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A series of TADF‐active compounds: 0D chiral Ln−Ag(I) clusters L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐0D (Ln=Eu/Gd) and 2D chiral Ln−Ag(I) cluster‐based frameworks L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐2D (Ln=Gd) has been synthesized. Atomic‐level structural analysis showed that the chiral Ag(I) cluster units {Ag14S12} in L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐0D and L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐2D exhibited similar configurations, linked by varying numbers of [Ln(H2O)x]3+ (x=6 for 0D, x=3 for 2D) to form the final target compounds. Temperature‐dependent emission spectra and decay lifetimes measurement demonstrated the presence of TADF in L‐Ln2Ag28‐0D (Ln=Eu/Gd) and L‐Gd2Ag28‐2D. Experimentally, the remarkable TADF properties primarily originated from {Ag14S12} moieties in these compounds. Notably, {Ag14S12} in L‐Eu2Ag28‐0D and L‐Gd2Ag28‐2D displayed higher promote fluorescence rate and shorter TADF decay times than L‐Gd2Ag28‐0D. Combined with theoretical calculations, it was determined that the TADF behaviors of {Ag14S12} cluster units were induced by 4 f perturbation of Ln3+ ions. Specially, while maintaining ΔE(S1–T1) small enough, it can significantly increase k(S1→S0) and reduce TADF decay time by adjusting the type or number of Ln3+ ions, thus achieving the purpose of improving TADF for cluster‐based luminescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of TADF‐active compounds: 0D chiral Ln−Ag(I) clusters L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐0D (Ln=Eu/Gd) and 2D chiral Ln−Ag(I) cluster‐based frameworks L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐2D (Ln=Gd) has been synthesized. Atomic‐level structural analysis showed that the chiral Ag(I) cluster units {Ag14S12} in L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐0D and L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐2D exhibited similar configurations, linked by varying numbers of [Ln(H2O)x]3+ (x=6 for 0D, x=3 for 2D) to form the final target compounds. Temperature‐dependent emission spectra and decay lifetimes measurement demonstrated the presence of TADF in L‐Ln2Ag28‐0D (Ln=Eu/Gd) and L‐Gd2Ag28‐2D. Experimentally, the remarkable TADF properties primarily originated from {Ag14S12} moieties in these compounds. Notably, {Ag14S12} in L‐Eu2Ag28‐0D and L‐Gd2Ag28‐2D displayed higher promote fluorescence rate and shorter TADF decay times than L‐Gd2Ag28‐0D. Combined with theoretical calculations, it was determined that the TADF behaviors of {Ag14S12} cluster units were induced by 4 f perturbation of Ln3+ ions. Specially, while maintaining ΔE(S1–T1) small enough, it can significantly increase k(S1→S0) and reduce TADF decay time by adjusting the type or number of Ln3+ ions, thus achieving the purpose of improving TADF for cluster‐based luminescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) are widely used to study human nursing and weaning ages. Conventional methods involve sampling 1‐mm thick sections of tooth dentine—producing an averaging effect that integrates months of formation. We introduce a novel protocol for measuring δ15N by multicollector secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Materials and Methods: We sampled dentine δ15N on a weekly to monthly basis along the developmental axis in two first molars of healthy children from Australia and New Zealand (n = 217 measurements). Nitrogen isotope ratios were determined from measurements of CN− secondary molecular ions in ~35 μm spots. By relating spot position to enamel formation, we identified prenatal dentine, as well as sampling ages over more than 3 years. We also created calcium‐normalized barium and strontium maps with laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. Results: We found rapid postnatal δ15N increases of ~2‰–3‰, during which time the children were exclusively breastfed, followed by declines as the breastfeeding frequency decreased. After weaning, δ15N values remained stable for several months, coinciding with diets that did not include meat or cow's milk; values then varied by ~2‰ starting in the third year of life. Barium did not show an immediate postnatal increase, rising after a few months until ~1–1.5 years of age, and falling until or shortly after the cessation of suckling. Initial strontium trends varied but both individuals peaked months after weaning. Discussion: Developmentally informed SIMS measurements of δ15N minimize time averaging and can be precisely related to an individual's early dietary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that the line width of ions in molecular clouds is narrower than that of the co-existing neutral particles, which has been interpreted as an indication of the decoupling of neutral turbulence from magnetic fields within a partially ionized environment. We calculate the principal component analysis (PCA) correlation coefficients of CCH versus H |$^{13}$| CO |$^{+}$| and H |$^{13}$| CN versus H |$^{13}$| CO |$^{+}$|⁠. We find aside from H |$^{13}$| CN, CCH could also be strongly spatial correlated with H |$^{13}$| CO |$^{+}$| in high-mass star-forming regions. CCH and H |$^{13}$| CO |$^{+}$| line emissions are strongly spatial correlated with each other in 48 per cent sources with a PCA correlation coefficient over 0.7. So, we investigate the ambipolar diffusion (AD) effect using CCH and H |$^{13}$| CO |$^{+}$| lines as a neutral/ion pair in a sample of 129 high-mass star-forming clumps. We conduct a careful analysis of line widths of the CCH–H |$^{13}$| CO |$^{+}$| pair pixel-by-pixel in 12 sources, which show a strong correlation in CCH–H |$^{13}$| CO |$^+$| emission and no obvious outflows or multiple velocity components. The mean velocity dispersion of CCH is about the same as H |$^{13}$| CO |$^{+}$| in 12 sources. In low-density regions of most sources, CCH shows a broader velocity dispersion than H |$^{13}$| CO |$^{+}$|⁠. However, the AD effect is not significant from a statistical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defect models of the orthorhombical and tetragonal Cu2+ centers in Pb[Zr0.54Ti0.46]O3 are attributed to Cu2+ ions occupying the sixfold coordinated octahedral Ti4+ site with and without charge compensation, respectively. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) g factors gi (i = x, y, z) of the Cu2+ centers in Pb[Zr0.54Ti0.46]O3 are theoretically studied by using the perturbation formulas of a 3d9 ion under orthorhombically and tetragonally elongated octahedra. Based on the calculation, the impurity off‐center displacements are about 0.253 and 0.162 Å for the orthorhombical and tetragonal Cu2+ centers, respectively. Meanwhile, the planar Cu2+–O2− bonds are found to experience the relative variation ΔR (≈0.102 Å) along the a‐ and b‐axes for the orthorhombical Cu2+ center due to the Jahn–Teller (JT) effect. The theoretical EPR g factors based on the above local structures agree well with the observed values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This prefatory review begins with historical background relating to the emergence of the electrostatic potential into the field of chemistry and related fields, leading then into the major focus of this paper: electrostatic potentials at nuclei. The electrostatic potential at the nucleus of an atom, whether it be in the free state or in a neutral molecule or in an ionic molecular species, is qualitatively a characteristic property of the atom. It changes remarkably little from one molecular environment to another. As has been shown earlier by Politzer, the energies of atoms and molecules can be expressed both approximately and rigorously in terms of the electrostatic potentials at their nuclei. For example, molecular energies can be written entirely as summations over atomic contributions, with no explicit interatomic terms. This provides a basis for estimating the energy of an atom in a molecule and supports the validity of the atoms-in-molecules concept, however without the necessity of boundaries for the atoms. This has been further substantiated by a recent paper entitled "Atoms do exist in molecules: Analysis using electrostatic potentials at nuclei", where the authors have shown that the electrostatic potential created by the electrons of all the other atoms at a particular nucleus in a molecular species, not including those associated with that particular atom itself, is almost identical in magnitude to the potential due to the other nuclei. The significance of this will be discussed, with an emphasis on atoms in molecules without boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of silanes starting from multifunctionalized precursors often suffers from low chemoselectivity due to the similar kinetic reaction profiles, leading to the formation of difficult to separate side products. The opposite approach, which is an access based on unreactive tetraalkylsilanes as starting materials, is far less developed. Making use of the silylium-ion-initiated chemoselective halodealkylation of tetraalkylsilanes recently developed by our laboratory, an extension of this protocol, namely the direct synthesis of dihalosilanes from tetraalkylsilanes, is reported. Following a sequence of halodehydrogenation and halodealkylation, trialkylhydrosilanes can also be converted into dihalosilanes. Commercially available 1,2-dihaloethane acts as the halogen source and is involved in the generation of the catalytically active arenium ion by an SE Ar substitution of the benzene solvent. The formation of an uncommon halogen-substituted silylium ion as an intermediate is assumed, likely accounting for the need of an elevated reaction temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the permeation mechanism of solute (e.g., ions and glucose) through biological membrane has been studied extensively, the mechanical role of water transport in intracellular phenomena has not received much attention. In the present study, to investigate the effect of water permeation on the intracellular pressure response, a novel permeation flux model through a biological membrane is developed by incorporating the coupling permeabilities (between water and ion fluxes) as the water-ion interaction in the ion channels. The proposed model is applied to a two-dimensional permeation problem of water and ions in a closed cell separated by a thin membrane. The permeation flux model reproduces the typical time response of intracellular pressure to action potentials with reasonable agreement with experimental results in the literature, indicating that the pressure response can be characterized by the following three parameters: water permeability, the mass ratio of water and ion, and the ratio of the permeation fluxes of water and ion. In particular, the permeation flux ratio plays an essential role in intracellular phenomena; depending on the value of the permeation flux ratio, the time lag between the action potential and the pressure response is 0.1 times smaller than that expected by the previous researchers, indicating that water transport associated with ions may trigger a pressure response. This study demonstrates the importance of water permeation in intracellular mechanical response through coupling of the fluid motion and electric fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach to the utilization of (Ca, Mg)-Zr phosphate adsorbents saturated by Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+ ions was developed. The main stages include: (i) Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+ ions adsorption, (ii) the drying and shaping by cold pressing, (iii) the sintering. Metal ions leaching from the powder of the spent adsorbent were 0.2–26.5 % in distillation water (рН 4.0–10.0) and tap water, and increased to 6.4–68.2 % in seawater. Calcination of spent adsorbents at 1000 °C led to a decrease in Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+ ions leaching to less than 1.0 % in tap and seawater. The ceramic matrices with a Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+ content of 8.0–30.2 wt %, mechanical compressive strength of 2.9–260.9 MPa, leaching rate of 1.0×10−4 - 4.3×10−7 g/(cm2×day), density of 1.4–3.4 g/cm3 were obtained by cold pressing with subsequent sintering. The samples obtained at molar ratios Zr/(Ca+Mg) of 0.35 and 0.21 were characterized by the highest compressive strength and Cs+ and Sr2+, Co2+ leaching resistance, respectively. The obtained ceramic matrices fitted to the requirements of GOST R 50926–96 and NRC 1991 for solid high-level waste forms. • A novel approach to the utilization of spent (Ca, Mg)-Zr phosphates was proposed. • Thermal transformations of Cs-, Sr-, Co-saturated adsorbents were studied. • The mechanism of Cs+, Sr2+, Co2+ ions leaching from ceramics was proposed. • The NZP ceramic matrices for safe radionuclide immobilization were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uropygial gland secretions of birds consist of host and bacteria derived compounds and play a major sanitary and feather-protective role. Here we report on our microbiome studies of the New Guinean toxic bird Pachycephala schlegelii and the isolation of a member of the Amycolatopsis genus from the uropygial gland secretions. Bioactivity studies in combination with co-cultures, MALDI imaging and HR-MS/MS-based network analyses unveil the basis of its activity against keratinolytic bacteria and fungal skin pathogens. We trace the protective antimicrobial activity of Amycolatopsis sp. PS_44_ISF1 to the production of rifamycin congeners, ciromicin A and of two yet unreported compound families. We perform NMR and HR-MS/MS studies to determine the relative structures of six members belonging to a yet unreported lipopeptide family of pachycephalamides and of one representative of the demiguisins, a new hexapeptide family. We then use a combination of phylogenomic, transcriptomic and knock-out studies to identify the underlying biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for the production of pachycephalamides and demiguisins. Our metabolomics data allow us to map molecular ion features of the identified metabolites in extracts of P. schlegelii feathers, verifying their presence in the ecological setting where they exert their presumed active role for hosts. Our study shows that members of the Actinomycetota may play a role in avian feather protection. The microbiome in the uropygial gland and feathers of the bird Pachycephala schlegii has protective properties. Here, the authors report an Amycolatopsis species in this microbiome that produces antimicrobials including two novel compound families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research exploiting the ability of dental materials to induce or prevent secondary caries (SC) development still seems inconclusive. Controlling bacterial adhesion by releasing bacteriostatic ions and improving the surface structure has been suggested to reduce the occurrence of SC. This paper analyses the impact of five distinctively composed dental materials on cariogenic biofilm formation. Forty-five specimens of three composites (CeramX Spectra ST, Admira Fusion, Beautifil II) and two glass–ionomers (Fuji II LC, Caredyne Restore), respectively, were incubated in bacterial suspension composed of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus salivarius at pH 7.0 and 5.5. Coverslips were used as a control. Adhered bacteria were collected after 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h and analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fluoride leakage was measured at each collection. The specimens' surface topography was assessed using interferometry. In the present study, surface roughness seemed to have a partial role in bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, together with chemical composition of the materials tested. Despite differences in fluoride leakage, biofilm accumulation was similar across materials, but the number of adhered bacteria differed significantly. A release of other ions may also affect adhesion. These variations suggest that certain materials may be more prone to initiating secondary caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defect models of the orthorhombical and tetragonal Cu2+ centers in Pb[Zr0.54Ti0.46]O3 are attributed to Cu2+ ions occupying the sixfold coordinated octahedral Ti4+ site with and without charge compensation, respectively. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) g factors gi (i = x, y, z) of the Cu2+ centers in Pb[Zr0.54Ti0.46]O3 are theoretically studied by using the perturbation formulas of a 3d9 ion under orthorhombically and tetragonally elongated octahedra. Based on the calculation, the impurity off‐center displacements are about 0.253 and 0.162 Å for the orthorhombical and tetragonal Cu2+ centers, respectively. Meanwhile, the planar Cu2+–O2− bonds are found to experience the relative variation ΔR (≈0.102 Å) along the a‐ and b‐axes for the orthorhombical Cu2+ center due to the Jahn–Teller (JT) effect. The theoretical EPR g factors based on the above local structures agree well with the observed values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of TADF‐active compounds: 0D chiral Ln−Ag(I) clusters L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐0D (Ln=Eu/Gd) and 2D chiral Ln−Ag(I) cluster‐based frameworks L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐2D (Ln=Gd) has been synthesized. Atomic‐level structural analysis showed that the chiral Ag(I) cluster units {Ag14S12} in L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐0D and L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐2D exhibited similar configurations, linked by varying numbers of [Ln(H2O)x]3+ (x=6 for 0D, x=3 for 2D) to form the final target compounds. Temperature‐dependent emission spectra and decay lifetimes measurement demonstrated the presence of TADF in L‐Ln2Ag28‐0D (Ln=Eu/Gd) and L‐Gd2Ag28‐2D. Experimentally, the remarkable TADF properties primarily originated from {Ag14S12} moieties in these compounds. Notably, {Ag14S12} in L‐Eu2Ag28‐0D and L‐Gd2Ag28‐2D displayed higher promote fluorescence rate and shorter TADF decay times than L‐Gd2Ag28‐0D. Combined with theoretical calculations, it was determined that the TADF behaviors of {Ag14S12} cluster units were induced by 4 f perturbation of Ln3+ ions. Specially, while maintaining ΔE(S1–T1) small enough, it can significantly increase k(S1→S0) and reduce TADF decay time by adjusting the type or number of Ln3+ ions, thus achieving the purpose of improving TADF for cluster‐based luminescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of sequential action of pulsed helium ion and helium plasma flows on low-activated austenitic 25Cr12Mn20W chromium–manganese steel samples cut from a hexagonal pipe preirradiated with the deuterium ion and deuterium plasma flows in different modes at the Plasma Focus PF-1000 facility has been studied. Two deuterium irradiation modes have been implemented: a relatively soft mode with a power density of q ~ 107–108 W/cm2 and a hard mode with q ~ 109–1010 W/cm2 with a pulse length of τ = 100 ns and number N = 4 of pulse discharges in both cases. It has been shown that the effect of the helium ion and helium plasma flows at the PF Vikhr facility with irradiation parameters of q ~ 107–108 W/cm2, τ = 100 ns, and N = 15 on the inner surface of a steel pipe sample depends on the mode of its preirradiation with deuterium ion and deuterium plasma flows. In the relatively soft mode of pre-exposure to deuterium ion and deuterium plasma flows with a power density of q ~ 107–108 W/cm2, the subsequent pulsed irradiation with helium causes slight changes in the damageability of the surface layer: smoothing of the wavelike surface relief, an increase in pore formation in the surface layer, appearance of microcracks in it, and formation of spherical particles consisting of basic and impurity elements of the steel composition. The presence of niobium deposited from the anode of the PF facility has also been observed. The impact of the helium ions and helium plasma flows on the inner surface of a steel pipe sample after its preirradiation with deuterium ion and deuterium plasma flows in the hard mode at q ~ 109–1010 W/cm2 increases the damageability of the surface layer. Implantation of helium into the material facilitates an increase in the number and size of open cavities (tens of microns) emerging in the surface layer at the stage of preirradiation of the pipe with deuterium, formation of numerous small (up to ~5 μm) bubbles and pores in it, and emergence of spherical particles of different phases on the irradiated surface. An increase in the damageability of the surface layer in the investigated steel sample after its subsequent pulsed irradiation with helium is accompanied by a significant increase in the intensity of erosion of the material as compared with the situation implemented in the softer mode of pre-irradiation of the sample. The enhanced erosion leads to a noticeable decrease in the content of niobium deposited onto the irradiated surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The titanium distribution ratio ( L Ti ) between ferrosilicon (FeSi) melt and the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag was measured at 1773 K (1500 °C). FeSi-slag equilibration was carried out using various slag compositions. The L Ti was presented against the Vee ratio (pct CaO/pct SiO2 = C/S) between 0.3 and 1.2, and Al2O3 content from 5 to 20 mass pct. The L Ti exhibited minima at about C/S=0.7(±0.1) at a fixed Al2O3 content. In a C/S < 0.7 regime, i.e., relatively acidic melts, Ti4+ ions were considered as network forming [TiO4]-tetrahedron unit in the aluminosilicate framework. However, in a C/S > 0.7 regime, i.e., relatively basic melts, Ti4+ ions were considered to form the [TiO5]-pyramid structure unit compensated by Ca2+. When adding Al2O3 into the basic melts over 10 mass pct, [AlO4]-tetrahedrons take Ca2+ ions for charge compensation, resulting in a decrease of stability of [TiO5] unit because of Ca2+ depletion. At a greater than 10 mass pct Al2O3 content in the basic melts, Ti4+ replaced Al3+ to form the [TiO4]-tetrahedron unit, decreasing the activity coefficient of TiO2 in the slag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of TADF‐active compounds: 0D chiral Ln−Ag(I) clusters L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐0D (Ln=Eu/Gd) and 2D chiral Ln−Ag(I) cluster‐based frameworks L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐2D (Ln=Gd) has been synthesized. Atomic‐level structural analysis showed that the chiral Ag(I) cluster units {Ag14S12} in L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐0D and L‐/D‐Ln2Ag28‐2D exhibited similar configurations, linked by varying numbers of [Ln(H2O)x]3+ (x=6 for 0D, x=3 for 2D) to form the final target compounds. Temperature‐dependent emission spectra and decay lifetimes measurement demonstrated the presence of TADF in L‐Ln2Ag28‐0D (Ln=Eu/Gd) and L‐Gd2Ag28‐2D. Experimentally, the remarkable TADF properties primarily originated from {Ag14S12} moieties in these compounds. Notably, {Ag14S12} in L‐Eu2Ag28‐0D and L‐Gd2Ag28‐2D displayed higher promote fluorescence rate and shorter TADF decay times than L‐Gd2Ag28‐0D. Combined with theoretical calculations, it was determined that the TADF behaviors of {Ag14S12} cluster units were induced by 4 f perturbation of Ln3+ ions. Specially, while maintaining ΔE(S1–T1) small enough, it can significantly increase k(S1→S0) and reduce TADF decay time by adjusting the type or number of Ln3+ ions, thus achieving the purpose of improving TADF for cluster‐based luminescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the effects of three different freezing and thawing methods on the behavior of quality parameters in raw beef meat. Also, the usage of inulin as a cryoprotectant was investigated. The beef was subjected to freezing using three distinct. Methods Static freezing (I), air blast freezing (II), and individual quick freezing (III). After the freezing process, the samples were subjected to a thawing procedure in the microwave, refrigerator (4 °C), and room temperature (25 °C) conditions. Dry matter content, pH, color, hardness, chewiness, thaw loss, ion leakage, cooking loss, and lipid oxidation values were measured at the beginning of the storage and monthly intervals during 180-day storage period. The use of inulin significantly affected all the properties except for the textural properties. Rapid freezing methods have reduced the thaw loss, ion leakage and cooking loss values while thawing under refrigeration conditions was effective for the preservation of overall quality. The use of inulin together with rapid freezing methods enhanced the freezing tolerance of beef samples effectively during the 6-month storage period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper derived relation between mass spectrometric variable intensity of analyte peaks and three-dimensional molecular structures of ions toward temperature utilising innovative stochastic dynamics equations, which provide exact analyte quantification and 3D structural analysis and are attractive formulas for modelling of mass spectrometric phenomena. The same equations are opened to develop new relations accounting for temperature; thus, providing argumentation about temperature dependent variables. High-temperature measurement of vapours are important tool, amongst others and use the Arrhenius's plot. However, there is a variation between experimental and theoretical linear correlation toward temperature; thus, highlighting soft ionisation methods showing significant standard deviations. It could be explained with temperature perturbation of charge values. Descriptive models, so far, provide semi-quantification. This study, first shows validity of new functional model. Straightforwardly, its empirical proof is obtained determining 3D structurally protomers and isotopomers of configurationally locked polyenes via ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry within the temperature range T=300-450°C. There are used high accuracy quantum chemical static methods, molecular dynamics and chemometrics. There are excellent method performances (|r|=0.99978). The tool could be regarded as an actually honest alternative of available theoretical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optimal target condition for generating GeV-energy ions with linearly polarized laser pulse is revealed by a hybrid acceleration theory based on the fractional contributions of the target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) and the radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) mechanisms in the RPA-dominant regime. The theory is established with two scaling coefficients, which scale the TNSA and RPA velocities, and are sophisticated through two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations where GeV-energy ions are obtained by RPA-dominant hybrid acceleration. By imposing limits on the scaling coefficients, three separate acceleration regions are obtained including a RPA-dominant acceleration region, which is optimal to generate GeV-energy ions. The past experiment/simulation results are in good agreement with the acceleration regions obtained. This RPA-dominant region is narrower than previously reported, and this region becomes even narrower with increasing material density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed time‐of‐flight (TOF) data from the Arase satellite to investigate temporal variations of the molecular ion group (O2+, NO+, and N2+) at 19.2 keV/q in the inner magnetosphere for 6 years from the solar declining to rising phase. The molecular ions counts were estimated by subtracting the background contamination of oxygen counts. While the number of clear molecular ion events was small, the estimated counts exhibited good correlation with the solar wind dynamic pressure and SYM‐H index. Long‐term variations of the molecular ions differed from those of counts of the O+ and N+ group. Additionally, we discuss the importance of the solar wind dynamic pressure in causing variations of molecular ions in the inner magnetosphere. Plain Language Summary: Molecular ions (O2+, NO+, and N2+) have been observed in the magnetosphere. Molecular ions in the ionosphere are required to obtain energy through short‐lived reactions with electrons to escape from low altitudes to the magnetosphere. The escaping mechanisms of molecular ions are not fully understood. This study analyzed 6 years of data from the Arase satellite to investigate long‐term variations of molecular ion group in the inner magnetosphere. We discuss the importance of the solar wind dynamic pressure in causing variations of molecular ions in the inner magnetosphere. Key Points: Continuous molecular ion group observations in the inner magnetosphere for 6 yearsCounts of molecular ion group increase following enhancements in the solar wind dynamic pressureThe ratio of molecular ion group to O+ and N+ was lower in the rising phase of the solar cycle than that during the solar minimum [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-counterfeiting using multiple optical output modes has drawn considerable attention for enhancing anti-fake measures. Herein, a multimodal dynamic optical information coding from the self-activated Na2-CaGe2O6 phosphor is developed. Na2CaGe2O6 phosphor exhibits two distinct emission bands associated with the intrinsic defects of oxygen vacancies (V••o) and inverse-site defects (Ge••A). The incorporation of Bi3+ ions results in an increased concentration of defects, which in turn facilitates the modulation of the corresponding photoluminescence color from purple to red with prolonged ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Moreover, the recovery of the corresponding emission color is observed for thermal disturbance. Besides, an improved optical storage behavior as the long persistent and photo-stimulated luminescence is achieved for the incorporation of Bi3+ ions. Consequently, a multimode dynamic color-changing code is constructed using screen-printing technology, offering an alternative approach for advanced anticounterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The switching response in organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) is a basic effect in which a transient current occurs in response to a voltage perturbation. This phenomenon has an important impact on different aspects of the application of OECT, such as the equilibration times, the hysteresis dependence on scan rates, and the synaptic properties for neuromorphic applications. Here we establish a model that unites vertical ion diffusion and horizontal electronic transport for the analysis of the time‐dependent current response of OECTs. We use a combination of tools consisting of a physical analytical model; advanced 2D drift‐diffusion simulation; and the experimental measurement of a poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) OECT. We show the reduction of the general model to simple time‐dependent equations for the average ionic/hole concentration inside the organic film, which produces a Bernards‐Malliaras conservation equation coupled with a diffusion equation. We provide a basic classification of the transient response to a voltage pulse, and the correspondent hysteresis effects of the transfer curves. The shape of transients is basically related to the main control phenomenon, either the vertical diffusion of ions during doping and dedoping, or the equilibration of electronic current along the channel length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared a 3D FeZn–N–C based catalyst by green in situ growth of 1D Fe–N–C carbon nanotubes by introducing ferrocyanide ions on the surface of 2D exfoliated MOF-5. The 1D/2D FeZn–N–C based electrocatalyst is conducive to O2 diffusion and ionic/electron transfer, exhibiting an excellent ORR catalytic performance and a peak power density of 294 mW cm−2 for Zn–air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionalization of surface-grown coordination polymer layers by ion soft-landing of highly reactive molecular fragment ions is demonstrated. The ions form covalent bonds to terminal functional groups of the polymer at the vacuum interface, opening new perspectives for controlled bond formation using reactive ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) allows for the analysis of complex samples, such as fragrances. However, identifying all the constituents in natural fragrance mixtures, especially allergens that need to be listed on product labels, is a significant challenge. This is primarily due to the high complexity of the sample and the fact that electron ionization, the most commonly used ionization method in GC–MS, produces numerous nonspecific fragment ions, often resulting in the absence or very low abundance of the molecular ion. These factors affect confidence in assigning the analyte. In this study, we demonstrate that the combination of GC × GC separation, with high mass resolution and accurate mass measurements, as well as chemical ionization in addition to traditional electron ionization, becomes an efficient tool for reliable qualitative analysis of a mixture containing 100 fragrance allergens, even when many of them are closely related species or isomers. The proposed approach expands the applicability of the comprehensive GC × GC-HRMS method, which includes complementary ionization techniques, from studies on anthropogenic priority pollutants and emerging contaminants to the analysis of natural products. Although targeted qualitative and quantitative analysis of allergens in the modern laboratories is well organized, GC × GC-HRMS, being a useful complement to routine quality control of volatile allergens in fragrances, definitely gives an additional contribution to the analytical cases when conventional 1D-GC–MS faces some problems or uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enantiomers of a lipid erythro-sphingosine have been quantified with ≈4% accuracy by UV cold ion spectroscopy of their non-covalent complexes with a chiral aromatic molecule. The diastereomeric configuration of such complexes enables the quantification using just a single enantiomeric lipid standard and the identification of non-racemic solutions with no standards at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanorods as building blocks are promising to construct functional superstructures. A paramagnetic Fe3O4‐based composite nanorod is large‐scale synthesized from the poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (P2VP) side chain grafted polymer bottlebrush by electrostatics‐mediated intramolecular crosslinking via metallic coordination. Ultrasonication‐assisted fracturing of the composite nanorod derives the corresponding A2‐type composite nanorods whose two ends are active with the metallic coordinated P2VP exposed. The active ends are prone to connection upon feeding ligands (acidic or alkaline) or metallic ions to trigger the organization of the A2‐type nanorods toward functional superstructures. Their microstructure is tunable from linear nanowires to branches, which is dependent on the valent state of the assistant chemicals. The report method is easily extended to derive a family of A2‐type active nanorods with varied compositions and functions which are capable to organize functional nanomaterials with tunable microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe2NiSe4@holey-graphene (FNS@HG) has been prepared by in situ growth and simultaneous perforation via a carbothermal reaction. The generation of nanoholes on the graphene sheets significantly reduced the diffusion distance of electrolyte ions, enhancing the rate capability of FNS@HG as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An AND logic gate-based Hg2+ ion colorimetric assay was constructed using the plasmonic and nanozyme dual signal channels of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This assay increased the judgment criteria for the identification of Hg2+ ions and effectively improved the accuracy of Hg2+ ion detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A N–Co–N core is embedded within [Co(CNC)2]2+ (1) supported by two bis(4-methyl-2-(3-methyl-imidazolium)phenyl)amine (CNC) ligands. This species reveals a stable S = 1/2 state and its spin density is significantly delocalized within the N–Co–N core via parallel π-bonding interaction. Interestingly, it displays unusual stability towards O2 and water, proving that the core is well protected. Upon reduction, compound 1 was converted to its reduced diamagnetic species [Co(CNC)2]+ (2) having two amide donors and a low-spin Co(III) ion, which can be oxidized by air to regenerate 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimuli‐responsive circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials based on cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) platforms show great promise for applications in information encryption and anticounterfeiting. In this study, we constructed a mercury ion‐responsive CPL system in CLCs by controlling the conjugation degree of axially chiral binaphthyl derivatives. Two chiral binaphthyl derivatives (R/S‐1 and R/S‐2) were initially used as chiral dopants to demonstrate that CPL inversion (glum values from 0.5/‐0.44 to −0.53/0.48) in CLCs could be achieved by modulating the conjugation degree of the chiral binaphthyls. Based on this concept, the thioacetal binaphthyl R‐2S was developed and used as a mercury‐responsive chiral dopant in CLCs. Under Hg ion treatment, the CPL sign inverted (glum value changed from 0.22 to −0.29) due to the transformation of the thioacetal into an aldehyde group. Additionally, the mercury ion‐responsive CPL material was applied in information encryption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic range is a crucial aspect in the development of fluorescent chemosensors. We aimed to address this issue using molecular logic gates. By creating an AND logic gate with two binding sites for the same type of ion, we increased the dynamic range of a sodium chemosensor while still using the same ionophore. Naphthalimide derivatives 1 and 2 were synthesized to test the plausibility of this application. Being an AND logic gate, the second molecule requires two Na+ ions, while molecule 1 requires a single ion for sensing. The application of this molecular logic gate is a useful method of altering the chemosensor range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitridophosphates are in the focus of current research interest due to their structural versatility and properties, such as ion conductivity, ultra‐incompressibility and luminescent properties when doped with suitable activator ions. Multinary representatives often require thorough investigation due to the competition with the thermodynamically more stable binary and ternary compounds. Another point of concern is the synthetic control of structural details, which is usually limited by conventional bottom‐up syntheses. In this study, we report on the synthesis and characterization of the quaternary nitridophosphate CaLi2PN3. Various synthesis protocols were used for the preparation of CaLi2PN3, including the novel nitridophosphate double salt approach. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data and confirmed by Rietveld refinement, solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, EDX measurements and low‐cost crystallographic calculations. The experimental results were corroborated by DFT calculations, which revealed the electronic band structure. Formation energy calculations allowed conclusions to be drawn about the stability in comparison to the initial ternary nitridophosphates. The synthesis of CaLi2PN3 exemplifies the enormous potential of medium‐pressure syntheses in the field of nitridophosphate research. Furthermore, the presented new synthesis route allows a certain degree of structural control, which is a promising addition to previous synthesis strategies in nitridophosphate chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state [2+2] photodimerization of eniminium ions oriented in a head-to-tail manner controlled by cation–π interactions produced synHT dimers in high yields. As the resulting dimer is readily converted to 1,3-diacetylcyclobutane, the iminium serves as a removable orientation-controlling group for the conjugated ketones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury and lead toxicity in water has serious repercussions on human health. There is an urgent need to develop effective and efficient small moieties for their removal. The convenient one-pot synthesis of a few N3Se3 type small sized moieties is reported herein. The highest metal ion uptake capacity of Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions was found to be 314.3 mg g−1 and 93.5 mg g−1, respectively, by ICP-MS analysis. These ion uptake values are the highest for small sized moieties known in the literature to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have performed ab-initio calculations to investigate the van der Waals interaction between a Mg+ ion and a helium atom. We have focussed on determining the first low-lying electronic states of the Mg+–He ionic system using advanced theoretical methods, including RCCSD(T) and SA-CASSCF/MRCI, with the incorporation of Davidson and BSSE corrections. Furthermore, we have considered the influence of spin-orbit coupling SO on these states using the state-interacting method. Spectroscopic parameters of the potential energy curves PECs were calculated and compared with existing data from previous studies. Additionally, we have evaluated vibrational levels, their spacing, radiative lifetimes, transition dipole moments TDMs and permanent electric dipole moments PDMs. The position of satellites in the absorption spectra of white dwarfs was determined. Our results were compared with available theoretical and experimental data to assess their accuracy and agreement. This study provides valuable insights into the van der Waals interaction and electronic properties of the Mg+–He ionic molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strategy of converting waste materials into new functional materials is a promising approach for energy-storage applications, particularly in the case of silver-impregnated activated carbon (SAC). SAC, which is typically derived from coconut shells, is primarily used for water purification in home-based filters due to its excellent antibacterial properties. However, the silver concentration is low, and it tends to leach out after a certain period, resulting in waste. To address this issue, SAC was used as a precursor for electrodes in supercapacitor applications. Additional surface treatments, such as heteroatom doping, are also being employed to improve the electrical conductivity and wettability of SAC. Nitrogen was introduced using urea as a precursor to enhance the properties of SAC. XRD analysis confirmed the structural analysis of activated carbon and nitrogen-activated carbon. Morphological analysis revealed the formation of micropores on the surface of the samples. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the samples. Raman spectra showed the presence of defects after the introduction of nitrogen atoms into the carbon lattice, with higher relative Id/Ig compared to AC. Multipoint bet analysis was conducted, and the surface area of the sample was found to be approximately 815m2g−1, with pore sizes of 810m2g−1. Electrochemical analysis was carried out in both three- and two-electrode configurations. The specific capacitance of NAC in cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge analysis was found to be higher than that of AC because the nitrogen atoms reduced the ionic charge transfer resistance between the electrode and electrolyte surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was also conducted, confirming the solution resistance with 1.5Ohm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanoluminescence (ML) refers to the luminescence phenomenon that occurs when a material is under external mechanical stimuli. However, relying solely on stress information to obtain ML signals is prone to test errors in complex test conditions. In this work, a Tb3+/Eu3+‐doped Lu3Al2Ga3O12 multicolor ML material is reported, in which the ML color can be adjusted from white to red (CIE color coordinates: from (x = 0.313, y = 0.3293) to (x = 0.6183, y = 0.379)) by changing the Eu3+ concentration. In addition, LAGO: 0.25% Tb3+ and LAGO: 1.5% Eu3+ are physically mixed at different mass ratios, and the varied stimuli‐responsed emission characteristics of Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions are used to develop a stress and temperature dual sensing device. Stress and temperature information can be further reflected simultaneously through the blue/red emission ratio IR (ITb/IEu). As the temperature increases, the color changes from white to red (CIE color coordinates: from (x = 0.3259, y = 0.306) to (x = 0.4707, y = 0.3625)), and the relative temperature sensitivity (Sr) is as high as 1.209% K−1 at 298 K. This sensing device provides a new idea for potential structural safety monitoring, multi‐modal anti‐counterfeiting technology, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acceptor doping is a common method for hardening modified piezoelectric ceramics. The mechanism through which the hardening effect can be improved has been widely studied and verified. However, the effect of defects caused by different valence states of the B‐site ions on the properties of multicomponent piezoelectric ceramics remains to be discussed. Therefore, in this work, a novel Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mn1/3Nb1/2)–PbTiO3 quaternary hard ceramic with excellent performance is prepared and studied. The interaction between grain‐boundary defects and defect dipoles is proposed to be the mechanism behind the observed excellent performance. It is found that different types of defects improve the hardening effect in various ways. These results can provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of multicomponent piezoelectric ceramics with better properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Octacalcium phosphate (OCP), an inorganic compound with a layered structure that can incorporate various carboxylic acids, exhibits fluorescence when aromatic carboxylate ions are present in the inter- layers. However, the incorporation of carboxylate ions into OCP involves molecular selectivity, and the synthesis of novel OCP materials with incorporated terephthalate ion derivatives is particularly challen- ging. In this study, we incorporated 4-(carboxymethyl)benzoate and 1,4-phenylenediacetate ions into OCP for the first time and investigated the resulting fluorescence properties. The relationship between the (100) interplanar spacing and size of the incorporated dicarboxylate ions revealed that 4-(carboxy- methyl)benzoate ions have a relaxed structure in the OCP interlayers, whereas the structure of the 1,4- phenylenediacetate ions is elongated by approximately 10% relative to that of the stable conformation. OCP with incorporated 1,4-phenylenediacetate ions showed blue fluorescence at 286 nm under 254 nm excitation. In contrast, distinct from previously reported fluorescent OCPs, OCP with incorporated 4-(carboxymethyl)benzoate ions exhibited two-colour fluorescence, with pink emission under 254 nm excitation and blue emission under 312 and 365 nm excitation. This OCP material exhibiting fluorescence at two wavelengths in the visible-light range offers new possibilities for practical applications. In particular, these unique fluorescence characteristics combined with the excellent biological properties of OCP can be exploited to develop novel biofriendly fluorescent probes. These findings contribute to an improved understanding of fundamental calcium phosphate chemistry and should encourage further research on functional OCP materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overarching goal of this study is to effect the elimination of platinum from adducts with cis –C≡C−Pt−C≡C‐ linkages, thereby generating novel conjugated polyynes. Thus, the bis(hexatriynyl) complex trans‐(p‐tol3P)2Pt((C≡C)3H)2 is treated with 1,3‐diphosphines R2C(CH2PPh2)2 to generate (R2C(CH2PPh2)2)2Pt((C≡C)3H)2 (14; R=c, n‐Bu; e, p‐tolCH2). These condense with the diiodide complexes R2C(CH2PPh2)2PtI2 (9 a,c) in the presence of CuI (cat.) and excess HNEt2 to give the title macrocycles [(R2C(CH2PPh2)2)Pt(C≡C)3]4 (16 c,e) as adducts of the byproduct [H2NEt2]+ I− (30–66 %). DOSY NMR experiments establish that this association is maintained in solution, but NaOAc removes the ammonium salt. The bis(triethylsilylpolyynyl) complexes (n‐Bu2C(CH2PPh2)2)Pt((C≡C)nSiEt3)2 (n=2, 3) are synthesized analogously to 14 c. They react with I2 at rt to give mainly the diiodide complex 9 c and the coupling product Et3Si(C≡CC≡C)nSiEt3. The possibility of competing reactions giving IC≡C species is investigated. Analogous reactions of the Pt4C24 macrocycle 16 c also give 9 c, but no sp 13C NMR signals or mass spectrometric Cxz+ ions (x=24–100) could be detected. It is proposed that some cyclo[24]carbon is generated, but then rapidly converts to other forms of elemental carbon. No cyclotetracosane (C24H48) is detected when this sequence is carried out in the presence of PtO2 and H2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion phase-space holes are solitary kinetic structures found in the ion phase-space of collision-less plasmas, and are nonlinear solutions to the Vlasov-Poisson equations, identified as Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal (BGK) modes. In this study, interactions between an ion phase-space hole and a travelling ion KdV soliton is presented. This interaction, which is simulated in a fully ionised highly magnetised plasma within a cylindrical wave-guide, exhibits acceleration and deacceleration of the ion hole, depending on its mode of collision with the travelling ion soliton. We present these interactions and discuss the mechanism of this interaction between the two solitary waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realizing an efficient turnover frequency in the acidic oxygen evolution reaction by modifying the reaction configuration is crucial in designing high-performance single-atom catalysts. Here, we report a "single atom–double site" concept, which involves an activatable inert manganese atom redox chemistry in a single-atom Ru-Mn dual-site platform with tunnel Ni ions as the trigger. In contrast to conventional single-atom catalysts, the proposed configuration allows direct intramolecular oxygen coupling driven by the Ni ions intercalation effect, bypassing the secondary deprotonation step instead of the kinetically sluggish adsorbate evolution mechanism. The strong bonding of Ni ions activates the inert manganese terminal groups and inhibits the cross-site disproportionation process inherent in the Mn scaffolding, which is crucial to ensure the dual-site platform. As a result, the single-atom Ru-Ni-Mn octahedral molecular sieves catalyst delivers a low overpotential, adequate mass activity and good stability. Realizing an efficient turnover frequency by modifying the reaction configuration is crucial in designing single-atom catalysts. Here, authors report a "single atom–double site" concept, which involves activating inert atom redox chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To predict the long-term performance of restorative materials in the oral environment, it is important to evaluate their resistance to chemical and mechanical degradation and to know the toxic potential of the type and amount of ions eluted from the filling material. In this study, home bleaching was applied to dental materials with different contents and it was aimed to determine the type and amount of ions released from these materials. Methods: In this study, amalgam, posterior composite resin, anterior composite resin, bulk fill composite resin, indirect composite resin, hybrid ceramic and all-ceramic were used as restorative materials. 10 specimens of each material were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. Each material group was divided into two subgroups as the bleached group and the control group. After bleaching, all specimens were stored in 1 ml of 75% ethanol/water solution. Solutions were renewed after 1, 14 and 28 days. The type and amount of ions released from the materials were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Data were analyzed using the Friedman, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks, and Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Results: It was determined that the amount of ions release from the restorative materials decreased over time (p < 0.05). According to the results of the Mann-Whitney U test, there was no difference between the bleaching and control groups in most of the restorative materials (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, home bleaching system does not have a significant effect on ion release from restorative materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the scientifically significant importance of studying the chirality of clusters, the challenges of synthesizing chiral clusters are progressively surmounted. However, the racemization of clusters is unavoidable, and it limits the development of their follow‐on chiral applications. To address this issue, chiral thiols are synthesized and used for the construction of high‐stability optically pure nanoclusters in this work. As a result, a pair of chiral nanoclusters, Au24Cd2(SR)14, is obtained with excellent stability under thermal, acidic, alkaline, oxidizing, and reducing environments. Unexpectedly, it can also maintain its optical activity with the introduction of Cu2+ ions and chiral ligand with opposite configuration. Structural relationship analysis indicates that the excellent stability is mainly dependent on the hierarchical assembly of the nanoclusters, in which the chiral assembly of chiral ligands (a new pattern of chiral arrangement of intramolecular ligands on the surface of clusters) may be a key factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sub‐nanoporous membranes with ion selective transport functions are important for energy utilization, environmental remediation, and fundamental bioinspired engineering. Although mono/multivalent ions can be separated by monovalent ion selective membranes (MISMs), the current theory fails to inspire rapid advances in MISMs. Here, we apply transition state theory (TST) by regulating the enthalpy barrier (ΔH) and entropy barrier (ΔS) for designing next‐generation monovalent cation exchange membranes (MCEMs) with great improvement in ion selective separation. Using a molecule‐absorbed porous material as an interlayer to construct a denser selective layer can achieve a greater absolute value of ΔS for Li+ and Mg2+ transport, greater ΔH for Mg2+ transport and lower ΔH for Li+ transport. This recorded performance with a Li+/Mg2+ perm‐selectivity of 25.50 and a Li+ flux of 1.86 mol ⋅ m−2 ⋅ h−1 surpasses the contemporary "upper bound" plot for Li+/Mg2+ separations. Most importantly, our synthesized MCEM also demonstrates excellent operational stability during the selective electrodialysis (S‐ED) processes for realizing scalability in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal conversion of actinide oxalates has recently gained attention as an innovative fabrication route for nuclear fuels but has remained mainly limited to tetra- or tri-valent cations. We report herein the reductive conversion of mixtures of uranyl and oxalate ions into UO2+x oxides under mild hydrothermal conditions (T = 250 °C). A multi-parametric study first led to specifying the optimal conditions in terms of pH, oxalate/U ratio and duration to provide a quantitative precipitation of uranium in the hyper-stoichiometric dioxide form with pH = 0.8; R = noxalate/nU = 3, and t = 72 hours. Particularly, pH was evidenced as a key parameter, with 3 different compounds obtained over a range of only 0.4 units. The mechanism leading to the formation of UO2+x was then investigated thanks to an in situ XANES study. Analysis of the supernatant showed that U(VI) was quickly reduced into U(IV) thanks to the presence of oxalates and/or their decomposition products in solution, following first-order kinetics. Tetravalent uranium was then hydrolysed, leading to the precipitation of UO2+x as the only crystalline phase. This study thus demonstrates that the hydrothermal conversion of actinide oxalates into oxides is an extremely versatile tool that can be implemented in a large variety of chemical systems, particularly in terms of the oxidation state of the cations initially present in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general principles of discrete, large self-assemblies composed of numerous components are not unveiled and the artificial formation of such entities is a challenging topic. In metal–organic cages, design strategies for tuning the coordination directions in multitopic ligands by the bend and twist angles were previously developed to solve this problem. In this study, the importance of remote geometric communications between components is emphasized, realizing several types of metal–organic assemblies based on dihedral angle control in multitopic ligands although they have the same coordination directions. Self-assembly of a tritopic ligand with dihedral angles θ = 36.5° and a cis-protected Pd(II) ion affords M9L6 and M12L8 cages as kinetic and thermodynamic products, respectively, whereas an M12L8 sheet is formed when θ = 90°. Geometric analyses of strains in the subcomponent rings reveals that remote geometric communications among neighboring multitopic ligands through coordination bonds are key for large assemblies. General design principles for self-assembly of discrete, large metal-organic cages composed of numerous components are challenging to develop. Here, the authors use remote geometric communications between components to realize several types of metal–organic assemblies based on dihedral angle control in multitopic ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inward rectifier potassium channel Kir2.1 (KCNJ2) is an important regulator of resting membrane potential in both excitable and non-excitable cells. The functions of Kir2.1 channels are dependent on their lipid environment, including the availability of PI(4,5)P2, secondary anionic lipids, cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids acyl coenzyme A (LC-CoA). Endocannabinoids are a class of lipids that are naturally expressed in a variety of cells, including cardiac, neuronal, and immune cells. While these lipids are identified as ligands for cannabinoid receptors there is a growing body of evidence that they can directly regulate the function of numerous ion channels independently of CBRs. Here we examine the effects of a panel of endocannabinoids on Kir2.1 function and demonstrate that a subset of endocannabinoids can alter Kir2.1 conductance to varying degrees independently of CBRs. Using computational and Surface plasmon resonance analysis, endocannabinoid regulation of Kir2.1 channels appears to be the result of altered membrane properties, rather than through direct protein-lipid interactions. Furthermore, differences in endocannabinoid effects on Kir4.1 and Kir7.1 channels, indicating that endocannabinoid regulation is not conserved among Kir family members. These findings may have broader implications on the function of cardiac, neuronal and/or immune cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cusp ion dispersion signatures reflect properties of remote magnetic reconnection. Since the cusp is easier to observe in situ compared to the reconnection x-line, ion dispersions provide key insight on whether reconnection is variable in space and time. This study is motivated by a specific dispersion signature having two ion populations separated in energy but not space. These are known as overlapping dispersions because when observed by low-Earth orbiting satellites traversing the cusp, they appear as two dispersed ion populations overlapping in magnetic latitudes. Overlapping dispersion signatures have been observed for all interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientations and have been associated with multiple reconnection processes, but the three-dimensional magnetic reconnection topology and particle trajectories have not been examined. Methods: Forward particle tracing using the GAMERA-CHIMP global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) with test particle framework is carried out to construct ion dispersion signatures throughout the cusp. Under idealized solar wind driving with steady purely southward IMF, both standard and overlapping dispersions are found. Results: Analysis of the test particle trajectories shows that the higher energy population of the overlapping dispersion travels along the axis of a flux rope before heading into the cusp, whereas the lower energy population goes directly into the cusp. Furthermore, the overlapping dispersions observed by the synthetic satellites compare well to Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F16 observations during strongly southward IMF. Discussion: It is thus concluded that during strongly southward IMF, cusp-entering particles interacting with a magnetopause flux rope (generated by secondary reconnection) is one way to produce an overlapping dispersion. This study lays the groundwork for the forthcoming NASA Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites (TRACERS) mission, which will connect the cusp to the magnetosphere--discovering how spatial or temporal variations in magnetic reconnection drive cusp dynamics. The expected launch of TRACERS is in 2025. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]