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Maternal mortality is still unacceptably high in Kenya. The Kenyan Government introduced a free maternity service to overcome financial barriers to access. This policy led to a substantial increase in women’s delivery options. This increase in coverage might have led to a reduction in quality of care. This study explores women’s perceptions of quality of delivery services in the context of the free policy and how the perceptions lead to the choice of a place for delivery. Our study site was Naivasha sub-County in Kenya, a rural context, whose geography encompasses pastoralists, rural agrarian, and high population density informal settlements near flower farms. Women from this area are from the lowest wealth quintile in Kenya. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the women’s perceptions of quality of care based on their experiences during maternity care. The participants were women of reproductive age (18–49 years) attending antenatal care clinics at six health facilities in the sub-county. Six focus group discussions with 55 respondents were used. For inclusion, the women needed to have delivered a baby within the six months preceding the study. Interviews were recorded with consent, translated and transcribed. The interviews were analyzed using a thematic content approach. Four broad themes that determined the choice of health facility for delivery were identified: women’s perceptions of clinical quality of care; the cost of delivery; distance to the health facility and management of primary health facilities. An unexpected theme was the presence of home deliveries amongst pastoralist women. These findings suggest that in this setting both process and structural dimensions of quality of care and financial and physical accessibility influence women’s choices for place of delivery. This study expands our understanding of how women make choices regarding place of delivery. Understanding women’s perceptions can provide useful insights to policy makers and facility managers on providing high quality patient centered maternity care necessary to sustain the increased utilization of maternity services at health facilities under the free maternity policy and further reductions in maternal mortality.

Goal. To analyze the dynamics of land use of scientific institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Academy during the years of independence of Ukraine, as well as the legislative regulation of the use and protection of academic land, substantiation of directions and ways of legal protection, preservation, and improvement of the use of lands of NAAS. Methods. The dialectical method of scientific cognition — to study the state and development of an agro-industrial complex, preservation of the environment of the agrarian and industrial complex and development of domestic agrarian science; monographic — to study the scientific papers, regulatory framework, statistical information; abstract — to form conclusions and proposals for the preparation of legislation. Results. It is established that the proposed redistribution of land under the draft laws №№ 30121 and 30122 violates the current legislation on the transfer to private ownership of land of scientific and educational institutions, which have been in force since January 1992. Their rules may lead to the elimination of experimental and educational bases of agrarian scientific institutions and educational establishments. The right to a land share (share) can conditionally apply only to 20% of the total area of agricultural land, and not the entire area (100%), i.e. 80% of citizens have no relation to shares or units, and the essence of the law does not correspond to its name. The law violates the requirements of Art. 22 of the Constitution of Ukraine on the social right to work of 15 thousand employees of the research base of NAAS. Conclusions. It is proposed that the norms on land privatization of state institutions and enterprises of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and national branch academies of sciences should be removed from the bill.

Climate change is a major concern the world over; more for a predominantly agrarian country like India. In this paper we analyze the time horizon dynamics of crop and climate variables at the regional level in India. We also analyze the co-movements between crop yields and temperature and rainfall to observe the coherence across heterogenous time horizons. We employ Bai-Perron structural break and Continuous wavelet transform methods on yearly data of seven crop yields and climate variables. Observed variables are analyzed over a period of 55 years from 1956-2011 for the un-divided state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The study shows that there is a steady and constant increase of around 1.00 in annual average, maximum and minimum temperatures in the state, with two observed break points at 1978 and 2002. Rainfall depicts no systematic change with fluctuations being largely random. Wavelet based coherence analysis that map time-horizon specific dynamics of climate and crops with time periods exhibited significant co-movement between climatic and crop variable. Given shifts in climate patterns and subsequent shifts in co-movements across time horizons at the regional level, policy makers and crop scientists should design time specific and locally viable adaption and mitigation policies to tackle the impact of climate on crops and livelihoods.JEL Classification: C13, Q10, Q15, Q50, Q54

This article deals with the issue of carrying out agricultural work on the sacred lands of ancient Attica (Athens region) in the IV century B.C. The author relies on epigraphic sources, which are inscriptions on stone steles containing texts of lease agreements on sacred lands of the IV century B.C, and also uses information from ancient authors. The author also attracts scientific works of domestic and foreign authors devoted to the problem of agrarian relations in the ancient Greek polis. According to the author, the analysis and study of agricultural work on the territory of the sacred lands of Attica deserves a separate article, since the study of this issue makes it possible to more thoroughly consider agricultural relations in the Athenian polis of the IV century B.C, to present the meaning of sacred land ownership. In the first part of the article, the author analyzes the types and nature of agricultural work on sacred lands (temenos). The second part is devoted to the problem of responsibility of tenants and landlords for the performance of work on the territory of temenos. As a result, the author comes to certain conclusions. In the fourth century B.C, the sacred lands of Attica required special care after the end of the devastating actions of the Peloponnesian War. The temenos were at the disposal of the polis, with demes and religious unions as their landlords. The leasing of land made it possible to ensure the stable preservation of the land fund, to ensure the agricultural development of the temenos. Tenants (private individuals) were required to provide careful care for the leased land. At the same time, the author draws attention to the fact that in some cases the tenants were very well-known, wealthy citizens of the polis, for whom participation in the lease of sacred lands was a kind of liturgy. In such cases, it is difficult to determine who performed agricultural work on the leased land, most likely, it was special employees, whose work was paid by the tenant. At the same time, according to the epigraphica, there was no sublease.

O Amazonas é um dos estados que possui a maior área sem destinação das terras públicas rurais registradas em nome da União Federal ou do INCRA, distribuídas principalmente nas glebas públicas federais e nos projetos de assentamentos do programa de reforma agrária. As atuais políticas públicas voltadas para a regularização fundiária na Amazônia Legal possuem um enfoque dimensional, quantitativo de áreas ou de número de títulos emitidos, sob a justificativa de inclusão produtiva dos novos proprietários de terras ao mercado agroalimentar, e cabe ao Poder Público a política governamental de desenvolvimento rural sustentável, com o objetivo de reordenar a distribuição de terras por meio de um planejamento territorial, mediante a intervenção em um espaço que compreende a maior biodiversidade de floresta tropical do planeta. A maior parte das áreas a serem destinadas no estado do Amazonas possui uma prioridade para conservação e o atual programa de regularização fundiária não garante essa finalidade, considerando a legislação fundiária que permite que as ocupações que estão ocorrendo neste território possam ser regularizadas pelos órgãos fundiários nacionais. Este estudo apresenta como proposta discorrer sobre as políticas agrárias setorias que estão sendo implementadas pelo Poder Público no estado do Amazonas, indicando os instrumentos legais de destinação rural previstos na legislação de regularização fundiária das áreas de domínio público federal, voltados para a proteção ambiental e o uso racional e sustentável dos recursos naturais localizado no bioma da Amazônia Legal.

Desde os anos 2000, observa-se a difusão do programa de pesquisas em Capitalismos Comparados (CC), envolvendo três gerações de estudos interdisciplinares nos campos da economia política e da sociologia econômica sobre Variedades de Capitalismo (VoC). Com foco quase que exclusivo nos países desenvolvidos nas duas primeiras gerações, em sua terceira geração os estudos em CC passaram a se ocupar também dos países em desenvolvimento, principalmente dos países emergentes, como os BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul). Contudo, apesar de os mais importantes estudiosos comparatistas nas ciências sociais sempre terem se preocupado com a questão agrária nas grandes transformações que deram origem e definiram os rumos do mundo moderno, é notável a ausência de temas agrícolas, rurais e alimentares nos estudos em CC. No intuito de superar parte dessa lacuna, o artigo explora o lugar da “questão agroalimentar” nas variedades de capitalismo dos BRICS e o papel desempenhado por esses países no reordenamento do “regime alimentar internacional”.

This paper aims to present a comprehensive study of the natural and migration movement of the rural population of Russia over several periods of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The authors proceed from the premise that it is necessary to consider not only the decline of Russia’s rural population but also its movement. The article refers to the data of general censuses and vital records of the population at the regional, district, and settlement levels in one of the most successful agrarian regions by Russian standards, i.e. the Central Black Earth Region. The authors process the information from the sources employing various quantitative methods, including modeling demographic processes of the past, which helps verify the information of official documents. It is concluded that the idea of the general “extinction” of the Russian countryside is oversimplified. Historical data of the Central Black Earth Region testify to the constantly changing, different directions of demographic processes at the level of individual regions, districts, and settlements. Backsliding due to the process of depopulation, conservative demographic modernisation, and especially the transfer of urban dwellers back to rural areas contribute to the preservation of “islands of stability”. There are still dozens of districts and hundreds of settlements in the Central Black Earth Region characterised by natural growth and migration influx. The authors argue that a population which is excessive in terms of the needs of modern agriculture will continue to migrate. At the same time, based on the data of last decades, it is suggested that a certain number of people will be staying in the countryside as well as relocating there — those preferring a rural lifestyle in general or seeking to survive there in times of crisis. The reverse migration to rural areas observed during critical periods made it possible and continues to amortise the continuous decline of the rural population., Целью статьи является комплексное изучение естественных и миграционных аспектов движения сельского населения России на протяжении XX — начала XXI в. под воздействием урбанизации и консервативной модернизации. Авторы исходили из необходимости учета не только убыли, но и перемещения сельского населения России. Статья основана на данных всеобщих переписей, материалах текущего учета населения областного, районного и поселенного уровней одного из успешных по российским меркам аграрных регионов — Центрального Черноземья. Данные источников обработаны количественными методами, включая моделирование демографических процессов прошлого, что позволяет верифицировать сведения официальных документов. В статье делается вывод об упрощенности тезиса о всеобщем «вымирании» русской деревни. Материалы истории Центрального Черноземья свидетельствуют о постоянно меняющейся демографической ситуации на уровне отдельных областей, районов и поселений. Откаты в процессе депопуляции, консервативная демографическая модернизация, особенно обратное перемещение горожан в сельскую местность, способствуют сохранению «островков устойчивости» в аграрном секторе. В черноземных областях остаются десятки районов и сотни населенных пунктов, где продолжается естественный прирост и миграционный приток жителей. Авторы утверждают, что избыточное с точки зрения потребностей современного сельского хозяйства население будет продолжать мигрировать. Вместе с тем на основании материалов последних десятилетий высказывается предположение о том, что в сельскую местность будет прибывать определенное число людей, предпочитающих сельский образ жизни или стремящихся пережить там кризисные времена. Наблюдаемая в критические периоды обратная миграция в сельскую местность позволяла и позволяет амортизировать непрерывную убыль сельского населения.

Recent decades have witnessed unprecedented agrarian transformations and mining sector-led development projects in the countryside of the Global South. This study explores the impact of land approp...

In the federal law No. 264-FZ of December 29, 2006 "On the development of agriculture" [1], the development of science and innovation in the field of the agro-industrial complex is defined among the main directions of the state agricultural policy (Article 5, paragraph 5). In the same federal law (Article 5, Clause 7), the main direction of the state agrarian policy is “improving the system of education, training and retraining of specialists for agriculture”. Scientific and technological support of agriculture is a vital necessity for the development of the industry in modern conditions, because the technologies and programs for the functioning of domestic agriculture that have been in force until now have exhausted the possibilities of conducting agricultural activities without introducing scientific advances in agricultural production in the field of crop production, animal husbandry, poultry farming and other areas of agricultural economy. Seed growing of potatoes and vegetables, both open and protected, remains a problem. And for some crops, imported seeds are used in production, which is a threat to food security and food independence of the Russian state. Practically, the same situation is in livestock and poultry farming, where breeding animals and breeding eggs purchased in foreign countries are used. Imported antibiotics and other veterinary drugs, as well as herbicides and pesticides and other agrochemicals used in Russian agriculture remain at risk. Despite the government decisions made, domestic agricultural producers, due to the lack of the necessary agricultural machinery and equipment in the Russian Federation, continue to purchase technical means and spare parts for them abroad, which causes risky situations, aggravated by financial instability in the world due to pandemic of the new coronavirus infection "Covid-19", economic sanctions and other negative factors. The above circumstances objectively call for the accelerated development of domestic agricultural science. This task should be carried out by students and postgraduates of agricultural universities using scientific laboratories within the walls of the university, graduates of agricultural universities and academies working in scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other research organizations, as well as specialists working in agricultural organizations. In order to successfully solve the problems of scientific and technological development of agricultural production, researchers must receive the necessary knowledge and qualifications, and, most importantly, skills for research activities in the process of studying at an agricultural university.

At present, the state of the economy of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the European Union (EU), inherent in developed industry, has led to the transition to a new environmentally oriented agricultural policy. An important role is assigned to state support of agricultural producers, through subsidies, preferential credit policy, and in some countries, the complete abolition of taxation of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which confirms the relevance and national economic significance of the article. In domestic agroeconomic science and practice, there is no scientific concept of state participation in the process of bringing the agricultural sector out of the crisis. Research objectives – consider the development policy of the agricultural sector of the EU countries; study the level of state support for agricultural producers. The purpose of the work is to consider the degree of development of the agricultural policy of the EU countries in the context of ensuring food security. The methods and methodology of the research were general scientific, particular methods of cognition, including the historical and logical, the method of observation and comparison. Shows the main approaches to state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial sector at the level of the European Union as a whole and in the context of member countries; characteristic features and principles that determine the success and integrity of a unified agricultural policy; factors contributing to the productivity of agricultural land; agro-ecological requirements restricting the import of genetically modified products; the main tasks in the development of a new policy of the agrarian sector of the economy; priority directions of regulation of measures to support agricultural producers, integrated development of rural areas, increasing the competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that this study will allow the state bodies of Belarus to better understand how it is necessary to form an agricultural policy in the context of ensuring food security.

Neste artigo são apresentados os resultados preliminares sobre a violência no campo brasileiro durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Foram levantadas informações sobre diversos tipos de violência nos conflitos por terra e território, registrados nos sites das principais entidades implicadas na luta pela terra entre março e agosto de 2020. Para isso, primeiramente, analisamos o contexto de continuidade-descontinuidade da dinâmica de acumulação capitalista no espaço agrário. Seguimos com os primeiros resultados de pesquisa sobre as violências no campo, caracterização de suas principais formas e grupos sociais envolvidos, e com a espacialização dos registros das ocorrências.

In Cambodia and Ghana, the promotion of women's equal rights to food and land has occurred in parallel with processes of trade liberalization and agricultural commercialization. This article consid...

В данной статье приводятся и систематизируются цифры и факты, всесторонне иллюстрирующие современную ситуацию в аграрном секторе Иракского Курдистана, особенности и проблемы административно-технического управления сельскохозяйственным сегментом экономики региона, а также специфику региональной аграрной политики и ее реализации. Указывается, что региональная аграрная политика реализуется в форме текущего административно-технического управления, и для того, чтобы она стала полноценной политикой с разработкой действующей правовой базы, перспективным планированием и привлечением инвестиций, необходима большая ясность и стабильность в политико-правовой ситуации Ирака и Курдистана в целом.

This study aimed to describe and analyze employee performance in implementing Complete Systematic Land Registration (Program Pendaftaran Tanah Sistem Lengkap –PTSL) in the Office of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency of Kupang Regency. In detail, the present study aimed to describe and analyze the quality, quantity, effectiveness, and timeliness of the land registration using a descriptive qualitative approach. The subject of the study was the Office of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency of Kupang Regency because it was in charge of the land registration program. Respondents were chosen purposively. The focus of the study was employee performance, with (1) quality, (2) quantity, (3) effectiveness, and (4) timeliness as the sub-focus. Findings suggested the followings. First, employee’s skills and ability in understanding the objectives and guidelines of the program as well as the information and technology significantly affected their performance. Second, employee quantity significantly affected performance—the higher the quantity, the better the performance and vice versa. Third, timeliness significantly affected performance. Fourth, effectiveness significantly affected performance—the higher the effectiveness, the better the performance and vice versa.

The food supply and demand situation for the 2020 fiscal year concerning the main seasonal crops in Nigeria was unpredictable due to the effect of Covid-19 pandemic. Federal and state governments laid much emphasis as a result on agriculture, especially crop production in order to produce food enough to ameliorate hunger, which is one of the negative effects of Covid-19. Nigeria been a rain fed dependent agricultural nation, follows the dictate of weather and other weather elements in her agricultural activities. With climate change and the effect of Little Dry Season, there was a reduction in rainfall in mid-July through August 2020. Rice and Maize which are among the staple foods in Nigeria requires about 750mm to 1200mm of rainfall to thrive. The mean monthly rainfall recorded in our study area (part of Anambra River Basin) consisting of Ayamelum, Anambra West, Anambra East, Oyi and Dunukofia local government areas are 21.15mm and 3.25mm for July, 2020 and August, 2020 respectively. As a result of the shortage of rainfall in these two months, the farmers and the authors observed these negative outcomes which are early maturity of crops; early harvesting of crops as well as poor yields for early season crops. While during the late season planting, farming was affected by the hardening of the ground as a result of absence of rainfall; undissolved fertilizers in farm lands; partial germination of scattered seedlings; Ant, Birds and Rodent infestation and stunted growth. Base on our observation, it was concluded that yields and harvest would be poor and subsequently there would be shortage of food and price hike in food items. The paper recommends for the revitalization of the moribund irrigation facility in Omor, Ayamelum local government area to provide for the shortfall in moisture that is likely to occur in the absence of rainfall.

This article uses Black liberation theology (BLIBT) as a framework to theorize “the spirit” in the alternative food and sustainable agriculture movement. While BLIBT was formally named by theologian James Cone, it was born of the struggles of Black people in the United States who believed that God called Black people to be free, and God called Black preachers to preach Black liberation. I argue that Black liberation is a grounded vantage point to understand how some Black people might find freedom through food and agriculture. In the first potion of the paper, I make a claim for the importance of studying spirituality in agrarian and food spaces, whether or not a researcher is spiritually inclined. In the second portion of the paper, I delve deeper into Cone’s articulation of BLIBT, and explore how we might begin to theorize it as an agrarian mandate including: a call for an urgent food source, liberation of the individual Black body, community ownership of land, the spirit of Black religious spaces, an emphasis on land reparations, and the freedom to dream. I conclude with a call for why an attention to BLIBT is called for in our present moment.

The article explored the problems of formation and improvement of mechanisms to ensure the development of the agricultural sector in the state's economic security system. It has been found that today socio-economic transformations actualize the urgent need to improve scientific and methodological research and development on the creation and implementation of an effective state agrarian policy, as well as the development of innovative management decisions to ensure and accelerate the development of the agricultural sector to strengthen the general economic security system of Ukraine. Approaches to the definition of the category “economic security of the state” were summarized and a refined definition was provided. A universal and effective mechanism for ensuring the development of the agricultural sector in the system of economic security of the state has been developed, the functioning of which, in turn, is directly dependent on internal and external destabilizing factors and will be based on the improvement of three interconnected mechanisms: strengthening the food security of the state; increasing investment attractiveness by introducing an innovative component; optimization of agricultural sector financial support. The differences and interrelationships of the types of destabilizing factors affecting the economic security of the agricultural sector were analyzed and it was concluded that all these factors can both negatively affect the entire economic security system in the agricultural sector and be areas of constant improvement. Block proposals for strengthening the food security of the state are described. It has been proved that to be able to develop and implement these innovative methods requires significant investment injections from both the state and Ukrainian investors, as well as external investments on favorable conditions for agricultural sector entities. Proposals on optimization of financial support of the agricultural sector in the changing conditions of the present are presented.The article explored the problems of formation and improvement of mechanisms to ensure the development of the agricultural sector in the state's economic security system. It has been found that today socio-economic transformations actualize the urgent need to improve scientific and methodological research and development on the creation and implementation of an effective state agrarian policy, as well as the development of innovative management decisions to ensure and accelerate the development of the agricultural sector to strengthen the general economic security system of Ukraine. Approaches to the definition of the category “economic security of the state” were summarized and a refined definition was provided. A universal and effective mechanism for ensuring the development of the agricultural sector in the system of economic security of the state has been developed, the functioning of which, in turn, is directly dependent on internal and external destabilizing factors and will be based on the improvement of three interconnected mechanisms: strengthening the food security of the state; increasing investment attractiveness by introducing an innovative component; optimization of agricultural sector financial support. The differences and interrelationships of the types of destabilizing factors affecting the economic security of the agricultural sector were analyzed and it was concluded that all these factors can both negatively affect the entire economic security system in the agricultural sector and be areas of constant improvement. Block proposals for strengthening the food security of the state are described. It has been proved that to be able to develop and implement these innovative methods requires significant investment injections from both the state and Ukrainian investors, as well as external investments on favorable conditions for agricultural sector entities. Proposals on optimization of financial support of the agricultural sector in the changing conditions of the present are presented.

Between 1975 and 1979, the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) embarked on a genocidal program of sweeping economic, social, and political change. In an effort to modernize Democratic Kampuchea, as Cambodia was renamed, CPK officials forced the entire populace to clear forests; build dams, canals, and reservoirs; and grow rice in an effort to accumulate rapidly the necessary capital for industrialization. In doing so, upwards of two million people died from disease, hunger and malnutrition, torture, and execution. The broad coordinates of the genocide are well-established. To date, however, no scholarship has examined critically the role of non-human animals in the agricultural transformations initiated during the Cambodian genocide. Drawing on two bodies of scholarship, Agrarian Marxism and Animal Geographies, in this paper we examine the role of draught animals in the regime’s plans to build an economy around agricultural expansion and rice production for export. Specifically, we trace the new productive relationships into which Cambodia’s water buffalo and oxen became enmeshed, and the structures of violence within which these animals played an essential part. We find not only that the work of draught animals materially contributed to the CPK’s plans for state-building, but in the process, the new state–animal relationship became an exemplar of the idealized relationship between the CPK and its human laborers. We conclude that the human–animal relationship provides key insights into the mass violence that transpired in Democratic Kampuchea under the Khmer Rouge and to this end encourage future engagement with interspecies relationships in the Cambodian context and in genocide studies more broadly.

MIRZA SUKNISHVILI Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, PhD student in Business Administration Georgia, Batumi E-mail: Mirzasuknishvili@gmail.com http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365- 2226 Abstract The issue of food security and providing it to the population in accordance with the norms of the world medical organizations is not only a socio-political issue, but also of strategic importance for any country. Judging by the official data, judging by the annual volume of production of basic foodstuffs, even half of them do not meet the requirements set by the norms. There is an even greater disproportion in terms of grain production. This is when the country can cover 70% of its annual needs through domestic production in accordance with proper agrarian development. The same is true of the production of vegetables, horticultural, some single and perennial crops (except grapes, wine and wine materials) and livestock products. The study found that farmers, entrepreneurs and agricultural workers in the agricultural sector are still similar to smallholder farms, have less contribution to total production, very little cash income and hence the opportunity to expand their activities

Wayanad, the green paradise of Kerala, is located in the Southern most part of the Deccan Plateau. Wayanad, where , majority of the population completely depend on agriculture for their livelihood, has been facing a high magnitude agrarian crisis in the last few years. This district has witnessed a number of farmer suicides and as a result of this; farmers are forced ato look our for some additional source of livelihood along with agriculture. Having a remarkable image of a beautiful tourist destination, the government of Kerala has identified Wayanad as a Tourism District and tourism is an emerging sector here. The scenic beauty, exotic landscape and rich heritage sites of Waynad offer several opportunities for a 360 degree tourism expansion in the district. Considering the district wise foreign tourist arrivals, Wayanad shows the highest variation among other districts of Kerala in the last few years. In a fast urbanising country like Kerala, places such as Wayanad is one of the few Indian districts which still retain its charm as a rural district. It is not swept by mindless urbanization like many other regions of India. Of course, this unique characteristic gives enourmous tourism potential to the place. Keeping in view the distinctive features of Wayanad, especially the natural attractions and the indigenous culture, a sustainable tourism model can be an effective alternative to offset the agrarian crisis of the district. The present scenario of host community participation in th various facets of tourism in Wayanad is intensively studied in this paper. It aims at proposing concrete ways in which the benefits from tourism can be channelized productively to uplift the affected sections of society facing agrarian crisis in Wayanad.

Pendidikan Sosiologi Pedesaan di Indonesia adalah “arena-akademik” dari almarhum Prof. Dr S.M.P. Tjondronegoro. Tulisan ini bertujuan menunjukkan arena-akademik dari almarhum tersebut sebagai wadah pelembagaan dan pengembangan pemikiran sains sosial, khususnya di Bidang Sosiologi dan Antropologi Terapan dengan fokus pengorganisasian pembangunan desa. Dengan systematic review method, tinjauan atas isi dokumen, dan wawancara dengan alumni terpilih dari Program Studi (Prodi) Pascasarjana (Pendidikan Magister Sains dan Doktor) Sosiologi Pedesaan (SPD), Departemen Sains Pengembangan Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, Institut Pertanian Bogor dicatat, bahwa kurikulum prodi ini, tidak lepas dari pemikiran almarhum. Bahkan, mata-mata kuliah yang diampu oleh almarhum bersama pendiri SPD lainnya, yaitu almarhum Prof. Sajogyo dan almarhum Prof. Pujiwati Sajogyo terus dikembangkan, hingga saat ini telah menjadi berbagai mata kuliah dan unsur dari tiga kompetensi peminatan mahasiswa dari Prodi SPD untuk pendidikan magister sains. Tiga peminatan tersebut adalah (1) Pengembangan Masyarakat, (2) Kajian Agraria dan Ekologi Politik, dan (3) Digitalisasi Desa dan Perubahan Sosial. Benang merah pemikiran almarhum menjadi penjalin tiga peminatan tersebut adalah pemikiran tentang sodality yang menjadi akar dari desa mengelola pembangunan secara berkelanjutan.

The article is dedicated to the anniversary of the head of the Department of Russian History of the Samara National Research University, Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation P.S. Kabytov. It analyzes the scientific achievements of the hero of the day, his social activities. On the basis of the material presented, the author made a conclusion about the phenomenon of P.S. Kabytov in modern Russian and foreign historiography from the point of view of his contribution to the study of the history of the Samara Volga region, the agrarian history, and other problems.

This essay introduces and invites contributions to a new Journal of Peasant Studies Forum on ‘climate change and critical agrarian studies’. Climate change is inextricably entwined with contemporary capitalism, but how the relationship between capitalism and climate change plays out in the rural world requires deeper analysis. In particular, the way agrarian struggles connect with the huge challenge of climate change is a vital focus for both thinking and action. In this essay, we make the connections between climate change and critical agrarian studies and identify competing, although overlapping, narratives. These narratives frame climate change debates and the way that the dynamics of climate change shape and are shaped by the rural world, whether through state policies, international governance, corporate influence, or agrarian struggles. We use a simple framework to examine different logics and strategies for anti-capitalist struggles that might connect climate change and agrarian mobilisations. We conclude with some overall reflections and suggestions for broad, guiding questions for future inquiry as part of the JPS Forum.

Em 1950, o Governo de Getúlio Vargas exerceu uma forte influência na formação dos profissionais agrários, através da federalização das escolas superiores agrícolas (Lei 1.055/50). Essa ação foi motivada pela necessidade de abastecer o mercado internacional, cuja economia se fragilizou após a Crise de 1929 e a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Logo, exigiam-se profissionais qualificados, para geração da modernização da agricultura e aumento da produção. Partindo desse contexto, este estudo realiza o levantamento do Estado de conhecimento sobre criação e evolução dos cursos em Ciências Agrárias em uma perspectiva nacional, com enfoque na Amazônia. A busca das produções científicas abrangeu o período de 1950 a 2021, ocorrendo em cinco bases de dados, a citar Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE), Bases de Dados da Pesquisa Agropecuária (BDPA), Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertação (BDTD); Banco de Dados Bibliográficos, da Universidade de São Paulo (Dedalus) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Foram resgatados 2.832 estudos, dentre quais 42 atenderam aos objetivos desta pesquisa. Com isso, constatou-se: a economia interna e externa foi fator determinante para expansão dos cursos (83,34%); a Agronomia é o dos cursos agrários mais referenciado nos estudos (28%); e a região sudeste é reduto das instituições de ensino superior (IES) com mais pesquisas sobre o tema pesquisado (28,60%). Destarte, ainda hoje, a ordem político-econômica é determinante para o crescimento das ciências agrárias, no tocante à implantação de IES, expansão dos cursos e pesquisas agrícolas.

In the article it is analyzed the policy of the centre of the further strengthening mono cultural clap in Uzbekistan that in undertaken measures on building of large irrigation canals and pumping stations in republic on the bases of archival sources and a historical material in 50-80 XX century. Besides, research showed that Soviet government, having outlined the appropriate political and economic goals in Uzbekistan, began to introduce into practical life a policy related to the development of the irrigation system and the construction of reclamation facilities.

The article explores general tendencies of the Jewish proletariat formation in Ukraine in the late 1920s and early 1930s, analyzes the dynamic of this phenomenon in the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR, and concludes that their growth rates coincided. It shows main tendencies of the increasing number of Jewish workers at industrial enterprises of Odesa and Kyiv, and also the main spheres of employment of the Jewish population according to the population censuses of 1926 and 1939. Also, it identifies reasons for the entry of the Jewish population into the working class of the USSR, which include economic (unemployment, hunger) and political one (the need to demonstrate loyalty to the new Soviet power). It shows that the policy of industrialization served as the impetus for the encouragement of broad circles of the population, including national minorities and the Jewish population in particular, to work at factories and plants. The article considers the sources of the proletariat formation in the USSR and suggests that among the Jews there was a high proportion of artisans, employees, and traders who were converted to workers, while the share of peasants was insignificant given the policy of agrarian settlement of the Jewish population pursued by the Soviet authorities. The mechanism of recruiting potential workers in the USSR is revealed. The author elucidates the description of life of Jewish workers in the Soviet press. Using the example of Jewish workers of the Shcherbynskyi mine, author shows the path of vast majority of unskilled Jews to factories and plants, and their transformation into workers. The research concludes that despite numerous difficulties of various kinds, the number of Jewish workers in the Ukrainian SSR was constantly increasing, which can be interpreted as a logical consequence of the need to adjust to new living conditions under the Soviet rule.

On the first day of April 1649, on the predominantly rural manor of Walton, Surrey, the sight of people preparing land for the plow was unremarkable. To see men up at dawn, dressed for the field in broad-brimmed hats, homespun waistcoats, and short breeches, loosening or breaking up clods with their spades, stooping to toss aside root and rock, was typical. What did raise eyebrows, however, was the sight of such busyness on a Sunday, the Sabbath, and on no less remarkable ground than George Hill, with its “very barren,” sandy soil. When questioned, Gerrard Winstanley reframed this performative break with religious, social, and agricultural norms as he did in his soon to be published manifesto, The True Levellers’ Standard Advanced. To work this land was to “declare . . . by action,” as well as by word, that Winstanley, the self-described “prophet” William Everard, and a small number of others had been sent by the Creator to begin their mission of transforming “the Earth [into] a common Treasury for all, both Rich and Poor.” Rural, religious, and resource poor, the Digger collective has not received substantial attention from performance studies scholars. Even some historians of the seventeenth century have questioned the significance of this small, nonviolent agrarian group in the intensely “charged political atmosphere of the 1640s,” but as a collective whose theatrical social performances raised them from obscurity to national visibility, Diggers are in some ways the epitome of this era.

The agrarian issue in Brazil is marked by the subordination of agriculture to the logic of capital accumulation, with its tendency to concentrate the ownership of land and means of production. Even though in more recent decades the hegemony of agribusiness in the Brazilian countryside has altered the former patterns of capital accumulation, our hypothesis is that economic and extra-economic power of large estate agricultural production is a structural and structuring element of (and in) the Brazilian agrarian issue, more notably for the connections established, peacefully or forcedly, between economy and politics. That said, this paper aims to bring to light the fact that, even if capable of change in its appearance, the large estate agricultural production in Brazil remains essentially an amplified process of capital accumulation, given its capacity - legal or otherwise - of private and concentrated appropriation of land and public funds. Therefore, we demonstrate in our work the shaping up of a trend that even when presented as a badge of modernity is sustained by the economic, political and coercitive force that land ownership gives a certain fraction of the dominating class.

espanolA partir del estudio del caso de la comunidad de regantes del cauce del Romeral, este trabajo trata de contribuir al debate en torno al papel de los bienes comunes en la sociedad rural actual. Metodologicamente, se han etnografiado diferentes momentos de una de las asambleas del colectivo, indagando en las limitaciones organizativas a las que se enfrentan los comuneros. A partir de ese material se defiende que el caso analizado constituye un ejemplo ilustrativo del modo en que la crisis agraria de los espacios rurales amenaza la sostenibilidad de los sistemas comunales de riego. EnglishBased on the study of the case of the Romeral river irrigation community, this paper seeks to contribute to the debate on the role of common goods in today's rural society. Methodologically, different moments of one of the collective's assemblies have been ethnographed, investigating the organizational limitations faced by the communal farmers. Based on this material, it is argued that the case analyzed constitutes an illustrative example of how the agrarian crisis in rural spaces threatens the sustainability of communal irrigation systems.

The innovative development of the primary sector requires accumulation of human capital and technological knowledge. The dynamics of changes and transformations of the innovative potential of the agrarian sector of Ukraine have been analyzed and their status has been estimated. It has been established that Ukraine lacks the strategic vision of the innovative development within agrarian sector of economy, which results in a partial distortion of the essence of scientific, scientific-technical, innovative, and entrepreneurial activities. It has been defined that effective forming and implementation of the innovative potential necessitate the development of mechanisms that would provide regulatory-legal and institutional support to the effective transfer of innovations, proper funding of science and education, material stimulation in the work of scientific and pedagogical staff, renewal of material and technical base necessary for the introduction of scientific-based innovative activity.

Geographers' engagements with environmental crises have taken a number of forms. Some scholars argue that crises judgments are revelatory and expose the contradictions of modes of production through interruptions to socio-economic life that can no longer be ignored. Others contend that crises judgments conceal more than they reveal through the framing of crisis as “error” and the focus on technocratic solutions to political-economic problems. In this article, we argue that the judgment of seasonal air pollution as a crisis is contingent on contestations over livelihoods and worldviews, and in doing so demonstrate how attention to chronopolitics reveals the nuanced ways people account for uncertainty in the causes and effects of anthropogenic environmental change. Based in northern Thailand, the paper focuses on what is described by many residents as the region's annually recurring “haze crisis”. In recent decades, broad shifts from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture and increased volumes of agricultural biomass burning have reportedly exacerbated the production of air pollution in the form of haze—an airborne mixture of pollutants that includes gasses, fine soot particles and carbon dioxide. Once a quotidian phenomenon of relatively little concern, today seasonal air pollution is described as a haze crisis. While causal uncertainty exists surrounding the precise combination of the socio-ecological drivers of haze production, multiple narratives circulate throughout the region, in which blame is frequently placed on smallholder farmers who have recently entered into new market relations. Situated within broader regional agrarian transitions, we draw on mixed ethnographic, archival and geospatial methods to examine the chronopolitics of seasonal air pollution and by what mechanisms such pollution comes to be constituted as a crisis.

The writing of this study aims to examine and analyze the role of BPN in resolving dual certificate disputes using the Contrarius Actus Principle (case study of BPN Maluku Dispute No. Reg. Case: 02/SKP/2018). This research is an empirical legal research, using a sociological approach. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded as follows: The resolution of the dual certificate dispute No. Reg. Case: 02/SKP/2018 by the Maluku BPN is based on the Contrarius Actus principle, so that the recommendation from the Maluku BPN states that in the context of orderly land administration the existence of a Property Rights Certificate Number 893/Tawiri on behalf of Simon Sipasulta as the last owner overlapping on the land of Ownership Certificate Number. 346/Tawiri on behalf of Marthen Hentiana is deemed necessary to be immediately canceled in accordance with the mechanism as stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of BPN RI Number. 11 of 2016 concerning Settlement of Land Cases.

The problems of diagnostics of the beginning of agrarian development of coniferous–broad-leaved forests in northwestern European Russia and its specificity regarding changes in the zonal forest cover and its anthropogenic modifications inherent in the forest and field-meadow landscape based on studying pollen spectra from key sections. It was established that the onset of the agrarian development of the forests in the region under consideration dates back to 2300–2600 cal years BP. Judging by the continuous presence of cultivated plant pollen in the diagrams, it becomes ubiquitous and irreversible after 1500 cal years BP. The corresponding indicators and plants are given. The presence of plant pollen grains in the diagrams makes it possible to establish the time and nature of agrogenic changes in the vegetation composition.

This article combines perspectives from feminist agricultural economics and agrarian feminist Marxism to conceptualize the spatial process of translocality from a gender perspective arguing for the resurrection of the household as a unit of study in the context of translocality. Engendering the emerging field of translocal livelihoods research requires understanding the household both as a process, but also as an institution that upholds patriarchal control over resources and gender based norms, in relation to its members as well as the broader community. Gender roles may be renegotiated as a result of translocality but they occur in contexts that uphold broader patriarchal norms. The material, social and emotional bases for engaging in processes of translocal householding and re-negotiating gender roles differ, in relation to the livelihood options of particular households, but also with respect to broader social and economic processes.

Intergroup contact influenced the adaptation capacity of Bugis ethnic in the economic system in the destination site. When they become the highest of social-rank than other ethnicities in livelihood strategies by land-accumulation, it becomes important to analyze the working of power from the ethnic-Social Domination Orientation (SDO) theoretical. The role of ethnic-SDO is studied with assessment determination in a sociocultural context in intergroup ethnic inequality. Moreover, decision making in framing becomes challenged to be assessed at the individual level because it is assumed would influence the individual to enhance the hierarchy in the middle of uncertainty outcomes. This study aims: (1) elucidate the structure of ethnic inequality in livelihood strategies by ethnic-SDO in Bugis ethnic; and (2) recognize the role of framing in decision making as influencing factors of ethnic-SDO. This study approach is qualitative, which involves 25 informants. Data showed that ethnic-SDO in Bugis’s economic activities comprised of power that enhancing-hierarchy evolved ethnic inequality by high between-ethnic group inequality (BGI) and within- ethnic group inequality (WGI) in land-accumulation. It is found that the framing of Bugis people regarding skills and attitudes owned by other ethnicities in the decision-making tends to risk-avoid that enhancing-hierarchy in economic activities at an individual level.

Do political institutions moderate the effect of environmental stress on social conflict? We posit that while the frequency of social conflict in developing agrarian states can increase during drought, democratic competition reduces conflict and can facilitate cooperation, reversing this effect. This hypothesis is tested on a sample of all districts in India over a period from 2001 to 2014. The dependent variable captures the number of crimes perpetrated against scheduled castes—so-called “untouchables”—and scheduled tribes—India’s Indigenous groups—during a given district-year. When the effect of drought is moderated using a local electoral competition index, findings show that although droughts increase the frequency of social conflicts where political institutions are weak, they reduce it where political institutions are strong. The results are robust to alternative operationalization choices. Our findings, thus, have relevance both to scholars of the climate–conflict nexus and to policymakers working to address climate change’s effects.

In this article, the authors investigate an urgent problem for the Belgorod region related to the provision of the agro-industrial complex of the region with highly qualified and innovation-oriented personnel. The results of the sociological research carried out by the authors convincingly indicate the existence of a significant gap between the requirements of modern employers to workers and the quality of knowledge, skills and abilities that university graduates currently possess. The overly theoretical nature of the education received and its isolation from the realities of production activity are noted. To eliminate the gap that has arisen, according to the authors, it is possible only if the mechanisms of social partnership between education and business are actively developed. On the example of the Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorin, the authors of the article investigate a successful example of organizing such a partnership.

Failure to sustain most of the rural poor and food security programmes in Nigeria after their life span is due to poor productivity of the capital investment of a project to generate a remunerative income to sustain a typical agrarian farming household in Nigeria. Thus, to critically investigate this hypothetical proposition, this research aimed at evaluating the viability of the IFAD rice project among the beneficiaries in Niger State of Nigeria. Undated data of the 2018 rainfed cropping season was elicited from 111 farmers through a multi-stage sampling technique and the information were collected viaa structured questionnaire complemented with an interview schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The empirical results showed that the rice project in the study area is likely not to be sustained after the stipulated time frame for the programme as inspite of the programme aim of doubling farmers’ income viz. value chain. The capital investment is not productive to sustain an average farming household composed of 8 persons having an operational holding of less than two hectares. Therefore, the study recommends provision of consumption credit in addition to the production credit advanced to the farmers in order to make the capital investment viable so that its turnover after each production season will be consistently re-invested into the rice project and possibility of a farmer taken-up additional activities along the chain, thus keeping the business going concern viable and sustainable.

The article considers the concept of organic farming, the state and prospects of its development in the trends of climate change. The main problems of organic production on the territory of Ukraine are investigated. It was revealed that for the introduction of organic farming it is necessary to improve the regulatory framework, improve the level of public awareness, take into account the difficulties in growing organic products. The stages of transition of the agrarian enterprise from traditional to organic system of managing are considered. The ecological and toxicological condition of arable lands of Vinnytsia region was also analyzed. The main requirements for the quality of land intended for organic farming, the main among which is the absence of pollution by pesticides, heavy metals, radionuclides and others. It is established that the lands of Vinnytsia region can be divided into two groups of suitability for organic production: suitable and unsuitable. The negative tendency to reduce the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, as well as the active growth of sunflower sown areas due to changes in climatic and agrometeorological conditions of the region, more and more farms use heat-loving crops, displacing traditional grain and technical, which increases the load on agricultural land. There are several features of the implementation of agronomic techniques in the transition period to organic farming in the context of climate change for the territory of Vinnytsia region. It was found that the territory of Vinnytsia region has all the ecological prerequisites for the introduction and conduct of organic farming. However, due to the irrational use of land resources of the region, there is a phenomenon of their degradation: reduced fertility, deteriorating quality, complete withdrawal from economic use. The introduction of organic farming in Vinnytsia will preserve and significantly improve the quality of land resources.

La propiedad de la tierra es un tema que ha sido parte de los debates nacionales desde el comienzo de la República y que es abordado por el historiador Marco Palacios en su texto ¿De quién es la Tierra, en el que estudia la cuestión agraria en la década de 1930. En el marco de esta discusión académica, el objetivo de este texto es realizar una aproximación crítica del texto del profesor Palacios, a partir de reseñar las principales tesis del libro, para contrastar estas ideas con la perspectiva de otros autores. Así mismo, se busca reconocer la pertinencia y el papel que puede tener este documento en el contexto de los diálogos de Paz en la Habana, así como sobre la discusión de la cuestión agraria hoy en día.

This article explores whether mechanisation affects patterns of accumulation and differentiation in Zimbabwe's post land reform where policy consistently disadvantages smallholders. Is the latest m...

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evolución del sector de la fabricación y distribución de tractores agrícolas en España (1950-1994). Analizamos distintas empresas, fabricantes y distribuidoras para comprender la función de la oferta en el marco de los grandes cambios tecnológicos de la industrialización de la agricultura durante la Dictadura franquista, la transición y los primeros años de la democracia en España. Partimos de un enfoque elaborado desde la historia agraria, aunque combinando perspectivas con la historia industrial y empresarial, para analizar las distintas estrategias de empresas y multinacionales del sector, el marco regulador estatal y la demanda de tractores. Para la elaboración del artículo recurrimos a fuentes generadas por la Administración del Estado, documentación interna de empresas, revistas divulgativas y, también, entrevistas de historia oral.