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Havayolu sektöründe serbestleşme düzenlemeleri sonucu özel havayolu işletmeleri 2003 yılından beri iç hatlarda yolcu taşımaya başlamışlardır. Son yıllarda kurulan havayolu işletmeleri geleneksel havayolu faaliyetlerinden çok, düşük maliyetli işletmeler sınıflamasına dahil edilebilirler. Bu işletmelerin uyguladıkları stratejilerde Southwest Havayolu işletmesinin stratejilerinin izlerini görmek mümkündür. Bu işletmelerin Southwest işletmesindeki gibi rekabetçi olabilmeleri için stratejik planlamanın temel ilkelerine uymalarında yarar bulunmaktadır. Bu sektörün gelişmesi ve rekabetçi olması için de gerekli bir koşuldur.

This paper re-examines the airline business model spectrum first proposed by Lohmann and Koo in 2013. The paper analyses the period of 2011–2013, where the US airline industry was no longer affected by the global financial crisis and after a few major US airlines went through a merging process. This study examines eight US carriers i.e. Alaska, American, Delta, Hawaiian, JetBlue, SkyWest, Southwest and United. These eight airlines were placed along a continuum of business models, i.e. full-service network carrier (FSNC), hybrid and low-cost carriers (LCC), as proposed in the incipient study by Lohmann and Koo (2013). Data from the airlines were used to delineate and review the indices labelled as ‘revenue’, ‘connectivity’, ‘convenience’, ‘comfort’, ‘aircraft’ and ‘labour’, forming the framework of the business model used. The results of this study continue to highlight the characteristics of each of the US carriers examined for the six proposed indices. A comparison is made between both studies, with the results suggesting that both convergence and divergence from the original FSNC and LCC positions in the spectrum occurred, with a tendency of merged airlines to move towards the FSNC end of the spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the relationship between dynamics to stock prices and jet fuel prices, conditional on financial and company-specific variables, in the airline sector. In particular, our contribution to the literature is in the comparison between regular and low-cost airline companies. We run a set of fixed-effect regressions where the dependent variable, the stock daily return of the airline company (observed between 2008 and 2014) is regressed over three sets of explanatory variables (financial, company-specific and time variables). While large and small companies provide similar results, we find that the company price return – among different variables – correlates only with the jet fuel return and the stock market return. Our work also suggests that there is a difference between regular and low-cost companies. We speculate that this possibly arises because low-cost companies stock-pile in a more efficient way, which depends less on current jet fuel price. Our evidence then sheds light on the efficiency of the low-cost model and may suggest to export part of its practice among regular airline companies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Low airfare is associated with low passengers' transportation expense, high regional accessibility, and active related industry market. Low-cost airlines have been found to be effective on airfare reduction. However, most previous studies examined their impacts from the perspectives of certain routes and companies. This paper extends the literature by examining the impact of low-cost airlines from the perspective of airports. A spatio-temporal regression model is used to analyze the relationship between airport airfare and low-cost airlines' market shares. The spatial consideration, which is also under-investigated in the air literature, creates a chance to analyze the spatial interaction of airfare among airports. Along with the temporal consideration, this analytic framework helps to quantitatively show the impact of low-cost airline over time and space by the dynamic spillover-effect function. A case study of market share improvement of AirTran Airway at Albany International Airport (ALB) is used to illustrate the dynamic spillover effect. Results show that the average airfare of ALB will drop $18.64 right after AirTran takes 10 % market share, continue to drop in the following years, and stabilize at around 10 years. Airfare at other airports will also drop, and the magnitudes decrease as time and distance to ALB increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the air transport sector has experienced major changes, including the emergence of the low-cost airlines. The strategies adopted by these new companies have given rise to a revitalization of the sector, particularly in Europe and the USA. This article analyses the pricing strategy followed by the low-cost carriers based on Porter's analysis. The research is based on the study of a total of 90 traditional tourist routes between the UK and Spain. As in previous studies, the high level of concentration and advance purchase of fares are the most important components explaining the price dispersion. However, the methodology used (principal component analysis + panel) has generated another series of highly interesting results regarding the role of the Internet and tourism in price setting which require further in-depth study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time when the liberalisation of air transport is increasingly being promoted as a means to induce the growth of the tourism business, it is striking that there is little evidence to suggest that such liberalisation has indeed led to a growth in tourism. Furthermore, the evidence is usually restricted to the impacts of sole low-cost airlines on tourist destinations newly served by such airlines. In contrast to various ideological or naïve statements, this paper shows that assessing the relationship between liberalised air markets and trends in tourism is challenging. On the transport side, aviation liberalisation is rarely considered as a dimension that can be measured accurately; similar protected markets are not considered for comparison; and trends in charter flights are neglected. On the tourist side, broad definitions of so-called tourists are usually considered and include immigrants visiting their home country; nights spent are neglected, despite a possible trend in declining length of stay; and substitution between places is usually disregarded, as are the long-term effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper uses a probit model on a cross-sectional dataset of 202 airports and 29 airlines to assess the drivers for the establishment of foreign bases by European low-cost carriers (LCCs). We find that managerial, organizational, and environmental factors impact on foreign base establishment. In particular, there is evidence that the presence of a growth-oriented firm leader and the strategic importance of an airport for an airline significantly increase the probability of the presence of bases, while national unit labor costs, the volatility of flight operations and the membership of an LCC in an airline group significantly decrease this probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air passenger transport is essential for society and economy. This article examines the development of the low-cost carriers market in Europe and the specific characteristics of low-cost airlines, which distinguish these airline operators from the other participants in the aviation market. It also analyzes the serious expansion of this market segment in Europe for the period 2005-2013 and formulates recommendations for possible improvement of the business strategy of low-cost airlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused on evaluating pricing strategies based on monitoring of air ticket prices in different markets and in different time periods. Factors such as type of market, competitors, peak period, season, fuel costs, and environmental costs influencing air ticket prices are considered in the paper. Furthermore the paper discusses the differences in pricing strategies of traditional and low-cost airlines, different types of management.

This paper explores OUIGO (pronounced ‘we go’), the low-cost high-speed rail (HSR) service launched by the French state-owned railways in April 2013. In this exploration, we (1) compare OUIGO with the traditional French HSR and the low-cost airlines (LCAs), and (2) analyse fares proposed by OUIGO and its competitors. We thus analyse the new service in terms of production conditions, communication, marketing, booking, network geography, at-terminal and on-board experience and fares. We find that the railway industry’s constraints (including market regulations, technical rigidities and incumbent employment relations) affect the OUIGO business model, which appears as a hybrid between LCAs and traditional French HSR carriers, although fares can be very attractive indeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the role played by the organizational culture to the success of the USA low-cost airlines, taking as example two major operators: Southwest Airlines and JetBlue. This exploratory research was conducted using two methods. An analysis of the secondary data offered by the specialized literature was followed by primary data collection, through structured interviews with the representatives of Southwest Airlines and JetBlue. The results show that the success of the two low-cost airlines was based not only on their cutting costs strategies, but also on the organizational culture they have promoted during time. This organizational culture is based on closed relationships between the employees, clients and suppliers, among which the communication is simplified and transparent. These particularities of the two operators have made huge differences between them and other low-cost airlines in terms of resilience to the economic downturns, increased number of transported passengers, of revenues and profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- This article aims to characterize the profile of non-resident tourists visiting Porto and the North of Portugal and highlights the importance and evolution of tourist flows to the region, taking into account the airport development and the impact of low-cost airlines. Design/methodology/approach -- The article presents and discusses official tourism statistics and the results of on an ongoing survey by Institute for Tourism Planning and Development (IPDT) -- Institute of Tourism, conducted at Porto airport on the tourist profile of non-resident tourists to the region. Findings -- The research findings reveal a remarkable growth in Porto and North of Portugal tourism -- reflecting notable work over the past few years by tourism industry organizations. The Porto airport upgrade allowed for a new dynamic in the region, opening the door to European tourists via low-cost routes. The tourist's profile depicts a young, active, upper class tourist, with an above average income, who truly appreciates Porto and the North of Portugal region and is willing to recommend it to friends and family. Practical implications -- Results provide rich insights on non-resident tourism in the region -- where tourists come from, why they selected this destination for their trip and what they enjoy doing, among other information and is highly relevant for strategic and marketing activities related to tourism promotion and the service quality offer. Originality/value -- This article seeks to illustrate the non-resident tourist profiles of those visiting Porto and the North of Portugal, based on a unique study conducted over the past three years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates a frequency equation to explain the determinants of network airline service levels at their hub airports. Drawing on European data for 2002–2013, we find that network airlines reduce frequencies when the share of low-cost airlines increases both on the route and at the hub airport. On the contrary, frequency choices of network airlines are not affected by competition from low-cost airlines operating in nearby secondary airports. We also find some evidence that mergers in Europe may result in a re-organization of the route structure in favor of the hubs of the larger airline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper analyzes the extent to which the liberalization of the airline market between the EU and Morocco has led to significant changes in both air services and leisure travel, thus contributing to the Moroccan tourist master plan to attract 10 million tourists. Liberalization has led to a large expansion of regular air services in terms of the number of seats and routes supplied but also to a decrease in charter business. The low-cost airlines are the main players in this move. International leisure mobility to Morocco has also strongly increased, although the relation with air transport liberalization is less clear. This increase involves both Moroccans living abroad and foreign tourists. Air transport has grown its market share despite the significant decrease in the number of tour operator packages sold. The increase is particularly large among Moroccan citizens living abroad, suggesting new habits with regard to long-distance mobility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Low-cost airlines (LCAs) have become essential actors supplying nationwide and continental air services. This paper focuses on the European case and investigates how the LCA spatial strategy has evolved since the last available comprehensive analysis in 2004. Using comprehensive data, the analysis is conducted at three levels: global, cities and networks. It shows that LCAs now represent 31% of intra-European airline seats. Although LCA business has expanded to Central-East Europe, Morocco, and a few remote areas, it remains mainly focused on the intra-Western market. In general, LCAs serve large cities and tourist destinations. The use of secondary, regional airports is put into perspective. Service volatility is low at the city level but significant at the inter-city level. Average distance has increased, but most flights are short-haul. LCAs play an important role in launching new routes, thus diversifying the European airline network, and in increasing frontal competition with traditional airlines on pre-existing routes. The niche markets are common in terms of routes but are rather limited in terms of seats supplied. Actually, the main specificity of the largest LCAs is the provision of flights that do not serve the home country. A typology of networks demonstrates that there is no a single European low-cost model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which aims to explore the characteristics and the influence of low-cost airlines on the perception of tourists of service quality. The research also deals with factors that impact the marketing of low-cost airline such as air ticket prices, annual income and passenger's nationality. The study confirmed that the price factor has a main influence on the perception of tourists of quality when equated to other factors attributed to services of low cost airline.

The global economic crisis that affects all industries, including the aviation industry, has forced airlines to adjust their business models to existing market conditions. Low-cost airlines, which till the onset of economic crises in most cases followed the base low-cost business model, have adapted their business model in such a way that they have implemented segments of traditional airlines business models and thus created a hybrid between traditional and low-cost business models. This paper analyses to which extent low-cost airlines adjust their business model to the hybrid business model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The past few years have seen a significant increase in low-cost carrier traffic that has in several ways, affected airport operations. Only limited analysis, however, of the connection between airport efficiency and low-cost carriers has been conducted. We use data from 10 Greek airports that handle approximately 85% of low-cost carrier demand in the country, to investigate this connection. We find that low-cost carrier traffic, with its highly seasonal characteristics, significantly affects efficiency findings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reports the findings of a survey on European airlines often categorized as low-cost carriers to see to which extent they have changed their business model towards a hybrid strategy, adopting features of full service network airlines. Data is provided on relative frequencies of attributes of the low-cost business model retained and modified respectively. The survey concludes that short-haul airline business models in Europe converge. A large percentage of low-cost carriers has evolved into hybrid carriers which blend low-cost traits with those of full service network carriers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Alejandro Zaera-Polo looks at the implication of 'cheapness' pursued by some of today's most successful companies, which deliver no-frills services and products to the biggest number of customers possible. This is a strategy perhaps best exemplified by EasyJet and IKEA. Setting aside the impact on global warming, what implications does this approach have for democratisation and urbanisation? And what can architecture, in particular, learn from it at time when it is turning its back on its aspirations for the iconic and the grand visions of the first decade of this century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The concept of absorptive capacity (ACAP) observing a firm''s ability to value, assimilate and utilise new external knowledge is applied in this paper. This case study analysis focuses on the strategic management processes and competitiveness of the Cimber Sterling airline. The aim is to discover resources and capabilities that lead to competitive advantages within the aviation industry. From an ACAP perspective, Cimber Sterling Group A/S was analysed by interviewing selected owners, managers and employees of the airline. A comparison within the airline industry regarding external factors and the strategic management of other selected low-cost airlines is part of the ACAP concept. The analysis shows to what extent Cimber Sterling Group A/S, as a Danish family business, copes with increasing competition and critical situations, such as the recent volcanic ash cloud and the financial crisis. Identifying the potential and realised capacity of the strategic management of airlines was revealed as a source of strategic competitiveness. The ACAP was improved through stakeholder experience, strategic flexibility, networking capabilities and customer orientation, leading to a competitive advantage realisation in the low-cost airline market. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article examines the sustainability of the low-cost, or no-frills, airline business model. It looks at the background to the development of this managerial approach within the context of some prevailing business theories and considers variations on the basic low-cost airline model. It assesses, drawing from the experiences of a number of markets, whether the model in itself is likely to be enduring, or whether it is simply a transient way for some airlines to recover their full costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The profitable adaptation of the low-cost carrier model to long-haul flight operations is still subject to intensive discussion. We conduct a founded route profitability analysis for operational scenarios of low cost, long-haul services that includes a systematical evaluation of potential revenue sources. Our results suggest that regular low cost, long-haul operations are possible if the traditional full-service carrier product is effectively unbundled and suitable trunk routes can be identified. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines the evolution of domestic origin-destination air traffic and fares at the top 200 airports in the US between 1990 and 2008, with a focus on the impacts of low-cost carrier entry and growth. By 2008, 95 of the airports had an aggregate low-cost carrier market share of domestic traffic greater than 20%, up from 27 airports in 1990. Their entry or substantial growth at US airports has had significant impacts on lowering average fares and stimulating passenger volumes. This market stimulation effect has, however, diminished in recent years, as the difference in average fares between carrier types has narrowed and as the number of additional US domestic origin-destination markets able to support their entry has dwindled. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Considering the fact that the airlines' market is very sensitive to the economic fluctuation, in this paper, we will analyze the impact of the 2001 and 2007 crises on the evolution of the European low-cost carriers, in terms of annual revenues and profits, number of routes, of transported passengers and changes occurred in the implemented strategies. In order to reach up this objective, we have conducted a complex analysis of the secondary data included in various international statistical reports, air transport journals, Official Airlines Guide databases and in the operators' publications. The analysis of the information obtained showed that the two crises from the beginning of the XXIst century did not influenced very much the European low-cost airlines. In order to cope with the unfavorable economic situation, most of the European low-cost operators have implemented different strategies: while some of them have adopted a cost-cutting program, others were launching an expansion strategy. Actually, the largest European low-cost carriers (such as Ryanair and easyJet), took advantage of the unfavorable global situation, by offering more services at low prices in order to increase their market share and, consequently, the profits. Yet, the small and medium European low-cost airlines have better surpassed the 2001 crisis than the 2007 downturn [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Increasingly air transport growth raises the question of its impact on the environment. Public authorities and researchers are relying more and more on high-speed trains (HSTs), whose efficiency is supposed to lead to a modal shift from airplanes. However, most transport studies focus on the evolution of demand rather than supply, although it is basically the latter that determines environmental damage. In light of this fact, this paper aims to compare the overall dynamics in the supply of air transport in Europe compared to the HST supply and to examine empirically five city-pairs. The development of high-speed rail remains limited compared to the increase of air services. For a given city-pair, the decline in the number of flights depends on various conditions, including length of the HST journey and the strategies adopted by the airlines. Some carriers reduce their supply in terms of the number of seats but increase the number of flights in order to compete more effectively with the HSTs. Moreover, the competition between low-cost airlines and HSTs should be kept in mind and re-examined in a few years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study is to assess service quality in the airline industry from the customer's perspective, explore how perceived service quality affects customer satisfaction and loyalty-related behavior, and whether the factors affecting service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty differ between full-service and low-cost airlines. The data were collected through questionnaires based on previous research and 153 were completed by passengers who had traveled by air in the previous 6 months. Traditional airline passengers have significantly higher perceived service quality and customer satisfaction. However, there is no significant difference in loyalty-related behavior. Overall service quality has significant influence on customer satisfaction in both traditional and low-cost airlines. However, the effect of service quality on behavioral intentions is only significant for traditional airlines. The results suggest that management of traditional and low-cost airlines should maintain service quality as it affects customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The growth in the demand for low-cost airlines has coincided with the growth in the airport industry. One attempt by airports to attract such carriers has been to construct dedicated terminals called low-cost terminals. The ability of these to accommodate fast aircraft-operation time in airfields is heavily influenced by its configuration and location in the airport. Here we evaluate the location and configuration of the dedicated terminal by considering the aircraft taxiing distance and passenger walking distance. Result show a single pier to be preferable configuration for a low-cost terminal. Time and cost efficiency seem to be driven largely by the location of the terminal, rather than its configuration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on a case study involving passengers from Lufthansa, Croatia Airlines and Germanwings, we examine the determinants of passenger loyalty among users of traditional full-service airlines and of low-cost carriers. In particular, using formative modeling the study analyzes the effects of service quality and price on carrier choice and loyalty. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This article estimates the impact of low-cost airlines on Spanish tourism during the first decade of the 21st century looking tourist traffic from the principal EU-15 member states using a dynamic panel data. The expansion in low-cost airline activity has had significant, positive direct and indirect effects on the Spanish economy. The study also looks at some of the key elasticities of demand that have influenced this. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The adoption of the low-cost carrier business model has applied competitive pressure on established network or “legacy” carriers, by offering fares at prices that legacy carriers find it difficult to match and still cover their fixed costs. This paper reports how two medium-sized national airlines-Air New Zealand and Air Canada-have coped with the low-cost threat by, in effect, turning their fixed costs into profit centres. Features such as full regional networks, long-haul connections, frequent flyer programs, membership in global alliances, lounges and business class cabins can be bundled into products which can be marketed and sold profitably to business and even some leisure travellers, and which cannot be easily replicated by low-cost carriers. Although not panaceas, the innovations of Air New Zealand and Air Canada to the competition they face in their domestic and trans-border markets demonstrate the possibility of an effective legacy carrier response to the low-cost carrier business model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]