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Magnesium oxysulfate (MOS) is an emerging magnesium-based cementitious material gaining attention increasingly in construction and road maintenance because of its advantages. However, MOS cement made from lightly-calcined magnesia (LCM) with low activities (around 60 %) has too low setting rates. Increasing the MgO activity can accelerate the setting but often results in a material that sets too rapidly and is too weak to be useful in practical engineering operations. To address this challenge, we developed a novel method to produce MOS cement with the appropriate setting and mechanical strength required by practical engineering operations. The method involves ball-milling raw materials of LCM with an activity exceeding 80 % and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO 4 ⋅7H 2 O) to effectively promote particle aggregation and bonding, thereby contributing to an enhanced ability to properly control the hydration reaction process in subsequent cement preparation. Based on this new method, we utilized both low- and high-activity raw LCM materials to prepare MOS cement samples and analyzed their characteristics, including setting time, mechanical strength, water resistance, chemical composition, and microstructure. The results indicate that with highly active MgO raw material, the new method can prepare the MOS cement samples that not only have a practical engineering-needed setting time of around 1 h but also increase the compressive strength fourfold. This study offers a promising technique for producing a cementitious material suitable for prompt emergency repairs of transportation roads and infrastructures. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Effective post-resuscitation care is crucial for improving outcomes in neonates post-asphyxia. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of post-asphyxial aftercare strategies and forms part of a supplement describing an extensive synthesis of effective newborn interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: Evidence was generated by performing de novo reviews, updates to reviews via systematic searches, and reanalyses of studies conducted in LMICs from existing reviews. Results: Sixty-one trials recruiting 5,046 term infants post-asphyxia were included across all intervention domains. Limited studies were available from LMICs related to fluid restriction, antiseizure medications, and early interventions to improve developmental outcomes. Our reanalysis of whole-body cooling trials in LMICs found effects on neonatal mortality and mortality or neurological disability in infancy differed significantly based on the care center and type of cooling device used. Pharmacological therapies for neuroprotection evaluated in 27 trials in middle-income countries had varied effects in neonates with encephalopathy. Majority of the trials (60%) focused on magnesium sulfate therapy and showed significant improvements in short-term mortality and morbidities. Conclusion: The sample sizes of included trials were relatively small, and the certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Evidence on long-term survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes was limited. Further research on promising neuroprotective therapies and factors affecting their implementation in low-resource contexts is required. To reduce the high burden related to asphyxia in LMICs, this review underscores the need for a paradigm shift toward prevention, and strategies that emphasize improving antenatal and obstetric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4) is commonly used in human medicine for the management of perioperative pain in different types of procedures. However, in veterinary medicine, the use of MgSO4 has not been evaluated for its analgesic efficacy in dogs, which has generated conflicts of opinion in this area of veterinary anesthesiology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perioperative analgesic efficacy of MgSO4 in combination with Ketamine in dogs undergoing Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO). Our hypothesis is that MgSO4 plus ketamine have a synergistic action in the management of intra-and postoperative pain. Methods: Twenty adult mixed breed dogs with average age 5.9 ± 2.6 years and weight 27.8 ± 9.2 kg were included in this prospective, clinical, randomized study. Dogs were randomly assigned to two groups. The MK group received ketamine (0.5 mg/kg as starting bolus followed by continuous infusion rate at 1 mg/kg/h). At the end of the ketamine bolus, MgSO4 (50 mg/kg over 15 min) was administered by the same route, followed by a constant rate infusion (CRI) at 15 mg/kg/h, IV. K group received a bolus of ketamine followed by a CRI at the same dosage described in MK group. Main cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded 10 min before the start of surgery (BASE), after the ketamine bolus (T1) and the MgSO4 bolus (T2), during the skin incision (SKIN), the osteotomy (OSTEOTOMY) and skin suturing (SUTURE). In the postoperative period, the short form of Glasgow Composite Pain scale (SF-CMPS) was used to assess pain at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after extubation (Post30, Post60, Post120, and Post180, respectively). The main blood electrolytes (Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+) were analyzed at BASE, T2, OSTEOTOMY, SUTURE and T3 (one hour after stopping MgSO4 infusion). Number of rescue analgesia and administration times were recorded both in the intra-and postoperative period. Results: In K group 7 out of 10 dogs required intraoperatory rescue analgesia compared to MK group (3/10). Furthermore, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were significantly higher at OSTEOTOMY compared to BASE time in both groups. In the postoperative period, at T120, ICMPS-SF score was higher in K group than MK group. Conclusion: The administration of MgSO4 could guarantee better analgesia in the perioperative period in dogs undergoing TPLO, performing a synergistic action with ketamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusion To review in utero transfers (IUT), their antenatal optimisation strategies including predictive testing and outcomes in a large region in the UK.All IUT requests received by regional transport service in the UK, over a 12‐month period, were reviewed gathering information on gestation at referral, antenatal corticosteroid use, tocolysis, magnesium sulphate, predictive test use (and result if applicable) and delivery outcome at 48 h. The reason for transfer was also collated to determine capacity issues.Only 22.9% of women transferred delivered within 48 h of transfer, with only 76% of eligible women receiving antenatal steroids. The overall use of predictive testing was low, in 23.5% of all referrals. Approximately 19.8% of women presenting at 30 weeks gestation or more received predictive testing while only 26.5% of women at risk of extreme preterm delivery had a predictive test, and 40.7% of all IUT requests were for capacity reasons.More predictive testing with accurate approaches to predicting imminent preterm labour and delivery needs to be incorporated into clinical care to reduce the number of inappropriate IUTs. Appropriate antenatal optimisation to improve outcomes should be offered to women undergoing an IUT. Capacity remains problematic leading to a significant number of transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of foliar application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) on the growth, physiology, and gas exchange parameters of two varieties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under cadmium (Cd) stress were examined. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 72 pots. Two varieties of S. oleracea (Desi Palak & Lahori Palak) were used. Two concentrations of Cd (0 µM and 150 µM) in the form of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) were used. Two levels of SNP (0 ppm and 100 ppm) and two levels for each form of Mg i.e. MgSO4 and MgO-NPs (0 and 200 ppm) were foliar sprayed on plants in control and Cd stress. Both varieties behaved similarly under Cd stress and caused reductions in growth, physiology, gas exchange, water content parameters and inorganic ion uptake. However, the biochemical parameters like relative membrane permeability (RMP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents were increased. However, all foliar spray treatments increased growth, physiological and gas exchange parameters, water content and inorganic ion uptake. However, this reduced the MDA, RMP, and H2O2 contents. Desi Palak showed the more positive results under foliar application of MgO-NPs. However, Lahori palak showed more positive results under the SNP + MgO-NP treatment. It is concluded that foliar application of SNP, MgSO4 and MgO-NPs could be an innovative approach to alleviated the heavy metals (Cd) toxicity in crop plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate cardiopulmonary, arterial blood gas and propofol-sparing effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4) constant rate infusion (CRI) in mechanically ventilated dogs maintained under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol. Blinded, randomized, clinical trial. A total of 24 healthy adult dogs. Dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.05 mg kg–1) and morphine (0.5 mg kg–1), followed by an intravenous (IV) bolus of saline or MgSO 4 (50 mg kg–1 over 15 minutes) and propofol (given to effect to induce anesthesia). Anesthesia was maintained with an IV propofol infusion (beginning at 0.3 mg kg–1 minute–1, adjusted as necessary). Concurrently, one of three IV infusions were administered: GS (0.9% NaCl), GM30 (MgSO 4 , 30 mg kg–1 hour–1) or GM80 (MgSO 4 , 80 mg kg–1 hour–1). Propofol induction and maintenance doses were recorded. The following variables were recorded at baseline (T0), after bolus treatment (T1), after beginning mechanical ventilation (T5) and every 15 minutes until the end of the procedure (T15–T120): mean arterial pressure, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, end-tidal partial pressure of CO 2 , temperature, blood gas variables, indirect calorimetry and extubation time. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Propofol induction bolus dose was lower in GM30 (31.2%, p = 0.04) and GM80 (38.9%, p = 0.003) than in GS. The maintenance propofol infusion rate in GM80 was 16.9% lower (p = 0.03), resulting in fewer propofol CRI rescues during the perioperative period. GM30 and GM80 exhibited faster extubation times than GS (46.2%, p = 0.002 and 48.9%, p = 0.001, respectively). Infusion of a 50 mg kg–1 bolus, followed by CRI of MgSO 4 (30 and 80 mg kg–1 hour–1), reduces the propofol induction and maintenance (CRI) requirement, maintaining cardiorespiratory stability and reducing the time required to extubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: del Nido cardioplegia was developed for immature myocardium to prevent myocardial damage by Ca+2 in traditional blood cardioplegia. But due to increased hemodilution and decreased colloid oncotic pressure it may cause myocardial edema and increased cardiac morbidity. Microplegia may have better cardioprotection in comparison to del Nido as there is less hemodilution. Material and methods: 60 patients from the age group of 1 to 14 years were divided into two groups i.e. del Nido based microplegia group and conventional del Nido group for studying two different cardioplegia technique. Data were collected and compared for intraoperative Hb, CPK-MB and Trop-I levels changes and requirement for defibrillation in intraoperative period. Demographic data, CPB time and ACC time were also collected. Results: Marked elevation in CPK-MB and Trop-I levels were seen in both groups. Statistically significant difference was seen in CPK-MB levels after 6 h of surgery where del Nido group has higher value in comparison to microplegia group. No statistical difference was seen in Trop-I levels in both groups. Strength of correlation (r) was also stronger for CPK-MB rise in association with CPB time and ACC time, in del Nido group but not for Trop-I. Significantly higher hemodilution was also seen in del Nido group after delivering cardioplegia. None of the patients required defibrillation in any group. Conclusion: Lesser hemodilution was seen in microplegia group. Significant cardioprotection is associated with use of microplegia solution in pediatric age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Labor pain management is crucial in obstetric care. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been identified as a potential analgesic due to its muscle relaxant and neuroprotective properties. This study evaluated the efficacy of intravenous magnesium sulfate in reducing labor pain among primiparous women, hypothesizing that MgSO4 would not significantly impact labor pain intensity compared to a placebo. Materials & Methods: In this double-blind trial at Al-Yarmouk Educational Hospital, 60 primiparous women were randomized to receive either MgSO4 (4 g intravenous loading dose, followed by 1 g/hour maintenance) or placebo during early active labor. Pain intensity was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 30-minute intervals for two hours post-administration. Secondary outcomes included labor duration, need for additional analgesia, and maternal satisfaction. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and chi-square tests. Results: No significant differences were observed in pain intensity reduction, labor duration, requirement for additional analgesia, or maternal satisfaction between the MgSO4 and placebo groups at any time point post-administration. Both groups demonstrated comparable safety profiles, with no serious adverse effects reported. Conclusion: Intravenous MgSO4, at the dosage used in this study, did not significantly reduce labor pain intensity, affect labor outcomes, or improve maternal satisfaction compared to placebo in primiparous women. These findings highlight the complexity of labor pain management. Further research is warranted to explore different dosages, administration timings, or combinations with other strategies to fully understand MgSO4's potential role in obstetric analgesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Magnesium sulfate is used topically to reduce the duration of labor in some regions of the country. However, there is insufficient evidence about its effectiveness. This study aimed to determine whether topical magnesium sulfate reduces labor duration and improves childbirth experience (primary outcomes). Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, the participants were 98 women with low-risk, singleton, and full-term pregnancies admitted to a teaching hospital in Iran. They were randomly assigned to the intervention group (receiving 50% magnesium sulfate) or the control group (receiving distilled water) stratified by parity and onset of labor. The participants, interventionists, and data collectors were blinded. During the vaginal examination at the beginning of the active phase of labor, 10 mL of magnesium sulfate or distilled water was poured on the cervix of the uterus. Data collection was performed by the researcher with continuous monitoring up to two hours post-delivery and follow-up at 4–5 weeks postpartum. The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2.0 was used to examine childbirth experience. We performed a modified intention-to-treat analysis, excluding those whose outcome of interest could not be assessed. Independent-samples t-tests were used to compare the groups in terms of the mean of the primary outcomes. Results: Participant recruitment took place between December 2021 and December 2022. Thirty-three percent were primiparous and 37% had induced labor. Three women in the intervention group and seven in the control group underwent emergency cesarean sections. All 49 women assigned to each group were included in the analysis of labor duration outcome, while one and two women were excluded from the analysis of childbirth experience score due to loss to follow-up. In the intervention group, compared to the control group, the mean duration of the intervention until delivery was significantly shorter (1.59 vs. 2.93 h; MD -1.34, 95% CI [-1.88 to -0.79]) and the childbirth experience score was higher (3.1 vs. 2.3, MD 0.84; 95% CI [0.59 to 1.08]). Conclusions: According to the results of this trial, pouring 10 mL of 50% magnesium sulfate on the cervix at the beginning of the active phase of labor probably reduces labor duration and improves the childbirth experience. Trial registration: Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences: IR.TBZMED.REC. 1400.726. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: IRCT20100414003706N40 Registration date: 21/11/2021 (https://en.irct.ir/trial/58323). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Methods Results Conclusions Different sedation regimens have been used to facilitate awake tracheal intubation, but the evidence has not been synthesised robustly, particularly with respect to clinically important outcomes. We conducted a systematic review and network meta‐analysis to determine the sedation techniques most likely to be associated with successful tracheal intubation, a shorter time to successful intubation and a lower risk of arterial oxygen desaturation.We searched for randomised controlled trials of patients undergoing awake tracheal intubation for any indication and reporting: overall tracheal intubation success rate; tracheal intubation time; incidence of arterial oxygen desaturation; and other related outcomes. We performed a frequentist network meta‐analysis for these outcomes if two or more sedation regimens were compared between included trials. We also performed a sensitivity analysis excluding trials with a high risk of bias.In total, 48 studies with 2837 patients comparing 33 different regimens were included. Comparing overall awake tracheal intubation success rates (38 studies, 2139 patients), there was no evidence suggesting that any individual sedation regimen was superior. Comparing times to successful tracheal intubation (1745 patients, 24 studies), any sedation strategy was superior to placebo. When we excluded trials with a high risk of bias, we found no evidence of a difference between any interventions for time to successful tracheal intubation. Thirty‐one studies (1753 patients) suggested that dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate were associated with a reduced risk of arterial oxygen desaturation compared with other interventions, but excluding trials with a high risk of bias suggested no relevant differences between interventions. The quality of evidence for each of our outcomes was low.To maximise effective and safe awake tracheal intubation, optimising oxygenation, topical airway anaesthesia and procedural performance may have more impact than any given sedation regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute pain is a major concern after arthroscopic shoulder surgery, supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade has shown favorable postoperative analgesic effects. However, its duration of analgesia does not meet clinical needs. We aimed to explore whether the combination of different local anesthetic adjunct can prolong the analgesic duration of supraclavicular brachial plexus block for arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, we allocated 80 patients into four groups: Group DMD (dexamethasone 10 mg + ropivacaine 100 mg + dexmedetomidine 50 µg + magnesium sulfate 250 mg), Group DM (ropivacaine 100 mg + dexmedetomidine 50 µg + magnesium sulfate 250 mg), Group M (ropivacaine 100 mg + magnesium sulfate 250 mg) and Group D (ropivacaine 100 mg + dexmedetomidine 50 µg). The primary outcome was the time to first request for analgesia. Secondary outcome measures included cumulative opioid consumption at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h postoperatively, VAS scores at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h postoperatively and so on. Results: The time to first request for analgesia in Group DMD was significantly longer than Group DM (P = 0.011) and Group M (P = 0.003). The cumulative opioid consumption at 18 h postoperatively in Group DMD was significantly lower than in Group DM (P = 0.002) and Group M (P = 0.007). The cumulative opioid consumption at 24 h postoperatively in Group DMD was significantly lower than in Group DM (P = 0.016). The VAS score at 6 h postoperatively in Group DMD was significantly lower than in Group DM and Group M. The VAS score at 12 h postoperatively in Group DMD was significantly lower than in Group M. For American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score, Group DMD had a better score than Group DM and Group D. Conclusions: The analgesic efficacy of supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade combined with dexamethasone, magnesium sulfate, and dexmedetomidine is significantly superior to the combination of magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine, and significantly superior to the use of magnesium sulfate alone. Trial registration: This trial was registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. (ChiCTR2200061181, Date of registration: June 15, 2022, http://www.chictr.org.cn) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impact of mode of delivery in chorioamnionitis on neonatal outcomes is unclear. This retrospective cohort study compares the rate of early onset neonatal sepsis between vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Methods: Singleton pregnancies at greater than 24 + 0 weeks gestation with live birth and clinically-diagnosed chorioamnionitis from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 were included. Cases with multiple gestations, terminations or histological chorioamnionitis alone were excluded. Rates of early onset neonatal sepsis, select secondary neonatal outcomes and a composite outcome of maternal infectious morbidity were compared using propensity score weighting. Subgroup analysis was done by indication for cesarean section. Results: After chart review, 378 cases were included with 197 delivering vaginally and 181 delivering via cesarean section. The groups differed on age, parity, hypertension, renal disease, gestational age, corticosteroid use, magnesium sulfate use, presence of meconium and percentage meeting Gibbs criteria before propensity score weighting. Rate of early onset neonatal sepsis was greater in the cesarean section group (13.8% versus 3.1%, adjusted risk difference 8.3% [3.5–13.1], p < 0.001). Secondary neonatal outcomes were similar between groups. When compared by indication, the rate of early onset neonatal sepsis was greater in the cesarean section for abnormal fetal surveillance group compared to vaginal delivery but not in the cesarean section for other reasons group. Adjusted rates of secondary neonatal outcomes did not differ between groups. The rate of maternal infectious morbidity was greater with cesarean section. (13.8% versus 1.5% [adjusted risk difference 13.0% [7.1–18.9], p < 0.0001). No other difference in maternal secondary outcomes was identified. Conclusions: The rate of early onset neonatal sepsis was highest in the cesarean section group, particularly in those with abnormal fetal surveillance. Fetuses affected by or vulnerable to sepsis likely have a greater need for cesarean section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of Fe‐rich non‐ferrous metallurgical slag (NFMS) in alkali‐activated materials has been demonstrated, exhibiting promising mechanical strength and fire resistance. However, the durability of alkali‐activated NFMS (AA‐NFMS) in terms of sulfate salt resistance remains unexplored. Additionally, the variability in the chemical composition of NFMS presents challenges in directly assessing the durability of AA‐NFMS. This study investigates the interplay between the Ca/Si and Mg/Ca ratios in Fe‐rich NFMS and the resulting MgSO4 resistance of the AA‐NFMS made thereof. To do so, mass change and compressive strength retention were monitored for six months on AA‐NFMS immersed in 5 wt% MgSO4, whereas microstructure was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). The results show that the MgSO4 solution attacked selectively the reacted binder matrix of AA‐NFMS rather than the unreacted slag. The corrosion primarily occurs at the sulfate exposure surface of AA‐NFMS, forming a dense, thin layer of Mg(OH)2, which acts as a barrier and impedes further attack. Dissolution of Ca is the most pronounced among the major elements (Ca, Fe, Al, and Si) in the NFMS. The mass of the specimens increased linearly with the initial Ca content. The medium Ca concentration (∼10%) retained the highest strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to investigate the durability of ambient-cured fly ash-phosphogypsum blended geopolymer mortar (GPM) when exposed to a water and sulfate environment at different durations. Water absorption, porosity, and sulfate resistance tests were conducted to determine the durability. The GPM was prepared at 0 wt%, 30 wt%, and 40 wt% PG replacement of fly ash content in the mixture. The mix proportions were determined experimentally at 10 M sodium hydroxide, alkaline liquid/precursor of 0.4, sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide of 1.5, and binder/aggregate of 1.0. The samples were immersed in potable water and magnesium sulfate solution. The changes in weight, length, and compressive strength were monitored. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to analyze the structure and composition. The findings showed that GPM with 30 wt% phosphogypsum added had lower water absorption, porosity, and sulfate attack than GPM with 0 wt% phosphogypsum attributed to the formation of hydrated gels leading to a dense microstructure and improved strength. The changes in weight, length, and strength variations trend for GPM were within optimal performance standards. This has implications for the practical application of GPM in construction where it can be used as an alternative to Portland cement mortar in sulfate-rich environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rigid laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation continue to be the gold standards of airway care in contemporary anesthesia practice. It was discovered more than 50 years ago that airway manipulation affected blood pressure and heart rate. Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the effect of magnesium sulphate and lignocaine in attenuation of hemodynamic stress response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Materials and method: It was a randomized prospective study. 120 patients were divided into two equal groups. Group A received intravenous 50% magnesium sulphate 30 mg/kg and Group B received intravenous 2% lignocaine 1.5mg/kg, 10 mins prior to induction of GA. Result: Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between magnesium sulphate and lignocaine were found in HR, SBP, DBP at 10 min after study drug was given, at induction, at intubation and onwards till 10 mins after intubation. No significant adverse effects were noted with both drugs. Conclusion: Compared to intravenous 2% lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg bolus over 1 minute, 10 minutes before to induction, intravenous 50% magnesium sulphate 30 mg/kg diluted to 20 ml infusion over 3 minutes 10 minutes prior to induction more effectively attenuates the hemodynamic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by several maladaptive mechanisms: endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, pathological remodeling of the pulmonary arterioles, and cellular hypoxia. These mechanisms all favor progressive pulmonary vasculopathy and progressive right ventricle (RV) dysfunction. Aim. This study aims to characterize the experimental model of monocrotalineinduced PAH in rats. Subsequently, by administering Sildenafil, Rosuvastatin, and Magnesium sulfate, we assessed the animals via ultrasonography and assayed biochemical parameters to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. Methods. 42 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into six equal groups (n=7) and received a single subcutaneous MCT injection (60 mg/kg dose). Drug therapy with Sildenafil, Rosuvastatin, and Magnesium sulfate in different combinations was initiated 14 days after MCT injection. Fulton Index, RV anterior wall thickness, RV internal diameter, and pulmonary arterial acceleration time/ejection time (PAAT/PAET) were measured. The following biochemical parameters were also measured: endothelin 1(ET1), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Results. MCT-PAH was a successful experimental model that has fulfilled anatomical, pressure, and biochemical characteristics supporting this fact. Sildenafil monotherapy does not provide any substantial benefit in reducing MCTPAH. The additive effects of Rosuvastatin + Sildenafil or Sildenafil + Magnesium sulfate significantly reduced the degree of RV hypertrophy and improved RV systolic pressures. However, there were also modest decreases in biochemical parameters compared to Sildenafil alone. The triple drug combination Sildenafil + Rosuvastatin + Magnesium sulfate shows significant results (p<0,001) compared to the previously described drug combinations. The lowest biochemical parameters were recorded: RV anterior wall thickness, RV internal diameter values, and a significant PAAT/PAET ratio improvement. Thanks to their benefits on vascular pathological remodeling, triple drug combinations implicitly reduce ET1, VEGF, NO metabolites, and iNOS values with statistical significance. Conclusions. The beneficial pleiotropic effects of Rosuvastatin combined with Magnesium sulfate (thanks to its potent vasodilator and antioxidant effects) demonstrated its efficacy in this study by improving RV systolic pressures, RV hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and myocardial dysfunction biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sulfate process for bamboo pulp production encounters silicon interference during the pulping stage, necessitating desilication before the alkali recovery section. This study investigated the desilication of bamboo pulping black liquor (BPBL), demonstrating that silicon was removed effectively by adding Mg/Al compound desilication agent to the BPBL via burning at high temperature. The desilication extent can reach 84% when the desilication agent is added in the proportion of Mg/Al (magnesium sulfate and sodium metaluminate) in the ratio 1.25:0.75. Subsequently, less-silicon white mud (LSWM) can be prepared after black liquor (BL) combustion desilication. LSWM was compared with normal WM as a blank sample, and the morphology and physicochemical properties of two kinds of WM were characterized. X-ray diffractometry revealed that both types of WM are primarily composed of calcite crystalline CaCO3 and hydrated CaSiO3. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and particle size analysis demonstrated the reduced content of CaSiO3 generated in the LSWM. This result indicated that the Mg/Al compound desilication agent removed the silicon from the green liquor (GL), thereby reducing the residual silicon in WM. This reduction is beneficial to the calcination recovery and comprehensive utilization of WM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ammonium sulphate roasting process involves reacting mineral-bearing materials with ammonium sulphate via a solid–solid roasting process and subjecting the resulting roast residue to aqueous leaching. This process enables the simultaneous, non-selective co-extraction of strategic metals from the starting materials. However, effective separation of the extracted metals is often mandatory to produce quality products of high purity. In this study, the combined application of thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry confirmed the non-selectivity of the process when applied to a South African diamond mine residue residue roasted with ammonium sulphate in a 1:2 mass ratio (m/m) at 450 °C for 2 h, with magnesium, iron and aluminium being co-extracted into water-soluble metal sulphates. Thermogravimetry was then applied to develop a multi-step, multi-temperature selective roasting process using mixtures of pure commercial metal sulphate salts. The first step of the modified process successfully separated iron and aluminium sulphates from magnesium-sulphates in the roast residues by thermally decomposing soluble iron and aluminium sulphates into insoluble oxides via calcination at 750 °C for 2 h. This temperature was lower than the one at which magnesium sulphates convert into magnesium oxide. In the second and final step, iron and aluminium were recovered from the oxide minerals via solid–solid re-roasting with ammonium sulphate at 450 °C for 1 h, causing the oxides to revert back to their water-soluble sulphate forms. The effectiveness of the modified process was subsequently verified using a diamond mine residue, showing that the soluble iron and aluminium contents in the magnesium-bearing leachate could be reduced by over 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rhinoplasty, a widely performed surgical procedure globally, necessitates hypotensive anesthesia to minimize bleeding, which can otherwise compromise surgical outcomes. Controlled hypotension anesthesia enhances the bloodless surgical area, reduces postoperative edema and ecchymosis, and can shorten the duration of the procedure. Many drugs have been used to attain hypotensive anesthesia, including magnesium sulfate, volatile anesthetics, and beta-adrenergic blocking agents. We compared dexmedetomidine with magnesium sulfate for producing hypotensive anesthesia in patients undergoing rhinoplasty. Methodology: We included 42 patients, aged 18-60 y, undergoing rhinoplasty and allocated into Group D and Group M. Group D received dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg diluted in 50 mL of normal saline, administered IV over 10 min prior to anesthesia. Group M received magnesium sulfate 40 µg/kg diluted as infusion. Both groups received continued infusions afterwards. General anesthesia was induced with propofol and atracurium, intubation done and maintained on sevoflurane in N2O and O2. Vital signs were monitored continuously. The efficacy of hypotensive anesthesia was assessed, along with the recording of postoperative complications and the surgeons' satisfaction. Results: Group D and Group M showed no significant variation in mean arterial pressure. However, significant variation was observed in heart rate (P < 0.05). Group D had better operating area score compared to Group M. Surgeons; satisfaction was notably elevated in the Group D than in the Group M (P < 0.05). Opioids needed were significantly less in the Group D in contrast to the Group M. The amount of atropine needed was higher in the Group D than in the Group M (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine proved to be better than magnesium sulfate in achieving hypotensive anesthesia together with providing optimal surgical field conditions. Although magnesium sulfate necessitated additional nitroglycerine, dexmedetomidine increased the risk of bradycardia but reduced the analgesic requirements compared to magnesium sulfate. These factors are crucial when considering the use of dexmedetomidine in rhinoplasty surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a surgical procedure requiring minimal bleeding to optimize the surgical field. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of magnesium sulfate, lignocaine, and propofol in attenuating hemodynamic response. The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of these agents in reducing hemodynamic response. The secondary objectives included assessing the quality of the surgical field, recovery time, and total neuromuscular dose. Methods: We randomly allocated 105 patients scheduled for FESS into three groups: lignocaine, propofol, and magnesium sulfate. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were recorded every 5 min for the first 30 min, followed by measurements every 10 min at the end of the procedure. Moreover, recovery time, total neuromuscular blocking dose, and surgical field score were noted upon completion of the procedure. Statistical analysis was conducted using the number cruncher statistical systems version 9.0.8 software. Results: All three groups showed comparable hemodynamic response and surgical field scores. The recovery time was notably longer in the magnesium sulfate group [10.94 min (2.45)] than in the lignocaine [4.37 min (1.03)] [95% confidence interval (CI) -7.32, -5.83; P=0.000] and propofol groups [4.60 min (0.60)] (95% CI 5.60, 7.095; P=0.000). Moreover, the total neuromuscular blocking agent used was significantly lower in the magnesium sulfate group [5.89 mg (0.47)] than in the lignocaine [6.26 mg (0.56)] (95% CI 0.66, 0.03; P=0.035). Conclusion: Propofol, magnesium sulfate, and lignocaine exerted equal efficacy in attenuating hemodynamic responses during surgery and ensuring a satisfactory surgical field. However, magnesium sulfate led to significantly longer recovery times compared with propofol and lignocaine. In addition, magnesium sulfate required a significantly lower total dose of neuromuscular blocking agents than lignocaine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various anaesthetic agents and agents acting on the sympathetic system have been used to attenuate this sympathetic response to direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation, such as opioids, calcium channel blockers, local anaesthetics, beta-blockers, magnesium sulphate, dexmedetomidine, esmolol etc. The study involves the patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries of the age group between 15 to 50 years. Informed written consent was taken from the patients of age 18 to 50 years and for those between 15 to 18 years, assent from the patient and informed written consent from the parents/guardian was obtained. All the patients were assessed preoperatively with history, clinical examination and required investigations. There was significant decrease in MAP observed upto 5 minutes after laryngoscopy and intubation in group E and MAP reached to baseline by 10th minute in group E. When compared to group D, MAP was maintained below the baseline which was seen statistically significant with the P value (<0.001) throughout the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics and antibacterials, including sulfonamides, are components of the veterinary armamentarium used to prevent and treat diseases in seafood. However, the accumulation of veterinary drug residues in seafood can cause food safety concerns. This study aimed to verify the quantitative analytical method for sulfonamides, trimethoprim, ormetoprim, and dapsone in seafood and to apply it to fish and shrimp distributed in Korean market. In the present study, three types of matrices (shrimp, flatfish, and eels) were used to detect drugs (n = 25) (sulfonamides (n = 21), trimethoprim, ormetoprim, dapsone, and monoacetyldapsone). Matrices were extracted with acetonitrile and mixed with 2 g of magnesium sulfate and 1 g of sodium acetate. After agitation, supernatants were mixed with 300 mg of C18 and centrifuged again. Then the supernatant was evaporated, dissolved in 50% methanol, and filtered through a PTFE filter. Extracts (5 µl) were then injected into the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection, limit of quantitation, decision limit, decision capability, matrix effects, intra/inter-day accuracies, precisions, and stabilities and the method was applied to fish and shrimp sold in the Korean market. The validation results were found to be satisfactory. As a result of applying the validated method to fish and shrimp samples purchased from the Korean market, sulfacetamide, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfanilamide were detected in shrimp samples. The devised method for analysing antibiotics in seafood samples enables antibiotic detection in fish samples distributed in the global market and should aid the adoption of preventative measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the physical compatibility between intravenous magnesium sulfate and potassium and sodium phosphate, a common electrolyte intravenous supplementation in pediatric intensive care units. Study design: Magnesium sulfate was mixed separately with potassium phosphate and sodium phosphate at ratios of 1:1, 1:4, and 4:1. Binary mixtures were prepared, in triplicate and under sterile conditions, by permuting the order of addition. The undiluted pure drugs were used as controls for possible sequence effects. Visual changes, turbidity, and pH were assessed immediately after mixing (baseline) and at 4 and 24 hours. Two observers performed visual changes by naked-eye visual inspection in order to search visible haze, particulate matter, gas formation, or color change. Turbidity was measured by nephelometry and incompatibility was defined as an increase of ≥0.5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) from baseline. pH was measured using a portable pH meter and incompatibility was defined as a variation of >1 pH unit during the observation period. Results: None of the admixtures exhibited visual changes or significant variations in turbidity (increases of ≥0.5 in nephelometric turbidity units) or pH (changes of >1 unit) during the observation period and neither compared with baseline. Conclusion: In this study, no visual changes were observed, and turbidity and pH evaluated by instrumental methods remained within acceptable limits and showed no significant variations from baseline, therefore no physical incompatibility between magnesium sulfate and potassium or sodium phosphate was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper was aimed at unveiling the effect of low-molecular-weight heparin calcium (LMWH) combined with magnesium sulfate and labetalol on coagulation, vascular endothelial function, and pregnancy outcome in early-onset severe preeclampsia (EOSP). Methods: Pregnant women with EOSP were divided into the control group and the study group, each with 62 cases. Patients in the control group were treated with labetalol and magnesium sulfate, and those in the study group were treated with LMWH in combination with the control grou Blood pressure (systolic blood pressure [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure [DBP]), 24-h urine protein, coagulation indices [D-dimer (D-D), plasma fibrinogen (Fg), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and prothrombin time (TT)], endothelial function [endothelin (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO)], oxidative stress indices [oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA)], pregnancy outcome, and adverse effects occurred in the two groups were compared. Results: After treatment, lower SBP, DBP, and 24-h urine protein levels; lower Fg and D-D levels; higher PT, APPT, and TT levels; higher NO levels; lower ET-1 levels; lower ox-LDL, MDA, and LPO levels; higher SOD levels; and lower incidence of adverse pregnancy and adverse reactions were noted in the study group in contrast to the control group. Conclusion: EOSP patients given with LMWH combined with magnesium sulfate and labetalol can effectively reduce the patient's blood pressure and urinary protein level; improve coagulation function, oxidative stress, and vascular endothelial function indices; reduce the adverse pregnancy outcomes; and improve the safety of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: multimodal analgesia promotes the combined use of medications to produce a synergistic effect, thereby reducing the doses used and adverse effects, including opioids and other drugs. Currently, there are no guidelines recommending the safety framework for hospitals in which these drugs should be prescribed outside the operating room area. Material and methods: searches were conducted in academic databases, websites specializing in clinical practice guidelines, and clinical practice guidelines from multiple hospital institutions up to 15 years old. Recommendations based on the collected information were created, reviewed by experts, and adapted to the local regulations of Médica Sur Hospital. Results: in-hospital recommendations for the prescription of opioid analgesics and other drugs for the treatment of acute pain in Médica Sur hospitalization; 11 recommendations for the prescription of opioids, 10 for lidocaine, and 9 for ketamine, alpha-2 agonists, and magnesium sulfate, each. Conclusions: we recognize that any guideline development process has limitations, including evidence and contrasting opinions. Creating recommendations for prescription provides a framework to limit unjustified variation in the prescription of opioids and other drugs in the management of acute pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (AECOPD) are a frequent cause of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality and require serious medical attention. Much research has demonstrated the beneficial effects of intravenous and nebulized magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) as a bronchodilator, in the management of acute severe asthma. Nevertheless, the extent of the benefits of intravenous MgSO4 as an adjuvant to bronchodilators in AECOPD remains uncertain. Therefore, the current study aims to address this gap in knowledge. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) versus placebo when used as an adjuvant to nebulized salbutamol in managing AECOPD. Materials and Methods: In this comparative prospective interventional, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study, a total of 60 subjects were assigned to two groups consisting of 30 individuals each. The allocation was non-randomized and open-label, with one group receiving intravenous MgSO4 as an adjuvant to nebulized salbutamol, while the other group received a placebo in the same manner. The evaluation of MgSO4 efficacy involved measuring the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), which served as the primary outcome parameter. PEFR measurements were taken at 0, 15, 30, and 45 min to assess the effectiveness of MgSO4. Safety and tolerability of MgSO4 were assessed based on changes in heart rate, blood pressure, deep tendon reflexes, and respiratory rate. Results: At 45 min, the mean change in PEFR was significantly higher (P = 0.061) in the MgSO4 group (178.33 ± 49.18) compared to the placebo group (155.43 ± 41.86). Moreover, the mean difference in PEFR between the two groups was consistently higher in the MgSO4 group at every observation. MgSO4 showed considerable safety and tolerability in subjects based on the postmedication monitoring of hypermagnesemia symptoms. Conclusion: Administering intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) as an adjuvant to bronchodilators in AECOPD led to the improvement of both clinical condition and PEFR. In AECOPD, MgSO4 exhibits enhanced early bronchodilator response when combined with other drugs, demonstrating significant efficacy, good safety, and tolerability at the prescribed dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium fertilization positively impacts various physiological processes in plants, leading to increased yield and fruit quality. In the present study, we determined the effects of the foliar application of magnesium on the yield, fruit quality, fruit biochemical content, and enzyme activity of tomato plants. The study was performed in a plastic greenhouse. The study evaluated magnesium sulfate application through drip irrigation at a single dose of 0.005 kg m2 and foliar application at rates of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%. As a consequence, the highest average fruit weight was obtained with the foliar application of 0.50% Mg. In terms of the fruit color's a* value, the best results were again obtained with the application of 0.50% Mg. Mg applications proportionally increased the leaf chlorophyll content. Similarly, the highest leaf Mg content, the leaf relative water content, the fruits' malic acid content, and the best fruit juice pH value were determined with the application of 0.75%. On the other hand, the application of 0.25% Mg produced the best results on the leaves' K, Ca, and Na content, as well as in the fruits' ascorbic acid content. Significant differences were not found in terms of the effects of the treatments on antioxidant activity, total protein amount, and enzyme activity. The application of 0.50% Mg contributed to the fruit color; 0.75% Mg application contributed to the chlorophyll, pH, and malic acid content; and the application of 0.25% Mg contributed to an increase in ascorbic acid. In conclusion, for greenhouse tomato production, a foliar application of 0.50% Mg is recommended to achieve larger, red-colored fruits. A 0.75% Mg application is suggested for increasing the chlorophyll content, lowering fruit juice pH, and enhancing malic acid content in fruits. A 0.25% Mg application is recommended to increase ascorbic acid content in fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nickel laterite ore from a mine in Philippines was analyzed for systematic process mineralogy. The results show that the ore sample contains 44.83% iron, 1.96% silicon, 1.18% magnesium, 1.02% nickel and 0.12% cobalt. It is a typical limonitic lateritic nickel ore. The main minerals in the samples are goethite, chrome spinel, quartz and other clay minerals, nickel and cobalt are mainly in iron minerals, and also in other minerals, and no nickel and cobalt minerals exist independently. Based on the characteristics of the minerals, the high- pressure sulfuric acid leaching process was chosen to treat the minerals. The leaching rate of nickel and cobalt is both 95% above, and the leaching rate of iron is less than 1% under the conditions including acid dosage of 29 g for 100 g mineral, temperature of 250 °C, liquid-solid ratio of 3 mL/g, and reaction time of 30 min, which realizes the selective leaching of nickel and cobalt The process mineralogical analysis of the leaching residue was carried out to analyze the causes of incomplete leaching of nickel and cobalt, During the leaching process, the acicular ferrite mineral phase in the raw ore is destroyed, and the nickel and cobalt endowed in it are leached into the solution, while the nickel and cobalt that are not leached are deposited in the chrome spinel, which is the main reason for the incomplete leaching of nickel and cobalt. The main sulfur-containing phase in the leaching residue is alunite produced by aluminum hydrolysis. In addition, the leaching slag may also contain part of the sulfate such as magnesium sulfate, both of which are closely combined with iron minerals. The sulfur-containing minerals in the leaching residue are tightly bound to iron minerals, so chemical desulfurization is required to remove the sulfur and realize its comprehensive utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the impact of the addition of nanoparticles of anodic manganese dioxide (NAMD) on the mechanical properties and resistance to chemical attack of concrete. The research focused on nine concrete mixtures with water/cement ratios of 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50 and NAMD contents of 0, 5, and 10%. The properties of NAMD were analyzed, and fresh concrete properties such as temperature, unit weight, and consistency were measured. The compressive strength was determined at different ages (7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days). The tensile and flexural strength were evaluated at 28 days, and the longitudinal change generated by the SO4Mg attack was monitored until 90 days. In addition, an accelerated carbonation test was performed on concrete samples with 28 days of curing exposed to an atmosphere of 6% CO2 for one week. The addition of NAMD did not significantly affect the temperature or unit weight of the fresh concrete, but it did influence the consistency. An increase in compressive, tensile, and flexural strength was observed, especially at early ages and for low w/c ratios. The addition of NAMD reduced the expansion of concrete exposed to magnesium sulfate, with 5% being the most effective dose, and reduced the carbonation rate of concrete by up to 40% in mixes with w/c ratios of 0.40 and 0.50. It was shown that the addition of 5% as an effective dose of NAMD improves the mechanical and durability properties of concrete, especially in mixtures with a low water/cement ratio, contributing to the improvement of the quality and strength of concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to review, establish and compare two treatment modalities namely, magnesium sulphate and glycerine dressing versus the conventional method of dressing after surgical drainage of space infections. Glycerine + Magnesium Sulphate paste application was found to be very effective when compared with magnesium sulphate fomentation in reducing swelling in patients with oedema. This was a comparative in-vivo study conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery from February 2023 to October 2023. This study was conducted to evaluate saline gauze dressing vs glycerine and magnesium sulphate dressing after surgical drainage of space infections. Post-operative swelling (and its parameters) will be evaluated. After drainage of the involved space was performed, and glycerine and magnesium sulphate dressing or saline gauze dressing was given on POD1 to POD7. All the parameters for swelling were included. The mean age of participants in both the groups were 46.2± and 45.6 ± After surgical drainage of the infection, use of glycerine and magnesium sulphate dressing led to gradual reduction in swelling and pain was reduced and was evaluated from POD1 to POD7. All the statistical tests were applied keeping confidence interval at 95% and (p<0.05) was statistically significant. We have concluded that glycerine and MgSO4 dressing was much more effective post operatively in space infection patients as compared to normal saline gauze dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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AbstractThe Exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing novel strains of Enterococcus previously isolated from the vaginal source of pregnant women were selected based on ropy structure formation. The two selected strains, E.villorum SB-2 and E.rivorum S22-3, were found to be producing 2.87 g/l and 3.14 g/l EPS, respectively, in the minimal media (M17 media) after 24-hour fermentation under anaerobic condition. Both the strains have probiotic properties and have the potential to be used for industrial applications. The production media and fermentation conditions were optimized to enhance the EPS production using the one-factor method, Placket-Burman factorial designing and Central composite design (CCD) of Response surface methodology (RSM). The most relevant factors affecting the EPS yield were sucrose, yeast extract and pH for E.villorum SB2 and sucrose, yeast extract and magnesium sulfate for the E.rivorum S22-3 as determined by Placket-Burman design, whose concentrations were further optimized using CCD. The optimized fermentation conditions gave the total EPS of 9.76 g/l (4 times the initial production) from E.villorum SB-2 and 7.74 g/l (2.5 times the initial production) from E.rivorum S22-3, respectively, after 36-hour incubation at 37 °C. These optimization studies might be helpful during scale-up process for the industrial scale production of these exopolysaccharide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the enhanced pseudocapacitive properties of cobalt-doped manganese oxide (Co-doped MnO 2) electrode in magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4) electrolyte for supercapacitor applications. Co-doped MnO 2 was synthesized on nickel foam through a controlled hydrothermal process and specific heat treatment parameters. This resulted in the transformation into α-MnO 2 with a 2 × 2 tunnel structure. Morphological investigation illustrates the presence of a hierarchical micro-flower structure with a substantial surface area and mesoporous distribution. The specific surface area of the Co-doped MnO 2 electrode significantly increased to 158 m2 g−1, compared to the pristine (bare MnO 2) electrode (80 m2 g−1). Electrochemical analyses revealed a specific capacitance of 527 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in MgSO 4 (1 M), showcasing a 1.6 times improvement over Na 2 SO 4 (1 M). The unique structure of the Co-doped MnO 2 , combined with magnesium ions as efficient electron donors, contributes to superior charge-storage, making it a promising candidate for high-performance supercapacitors. Comprehensive characterizations, such as XRD, XPS, BET, SEM, GCD, and EIS, confirm the advantageous electrochemical performance and durability of the Co-doped MnO 2 electrode in MgSO 4 electrolyte. [Display omitted] • One-step hydrothermal synthesis produced α-MnO 2 electrode with a 2 × 2 tunnel structure. • Hierarchical micro-flower morphology provided high surface area and mesoporous distribution. • Bivalent magnesium ions replace univalent sodium, revealing a unique charge-storage mechanism. • Cobalt doping forms a distinct conductive network, boosting electrochemical performance. • Co-doped MnO 2 electrode exhibited exceptional durability, maintaining 93 % capacitance retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In salt lake areas, the cast-in-situ concrete structure has been corroded by the combination of sulfate and chloride for a long time. The incorporation of basalt fiber materials into concrete helps to improve the durability of concrete. In this paper, experiments were conducted to study the corrosion deterioration mechanisms of basalt fiber-reinforced cast-in-situ concrete under sulfate, chloride, and combined attack. The appearance, size, mass, flexural, and compressive strength of specimens were investigated during the immersion period to determine the changes in the physical and mechanical properties of specimens. Moreover, the microstructure and mineral changes of specimens during the immersion period were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric (TG)/ Derivative Thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses. Results show that premixed chloride has a significant detrimental influence on the strength development of cast-in-situ concrete, with concrete powder spalling occurring on the surface of the specimen. Severe corrosion degradation of specimens occurs under the external sulfate and internal chloride combined attack, resulting in lower flexural and compressive strength. The compressive strength and flexural strength of the corroded specimens decreased by 15.4% and 24.8%, respectively, compared with the control group at 28 days. Moreover, premixed basalt fiber has a beneficial influence on cast-in-situ concrete. When the basalt fiber content is 0.5%, the flexural strength of the specimen is increased by 16.2%. The filling and bridging effect of basalt fiber alleviates the negative effects caused by corrosion. In addition, increasing fiber content is beneficial for enhancing its effectiveness when the fiber content is less than 0.5%. This paper provides a valuable reference for the application of basalt fiber-reinforced cast-in-situ concrete under the condition of sulfate–chloride compound corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4) provides effective fetal neuroprotection. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the association between antenatal MgSO 4 exposure and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Thus, herein, we aimed to evaluate the association between antenatal MgSO 4 exposure and PDA. Study Design Preterm infants born between 24 0/7 and 31 6/7 weeks of gestation were included in this retrospective study. Infants who died within the first 72 hours of life and those with significant congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. Echocardiographic and clinical assessment parameters were used to define PDA and hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA). Treatments were planned according to the standard protocols of the unit. The following data were collected from hospital medical records: perinatal characteristics, neonatal outcomes, detailed PDA follow-up findings, and maternal characteristics including MgSO 4 exposure and doses. Results Of the 300 included infants, 98 (32.6%) were exposed to antenatal MgSO 4. hsPDA rates were similar in the infants exposed and not exposed to antenatal MgSO 4 , when adjusted for antenatal steroid administration, gestational age, and birth weight (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 0.849–3.118, p = 0.146). The rates of PDA ligation and open PDA at discharge were similar between the groups. A cumulative MgSO 4 dose of >20 g was associated with an increased risk of hsPDA (crude OR: 2.476, 95% CI: 0.893–6.864, p = 0.076; adjusted OR: 3.829, 95% CI: 1.068–13.728, p = 0.039). However, the cumulative dose had no effect on the rates of PDA ligation or open PDA at discharge. Rates of prematurity-related morbidities and mortality were similar between the groups. Conclusion Although antenatal MgSO 4 exposure may increase the incidence of hsPDA, it may not affect the rates of PDA ligation or open PDA at discharge. Further studies are required to better evaluate the dose-dependent outcomes and identify the MgSO 4 dose that not only provides neuroprotection but also has the lowest risk of adverse effects. Key Points Antenatal exposure of MgSO 4 may cause PDA. Antenatal MgSO 4 exposure may not increase the rates of PDA ligation or open PDA at discharge. Further studies are required to better evaluate the dose-dependent outcomes and optimal MgSO 4 dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an uncommon neurological disorder which is characterised by variable symptoms. The transient clinical condition may be underestimated and misdiagnosed as other conditions, especially, among pregnant women with severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome in the puerperium. We hereby contribute to the literature this rare complication and hightlight the appropriate management of PRES. Presentation case: A pregnant woman (gravida 3, parity 2) had a normal antenatal course. However, she was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome at 29 weeks and 5 days of gestation. Therefore, she was indicated for a medical termination of pregnancy following a patient's consent at our tertiary referral hospital. Severely, the patient developed rapidly with altered mental health in early puerperium. In result, PRES was diagnosed based on a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence with typical findings. After a strict multidisciplinary management, the clinical condition improved after 5 days of onset and recovered completely after a 4-month follow-up without any sequelae. Conclusion: In summary, despite its rarity, clinicians ought to be knowledgeable and raise an aware of PRES during pregnancy. Importantly, a brain imaging modalities should be taken into account among pregnant women with neurological symptoms subsequent to severe preeclampsia. In addition to early diagnosis, a timely appropriate treatment with multidisciplinary team is strongly indicated. Further studies with a large case series are required for this uncommon entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate effects of intraoperative magnesium sulfate infusion on pain control and analgesic use in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Methods: This is a retrospective review of patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and endoscopic procedures of the bladder, prostate, and urethra from 2/2021 to 12/2021. Patients receiving Mg infusion (Mg group) received an intravenous 2-g bolus of Mg at anesthesia induction, followed by infusion of 1 g/h until procedure end. Outcomes were compared with patients who underwent similar procedures during this timeframe without Mg (Control). Endpoints were use of anticholinergic (AC) and belladonna and opium suppositories (BO), maximum pain score, and morphine milligram equivalents (MME) in PACU. Results: There were 182 patients, with 89 (48.9%) patients in the Mg group and 93 (51.1%) in the Control. Significantly, fewer patients in the Mg group were given AC/BO in PACU (9.0% vs. 21.7%, p = 0.02), with odds of using AC/BO which was 0.36 (95% CI 0.14, 0.83). No differences were found in pain score (p = 0.62) or MME administration (p = 0.94). In subgroup univariate analysis, only those who underwent bladder procedures had a significant difference in use of AC/BO (9.5% vs. 30.2%; p = 0.02). Across all surgeries, Mg infusion was associated with decreased use of AC/BO in the PACU (OR 0.34, p = 0.02); however, stratifying by procedure type did not find a difference in AC/BO use postoperatively. Conclusion: Intravenous infusion of magnesium was found to decrease use of AC/BO in the PACU; however, this significance was lost after multivariable analysis stratifying by procedure type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in notable impairments in neurological function and is associated with poor outcomes. Various processes occur at the cellular level, one of which is neuroinflammation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin protein produced by the brain that circulates in plasma post-injury. It has functions such as anti-apoptosis, anti-neurotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory effects. Therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating or synergizing BDNF are anticipated to reduce inflammation and enhance outcomes in TBI patients. Magnesium sulfate administration is known for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Methods: This study employed a true experimental post-test-only group design. The subjects, male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), were subjected to weight-drop-induced TBI and divided into three distinct groups: a control group (Group A), a TBI group without therapy (Group B), and a therapy group (Group C). Group B received TBI without magnesium sulfate administration, while Group C received TBI with magnesium sulfate administered at 250 µm/kg BW. BDNF levels in blood plasma were assessed at the conclusion of therapy utilizing ELISA. ANOVA was used to conclude the inquiry after all groups underwent a Shapiro-Wilk test. Results: Plasma BDNF levels were significantly lower in the TBI rat models treated with magnesium sulfate at 250 µm/kg BW within 4 hours after injury than in the untreated group (p = 0.005). Compared to the untreated group, the magnesium sulfate-treated group had reduced plasma BDNF levels. Conclusions: Administration of MgSO4 to the TBI treatment group resulted in decreased BDNF levels compared to the untreated group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beneficiation of low‐grade phosphate ore leads to the production of a substantial quantity of phosphate tailings, thereby not only occupying land but also endangering the environment and potentially posing safety concerns. In this work, extrusion molding, steam‐curing, and calcined phosphate tailings are employed to fabricate lightweight wall materials with superior strength. It is found that the wall material has a special structure of interwoven needle‐like crystals as a way to provide high flexural strength. The main composition of 34.94% phosphate tailings, 36.75% calcined phosphate tailings, 16.64% silica fume, 6.67% anhydrous magnesium sulfate is required to achieve an optimal maintenance process for 4 h of heat preservation at 120 °C saturated vapor pressure environment. The prepared wall materials yield a flexural strength of 24.9 MPa, compressive strength of 18.9 MPa, softening coefficient of 0.81, apparent density of 1.594 g cm−3, and thermal conductivity of 0.269 w/(m K), which meet the requirements of the Chinese standard "Lightweight strip board for building partition walls". Moreover, the calculation revealed that phosphate tailings have a comprehensive utilization rate of 77.23%, effectively mitigating the issues arising from their accumulation and serving as an efficient means of utilizing solid waste derived from phosphate tailings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous experimental findings have led to considerable interest in the beneficial effects on pulmonary hypertension (PH) produced by sildenafil and in the pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin and their positive role in the process of pulmonary angiogenesis. However, magnesium sulfate, the most abundant intracellular cation, is essential in vascular endothelial functionality due to its anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory effects. Therefore, the present study aims to assess these treatment regimens and how they could potentially provide some additional benefits in PH therapy. Fourteen days after chronic-hypoxia PH was induced, rosuvastatin, sildenafil and magnesium sulfate were administered for an additional fourteen days to male Wistar rats. The Fulton Index, right ventricle (RV) anterior wall thickness, RV internal diameter and pulmonary arterial (PA) acceleration time/ejection time were evaluated, and another four biochemical parameters were calculated: brain natriuretic peptide, vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide metabolites and endothelin 1. The present study demonstrates that sildenafil and rosuvastatin have modest effects in reducing RV hypertrophy and RV systolic pressure. The drug combination of sildenafil + rosuvastatin + magnesium sulfate recorded statistically very highly significant results on all parameters; through their positive synergistic effects on vascular endothelial function, oxidative stress and pathological RV remodeling, they attenuated PH in the chronic hypoxia pulmonary hypertension (CHPH) rat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the protective effects of magnesium sulfate on dopamine neurons in the retinas of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD). Rapidly progressing cognitive decline often precedes or coincides with the motor symptoms associated with PD. PD patients also frequently exhibit visual function abnormalities. However, the specific mechanisms underlying visual dysfunction in PD patients are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether magnesium homeostasis affects dopaminergic neurons in the retina of PD rats. Thirty-six rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) control with magnesium sulfate (control/MgSO4), (3) Parkinson's disease (PD), and (4) Parkinson's disease with magnesium sulfate (PD/MgSO4). The apomorphine-induced (APO) rotation test assessed the success of the PD models. The open-field experiment measured the rats' anxiety levels. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glutamate levels, indicators of dopamine neuron survival, were detected using immunofluorescence staining. Protein levels of solute carrier family 41 A1 (SCL41A1), magnesium transporter 1 (MagT1), and cyclin M2 (CNNM2) in the retina were analyzed using Western blot. Results showed that, compared to the PD group, rats in the PD/MgSO4 group had improved psychological states and motor performance at two and four weeks post-surgery. The PD/MgSO4 group also exhibited significantly higher TH fluorescence intensity in the left retinas and lower glutamate fluorescence intensity than the PD group. Additional experiments indicated that the protein levels of SLC41A1, MagT1, and CNNM2 were generally higher in the retinas of the PD/MgSO4 group, along with an increase in retinal magnesium ion content. This suggests that magnesium sulfate may reduce glutamate levels and protect dopamine neurons in the retina. Thus, magnesium sulfate might have therapeutic potential for visual functional impairments in PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mutual influence of components in an aqueous system consisting of ammonium sulfate and magnesium chlorate defoliant was studied in a wide concentration range at a temperature of -27.0 to 4.5°C. On the state diagram of the system, the fields of crystallization of ice, magnesium chlorate hexahydrate, ammonium sulfate, and the compound (NH4)2SO4 · 2NH4CIO3 · 2MgSO4 · H2O are delimited, which was identified and characterized by chemical, X-ray phase, thermal, and IR spectroscopic methods of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endotracheal intubation and carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy changes hemodynamic parameters. The impact of magnesium sulfate on hemodynamic responses during laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains controversial Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of administration of magnesium sulphate to attenuate hemodynamic responses during laparoscopic cholecystectomy Methods: This was a randomized control study conducted in the department of Anaesthesia. Forty patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were assigned into two groups. One group received magnesium sulfate (50mg/kg) and second group received normal saline (0.9%). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate and mean arterial pressure were measured before the induction, at the end of infusion and after the induction in both the groups. Results: There is no statistically significant differences between magnesium sulphate and normal saline groups in terms of age, gender, weight, ASA grade and duration of surgery (p>0.05). Common adverse effects like bradycardia, and hypotension were observed. The mean values of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and mean arterial pressure were significantly less (P< 0.05) in magnesium sulphate group as compared to normal saline group. Conclusion: Magnesium sulphate effectively attenuates hemodynamic responses during intubation and pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]