually according to phenotype composition and CD4/CD8 antigen restriction. TN-depleted DLIs may improve the clinical outcome in terms of infections, GvHD, and disease relapse if selection of pathogen-specific donor T cells is not available.

Pembersihan kelebihan semen yang tidak adekuat dapat menginisiasi terjadinya proses inflamasi sekitar implan. Pemilihan jenis koneksi dan teknik sementasi implan dan restorasi adalah dua aspek yang harus diperhatikan untuk menunjang keberhasilan implan. Teknik sementasi restorasi yang dilakukan ekstraoral dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mencegah terjadinya kelebihan semen di sekitar implan. Studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan metode dalam mengurangi risiko kelebihan semen yang terakumulasi di sekitar implan. Pasien laki-laki, usia 50 tahun datang dengan keluhan kehilangan gigi regio 35 dan 36, ingin dibuatkan protesa implan untuk mengganti gigi 35 dan 36. Hasil radiograf CBCT tidak ada kontraindikasi untuk implan dan pasien tidak ada riwayat penyakit sistemik. Bedah implan dilakukan di regio 35 dan 36. Fase pemasangan restorasi mahkota pada implan dilakukan dengan teknik sementasi ekstraoral pada gigi 35 dan 36. Manfaat utama dari sementasi ekstra oral adalah untuk menghilangkan secara langsung kelebihan semen di sekitar margin. Teknik ini mengurangi risiko terjadinya inflamasi pada jaringan lunak dan kehilangan tulang di sekitar implan. Teknik sementasi ekstraoral dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk mencegah terjadinya kegagalan implan yang disebabkan karena kelebihan semen yang tertinggal di sekitar implan.

Objective:To determine the incidence of postpartum urinary retention (PUR) after vaginal delivery and to specify any obstetric risk factors that contributing PUR. Methods: Case control study. Six hours after vaginal delivery, urethral catheterization was implemented for estimation of post void residual bladder and diagnosis PUR. Patient data, including age, gestational age, body mass index, parity, mode of delivery, labor duration, perineal laceration or episiotomy, and fetal birth weight, were compared between women with and those without PUR to determine which obstetric factors that develops PUR. Results: Of the 365 participants recruited, 38 (10,67%) had PUR: 33 (9,27%) with covert PUR and 5 (1,4%) with overt PUR. Women with perineal laceration or episiotomy (p

In this paper a priori error estimates are derived for full discretization (in space and time) of time-optimal control problems. Various convergence results for the optimal time and the control variable are proved under different assumptions. Especially the case of bang-bang controls is investigated. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the results.

Background Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies are key in combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, delays of boost immunization due to limited availability of vaccines may leave individuals vulnerable to infection and prolonged or severe disease courses. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC)—B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil)—may exacerbate this issue, as the latter two are able to evade control by antibodies. Methods We assessed humoral and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (WT), VOC, and endemic human coronaviruses (hCoVs) that were induced after single and double vaccination with BNT162b2. Results Despite readily detectable immunoglobulin G (IgG) against the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein at day 14 after a single vaccination, inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 S-driven host cell entry was weak and particularly low for the B.1.351 variant. Frequencies of SARS-CoV-2 WT and VOC-specific T cells were low in many vaccinees after application of a single dose and influenced by immunity against endemic hCoV. The second vaccination significantly boosted T-cell frequencies reactive for WT and B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. Conclusions These results call into question whether neutralizing antibodies significantly contribute to protection against COVID-19 upon single vaccination and suggest that cellular immunity is central for the early defenses against COVID-19., We assessed single vaccine shot–induced B- and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern, and human coronaviruses to determine protection against COVID-19. Our results provide important information about surrogates of protection, test result interpretation, and clinical decision-making.

Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies are key in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. However, delays of boost immunization due to limited availability of vaccines may leave individuals vulnerable to infection and disease for prolonged periods. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC), B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa) and P.1 (Brazil), may reinforce this issue with the latter two being able to evade control by antibodies. We assessed humoral and T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 WT and VOC and endemic human coronaviruses (hCoV) that were induced after single and double vaccination with BNT162b2. Despite readily detectable IgG against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein at day 14 after a single vaccination, inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 S-driven host cell entry was weak and particularly low for the B.1.351 variant. Frequencies of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells were low in many vaccinees after application of a single dose and influenced by immunity against endemic hCoV. The second vaccination significantly boosted T cell frequencies reactive for WT, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. These results call into question whether neutralizing antibodies significantly contribute to protection against COVID-19 upon single vaccination and suggest that cellular immunity is central for the early defenses against COVID-19.

In this research, researchers aspire to examine the theory of whether there is a cash flow effect on stock changes. Stock returns which are used as stock measurement tools are a reflection of market reactions to what happens within the company in terms of fundamentals. Therefore to measure the fundamental factors that exist within the company researchers utilise operating cash flow. Operating cash flow is seen as being able to represent because operating cash flow data exists in every company. Moreover, hence that the comparison is balanced the researchers choose to use the population of companies in the LQ 45 area. After being tested using simple linear regression, the results are as previously thought that there are influences on the company's Fundamental factors which in this study is the Operating Cash Flow with market factors which in this study represented by Stock Return. Keywords: financial statements, operating cash flow, stock return.

Cellular and humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to control primary infection and correlates with severity of disease. The role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity, its relationship to antibodies, and pre-existing immunity against endemic coronaviruses (huCoV), which has been hypothesized to be protective, were investigated in 82 healthy donors (HDs), 204 recovered (RCs), and 92 active COVID-19 patients (ACs). ACs had high amounts of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike IgG but lymphopenia and overall reduced antiviral T cell responses due to the inflammatory milieu, expression of inhibitory molecules (PD-1, Tim-3) as well as effector caspase-3, -7, and -8 activity in T cells. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity conferred by polyfunctional, mainly interferon-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells remained stable throughout convalescence, whereas humoral responses declined. Immune responses toward huCoV in RCs with mild disease and strong cellular SARS-CoV-2 T cell reactivity imply a protective role of pre-existing immunity against huCoV., Graphical Abstract, COVID-19 varies from asymptomatic infection to multiorgan failure, but data on cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 during disease and beyond are lacking. Bonifacius et al. show a beneficial effect of preexisting immunity to endemic coronaviruses during disease and stable cellular immunity with concomitant decrease of humoral responses early during convalescence.

The installation of billboard building construction, especially along main urban roads, is not the same as building construction such as residential buildings, warehouses and others. There are several things that need to be considered both from the aspect of construction safety and environmental appearance, so it is necessary to assess the condition of the billboard installed. The failure to build billboards can cause collapse. This happens because planning activities are not carried out according to technical standards, supervision during installation and continuous maintenance. Billboards installed along the road can also affect the aesthetics of the environment. Many billboards are attached which causes visual pollution. Visual pollution assessment can be done through the AHP-based SBE method. In addition to the SBE method, a combination of SWOT, AHP and QSPM methods can also be carried out. The findings from the assessment obtained can be immediately evaluated and follow-up steps in an effort to build cities and settlements that are inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable according to the 11th goal of the SDG’s.

Street corridor landscape is an important part of open space for city sustainability but is often neglected in urban development. Road corridors, connecting urban spaces can act as city gates because they provide a visual impact on the city. Urban road corridors are places for people with different social backgrounds, ages, and genders to engage in activities. The road corridor should play an important role in shaping the image of the city because it becomes a visual display case for the city gate. This article aims to find out the researchers’ views on the eco-design concept of road corridor landscapes that form the image of the city. The eco-design concept was proposed as an answer to the environmental, energy efficiency, and sustainability issues that are currently emerging, this is in line with the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper uses a qualitative descriptive method, describing secondary data from research journals about the concept of ecodesign. The conclusion shows that the urban road corridor landscape can be arranged and improved with an eco-design concept strategy to improve the image of the city towards a sustainable city.

BackgroundImmunosuppressive therapy or T-cell depletion in transplant patients can cause uncontrolled growth of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cells resulting in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Current treatment options do not distinguish between healthy and malignant B cells and are thereby often limited by severe side effects in the already immunocompromised patients. To specifically target EBV-infected B cells, we developed a novel peptide-selective chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) based on the monoclonal antibody TÜ165 which recognizes an Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA)−3C-derived peptide in HLA-B*35 context in a T-cell receptor (TCR)-like manner. In order to attract additional immune cells to proximity of PTLD cells, based on the TÜ165 CAR, we moreover generated T cells redirected for universal cytokine-mediated killing (TRUCKs), which induce interleukin (IL)-12 release on target contact.MethodsTÜ165-based CAR-T cells (CAR-Ts) and TRUCKs with inducible IL-12 expression in an all-in-one construct were generated. Functionality of the engineered cells was assessed in co-cultures with EBNA-3C-peptide-loaded, HLA-B*35-expressing K562 cells and EBV-infected B cells as PTLD model. IL-12, secreted by TRUCKs on target contact, was further tested for its chemoattractive and activating potential towards monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.ResultsAfter co-cultivation with EBV target cells, TÜ165 CAR-Ts and TRUCKs showed an increased activation marker expression (CD137, CD25) and release of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α). Moreover, TÜ165 CAR-Ts and TRUCKs released apoptosis-inducing mediators (granzyme B and perforin) and were capable to specifically lyse EBV-positive target cells. Live cell imaging revealed a specific attraction of TÜ165 CAR-Ts around EBNA-3C-peptide-loaded target cells. Of note, TÜ165 TRUCKs with inducible IL-12 showed highly improved effector functions and additionally led to recruitment of monocyte and NK cell lines.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that TÜ165 CAR-Ts recognize EBV peptide/HLA complexes in a TCR-like manner and thereby allow for recognizing an intracellular EBV target. TÜ165 TRUCKs equipped with inducible IL-12 expression responded even more effectively and released IL-12 recruited additional immune cells which are generally missing in proximity of lymphoproliferation in immunocompromised PTLD patients. This suggests a new and promising strategy to specifically target EBV-infected cells while sparing and mobilizing healthy immune cells and thereby enable control of EBV-associated lymphoproliferation.

Staphylococcus aureus can cause life-threatening diseases, and hospital- as well as community-associated antibiotic-resistant strains are an emerging global public health problem. Therefore, prophylactic vaccines or immune-based therapies are considered as alternative treatment opportunities. To develop such novel treatment approaches, a better understanding of the bacterial virulence and immune evasion mechanisms and their potential effects on immune-based therapies is essential. One important staphylococcal virulence factor is alpha-toxin, which is able to disrupt the epithelial barrier in order to establish infection. In addition, alpha-toxin has been reported to modulate other cell types including immune cells. Since CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity is required for protection against S. aureus infection, we were interested in the ability of alpha-toxin to directly modulate CD4+ T cells. To address this, murine naive CD4+ T cells were differentiated in vitro into effector T cell subsets in the presence of alpha-toxin. Interestingly, alpha-toxin induced death of Th1-polarized cells, while cells polarized under Th17 conditions showed a high resistance toward increasing concentrations of this toxin. These effects could neither be explained by differential expression of the cellular alpha-toxin receptor ADAM10 nor by differential activation of caspases, but might result from an increased susceptibility of Th1 cells toward Ca2+-mediated activation-induced cell death. In accordance with the in vitro findings, an alpha-toxin-dependent decrease of Th1 and concomitant increase of Th17 cells was observed in vivo during S. aureus bacteremia. Interestingly, corresponding subsets of innate lymphoid cells and γδ T cells were similarly affected, suggesting a more general effect of alpha-toxin on the modulation of type 1 and type 3 immune responses. In conclusion, we have identified a novel alpha-toxin-dependent immunomodulatory strategy of S. aureus, which can directly act on CD4+ T cells and might be exploited for the development of novel immune-based therapeutic approaches to treat infections with antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains.

Inductive Voltage Transformer (IVT) is one of the critical elements in the electrical system that cannot be separated from the potential for ferroresonance due to the inductive and capacitive nature in it. In this study, the effects of the ferroresonance phenomenon on IVT caused by switching. This phenomenon can cause overvoltage in IVT. The simulation of ferroresonance was done with software ATPDraw/EMTP. The variables studied include variations in grading capacitance (Cg) and shunt (Cs), as well as the switching time with a time span of 0.02 seconds. The simulation results showed that the variation of grading capacitance (Cg) obtained peak voltage reaches 180.74% of the normal peak voltage at a Cs value of 0.01 µF. In the variation of shunt capacitance (Cs) obtained a peak voltage of 764.42% at a Cg value of 0.005 µF while the switching time variation obtained peak voltage of 159.9% in the time span of 0.05 seconds to 0.06 seconds at Cg and Cs values respectively of 0.005 µF and 0.01 µF. According to the results, the value of Cs, Cg, and switching time affect the significance of overvoltage that occurs in IVT as an impact of the ferroresonance phenomenon.

The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with 305‐day milk yield and lactation curve parameters on primiparous (n = 9,910) and multiparous (n = 11,158) Holstein cows. The SNP solutions were estimated using a weighted single‐step genomic BLUP approach and imputed high‐density panel (777k) genotypes. The proportion of genetic variance explained by windows of 50 consecutive SNP (with an average of 165 Kb) was calculated, and regions that accounted for more than 0.50% of the variance were used to search for candidate genes. Estimated heritabilities were 0.37, 0.34, 0.17, 0.12, 0.30 and 0.19, respectively, for 305‐day milk yield, peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay for primiparous cows. Genetic correlations of 305‐day milk yield with peak yield, peak time, ramp, scale and decay in primiparous cows were 0.99, 0.63, 0.20, 0.97 and −0.52, respectively. The results identified three windows on BTA14 associated with 305‐day milk yield and the parameters of lactation curve in primi‐ and multiparous cows. Previously proposed candidate genes for milk yield supported by this work include GRINA, CYHR1, FOXH1, TONSL, PPP1R16A, ARHGAP39, MAF1, OPLAH and MROH1, whereas newly identified candidate genes are MIR2308, ZNF7, ZNF34, SLURP1, MAFA and KIFC2 (BTA14). The protein lipidation biological process term, which plays a key role in controlling protein localization and function, was identified as the most important term enriched by the identified genes.

To investigate the role of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T-cell immunity and its relationship with antibody levels and pre-existing immunity against endemic human coronaviruses (huCoV) during disease and beyond, we analyzed patients with recovered (RC, n=178) and active Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19; AC, n=10) and healthy donors (HD, n=58). Overall, ACs had highest SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels against nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins but reduced antiviral T-cell immunity, whereas in RCs, antibody levels partially correlated with SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell frequencies. Interestingly, humoral responses declined throughout convalescence, whereas T-cell immunity remained stable. RCs exhibited polyfunctional, mainly IFN-γ-secreting CD4 + effector memory T-cell responses. Humoral and cellular response towards huCoV strains in RCs with strong SARS-CoV-2 T-cell immunity implies a protective role of pre-existing immunity against huCoV. This study provides essential evidence-based data about stable protective T-cell immunity during disease and recovery which is essential to guide diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.

Background: Immunosuppressive therapy or T-cell depletion in transplant patients can cause uncontrolled growth of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cells resulting in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Current treatment options do not distinguish between healthy and malignant B cells and are thereby often limited by severe side effects in the already immunocompromised patients. To specifically target EBV-infected B cells, we developed a novel peptide-selective chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) based on the monoclonal antibody TÜ165 which recognizes an Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA)-3C-derived peptide in HLA-B∗35 context in a T-cell receptor (TCR)-like manner. In order to attract additional immune cells to proximity of PTLD cells, based on the TÜ165 CAR, we moreover generated T cells redirected for universal cytokine-mediated killing (TRUCKs), which induce interleukin (IL)-12 release on target contact. Methods: TÜ165-based CAR-T cells (CAR-Ts) and TRUCKs with inducible IL-12 expression in an all-in-one construct were generated. Functionality of the engineered cells was assessed in co-cultures with EBNA-3C-peptide-loaded, HLA-B∗35-expressing K562 cells and EBV-infected B cells as PTLD model. IL-12, secreted by TRUCKs on target contact, was further tested for its chemoattractive and activating potential towards monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Results: After co-cultivation with EBV target cells, TÜ165 CAR-Ts and TRUCKs showed an increased activation marker expression (CD137, CD25) and release of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-gand tumor necrosis factor-a). Moreover, TÜ165 CAR-Ts and TRUCKs released apoptosis-inducing mediators (granzyme B and perforin) and were capable to specifically lyse EBV-positive target cells. Live cell imaging revealed a specific attraction of TÜ165 CAR-Ts around EBNA-3C-peptide-loaded target cells. Of note, TÜ165 TRUCKs with inducible IL-12 showed highly improved effector functions and additionally led to recruitment of monocyte and NK cell lines. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that TÜ165 CAR-Ts recognize EBV peptide/HLA complexes in a TCR-like manner and thereby allow for recognizing an intracellular EBV target. TÜ165 TRUCKs equipped with inducible IL-12 expression responded even more effectively and released IL-12 recruited additional immune cells which are generally missing in proximity of lymphoproliferation in immunocompromised PTLD patients. This suggests a new and promising strategy to specifically target EBV-infected cells while sparing and mobilizing healthy immune cells and thereby enable control of EBV-associated lymphoproliferation.

Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) at both the individual cow and the herd level has become a key target in dairy production systems, for both environmental and economic reasons. Cost-effective and large-scale phenotyping methods are required to improve NUE through genetic selection and by feeding and management strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of milk to predict individual dairy cow NUE during early lactation. Data were collected from 129 Holstein cows, from calving until 50 d in milk, in 3 research herds (Denmark, Ireland, and the UK). In 2 of the herds, diets were designed to challenge cows metabolically, whereas a diet reflecting local management practices was offered in the third herd. Nitrogen intake (kg/d) and nitrogen excreted in milk (kg/d) were calculated daily. Nitrogen use efficiency was calculated as the ratio between nitrogen in milk and nitrogen intake, and expressed as a percentage. Individual daily values for NUE ranged from 9.7 to 81.7%, with an average of 36.9% and standard deviation of 10.4%. Milk MIR spectra were recorded twice weekly and were standardized into a common format to avoid bias between apparatus or sampling periods. Regression models predicting NUE using milk MIR spectra were developed on 1,034 observations using partial least squares or support vector machines regression methods. The models were then evaluated through (1) a cross-validation using 10 subsets, (2) a cow validation excluding 25% of the cows to be used as a validation set, and (3) a diet validation excluding each of the diets one by one to be used as validation sets. The best statistical performances were obtained when using the support vector machines method. Inclusion of milk yield and lactation number as predictors, in combination with the spectra, also improved the calibration. In cross-validation, the best model predicted NUE with a coefficient of determination of cross-validation of 0.74 and a relative error of 14%, which is suitable to discriminate between low- and high-NUE cows. When performing the cow validation, the relative error remained at 14%, and during the diet validation the relative error ranged from 12 to 34%. In the diet validation, the models showed a lack of robustness, demonstrating difficulties in predicting NUE for diets and for samples that were not represented in the calibration data set. Hence, a need exists to integrate more data in the models to cover a maximum of variability regarding breeds, diets, lactation stages, management practices, seasons, MIR instruments, and geographic regions. Although the model needs to be validated and improved for use in routine conditions, these preliminary results showed that it was possible to obtain information on NUE through milk MIR spectra. This could potentially allow large-scale predictions to aid both further genetic and genomic studies, and the development of farm management tools.

Penyelam mengalami penambahan tekanan lingkungan ketika bergerak turun menambah kedalaman penyelaman. Tekanan tersebut menyebabkan volume ruang udara dalam telinga tengah berkurang dan dapat menyebabkan barotrauma dan kerusakan membran timpani. Tekanan tersebut harus diseimbangkan dengan cara melakukan ekualisasi. Ada tiga metode ekualisasi, yaitu metode valsava, toynbee dan menggerakkan rahang. Namun belum diketahui metode mana yang memiliki tingkat keberhasilan tertinggi. Penelitian ini mempelajari tingkat keberhasilan ketiga metode ekualisasi dengan membandingkan kedalaman yang berhasil dicapai oleh penyelam menggunakan tiga metode yang berbeda. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 40 orang penyelam terlatih di lingkungan kolam air tawar dengan kedalaman 5 meter. Variabel yang diukur adalah angka kedalaman (dalam meter) yang berhasil dicapai penyelam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara capaian kedalaman menggunakan metode valsava dengan capaian kedalaman menggunakan metode toynbee (p0,05). Difference in success rate of 3 equalize method among trained divers in the freshwater environment AbstractDivers experience increase of environmental pressure when the diver descends. This pressure causes the volume of air space in the middle ear to decrease, can cause barotrauma and tympanic damage. This pressure must be equalize. There are three methods of equalization, valsava maneuver, toynbee and moving the jaw. But it is not known which method has the highest success rate. This research studied the success rate of the three methods of equalization by comparing the depth achieved by divers using the three different methods. This study was conducted on 40 trained divers in the freshwater pool with 5 meters depth. The variable measured is the number of depths (in meters) successfully achieved by divers. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the depth achieved using the Valsava maneuver with the depth achieved using the toynbee maneuver (p 0.05).

Vets often use key performance indicators (KPIs) to evaluate the actual performance status of a dairy herd. Basic knowledge of data analysis is necessary to interpret these KPIs correctly, but unfortunately vets often lack the training and knowledge required to do this. This article aims to make vets aware of common data interpretation errors and discusses four data misinterpretation pitfalls – variation, momentum, lag and bias – as well as introduces the concept of data visualisation, such as the use of graphs and charts, to help vets avoid these pitfalls.