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O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer a experiência do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da USP (CEP-EEUSP), nos seus primeiros seis anos. O estudo exploratório, descritivo, retrospectivo e de abordagem quantitativa foi realizado pelo levantamento dos registros do CEP-EEUSP e dos 401 protocolos de pesquisa submetidos à apreciação, no período de 31 de agosto de 1998 a 17 de setembro de 2004. Os resultados evidenciaram que 98,7% dos projetos submetidos eram de pesquisadores da EEUSP; 31,4% eram de dissertações de mestrado e 29,1% de iniciação científica. Quanto ao método, 43,8% propunham a utilização do método qualitativo. Além disso, 99,2% dos projetos pertenciam à área temática do Grupo III; 58,8% previam a utilização de instituições públicas e 31,7% tinham profissionais, principalmente enfermeiros, como sujeitos das pesquisas. O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foi responsável por 56,4% das pendências. A experiência do CEP-EEUSP mostra sua progressiva consolidação.El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la experiencia del Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Escuela de Enfermería de la USP en los primeros seis años de funcionamiento. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, retrospectivo e de abordaje cuantitativo realizado con base en los registros del CEP-EEUSP y de los 401 protocolos de investigación presentados para evaluación en el período del 31 de agosto de 1998 hasta 17 de septiembre de 2004. Los resultados mostraron que 98,7% de los proyectos fueron presentados por investigadores de la EEUSP; 31,4% eran de trabajos de maestría y 29,1% de iniciación científica. Cuanto a los métodos utilizados, 43,8% de los proyectos eran relativos al abordaje cualitativo. Además, 99,2% pertenecían a la área temática del Grupo III; 58,8% propusieron la utilización de instituciones públicas y 31,7% tenían profesionales, principalmente enfermeros, como sujetos investigados. El Termo de Consentimiento Libre e Informado fue el responsable por 56,4% de las pendencias. La experiencia del CEP-EEUSP muestra su progresiva consolidación.The aim of this study was to know the experience of the first six years of the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the University of São Paulo Nursing School activities. The exploratory, descriptive, retrospective and quantitative study analised the records of the REC and of all the 401 research protocols submitted for appreciation from 31st August, 1998 to 17th September, 2004. The results showed that 98.7% of protocols were from in-house researchers; 31.4% were master degree dissertations and 29.1% were graduate students scientific initiation. Qualitative methods were used by 43.8%. Furthemore, 99.2% were classified as Group III thematic area; 58.8% researches were conducted in public institutions and 31.7% enrolled professionals, mostly nurses as research subjects. Informed Consent accounts for 56.4% of the REC's querries. The experience of the REC of the University of São Paulo Nursing School shows its progressive consolidation.

A literatura de saúde tem abordado os aspectos éticos da investigação com seres humanos há décadas, mas ainda há desafios a serem reconhecidos e superados, tais como os referentes à pesquisa com crianças. Este artigo apresenta e discute aspectos éticos da pesquisa com crianças. Descreve estratégias de abordagem conformes às necessidades infantis, segundo seu processo de desenvolvimento e características individuais, para garantir a participação voluntária da criança na pesquisa.La literatura de salud ha tratado de los aspectos éticos de la investigación con seres humanos hace décadas, pero aun hay retos que deben ser reconocidos y superados, tales como los referentes a la investigación con la población infantil. Este artículo presenta y discute aspectos éticos de la investigación con niños y niñas. Describe estrategias de abordaje adecuadas a las necesidades infantiles, según su proceso de desarrollo y características individuales, para garantizar la participación voluntaria de niños y niñas en investigaciones.Ethical issues about research with human beings have been addressed in health literature since decades. In spite of this, it is necessary to enhance actions to face many challenges, like the ones related to investigation of childhood. This paper presents and discusses ethical issues in research with children. It describes some strategies to perform with children, considering their developmental process and individual characteristics, in order to guarantee their voluntary participation in research.

É comum considerar ambíguo como sinônimo de confuso. Em uma informação confusa, várias informações têm um mesmo significado. Na informação ambígua, ao contrário, vários significados são atribuídos a uma mesma palavra. Informações excessivas também geram ambiguidade, daí a necessidade de concisão e clareza na linguagem. O termo evento adverso (EA) é definido como qualquer ocorrência médica inconveniente, sofrida por um sujeito da pesquisa em investigação clínica. A confusão e a ambiguidade no uso de palavras podem gerar conseqüências importantes na valorização de EAs. O objetivo deste estudo, de natureza teórica, é harmonizar o vocabulário utilizado na caracterização dos riscos e na comunicação de EAs na pesquisa clínica. Os EAs podem ser classificados quanto à previsibilidade, frequência, gravidade, causalidade e seriedade. Muitas vezes, em documentos regulatórios, os EAs são definidos em função da seriedade e causalidade. A harmonização do vocabulário na comunicação de EAs é fundamental para evitar a utilização equivocada de palavras com sentido confuso, ou ambíguo.Es común considerar ambiguo como siendo sinónimo de confuso. En una información confusa, varias informaciones tienen un mismo significado. En la información ambigua, al contrario, varios significados son atribuidos a una misma palabra. Informaciones excesivas también generan ambigüedad, por esa razón es necesario ser conciso y claro en el lenguaje. El término evento adverso (EA) es definido como cualquier ocurrencia médica inconveniente, sufrida por un sujeto participante del estudio, en investigación clínica. La confusión y la ambigüedad en el uso de las palabras pueden generar consecuencias importantes en la valorización de los EAs. El objetivo de este estudio, de naturaleza teórica, es armonizar el vocabulario utilizado en la caracterización de los riesgos y en la comunicación de los EAs en la investigación clínica. Los EAs pueden ser clasificados en cuanto a su previsibilidad, frecuencia, gravedad, causalidad y seriedad. Muchas veces, en documentos normativos, los EAs son definidos en función de la seriedad y causalidad. La armonización del vocabulario en la comunicación de EAs es fundamental para evitar la utilización equivocada de palabras con sentido confuso, o ambiguo.It is quite common to consider the terms ambiguous and confusing as synonyms. Confusing information brings together various data with similar meanings. In ambiguous information, on the other hand, several meanings are assigned to a single word. Excessive information also generates ambiguity; therefore, a concise, clear language is demanded. The term adverse event (AE) is defined as any inconvenient medical occurrence suffered by a subject during a clinical investigation research. Confusion and ambiguity in the use of words may generate relevant consequences in the appraisal of AEs. The objective of this present theoretical study is to harmonize the vocabulary applied in the characterization of risks and in the communication of AEs in clinical research processes. AEs may be classified according to their predictability, frequency, gravity, causality, and severity. Regulatory documents usually address AEs in their severity and causality aspects. Vocabulary conformity in the communication of AEs is an essential step towards avoiding inaccurate use of words with confused or ambiguous meanings.

OBJETIVO:Analisar comparativamente regulações governamentais entre países sobre pesquisa em células-tronco embrionárias. MÉTODOS:O estudo foi conduzido entre março e maio de 2008, por meio de busca eletrônica direta nas fontes oficiais sobre documentos legislativos de 25 países selecionados e confirmada, quando necessário, por consulta por e-mail a pesquisadores e autoridades desses países. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram tendência a permitir a prática de pesquisas com células-tronco embrionárias, embora com rígidas restrições éticas. Dentre os países estudados, apenas Itália e Alemanha explicitamente condenam a extração de células-tronco e apenas Itália proíbe seu uso subseqüente. Decisões jurídicas brasileiras recentes são coerentes com o contexto regulatório internacional sobre pesquisa embrionária. CONCLUSÕES: A tendência observada representa a liberdade de pesquisa para a promoção do conhecimento como um bem público, reforçada pela expectativa de potencialidade terapêutica na pesquisa com células-tronco embrionárias para o tratamento e cura de doenças sem qualquer possibilidade de assistência médica.OBJETIVO:Analizar comparativamente regulaciones gubernamentales entre países sobre pesquisa en células madre embrionarias. MÉTODOS:El estudio fue conducido entre marzo y mayo de 2008, por medio de búsqueda electrónica directa en las fuentes oficiales sobre documentos legislativos de 25 países seleccionados y confirmada, cuando era necesario, por consulta por e-mail a investigadores y autoridades de esos países. RESULTADOS:Los resultados mostraron tendencia a permitir la práctica de pesquisas con células madre embrionarias, a pesar de que con rígidas restricciones éticas. Entre los países estudiados, apenas Italia y Alemania explícitamente condenan la extracción de células madre coherentes con el contexto regulatorio internacional sobre pesquisa embrionaria. CONCLUSIONES: La tendencia observada representa la libertad de pesquisa para la promoción del conocimiento como un bien público, reforzada por la expectativa de potencialidad terapéutica en la pesquisa con células madre embrionarias para el tratamiento y cura de enfermedades sin cualquier posibilidad de asistencia médica.OBJECTIVE:To comparatively analyze governmental regulations on embryonic stem cell research among countries. METHODS: The study was performed between March and May 2008, using a direct electronic search through official databases of legislative documents from 25 selected countries, confirmed by email consultation with researchers and authorities from these countries, when necessary. RESULTS: Results showed a trend to allow the practice of embryonic stem cell research, though with strict ethical restrictions. Among the countries analyzed, only Italy and Germany explicitly condemned the extraction of stem cells and only Italy prohibits their subsequent use. Recent judicial decisions in Brazil are in accordance with the international regulatory context of embryo research. CONCLUSIONS: The trend observed represents freedom of research to promote knowledge as a public good, emphasized by the expectation of therapeutic potentiality of embryonic stem cell research to treat and cure diseases without any medical care.

The editorial process of scientific journals is complex but essential for the dissemination of scientific knowledge. The quality of the process depends on the authors, editors and reviewers, who must have the necessary experience and knowledge to ensure the quality of the published articles. One of the most significant challenges scientific journals face today is the peer review of manuscripts. Editors are responsible for coordinating and overseeing the entire editorial process, from manuscript submission to final publication, and ensuring that articles meet ethical and scientific integrity standards. Editors are also in charge of selecting appropriate reviewers. However, the latter is becoming difficult due to the increasing refusal of expert reviewers to participate in the editorial process. The reasons for it are diverse, but the lack of recognition for review work and reviewer fatigue in the most sought-after reviewers are among the most important. Some of the measures that could be taken to alleviate the problem concern the possibility of professionalizing peer review., (Copyright © 2023 Asociación Española de Pediatría. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Bioética is the property of Revista Latinoamericana de Bioetica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Gaucha de Enfermagem is the property of Revista Gaucha de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on some articles in the journal Nursing Ethics, the author outlines some of the areas of major importance for nursing in the future. These areas - the care of elderly people, long-term home-based care, genetics, international research and conflict and war - demand a new voice of nursing, which is a political voice. The rationale for a political voice is the ICN Code of ethics for nurses and the fourfold responsibilities laid on nurses: to promote health, to prevent illness, to restore health, and to alleviate suffering. Some indications are given on how nurses can engage in political work.Basándose en algunos artículos de la Revista Nursing Ethics, el autor resume algunas de las más importantes áreas para la enfermería en el futuro. Estas áreas - atención a la tercera edad, cuidado en el hogar a largo plazo, genética, investigación internacional y conflicto y guerra - demandan de la enfermería una nueva voz que es una voz política. La base para una voz política es Código de Ética para Enfermeras del ICN y las responsabilidades múltiples de éstas: promover la salud, prevenir la enfermedad, recuperar la salud y aliviar el sufrimiento. Se dan algunas indicaciones sobre como las enfermeras pueden enrollarse en trabajo político.Com base em alguns artigos do periódico Nursing Ethics, o autor resume algumas das áreas mais importantes para a enfermagem no futuro. Essas áreas - atendimento aos idosos, cuidado domiciliar de longo prazo, genética, pesquisa internacional e conflito e guerra - demandam da enfermagem uma nova voz que é uma voz política. A base para uma voz política é o Code of ethics for nurses do ICN e as responsabilidades quádruplas das enfermeiras: promover a saúde, prevenir as doenças, recuperar a saúde e aliviar o sofrimento. Algumas indicações são dadas sobre como as enfermeiras podem se engajar em trabalho político.

Advances in human genetics and genomic sciences and the corresponding explosion of biomedical technologies have deepened current understanding of human health and revolutionized medicine. In developed nations, this has led to marked improvements in disease risk stratification and diagnosis. These advances have also led to targeted intervention strategies aimed at promoting disease prevention, prolonging disease onset, and mitigating symptoms, as in the well-known case of breast cancer and the BRCA1 gene. In contrast, in the developing nation of Trinidad and Tobago, this scientific revolution has not translated into the development and application of effective genomics-based interventions for improving public health. While the reasons for this are multifactorial, the underlying basis may be rooted in the lack of pertinence of internationally driven genomics research to the local public health needs in the country, as well as a lack of relevance of internationally conducted genetics research to the genetic and environmental contexts of the population. Indeed, if Trinidad and Tobago is able to harness substantial public health benefit from genetics/genomics research, then there is a dire need, in the near future, to build local capacity for the conduct and translation of such research. Specifically, it is essential to establish a national human genetics/genomics research agenda in order to build sustainable human capacity through education and knowledge transfer and to generate public policies that will provide the basis for the creation of a mutually beneficial framework (including partnerships with more developed nations) that is informed by public health needs and contextual realities of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La ética en la investigación se convirtió en un tema central en relación con la globalización del desarrollo científico, sobre todo cuando se refieren a las condiciones socioeconómicas de los países que participan como socios en los protocolos de investigación, la producción de los insumos y del conocimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las fuentes de información acerca de la ética en la investigación actual en Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Metodológicamente, se trata de un estudio exploratorio que se llevó a cabo mediante el análisis sistemático de la literatura disponible. Los motores de búsqueda recuperaron 885 resúmenes, de los cuales se analizaron 170. La primera publicación fue fechada en 1996 y se pudo identificar la mención a los documentos internacionales sobre la investigación en seres humanos. Desde 2002 ha habido un aumento de las publicaciones relacionadas con la ganancia de la legitimidad del tema en la academia. Como conclusión, aunque la cantidad no es muy grande, los manuscritos presen gran impacto, ya que estimulan debates y producen el conocimiento científico sobre el tema. Se puede observar que la ética en la investigación ha resultado del campo de la biomedicina, que se inserta en otros campos del conocimiento. Ethics in research became a central theme regarding globalization of the scientific development, particularly when related to the socioeconomic conditions of the countries involved as partners in research protocols, production of inputs and of knowledge. The objective of this paper is to analyze the sources of information about ethics in research present at Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Methodologically, this is an exploratory study was carried out by the systematic analysis of the literature available. The search engines retrieved 885 summaries, from which 170 were analyzed. The first publication was dated from 1996 and it could be identified the mention to international documents about research in humans. Since 2002 there has been an increase of publications related to the gain of legitimacy of the topic in academy. As a conclusion, although the amount is not huge, the manuscripts presented great impact as they stimulated debates and produced scientific knowledge on the topic. It can be observed that ethics in research has outcome the biomedical field, being inserted in other fields of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the impact of the absence of the National Council of Bioethics (CNB) in the regulations of human research at Colombia, especially with regard to Resolution 8430/1993 of Ministry of Health. For this purpose, the approach to the topic was divided into three parts: the first deals with the experience of Colombia in the implementation of a CNB, the second topic reviews the current regulations on human experimentation, and the third topic analyses, in a critical way, the content of the aforementioned Resolution. In Colombia, discussions on topics that require the bioethical reflection occur at the level of the State, without the advice of a National Council of Bioethics, which provide guidance, from this perspective. For this reason, a regulation of the Law 1374/2010, which creates the CNB, is urgent. Whereas the protection of the participating of people in biomedical research, is relevant a transformation of bioethics in Colombia regarding its epistemological foundation, in order to adopt a bioethical referential connected to their social reality. We suggest the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, at UNESCO, as a leader guide in revision of Colombian directive on human's research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Introducción: La ética en el proceso de investigación es un tema poco abordado durante el pregrado, por lo que debe ser analizada para prevenir infracciones que podrían afectar el desarrollo de todo investigador en formación. Objetivo: Determinar las características de copia en los trabajos de investigación realizados durante el pregrado, por estudiantes de Medicina Humana de segundo año. Diseño: Estudio observacional retrospectivo. Lugar: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Población: la sección de la ‘introducción’ de trabajos de investigación realizados el año 2004 en un curso curricular. Intervenciones: se revisó manualmente las oraciones de la ‘introducción’ de los trabajos, se describen el tipo de copia, el número de trabajos, autores, asesores, párrafos copiados, y el tipo de fuentes de información y de copia. Principales medidas de resultados: frecuencias y porcentajes de oraciones copiadas y tipo de copia. Resultados: Se revisó un total de 24 trabajos de investigación, con un promedio de 6 autores y 2 asesores por trabajo, 23 tenían alguna evidencia de copia electrónica, 8 sólo tenían copia literal; del total de oraciones evaluadas, el 64% corresponde a copia total de oraciones; sólo el 30% de las fuentes copiadas eran publicaciones científicas en línea, el resto son fuentes de acceso público no especializadas. Conclusiones: se describe una alta frecuencia de copia en investigaciones durante el pregrado provenientes de fuentes electrónicas, por lo que es necesario prevenir que se repita en futuras investigaciones al implementar sistemas de búsqueda sistemática de plagio.

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Animal models are an important tool in scientific research. It is known that this practice must be based on bioethical principles in order to impose limits about pain and suffering, or for inspecting proceedings and research site. This study has as aim to evaluate and present current legislation ruling animal research in Brazil, comparing it with other countries, as well as fostering bioethical reflection about this issue. For this, we present current Brazilian legislation and we have carried out international literature review and discussion. The articles were searched in PubMed data base, using the key words "bioethics" and "animal welfare". Nineteen articles from 1997 to 2013 were included. It was concluded the evident contribution of animal research for scientific research in several fields. It is morally relevant for humans, as rational beings, to secure humane treatment to animals contributing to research. The safest way to follow this path is establishing clear norms and studies well designed, involving society for assigning ethical norms. Thus, animal welfare would be guarantee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In current times the society has several amazing research developments, and future expectations are even higher. Doctors and researchers have enormous amounts of information in real time, technology allows great developments and the applications in medicine are really beneficial. But what is really missed is ethics. One of the weakest fields is the one known as conflict of interests for researchers who, looking for benefits for their sponsors or for themselves, make some kinds of frauds in their research works. Several regulations have been proposed to avoid this, but what really can avoid it is having ethical and honest people making research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Bioética is the property of Revista Latinoamericana de Bioetica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigacion & Educacion en Enfermeria is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Enfermeria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A Research Ethics Committee (CEP, the Portuguese acronym) should encourage the development of research on research ethics. The aim of this article is to describe the potential and obstacles encountered in the study of CEPs at state universities in Bahia (Brazil), based on an experience in graduate school. One of the obstacles was the refusal of some CEP to cooperate with the study, which necessitated creating new criteria for the make-up of the sample. As for the potential, other CEPs and many researchers were receptive to the study in question. It was concluded that some CEPs appear to be unaware of their role and the importance of exercising their duties with transparency. Furthermore, there needs to be greater circulation of information on CEPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informed consent is an important tool in medical practice; for their understanding it is required a formative academic and research process that promotes in health staff the attitudes to do informed consent ethically acceptable, and these need to include the patient perspective. The informed consent requires a proper use and understanding by the patients and the health staff administering it, and is useful ethically and legally, that is the reason why should not be underestimated. It is important that such knowledge of physician and the patient clearly involves recognition about the medical action and its possible consequences and the situations that the patient could be exposed. This article is a review about informed consent, based on its history, evolution and implications for health personnel in general, with the aim of providing guidance and information on their use and development in clinical practice. Bioethics and issues concerning informed consent are areas that need to be disseminate and researched in Latin America to improve the patient protection and good practices of health staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the educational and consulting nature of ethics of research committees (ERCs) highlights the value of research which studies these dimensions in the committees. Aims: to analyze how ERCs have carried out their educational and consulting role; to learn whether advisors have some training in research ethics; to identify whether researchers had guidance about research ethics in their academic career. This is a quantitative and descriptive study approved by CEP/UESB under protocol 134/2009, carried out with 95 informants and analyzed by Software Sphinx. According to data obtained, nearly 71.5% research participants consider educational and consulting activities carried out by ERC infrequent or lacking; 60% participants have some ethical training in their academic career. These data show that ERCs need greater institutional support and funding in order to consolidate their educational-consulting dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines and discusses Brazil's new regulations on the use of human biological materials for research, specifically, Resolution CNS 441/11, enacted by the National Health Council of Brazil in May 2011, and the National Guidelines for Biorepositories and Biobanks (Ordinance No. 2201) published by the Ministry of Health in September 2011. The authors examine the differences between sample collections for single studies and large-scale collections for multiple studies (e.g., the National Tumor Bank at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute and the A. C. Camargo Hospital Biobank). Also discussed are the ethical and operational implications, i.e., informed consent process, strategies for sample collection, custodianship, access to samples, and rules for disposal. Insights gained may be useful for developing national biobanking regulations in other countries in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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