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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a biosafety level-4 pathogen requiring urgent research and development efforts. The glycoproteins of CCHFV, Gn and Gc, are considered to play multiple roles in the viral life cycle by interactions with host cells; however, these interactions remain largely unclear to date. Here, we analyzed the cellular interactomes of CCHFV glycoproteins and identified 45 host proteins as high-confidence Gn/Gc interactors. These host molecules are involved in multiple cellular biological processes potentially associated with the physiological actions of the viral glycoproteins. Then, we elucidated the role of a representative cellular protein, HAX1. HAX1 interacts with Gn by its C-terminus, while its N-terminal region leads to mitochondrial localization. By the strong interaction, HAX1 sequestrates Gn to mitochondria, thus depriving Gn of its normal Golgi localization that is required for functional glycoprotein-mediated progeny virion packaging. Consistently, the inhibitory activity of HAX1 against viral packaging and hence propagation was further elucidated in the contexts of pseudotyped and authentic CCHFV infections in cellular and animal models. Together, the findings provide a systematic CCHFV Gn/Gc-cell protein-protein interaction map, but also unravel a HAX1/mitochondrion-associated host antiviral mechanism, which may facilitate further studies on CCHFV biology and therapeutic approaches., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Recently, the survival rate of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients has improved greatly due to developments in NPC treatments. But cause-specific mortality in NPC patients remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the common causes of death in NPC patients., Methods: Eligible patients with NPC were included from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Standardized mortality ratios(SMRs) were calculated to compare death rates in NPC patients with those in the general population., Results: A total of 3475 patients with NPC were included, of whom 1696 patients died during the follow-up period. 52.83% of deaths were caused by NPC, followed by other cancers (28.13%) and non-cancer causes (18.46%). The proportion of patients who died of NPC decreased over survival time. Moreover, non-cancer causes of death increase from 12.94% to 51.22% over time after 10 years of diagnosis. Heart diseases was the most common non-cancer cause of death in NPC patients., Conclusions: Although NPC remains the leading cause of death after NPC diagnosis, other non-NPC causes of death represent an increased number of death in NPC patients. These findings support the involvement of multidisciplinary care for follow-up strategy in NPC patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zhou, Jiang, Li, Shao and Liao.)

Hypertension has become a growing public health concern worldwide. In fact, hypertension is commonly associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Currently, oligonucleotide drugs have proven to be promising therapeutic agents for various diseases. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate that a herbal small RNA (sRNA), XKC-sRNA-h3 (B55710460, F221. I000082.B11), exhibits potent antihypertensive effects by targeting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in mice. When compared with captopril, oral administration of the sphingosine (d18:1)-XKC-sRNA-h3 bencaosome more effectively prevented angiotensin II-induced hypertensive cardiac damage and alleviated kidney injury in mice. Such findings indicated that XKC-sRNA-h3 may be a novel orally available ACE inhibitor type oligonucleotide drug for hypertension., (© 2023. Science China Press.)

The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and red blood cell distribution width-to-albumin ratio (RAR) are considered to be related to the prognosis of disease severity. However, the role of these biomarkers in predicting Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) severity and mortality is unclear. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of PNI and RAR with severity and mortality in individuals with SJS/TEN. Clinical data were retrospectively collected from 74 individuals with SJS/TEN and 74 healthy individuals, who were matched for age and sex during the same period. PNI, RAR, and other indicators were compared between individuals with SJS/TEN and healthy controls. The association of PNI and RAR with SJS/TEN severity was assessed using Spearman or Pearson correlation analyses. Individuals with SJS/TEN were categorized into two groups, either survivors or nonsurvivors. The correlation between PNI, RAR, and SJS/TEN mortality was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The predictive value of the previously mentioned indicators on the mortality of patients with SJS/TEN was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The RAR level of patients with SJS/TEN was greater than that of the control group (p < 0.05), whereas PNI was lower. In compliance with correlation analysis, RAR was positively correlated with SCORTEN (Score of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis) and ABCD-10 (age, bicarbonate, cancer, dialysis, 10% body surface area) (p < 0.05), and PNI was negatively correlated (p < 0.05). RAR is a risk factor for death in patients with SJS/TEN, but an elevated PNI level is a protective factor for mortality. The best cutoff values of PNI and RAR for predicting death in patients with SJS/TEN were 31.375 (sensitivity, 84.7%; specificity, 80%) and 0.486 (sensitivity, 73.3%; specificity, 84.7%). These results underscore the potential clinical value of PNI and RAR as appropriate and meaningful biomarkers to assess the severity of SJS/TEN and the mortality associated with it., (© 2022 Japanese Dermatological Association.)

The reutilization of spent cathode materials plays a key role in the sustainable development of Li-ion battery technology. However, current recycling approaches generally based on hydro-/pyrometallurgy fail to cater to Co-free cathodes (e.g., LiFePO 4 , or LFP) owing to high consumption and secondary contamination. Here, a sustainable process is proposed for the revival of defective LFP cathodes through the synergy of defect-targeted healing and surface modification. Li deficiency and Fe oxidation of cathodes are precisely repaired by solution-based relithiation; meanwhile, 3D-interconnected porous carbon networks (3dC) are in-situ constructed with the intervention of salt template during annealing, which enhances the rate performance and electronic/ionic conductivity, by providing more convenient migration channels for Li ions and controlling carbon hybridization. Nitrogen is also doped via induction of urea to fabricate advanced nanohybrid rLFP@3dC-N. New cells using rLFP@3dC-N as cathode exhibit a reversible capacity of up to 169.74 and 141.79 mAh g -1 at 0.1 and 1C, respectively, with an excellent retention rate of over 95.7% at 1C after 200 cycles. Impressively, a high capacity of 107.18 mAh g -1 is retained at 5C. This novel concepts for Li replenishment and the construction of ion-transfer channels as well as conductive networks facilitate the regeneration of spent LFP and the optimization of its high-rate performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, were evaluated in a 6-month, double-blind, phase 3 study in Chinese patients with active (polyarthritic) psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and inadequate response to ≥1 conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug., Methods: Patients were randomised (2:1) to tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily (N=136) or placebo (N=68); switched to tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily after month (M)3 (blinded)., Primary Endpoint: American College of Rheumatology (ACR50) response at M3. Secondary endpoints (through M6) included: ACR20/50/70 response; change from baseline in Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI); ≥75% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI75) response, and enthesitis and dactylitis resolution. Safety was assessed throughout., Results: The primary endpoint was met (tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily, 38.2%; placebo, 5.9%; p<0.0001). M3 ACR20/ACR70/PASI75 responses, and enthesitis and dactylitis resolution rates, were higher and HAQ-DI reduction was greater for tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily versus placebo. Incidence of adverse events (AEs)/serious AEs (M0-3): 68.4%/0%, tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily; 75.0%/4.4%, placebo. One death was reported with placebo→tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily (due to accident). One serious infection, non-serious herpes zoster, and lung cancer case each were reported with tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily; four serious infections and one non-serious herpes zoster case were reported with placebo→tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily (M0-6). No non-melanoma skin cancer, major adverse cardiovascular or thromboembolism events were reported., Conclusion: In Chinese patients with PsA, tofacitinib efficacy was greater than placebo (primary and secondary endpoints). Tofacitinib was well tolerated; safety outcomes were consistent with the established safety profile in PsA and other indications., Trial Registration Number: NCT03486457., Competing Interests: Competing interests: XZ, XL, WW, ZJ, YL, SL, ZhuZ, ZhiZ, JX, WT, JH, JiL and JuL declare no conflicts of interests. WL is a former employee of Pfizer Inc. SL, KK, CW, LMG, CK and OD are current employees and shareholders of Pfizer Inc., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Autophagy is emerging as a critical player in host defense against diverse infections, in addition to its conserved function to maintain cellular homeostasis. Strikingly, some pathogens have evolved strategies to evade, subvert or exploit different steps of the autophagy pathway for their lifecycles. Here, we present a new viral mechanism of manipulating autophagy for its own benefit with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV, an emerging high-pathogenic virus) as a model. SFTSV infection triggers autophagy, leading to complete autophagic flux. Mechanistically, we show that the nonstructural protein of SFTSV (NSs) interacts with mTOR, the pivotal regulator of autophagy, by targeting its kinase domain and captures mTOR into viral inclusion bodies (IBs) induced by NSs itself. Furthermore, NSsimpairs mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) at Ser757, disrupting the inhibitory effect of mTOR on ULK1 activity and thus contributing to autophagy induction. Pharmacologic treatment and Beclin-1 knockout experimental results establish that, in turn, autophagy enhances SFTSV infection and propagation. Moreover, the minigenome reporter system reveals that SFTSV ribonucleoprotein (the transcription and replication machinery) activity can be bolstered by autophagy. Additionally, we found that the NSs proteins of SFTSV-related bunyaviruses have a conserved function of targeting mTOR. Taken together, we unravel a viral strategy of inducing pro-viral autophagy by interacting with mTOR, sequestering mTOR into IBs and hence provoking the downstream ULK1 pathway, which presents a new paradigm for viral manipulation of autophagy and may help inform future development of specific antiviral therapies against SFTSV and related pathogens., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Lignin, as the second most abundant source in nature, is considered as a good precursor for hard carbon. However, direct carbonization of pure lignin leads to low surface area and porosity. Herein we develop a method to prepare lignin-based porous carbon by a self-template method assisted with surface modification. The oxygen-containing functional groups are introduced to regulate the surface chemistry of lignin. And the metal ions are chosen to coordinate with the oxygen-containing group in the lignin, which can form the carbonates to act as the self template to regulate the pores structure. The aromatic skeleton of lignin can also disperse the metal ions to bring uniform pore-forming sites. The results show that the carbonized lignin modified by chloroacetic acid (CCL) shows mesopores with surface area of 233.4384 m 2  g -1 . As anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the CCL shows a specific capacity of 500 mAh g -1 at 50 mA g -1 . The capacity retention was 99 % after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g -1 , which are superior to most reported carbon anode. This work proposes a low-cost anode for LIBs and put forward a regulation strategy for bio-mass carbon. Besides, it would reduce the discard of lignin and alleviate the pollution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: The onset and clinical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are sex-related. Few studies have investigated the distinctions in clinical characteristics and treatment preferences in male and female SLE patients in the initial cohort. This study aimed to improve the understanding of Chinese SLE patients by characterizing the different sexes of SLE patients in the inception cohort., Methods: Based on the initial patient cohort established by the Chinese SLE Treatment and Research Group, a total of 8713 patients (795 men and 7918 women) with newly diagnosed SLE were enrolled between April 2009 and March 2021. Of these, 2900 patients (347 men and 2553 women) were eligible for lupus nephritis (LN). A cross-sectional analysis of the baseline demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters, organ damage, initial treatment regimens, and renal pathology classification was performed according to sex., Results: In the SLE group, as compared to female patients, male patients had a later age of onset (male vs. female: 37.0 ± 15.8 years vs. 35.1 ± 13.7 years, P  = 0.006) and a higher SLE International Collaborative Clinic/American College of Rheumatology damage index score (male vs. female: 0.47 ± 1.13 vs. 0.34 ± 0.81, P  = 0.015), LN (male vs. female: 43.6% vs. 32.2%, P < 0.001), fever (male vs. female: 18.0% vs. 14.6%, P  = 0.010), thrombocytopenia (male vs. female: 21.4% vs. 18.5%, P  = 0.050), serositis (male vs. female: 14.7% vs. 11.7%, P  = 0.013), renal damage (male vs. female: 11.1% vs. 7.4%, P < 0.001), and treatment with cyclophosphamide (CYC) (P < 0.001). The frequency of leukopenia (male vs. female: 20.5% vs. 25.4%, P  = 0.002) and arthritis (male vs. female: 22.0% vs. 29.9%, P < 0.001) was less in male patients with SLE. In LN, no differences were observed in disease duration, SLE Disease Activity Index score, renal biopsy pathological typing, or 24-h urine protein quantification among the sexes. In comparisons with female patients with LN, male patients had later onset ages (P  = 0.026), high serum creatinine (P < 0.001), higher end-stage renal failure rates (P  = 0.002), musculoskeletal damage (P  = 0.023), cardiovascular impairment (P  = 0.009), and CYC use (P  = 0.001); while leukopenia (P  = 0.017), arthritis (P  = 0.014), and mycophenolate usage (P  = 0.013) rates were lower., Conclusions: Male SLE patients had more severe organ damage and a higher LN incidence compared with female SLE patients; therefore, they may require more aggressive initial treatment compared to female patients., (Copyright © 2022 The Chinese Medical Association, produced by Wolters Kluwer, Inc. under the CC-BY-NC-ND license.)

Background: The impact of sex on the clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were diversely reported in the literature. The Chinese Registry of rhEumatoiD arthrITis provides a platform for the investigation of this issue in Chinese patients., Methods: Demographic and clinical parameters were collected from all enrolled patients with RA and from patients with early RA (disease duration ≤6 months). The differences in data regarding disease activity, comorbidities, and medications for RA were compared between men and women. The proportions of patients who achieved remission and low disease activity were compared at enrollment and during 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up visits., Results: A total of 11,564 patients were enrolled, 83.6% of whom were female. In all the enrolled patients and patients with early RA, C-reactive protein (CRP, 12.0 vs . 6.7 mg/L), pain visual analogue scale (4.8 vs . 4.5), patient's and physician's global assessment (4.9 vs . 4.5 and 4.9 vs . 4.5), 28-joint disease activity score using DAS28-CRP (4.3 vs . 4.0) simplified disease activity index (21.9 vs . 19.9), and clinical disease activity index (19.3 vs . 18.0) were significantly higher in men than in women. Additionally, the swollen joint count/tender joint count and DAS28 using erythrocyte sedimentation rate were higher in male patients than in female patients with early RA. More female patients with early RA reached the treatment target at baseline than male patients (23.4% vs . 18.2%, assessed by CDAI). At 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months, the proportion of remission and treatment target achievement was similar in both sexes. Coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke were more frequent in men than in women., Conclusions: In Chinese patients with RA, men were found to have more active disease, as well as more cases of CAD and stroke. Therefore, sex should be carefully considered during the personalization of RA treatment., (Copyright © 2022 The Chinese Medical Association, produced by Wolters Kluwer, Inc. under the CC-BY-NC-ND license.)

Traditional polyolefin separator has the defects of non-degradation and poor wettability with the electrolyte. In this paper, we have designed the porous membrane based on the lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs) from the unbleached pulp by a facile method. In the designed membrane, the amorphous lignin can effectively adjust the dispersion of the cellulose to form a uniform mesoporous structure. And the abundant oxygen-containing functional groups both in cellulose and lignin can promote the affinity of the membrane with the electrolyte. Finally, the prepared the LCNF porous membrane shows a high electrolyte uptake of 276 % and high ionic conductivity of 1.86 mS cm -1 . As the separator for LIBs, the batteries with high-voltage Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 as cathode (up to 4.8 V), the batteries displayed 183 mAh g -1 with the energy density of 669 Wh kg -1 , indicating the good application potential in high-energy LIBs. More importantly, the LCNF membrane made from the unbleached pulp has low cost and it can degraded in soil only after 16 days, which can largely reduce environment pollution of the LIBs. This research provided an efficient and low-cost method to fabricate a membrane with good biodegradability and high electrochemical performance for LIBs., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) regulates the progression of autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to further investigate the correlation between HDAC4 and Th cells, inflammation, disease activity, and treatment response in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS)., Methods: A total of 132 active patients with AS were enrolled, of whom 54 patients received TNF inhibitor (TNFi) and 78 patients received NSAID. Serum HDAC4 was measured by ELISA in patients with AS before treatment (W0) and at week (W)4, W8, and W12 after treatment. Meanwhile, serum HDAC4 was detected in 30 patients with osteoarthritis and in 30 healthy controls (HCs) by ELISA. Besides, naïve CD4 + T cells from patients with AS were isolated, followed by modulation of HDAC4 and then polarization toward Th1, Th2, and Th17., Results: Histone deacetylase 4 was reduced in patients with AS compared with HCs and patients with osteoarthritis (both P < 0.01). In patients with AS, HDAC4 was negatively correlated with TNF ( P < 0.001), IL-1β ( P = 0.003), Th17 proportion ( P = 0.008), C-reactive protein ( P < 0.001), and ASDAS ( P = 0.038), but not with IL-6, Th1 proportion, or other characteristics. Meanwhile, HDAC4 increased from W0 to W12 ( P < 0.001); HDAC4 at W8 ( P = 0.014) and W12 ( P = 0.006) was raised in ASAS40-response patients than ASAS40-non-response patients; further subgroup analysis showed that HDAC4 at W12 was higher in ASAS40-response patients than ASAS40-non-response patients ( P = 0.016) in the TNFi-treated group, but not in the NSAID-treated group. In addition, HDAC4 negatively regulated the polarization of naïve CD4 + T cells toward Th17 ( P < 0.01), but not Th1 or Th2., Conclusion: Histone deacetylase 4 is associated with lower inflammation, and the disease activity negatively regulates Th17 polarization, whose increment after treatment reflects favorable outcomes in patients with AS., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Dou, Ma, Jiang and Zhao.)

Objectives: Based on clinical and laboratory indicators, this study aimed to establish a multiparametric nomogram to assess the risk of refractory cases of SLE-related thrombocytopenia (SLE-related TP) before systematic treatment., Methods: From June 2012 to July 2021, a dual-centre retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data of patients with SLE-related TP was conducted. The cohort data were divided into a developing set, internal validation set and external validation set. Refractory thrombocytopenia (RTP) was defined as failed to prednisone at 1 mg/kg per day with a platelet count cannot achieve or maintain higher than 50×10 9 /L. In the developing set, a nomogram were established to predict RTP risk based on clinical characteristics and laboratory indicators by multivariable logistic regression, and its performance was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, decision curve analysis (DCA) and clinical impact curve (CIC)., Results: A total of 1778 patients with SLE were included, and 413 eligible patients were involved in the final analysis with 121 RTPs. The RTP risk assessment (RRA) model was composed of five significant risk variables: pregnancy, severity of TP, complement 3, anticardiolipin antibody-immunoglobulin G and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. In three datasets, the AUCs were 0.887 (95% CI 0.830 to 0.945), 0.880 (95% CI 0.785 to 0.975) and 0.871 (95% CI 0.793 to 0.949), respectively. The calibration curve, DCA and CIC all showed good performance of the RRA model., Conclusion: The RRA model demonstrated good capability for assessing the refractory risk in SLE-related TP, which may be helpful for early identification and intervention., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major cause of cancer-related deaths. Increasing studies suggest that cancer development is accompanied by the deregulation of circular RNAs. We investigated the function of circ&#95;0003159 in GC. The expression levels of circ&#95;0003159, miR-221-3p/miR-222-3p and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) mRNA were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell colony formation ability was assessed by colony formation assay, and cell viability was assessed by cell counting kit-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry assay and caspase3 activity. Cell migration and invasion were assessed by transwell assay. Glycolysis energy metabolism was assessed by 5'-triphosphate production, glucose uptake and lactate production. The protein levels of related marker proteins and LIFR were detected by western blot. The relationship between circ&#95;0003159 and miR-221-3p/miR-222-3p, or LIFR and miR-221-3p/miR-222-3p was obtained from bioinformatics tools and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. A cancer tumorogenicity xenograft experiment in nude mice was conducted to determine the role of circ&#95;0003159 in tumor growth by AGS cells. Our results showed that circ&#95;0003159 expression was decreased in GC tissues and cells. Circ&#95;0003159 overexpression sequestered GC cell viability, migration, invasion and glycolysis and induced cell apoptosis. MiR-221-3p and miR-222-3p were targets of circ&#95;0003159, and the inhibition of miR-221-3p and miR-222-3p also blocked GC cell viability, migration, invasion and glycolysis and promoted cell apoptosis. LIFR was a common target of miR-221-3p and miR-222-3p. Interestingly, LIFR knockdown reversed the effects of circ&#95;0003159 overexpression on GC cell behaviors. Circ&#95;0003159 increased the expression level of LIFR by targeting miR-221-3p and miR-222-3p. The tumorigenicity assay showed that circ&#95;0003159 overexpression inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, circ&#95;0003159 inhibited GC development in vitro and in vivo by enriching the level of LIFR via direct binding to miR-221-3p/miR-222-3p., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Inflammation posttransplant is directly linked to cell death programs including apoptosis and necrosis. Cell death leads to the release of cellular contents which can promote inflammation. Targeting of these pathways should be an effective strategy to prevent transplant rejection. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is emerging as a major endogenous sensor of inflammation. In this study, we assessed the role of TLR3 on cell death and transplant rejection. We showed that TLR3 is highly expressed on mouse microvascular endothelial cell (ECs) and the endothelium of cardiac grafts. We demonstrated that TLR3 interacting with dsRNA or self-RNA triggered apoptosis and necroptosis in ECs. Interestingly, TLR3-induced necroptosis led mitochondrial damage. Inhibition of the mitochondrial membrane permeability molecule Cyclophilin D prevented necroptosis in ECs. In vivo, endothelium damage and activities of caspase-3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein were inhibited in TLR3 -/- cardiac grafts compared with C57BL/6 grafts posttransplant (n = 5, p < .001). Importantly, TLR3 -/- cardiac grafts had prolonged survival in allogeneic BALB/c mice (mean survival = 121 ± 67 vs. 31 ± 6 days of C57BL/6 grafts, n = 7, p = .002). In summary, our study suggests that TLR3 is an important cell death inducer in ECs and cardiac grafts and thus a potential therapeutic target in preventing cardiac transplant rejection., (© 2021 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.)

Objectives: Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is considered the most severe complication of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD). This retrospective observational study was conducted to explore the clinical characteristics of AOSD-MAS patients, the risk factors for MAS in AOSD and prognostic factors in AOSD. Early changes in the clinical characteristics of AOSD-MAS were also studied., Methods: 111 hospitalised AOSD patients were included in this retrospective analysis and analysed for the features of AOSD-MAS, selecting independent risk factors associated with MAS and the correlations between clinical characteristics and patient survival., Results: Nine subjects (8.1%) developed MAS. AOSD-MAS patients had a higher incidence of jaundice (33.3% vs. 2.9%, p=0.007) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) greater than 5-fold (33.3% vs. 2.9%, p=0.007). Jaundice was associated with an increased risk of MAS (OR=16.50, 95% CI: 2.73-99.82, p=0.002). The AOSD-MAS group had a higher mortality rate (55.6% vs. 8.0%, p=0.001). MAS (HR=11.22, 95% CI: 3.46-36.38, p<0.001), and white blood cell (WBC) greater than 20 109/L (HR=5.80, 95% CI: 1.09-30.92, p=0.040) were independent prognostic factors for death in AOSD patients. In the AOSD-MAS group, transaminase, triglycerides (TGs) and serum ferritin (SF) were elevated in the early disease stage, sometimes earlier than changes in blood cells in MAS., Conclusions: MAS occurrence significantly reduced the survival rate of patients with AOSD. The presence of jaundice was associated with MAS occurrence. MAS and a WBC count >20 109/L were associated with a high risk of AOSD-related death. AOSD should alert the possibility of MAS when elevated transaminase, TGs and SF cannot be explained.

Because of the advantages of a uniform distribution of reinforcing particles and in situ preparation, in situ precipitation has become an important way to prepare magnetic and other smart hydrogels. An important step in this process is to immerse hydrogels in alkaline solution to implant magnetic particles. Previous studies generally have ignored the effect of this process on the network structure and mechanical properties of hydrogels. In this study, we immersed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel samples in sodium hydroxide solutions of different concentrations to study changes in mechanical properties, such as stress-strain relationship, self-recovery, and fracture failure. The results showed that after the immersion process, the hydrogel's tensile and compressive properties changed significantly, and the failure behavior changed from brittle fracture to ductile fracture. Through a microscopic mechanism, the alkaline solution caused a high degree of phase separation and crystallization within the polymer network, thereby changing the PVA hydrogel network from a single phase to a multiphase. Hence, we used a continuous multiphase network model with a certain probability distribution to describe this tensile behavior. This model well described the stress-strain relationship of the hydrogel from stretching to fracture and revealed that the macroscopic failure corresponded to the peak of fracture distribution. Studies have shown that attention should be paid to the influence of the in situ precipitation on the mechanical properties, and the probabilistic multiphase network model can be used to predict the mechanical behavior of hydrogels with multiple phase separation., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Due to the removal of the mechanically stable platform in the conventional gimbaled seeker, the strapdown seeker's measurement is coupled with the missile body attitude motion, such that the inertial line-of-sight (LOS) angular rate required to implement traditional guidance laws cannot be measured, and the field-of-view (FOV) limit must be considered when designing guidance and control systems for a strapdown homing missile. To address these practical problems, an integrated guidance and control (IGC) scheme with considering the FOV limit is proposed in this paper. A novel IGC model is first derived based on the body-LOS (BLOS) angle that a strapdown seeker can directly measure, and then an IGC controller is designed using the dynamic surface control technique. A great merit of this design is that the inertial LOS angle and its angular rate are not needed, and thus the filters/estimators required to extract this guidance information in previous studies can be canceled. Next, by using the output to input saturation transformation (OIST) technique, the FOV limit, which is always considered as a state/output constraint, is transformed to a time-varying boundary limitation on the control input, and then is handled simultaneously with the actuator saturation constraint. Finally, extensive numerical simulations against both stationary and moving targets are performed to fully demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed IGC law., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Systemic sclerosis is a chronic multisystem autoimmune disease that is associated with polyclonal B cell hyperreactivity. The CDR3 of BCRs is the major site of antigen recognition. Therefore, we analyzed the BCR repertoire of patients with SSc. The BCR repertoires in 12 subjects including eight SSc patients and four healthy controls were characterized by high-throughput sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis were studied. The average CDR3 length in the SSc group was significantly shorter. The SSc patient displayed more diverse BCR. Moreover, SSc patients with mild skin sclerosis, anti-Scl70, interstitial lung disease or female sex were more diversified. B cells from the SSc patients showed a differential V and J gene usage. SSc patients had distinct BCR repertoires.These findings reflected the differences of BCR repertoires between SSc patients and controls. The higher-usage genes for the BCR sequence might be potential biomarkers of B cell-targeted therapies or diagnosis for SSc., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests. Chenqing Zheng is employed by Shenzhen RealOmics (Biotech) Co.Ltd., (©2020 Shi et al.)

Interleukin (IL)-22 belongs to the IL-10 family of cytokines. IL-22 exerts its biological effects via members of the cytokine receptor family class 2. CD4 + T helper (Th) cells predominantly producing IL-22 have been designated as Th22 cells. IL-22/Th22 cells are functionally related to IL-17/Th17 cells, but are distinctly different. Both IL-22 and IL-17 are cytokines recruiting neutrophils in response to microbe invasion. In chronic inflammation, IL-22 mediates protective and regenerative processes, whereas IL-17 cytokines tend to induce inflammation. Studies found that increased IL-22 levels and Th22 cells in peripheral blood were associated with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but decreased IL-22 and Th22 cells were also reported. Here we describe analysis of IL-22 and Th22 cells in peripheral blood quantified by flow cytometry, and correlate our findings with SLE disease activity.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disease that is associated with the destruction of immune tolerance and activation of B cells. Interleukin (IL)-35 and IL-35-producing (IL-35 + ) regulatory B cells (Bregs) have been demonstrated to possess immunosuppressive functions, but their roles in the initiation and early development of SLE have not been explored. Here, we measured and compared the frequencies of blood regulatory B cell subsets and the concentrations of plasma IL-35, IL-10, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ in 47 Chinese patients with newly diagnosed SLE and 20 matched healthy controls (HCs). The SLE patients had decreased percentages of IL-35 + B cells and IL-10 + B cells among the total blood B cells as well as decreased concentrations of plasma IL-35. In addition, higher levels of plasma IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 along with higher frequencies of circulating plasma and memory B cells were observed in the SLE patients. The percentage of IL-35 + Bregs and the serum IL-35 level were inversely correlated with the SLE disease activity index and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels. Our results indicate that IL-35 + Bregs and IL-35 may play protective roles in SLE initiation and progression.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Macrophages are considered to be closely associated with the development and progression of AS. However, the precise mechanism of miR-17-5p in the macrophages under AS remains incompletely clarified. This study investigated the regulatory effect of miR-17-5p on the inflammation and lipid accumulation in mouse macrophages both in vivo and in vitro. It was found that miR-17-5p was highly expressed with lowered ATP-binding cassette transporterA1 (ABCA1) level in the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) of AS patients. Moreover, the level of miR-17-5p was up-regulated in the macrophages of ApoE -/- mice fed with a high-cholesterol diet. Furthermore, we injected miR-17-5p antagomir into AS mice or transfected miR-17-5p inhibitors into mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Results showed that downregulation of miR-17-5p significantly reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines, inhibited the lipid accumulation and up-regulated ABCA1, and activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ/Liver X receptor (LXR) α signaling pathway. Additionally, ABCA1 was found to be a target of miR-17-5p by directly binding to 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of its mRNA. Our study indicates a novel regulatory mechanism for miR-17-5p by interacting with ABCA1, which could be a therapy-target for the treatment of AS., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol (CZP) in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in Chinese patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and an inadequate response to MTX., Methods: This 24-week, phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 30 centres across China. A total of 430 patients were randomised 3:1 to receive CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks (loading dose: 400 mg CZP at Weeks 0, 2 and 4) plus MTX or placebo (PBO) plus MTX. The primary endpoint was ACR20 response at Week 24, for which the superiority of CZP+MTX over PBO+MTX was evaluated. Additional parameters for clinical efficacy, health outcomes, immunogenicity and safety were assessed., Results: At Week 24, 54.8% of CZP+MTX patients and 23.9% of PBO+MTX patients achieved ACR20 (odds ratio: 3.9, p<0.001). CZP+MTX patients also achieved greater improvements in HAQ-DI, higher ACR50/70 responses and higher DAS28(ESR) remission rate at Week 24. Rapid onset of response to CZP+MTX was observed as early as Week 1 for most of the clinical, functional and patient-reported outcomes. Incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were similar between treatment arms. Serious TEAEs were reported by 6.3% of CZP+MTX patients and 2.7% of PBO+MTX patients. No new safety signals were observed., Conclusions: CZP in combination with MTX showed an acceptable safety profile, a rapid onset of response and sustained effects in reducing the signs and symptoms of RA and improving physical function in Chinese patients with RA and an inadequate response to MTX.

There are factors that could affect both muscle architecture and muscle capacity, such as aging, chronic disease, and lifestyle. Few studies have investigated the relationship between muscle fat infiltration, muscle architecture, and muscle capacity. Therefore, a summary and evaluation of the measurements and findings in the existing literature can provide a better understanding of both the effects of age and the pathophysiology of different diseases. Additionally, there are several different measurement tools used to assess fat infiltration in muscle, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and ultrasound (US). However, the reliability and validity of B-mode US for quantifying different muscle architecture parameters, including fat infiltration and muscle quality, need to be determined.

This study was aimed to determine if excessive exposure to fluoride could suppress the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and to detail the mechanisms involved. With the exception of the control group, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with sodium fluoride (NaF) (1.2 μg/mL) for 24 h, with or without a 2-h pretreatment with 100 nM insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, a PI3K/AKT agonist), or 10 μM histamine (HIS, a eNOS agonist). The levels of NO in culture fluids, as well as the expressions of eNOS, p-eNOS, PI3K, AKT, and p-AKT, were compared. The levels of NO significantly decreased in all experimental groups; however, the levels of NO were obviously higher in the NaF + HIS and NaF + IGF-1 groups, compared to the NaF group. The p-eNOS/eNOS ratios dropped clearly in NaF and NaF + HIS groups, while that in the NaF + HIS group was distinctly higher than that in the NaF group. The p-AKT/AKT ratios went down apparently in NaF and NaF + IGF-1 groups, while that in the NaF + IGF-1 group was overtly higher than that of the NaF group. Excessive exposure to fluoride inhibited the synthesis of NO. The PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway played a crucial role in the reduced expression of NO caused by excessive fluoride exposure.

Objectives: To introduce the Chinese Registry of rhEumatoiD arthrITis (CREDIT), which is the first nationwide, multicentre, online rheumatoid arthritis (RA) registry in China, and to depict major cross-sectional data and treatment strategies of Chinese RA patients., Methods: RA patients who fulfilled the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis were recruited into the registry by their rheumatologists from 144 clinical centres in China. Data, including demographics, disease characteristics, co-morbidities, treatment, and adverse reactions, were collected and documented through the predefined protocol., Results: 8071 registered patients (F:M = 4.03:1) were registered up to May 2017. Mean age at symptom onset and at diagnosis was 46.15±14.72y and 48.68±14.54y, respectively. Point prevalence of remission (95% CIs) was 14.88% (14.10-15.66%), 4.23% (3.79-4.66%), 4.25% (3.81-4.69%), and 4.27% (3.83-4.72%) according to DAS28-CRP, CDAI, SDAI, and the 2011 ACR/EULAR remission criteria, respectively. 38.84% and 38.11% of treatment-naïve patients (n=3262) were in moderate (3.25.1) disease activity, respectively. Among treatment-naïve patients, those who were initiated on treatment with bDMARDs had higher disease activity than those who were treated with csDMARDs (p<0.05). Three months after initiating bDMARDs, 19.29% (n=38) of patients achieved remission (DAS28-CRP<2.6)., Conclusions: The CREDIT registry is an effective tool for real-world study of RA patients in China. By providing information for diagnosis and treatment regimen, the CREDIT registry can enhance the application of treat-to-target (T2T) strategy and improve patient outcomes in China.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease has been shown to be associated with the generation of multiple auto-antibodies. Among these, anti-dsDNA antibodies (anti-DNAs) are specific and play a pathogenic role in SLE. Indeed, anti-DNA + SLE patients display a worse disease course. The generation of these pathogenic anti-DNAs has been attributed to the interaction between aberrant T helper (Th) cells and autoimmune B cells. Thus, in this study we have investigated whether CCR6 + Th cells have the ability to differentiate SLE patients based on anti-DNA status, and if their distribution has any correlation with disease activity., Methods: We recruited 25 anti-DNA + and 25 anti-DNA - treatment-naive onset SLE patients, matched for various clinical characteristics in our nested matched case-control study. CCR6 + Th cells and their additional subsets were analyzed in each patient by flow cytometry., Results: Anti-DNA + SLE patients specifically had a higher percentage of Th cells expressing CCR6 and CXCR3. Further analysis of CCR6 + Th cell subsets showed that anti-DNA + SLE patients had elevated proportions of Th9, Th17, Th17.1 and CCR4/CXCR3 double-negative (DN) cells. However, the proportions of CCR6 - Th subsets, including Th1 and Th2 cells, did not show any association with anti-DNA status. Finally, we identified a correlation between CCR6 + Th subsets and clinical indicators, specifically in anti-DNA + SLE patients., Conclusions: Our data indicated that CCR6 + Th cells and their subsets were elevated and correlated with disease activity in anti-DNA + SLE patients. We speculated that CCR6 + Th cells may contribute to distinct disease severity in anti-DNA + SLE patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Metal halide perovskite nanostructures hold great promises as nanoscale light sources for integrated photonics due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, it remains a great challenge to fabricate halide perovskite nanodevices using traditional lithographic methods because the halide perovskites can be dissolved in polar solvents that are required in the traditional device fabrication process. Herein, we report single CsPbBr 3 nanoplate electroluminescence (EL) devices fabricated by directly growing CsPbBr 3 nanoplates on prepatterned indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes via a vapor-phase deposition. Bright EL occurs in the region near the negatively biased contact, with a turn-on voltage of ∼3 V, a narrow full width at half-maximum of 22 nm, and an external quantum efficiency of ∼0.2%. Moreover, through scanning photocurrent microscopy and surface electrostatic potential measurements, we found that the formation of ITO/p-type CsPbBr 3 Schottky barriers with highly efficient carrier injection is essential in realizing the EL. The formation of the ITO/p-type CsPbBr 3 Schottky diode is also confirmed by the corresponding transistor characteristics. The achievement of EL nanodevices enabled by directly grown perovskite nanostructures could find applications in on-chip integrated photonics circuits and systems.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a variety of pathological features. Our study investigated the potential role of CCR6 + T cells in organ impairment of SLE patients. We analyzed CCR6 +/- T cell subset populations and compared the concentrations of IL-22, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A cytokines in 67 patients with newly diagnosed SLE and 26 healthy controls. We found that SLE patients had elevated percentages of CCR6 + T, CCR6 + Th22, Th17, Th17.1, and CCR6 - Th2 cell subsets, along with increased concentrations of IL-22, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 cytokines. Higher levels of CCR6 + T and CCR6 + Th22 cells, along with plasma IL-22 were observed in SLE patients with sole skin and/or renal impairment. The percentage of Th22 cells also correlated with Revised Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (RCLASI) and IgG levels, and inversely correlated with C3 levels in SLE patients with sole skin impairment. SLE patients with sole renal impairment showed a correlation between the percentage of Th22 cells and ESR levels. Our data indicated that CCR6 + Th22 cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of new onset SLE patients with skin or renal impairment, and CCR6 may, thus, be a possible therapeutic target for SLE treatment.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the complement 3 (C3) expressions in whole blood cells and verify a pathway toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)/ transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)/C3 for C3 regulation in mediating thrombocytopenia (TCP) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)., Patients and Methods: The study included 63 newly diagnosed SLE patients (2 males, 61 females; mean age 39.5 years; range 15 to 67 years). Whole blood messenger ribonucleic acid expression for C3, TLR9 and TGF-β1 were measured by quantitative reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction in SLE patients with TCP (n=38) and age- and sex-matched SLE patients without TCP (n=25) at baseline and in 10 SLE patients with TCP after four weeks of treatment. Whole blood cells from SLE patients with TCP were cultured in the presence of TLR9 ligand cytosine-phosphate- guanine, recombinant human TGF-β1, TGF-β receptor inhibitor/activin receptor-like kinase inhibitor SB431542. TGF-β1 and C3 levels in whole blood cells cultures were determined by quantitative reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: Whole blood cells from SLE patients with TCP displayed an enhanced gene expression for C3, TLR9 and TGF-β1 compared with that of SLE patients without TCP (p<0.01 for C3, p<0.05 for TLR9 and TGF-β1). SLE patients with TCP had decreased plasma levels of C3 suggesting excessive consumption. In whole blood cell culture, engagement of TLR9 led to the increased gene expression of C3. Furthermore, TGF-β1 inhibitor abolished TLR9 stimulation on C3 gene expression., Conclusion: These results suggest that blood cells are the source of extra-hepatic synthesis of C3 in SLE patients with TCP and this synthesis of C3 was up-regulated by TLR9 via induction of TGF-β1. Thus TLR9/TGF-β1/C3 pathway might be in operation mediating lupus thrombocytopenia., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Mounting evidence has suggested that inflammation associated with interleukin (IL)‑6 and T‑helper (Th)17 cells, has a role in the development of atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (ACI). However, it remains unclear which population of cells determines the levels of IL‑6, and the role of IL‑6‑secreting cells in inducing Th17 cell production. In the present study, IL‑6 levels were determined in patients with ACI, by ELISA. The percentage of CD3+T, CD4+T, CD8+T, CD11c+ dendritic cells and γδT cells were determined by flow cytometry, and the correlation between cytokine IL‑6 and γδT cells was determined by statistical analysis. An in vitro culture assay was used to determine whether γδT cells secreted high levels of IL‑6, and induced production of Th17 cells. The patients with ACI had significantly higher levels of IL‑6 and γδT cells. Furthermore, γδT cells were associated with the secretion of a high level of IL‑6 in patients with ACI. These results indicate that γδT cells are novel IL‑6‑secreting cells, which from then on were known as γδT6 cells. In addition, the novel γδT6 cells induced Th17‑cell production, and this induction was dependent on IL‑6. Novel γδT6 cells increased the induction of Th17‑cell production in patients with ACI. The results of the present study suggest that novel γδT6 cells may be a target for strategic therapies of ACI.

In this paper, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine the potential efficiencies of luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) systems using PbSe quantum dots (QDs) as the active fluorescent material. The simulation results suggest that PbSe QD LSCs display good absorption characteristics, but yield limited LSC power conversion efficiency due to self-absorption and down-conversion loss. It is proposed that the self-absorption loss can be reduced by utilizing Förster resonance energy transfer between two different sizes of PbSe QDs, yielding pronounced improvement in the optical efficiency of LSCs.

Interleukin (IL)-17 represents a family of cytokines with six members, namely IL-17A, B, C, D, E, and F. IL-17A and IL-17F are best studied proinflammatory cytokines. CD4(+) T helper cells producing IL-17A have been identified as a distinct T helper subset, Th17 cells. IL-17 and Th17 cells are important mediators in tissue inflammation in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. IL-17 is also produced by other immune cells and plays an important role in host defense against microbial infection. Cell-based assays are sensitive and quantitative, and enable identification of cellular sources of IL-17 production. This chapter describes usage of flow cytometry and ELISPOT assays to quantify IL-17A-producing cells in disease and in vitro experiments to study T cell function.

Aim: Interleukin (IL)-22 regulates the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The role of IL-22(+) T-cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unclear. This study aimed at examining the levels of plasma IL-22 and the frequency of IL-22(+) CD4(+) T-cells in patients with RA., Methods: A total of 30 RA patients and 18 gender- and age-matched healthy controls were recruited. Their peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin for 6 h. The frequency of IL-22(+) , interferon (IFN)-γ(+) and IL-17A(+) CD4(+) T-cells was characterized by flow cytometry. The levels of plasma IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-22, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were measured., Results: The frequency of IFNγ(-) IL-17A(-)IL-22(+), IFNγ(-)IL-17A(+)IL-22(+), and IFNγ(+) IL-17A(-)IL-22(+) T-cells in CD4(+) T-cells and the levels of plasma IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-22 in RA patients were significant higher than those in healthy controls. The percentages of IL-17A(+)IL-22(+)CD4(+) T-cells were correlated positively with the frequency of Th22 or Th17 cells in the RA patients. The percentages of IL-22(+)CD4(+) T-cells were correlated positively with the values of disease activity score (DAS28) in the RA patients. The percentages of Th22 cells were correlated positively with the levels of plasma IL-22 in the RA patients., Conclusion: Our data suggest that IL-22(+)CD4(+) T-cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of RA and that therapeutic targeting of IL-22 may be valuable for the intervention of RA., (© 2013 Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Cw and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes in a Jilin Han population and to provide a theoretical basis for further studies of their roles in disease. A total of 154 unpaid Jilin Han blood donors were selected and KIR and HLA-Cw genotyping was performed using PCR-SSP. Recognition of HLA-Cw and the corresponding activatory or inhibitory KIR receptor was distinguished according to the identification of HLA-Cw and KIR. In the present study, the expression frequency of HLA-C2(Lys80)+2DL1 was 27.27%, HLA-C1(Asn80)+2DL2/2DL3 was 68.83%, 2DS2+HLA-C1(Asn80) was 9.74% and 2DS1+HLA-C2(Lys80) was 9.74%. Of the individuals in the study, 72.08% expressed only KIR2DL1 without HLA-Cw, 21.43% expressed only KIR2DS1 without HLA-Cw(Lys)-KIR2DL1 and 2.60% expressed only KIR2DS2 without HLA-Cw(Asn)-KIR2DL2/L3. In conclusion, the expression of inhibitory HLA-Cw-KIR is higher than the expression of activating HLA-Cw-KIR and approximately 20% of the individuals separately expressed the activated HLA-Cw-KIR in the Jilin Han population in the present study.