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The coexistence of Bahasa Indonesia and Javanese has become an issue in the Javanese language preservation. Such strong contact is finally resulting in bilingual individuals in which language interference often occur. In this study, however, is aiming at describing how and why Bahasa Indonesia is interfering Javanese in Javanese children speech. By using task-based approach by Grosjean, this study manipulated language production in Javanese children using wordless narrative book Frog, Where Are You? created by Mercer Mayer. The results show that Bahasa Indonesia is interfering Javanese in phonic, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and even semantic aspects. Nevertheless, lexical level interference is the most noticeable interference since both language share quite similar structure. It is believed that, in sociolinguistics perspective, Bahasa Indonesia has gradually shift Javanese gradually. It is also seen that Javanese children with strong exposure of Bahasa Indonesia are eventually perceive more Bahasa Indonesia structure than Javanese.

Okinawan is classified as one of the Northern Ryukyuan languages in the Japonic language family. It is primarily spoken in the south and central parts of the Okinawa Island of the Ryukyu Archipelago. It was the official lingua franca of the Ryukyu Kingdom and a literary vehicle, e.g., the Omoro Soshi poetry collection, but currently an endangered language. Okinawan has been recorded in various written forms: A combination of Kanji logograms and Hiragana syllabary with archaic spellings (e.g., Omoro Soshi) or modern spelling variations to approximate actual pronunciation, pure Katakana syllabary (e.g., Bettelheim’s Bible translation), Latin alphabet (mostly by linguists), and pure Hiragana (popular). The Okinawago Jiten (Okinawan Dictionary; OD), published by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL) in 1963 and revised in 2001[1], uses the Latin alphabet for each lexical entry. We first added the possible writing forms listed above to the data in CSV format. We then converted the CSV into TEI XML using Python. Figure 1 presents a sample encoding of the TEI file for each entry. Here, we solved the multiple writing forms with tags with corresponding writing systems in @xml:lang attribute following BCP 47[2] (e.g., xml:lang=”ryu-Hira'' for Okinawan words written in Hiragana). We added the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and the accent type to make the pronunciation clearer with the tags. Using XSLT, we transformed this TEI file into a static webpage with a user-friendly GUI, as shown in Figure 2. It is anticipated that this digitization of OD and its publication under the open license will benefit key stakeholders, such as Okinawan heritage learners and worldwide Okinawan learners, being the largest Okinawan dictionary available online. Fig. 2 Webpage rendition of TEI Bibliography [1] National Institute for the Japanese Language and Linguistics (ed.), Okinawago Jiten, revised edition, Tokyo: Zaimusho Insatsukyoku, 2001. [2] Text Encoding Initiative, “teidata.language,” P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange, version 4.4.0, last updated on 19th April 2022, revision ff9cc28b0, https://tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/ref-teidata.language.html (last accessed on 20th June 2022).

Purpose of the study: Language, culture, and gender affect the ways one refuses an offer, suggestion, request, or invitation. Moreover, what we say and how we say may change the contextual meaning. Therefore, a study was conducted to examine the use of speech acts of refusal by the Khowar language speakers to know whether there is any gender difference. Methodology: The undergraduate level students, aging between 15 and 25, participated in the study. An open-ended questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire contained four hypothetical situations and each situation required the use of speech acts of refusal by the participants. A refusal classification format devised by Beebe (1990) was used to analyse the data. Main Findings: The findings showed that both males and females used almost similar refusal strategies in all four situations. Direct and indirect refusal speech acts with pre-and post-refusal strategies were used in nearly the same quantity. The study also revealed that language, culture, and social status did not play an important role in realising refusal strategies. Application of the study: The study will help linguists, language teachers, and anthropologists to understand the nature of male and female Khowar language speakers. It will also add valuable literature on the use of language and gender differences. The originality of the study: The study is significant being the first of its kind that addressed the gender difference and language use in Khowar language speakers. The study is also vital as it will preserve a minor language spoken in one of the remotest areas of Pakistan.

People socialize trough language. Language uses as media of communication and fulfils formal and informal roles in society. In communicating, people have their preference in using certain language for certain roles. Speaker preferences represent their language attitude toward those languages. Speaker attitude of language will strongly affect the preservation of language. In East Java, the regional language is Javanese language. However, people tend to use Indonesia language or Javanese language as their lingua franca in this modern era. This phenomenon encourages one language become dominant or minor. This paper focuses on the attitude of Javanese speaker among participant. The writer chooses participant from Javanese speaker in Madiun, East Java. Participants are chosen in consideration of aspects native speaker and distribution of Javanese language in Java. The domain of language usage and variety of attitudes are used to measure the attitude of language speaker. Besides investigating the language attitude of the participant, in this article, the writer also analyses the language preservation of the participant. The result shows that the participant perform positive attitude toward Javanese language. Therefore, the language preservation that has done by the participant is in the intermediate level. This article is, therefore, only a case study of language attitude, particularly to see how the attitude of native speaker of Javanese language can be problematic in the modern era

The research aimed to see a relevance of the preservation of the Javanese language in Javanese conversations that Ganjar Pranowo carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic. The resulting data was about the level in the language that included word level, phrase level, and sentence level. Also, several manners, unggah ungguh, and ethics were produced that could become examples or role models for the people of Central Java. The research applied a qualitative method. The data source was the utterances contained in the uploads of Ganjar Pranowo in the form of video recordings that included primary data in the form of utterances or parts of spoken speech from various speeches and communications from the people of Central Java with Ganjar Pranowo. The results show that preservation of the Javanese language through conversations between leaders and the community has positive implications. This means that the preservation of the Javanese language is carried out optimally in the social sphere. This activity is well recorded and uploaded on social media, Ganjar Pranowo, a figure who has high credibility. The social sphere is an important component used to preserve Javanese language, culture, and traditions.

The condition of the hurried language is increasingly experiencing shiftsthat can lead to extinction. This study aims to (1) reveal the Buru languagecondition during society, (2) determine the factors causing the change in the Burulanguage, and (3) find solutions to tackle the Buru language from the threat ofextinction. This study is a type of field research with a qualitative approach anduses phenomenology design. This study was conducted in Namlea District, BuruRegency. Data are collected by means of interviewing, recording, anddocumentation techniques then analyzed using reduction, presentation, verification,and conclusion methods. The results show that the condition of the languagerushed from time to time has experienced a shift. Of course, this impacts the purityof the Buru language itself if it is not addressed immediately. One of the causes ofthe change in Buru's speech is that most of the interviewed informants stated thatthey no longer used hastened language in their life. Based on this, the solution thatcan be done to save the Buru language from the threat of extinction is to conservethe Buru language by intensifying the Buru language's use in various aspects oflife.

Rusya’nın Sibirya bölgesi içinde kalan Arktik ve sub-Arktik bölge, Türk halklarının/ Türkçe konuşan halkların yaşadığı bir bölgedir. Bu bölgede yaşayan Türk halkları/Türkçe konuşan halklar Rusya’nın kültürel politikalarından olumsuz yönde etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle kültürel güvenlik ve dilin korunması sorunsalı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Günümüzde küreselleşme ile birlikte iletişim kanallarının sunduğu imkânlar ve teknolojik gelişimin sağladığı etkileşim Arktik ve sub-Arktik’te Türk kültürünün yaşatılması ve dilinin korunması problemini daha belirgin hale getirmiştir. Bu yüzden Arktik ve sub-Arktik Bölge’de yaşayan Türkler ile Türkçe konuşan halkların kültürel güvenliğinin sağlanması, kültürün yaşatılması ve sürdürülmesi birtakım çalışmaları gerekli kılmaktadır. Türk halklarının bu coğrafyada oluşan zorlu yaşam koşullarına karşı geliştirdikleri hayatta kalma becerileri tüm dünya kültürünü ilgilendirmektedir. Bu bakımdan Sibirya’da yaşatılmaya çalışılan Türk kültürü ve dili insanlığın kültürel mirasında önemli bir paya sahiptir. Bu çalışma, Sibirya’da yaşayan Türkçe konuşan halkların kültür ve dilinin sürdürülebilirliğinin tehlike altında olduğuna değinmekte ve korunma ihtiyacından bahsetmektedir. Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı’nın hem Arktik hem de sub-Arktik bölgede yaşayan Türkçe konuşan halkların kültürel ve dil güvenliğinin sağlanması noktasında Arktik Konsey’de gözlemci üye statüsü alarak uluslararası arenada aktif bir rol alabileceği düşünülmektedir., The Arctic and sub-Arctic region, which is within the Siberia region of Russia, is a region where Turkic peoples/Turkic-speaking peoples live. Turkic peoples/Turkic-speaking peoples living in this region are adversely affected by Russia’s cultural policies. For this reason, the problem of cultural security and language preservation arises. Today, with globalization, the possibilities offered by communication channels and the interaction provided by technological development have made the problem of keeping Turkic culture alive and language preservation in the Arctic and sub-Arctic more evident. For this reason, ensuring the cultural security of the Turkic peoples and Turkic language speakers living in the Arctic and sub-Arctic region, keeping the culture alive, and sustaining it requires some studies. The survival skills developed by the Turkic peoples against the harsh living conditions in this geography are of interest to the entire world culture. In this respect, the ancient Turkic culture and language, which is tried to be kept alive in Siberia has an important share in the cultural heritage of humanity. This study mentions that the sustainability of the culture and language of the Turkic-speaking peoples living in Siberia is under threat and points out the need for protection. It is thought that the Organization of Turkish States can take an active role in the international arena by obtaining the status of an observer member in the Arctic Council to ensure the cultural and linguistic security of the Turkish-speaking peoples living in both the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.

More than words are stories to be told. Stories tell a lot about people’s thoughts, experiences, and practices which in turn speak about people’s language, identity, and cultural heritage. The present study deals with the documentation and analysis of Mag-Antsi , the native language of Ayta Mag-Antsi indigenous people in the Philippines. With the aging population as its remaining speakers, Mag-Antsi is far from being sustainable. Using in-depth interviews, Ayta beliefs, practices, and traditions were documented and a word list of 376 Mag-Antsi words with varied lexical categories was constructed. A morphological analysis of Mag-Antsi was done to capture the grammatical structure of Mag-Antsi words in the oral narratives. Ten cultural short stories were also developed from the oral narratives to document and preserve the distinct culture of Ayta Mag-Antsi. This study found that the morphological structure of Mag-Antsi language has some similarities with Filipino which is marked by inflections and a unique orthography. This study also shows practical implications to the use of mother tongue in the academic setting and to language preservation. Keywords: Mag-Antsi; Ayta Mag-Antsi; word list; cultural short stories; mother             tongue

Nas primeiras décadas do século XXI, a Internet tem sido mais presente na vida cotidiana de um número cada vez maior de indivíduos no Brasil e no mundo – seja por meio de sites tradicionais, seja mediante o uso de redes sociais online e aplicativos de comunicação instantânea. No âmbito linguístico, a Web possui um papel paradoxal: ao mesmo tempo em que promove o acesso a línguas hegemônicas e de prestígio, ela oferece também novas possibilidades para a revitalização e a documentação de línguas ameaçadas de extinção. Para cada uma dessas línguas, ser utilizada na Internet significa ocupar um espaço de poder social, político e econômico considerado essencial no “mundo contemporâneo ocidental”. O objetivo deste trabalho é traçar um panorama da presença de línguas minoritárias na Web, destacando sobretudo seu uso em redes sociais online e em plataformas colaborativas, além de outras iniciativas que exploram as possibilidades abertas por ferramentas virtuais para a preservação linguística. Por fim, conclui-se que a ampliação do acesso à Internet em todo o planeta é um caminho sem volta e que, portanto, é necessário utilizar com eficácia, competência e celeridade, a favor da preservação linguística, os novos recursos que são desenvolvidos.

This paper summarizes the results and conclusions of eight major international conferences on the preservation of linguistic diversity, held in recent decades within the framework of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Information for All Programme, designating the preservation of languages and development of multilingualism in cyberspace as one of its top priorities. The paper also defines key problem areas of the linguistic world view and presents valuable experience of the implementation of linguistic and ethnocultural policies in Russia, one of the most multi-ethnic and multilingual countries of the world. The data analysed show that in order to ensure access to information and knowledge for all, preserve cultural diversity and build inclusive knowledge societies, comprehensive science-based efforts should be taken both at the political and practical levels to preserve not only small indigenous languages, but all languages, including the largest ones. Recommendations are provided on the elaboration and implementation of a multilevel and multifold national policy aimed at preserving indigenous languages; key actors to be involved in such a policy are defined, as well as their areas of responsibility and measures to be taken in the fields of education, science, culture, politics and the media.

Linguistic pride is condition where someone or a group of society fell comfort in using a language that they choose and use to communicate with other in their groups. Discussing of linguistic pride, has close relation to the attitude of language. There are 3 positive characteristics of language attitude: Lingusitic pride, the awareness of language norm, and language loyalty. These three positive characteristics are crucial factors for the success in the efforts of language preservation in facing any external pressures to the society as the owner of language who actually has more dominant influence may describe their linguistic pride of the language. language attitude refers to any kind of behaviour to the language and how the language is behaved by the society. includes the attitude in planning and preserving the language. Language contact which includes in it; the switching code and mixing code may influence the linguistic pride of the society. When someone mostly use both of switching and mixing code in his/her communication, it may describe his/her to the language the used. Language dominance is another thing that may influence the linguistic pride. In multilingual society, the language dominance may occur when each group do not respect each other and do not preserve their language. Tp avoid the dominance of language especially in multilingual society, it is important to put and use the language of each group in proper situation and place in accordance with the agreement among each groups in the society. Language dominance has close relation to the linguistic power and linguistic force. And both of them can measured by some indicators, i.e: Demography. Spreadness, Economy, Ideology, and Culture, the factors of language attitude, Language contact, and Language dominance are the crucial factors that can describe the linguistic pride may also influence to the genociidng of language. All of those, of course is determined by the users of the language itself and their efforts to preserve their language.

The article, based on field data collected by the authors, analyzes the modern sociolinguistic situation of the Sora language (South Munda languages, Odisha, India) in various religious communities. The religious communities such as Baptists, Catholics, Vishwa-Hindus, Animists, Mattar Banom and Alekh are analyzed. The data on the use of various languages in the religious practices of these communities is considered, accompanied by rich illustrative material. According to the findings of the authors, the preservation of Sora is most successful in the Baptist and Mattar Banom communities.

This paper brings together two different communities, Kabyles (Amazighs) and Syrian Christians, who are nevertheless marked by some commonalities: a strong diasporic dispersal as a historical experience, political, cultural and linguistic marginalization in their countries of origin, the deep association of collective identity with an “endangered” heritage language, a lived experience of multilingualism, and a post-emigration struggle of language maintenance and transmission. The Kabyles have roots in northern Algeria, and associate their language, Kabyle, with a pre-Arabized history of northern Africa, with claims to cultural authenticity and indigeneity. This paper focuses on research conducted in the UK, a relatively new immigrant setting for this community. The Syrian Christians originate from Turkey and have dispersed across different European countries since the 1960s. They make strong identity claims to Aramaic, “the language of Jesus”, yet have also found its preservation and intergenerational transmission challenging. This paper focuses on research conducted in the German speaking context. Drawing on ethnographic research with these communities, we bring their post-migration language preservation activisms into a dialogue. This shows the enduring significance of the heritage language for social, cultural and historical identity, despite considerable language decline. It also demonstrates that the current survival of the “mother tongue” hinges on multilingual and multi-sited language activisms which bear the hallmarks of both new creativities and diminishing fluencies.

Povijesne su okolnosti dovele do višestoljetne povezanosti Hrvata i Mađara. Prošli su kroz povijest odnosa i veza brojne civilizacijske, političke i jezične sukobe da bi došli do suradnje kakvu danas imaju. Temelji se njihovih današnjih dobrosusjedskih i prijateljskih odnosa zasnivaju i na odnosu prema manjinama i manjinskim etničkim skupinama u dvjema državama. Prava mađarske manjine u Republici Hrvatskoj uređena su nizom zakonskih rješenja, a isto se može potvrditi promotri li se položaj zajednice Hrvata u Mađarskoj. Hrvati, naime, imaju, kao i Mađari u Republici Hrvatskoj, osigurana prava i slobodno brinu o svojoj kulturi, običajima i jeziku. U ovome je radu fokus usmjeren na jezik te se želi istražiti (o)čuvanje hrvatskoga jezika u domeni rada i organizacije odgojno-obrazovnih ustanova na hrvatskome jeziku. Središte je istraživanja glavni mađarski grad Budimpešta te se ostala mjesta, općine i prostori na kojima živi hrvatska manjina neće posebno istraživati. Uzimaju se u promatranje i analizu dvije budimpeštanske ustanove u kojima se cjelokupna ili dio nastave i aktivnosti odvija na hrvatskome jeziku: (1) Hrvatski vrtić, osnovna škola, gimnazija i đački dom u Budimpešti (pokratom HOŠIG) i (2) Odsjek slavistike pri Filozofskome fakultetu Sveučilišta Lóránta Eötvösa u Budimpešti (pokratom ELTE). Cilj je istraživanja utvrditi najprije karakteristike hrvatskoga kao nasljednoga i kao nastavnoga jezika u promatranoj, zaokruženoj sredini kako bi se predstavila slika o (o)čuvanju hrvatskog jezika. Isto tako, cilj je ovim istraživanjem utvrditi teškoće i probleme na koje hrvatski kao nasljedni i nastavni jezik već godinama nailazi. Istraživanje je potvrdilo polaznu tezu da se hrvatski jezik čuva i da on, bez obzira na niz otegotnih okolnosti za njegovo njegovanje i upotrebu u nastavi, opstaje u odgojno-obrazovnom sustavu grada Budimpešte u dvjema promatranim ustanovama. Rezultati su istraživanja pokazali i visok stupanj ugroženosti (gubljenja i nestanka) u posljednjih desetak godina. Bez obzira na tu činjenicu, istraživanje u ovome radu potvrdilo je kako odgojno-obrazovni djelatnici zadržavaju pozitivan stav o (o)čuvanju hrvatskoga najprije kao nasljednoga potom i kao nastavnoga jezika u glavnome mađarskome gradu. Istaknuta je tijekom istraživanja snažna vjera, snaga i volja unutar zajednice govornika hrvatskoga jezika koja se, kako nekolicina njih navodi, može suprotstaviti svim preprekama. Nadalje je istraživanje potvrdilo polaznu hipotezu o tomu da se u radu promatranih dviju ustanova pridaje velika pozornost u radu s učenicima i studentima koji slabo, nedovoljno ili uopće ne govore hrvatski jezik. Potvrđeno je u tome smislu korištenje konkretnih metoda kako bi se takvi učenici i studenti uklopili i snašli u obrazovanju unutar dvojezičnoga (mađarsko-hrvatskoga) nastavnoga programa. Treba na kraju naglasiti kako je do sada bilo malo istraživanja hrvatskoga kao nasljednoga i hrvatskoga kao nastavnoga 2 jezika na prostoru glavnoga grada Budimpešte. Naime, još nisu provedena velika istraživanja čuvanja i gubljenja hrvatskoga jezika – kao nasljednoga i kao nastavnoga pa se rezultati ovoga istraživanja mogu uzeti kao referentna baza sa smjernicama (eng. guidelines) za šira istraživanja u budućnosti. Takva su istraživanja nužna uzme li se u prvi plan pristupanja polazni stav i hipoteza o promijenjenome statusu i položaju hrvatskoga jezika općenito izvan granica Republike Hrvatske u posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća., Historical circumstances have led to a centuries-old connection between Croatians and Hungarians. They went through history of relationships and connections, numerous civilizational, political and linguistic conflicts in order to reach the cooperation they have today. The foundations of their neighborly and friendly relations are based on the way they treat minorities and smaller ethnic groups, as well. The rights the Hungarian minority have in the Republic of Croatia are regulated by a number of legal solutions, and the same can be confirmed by looking at the position of the Croatian community in Hungary. Croatians, just like Hungarians living in Croatia, have all the rights and are free to nurture their culture, customs and language. The focus of this paper is language, that is, researching the preservation of the Croatian language in the field of work and organization of educational institutions in Croatian language. The center of the research is the Hungarian capital, Budapest, and other places, municipalities and areas where the Croatian minority lives will not be particularly researched. Two Budapest institutions in which all, or just a part of teaching and activities take place in the Croatian language, are taken into observation and analysis. Those are: (1) Croatian Kindergarten, Elementary School, Gymnasium and Dormitory in Budapest (cro. HOŠIG) and (2) Department of Slavic Studies of the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Lóránd Eötvös in Budapest (ELTE). Research goal is to, firstly, determine the basic characteristics of the Croatian language as the language of instruction in the observed, rounded environment, in order to gain a general impression of the preservation of the Croatian language. Furthermore, another research goal is to determine the problems the language has encountered for years. The research confirmed the initial thesis that the Croatian language is preserved and that it, despite a number of aggravating circumstances for its nurturing and use in teaching, survives in the educational system of the city of Budapest in the two observed institutions. Results of the research have also shown a high degree of endangerment (loss and disappearance) in the last ten years. Regardless of the situation, it seems that educators still retain a positive attitude about the preservation of the Croatian language as a hereditary language, as well as the language of instruction in the capital city of Hungary. What is also emphasized throughout the research, is the strength and will within the Croatian community which can, as a few of them say, oppose all obstacles. Furthermore, the hypothesis that in these two institutions a lot of attention is given to those pupils and students who learn little or no Croatian, is confirmed. What is confirmed, in that sense, is the use of specific methods so that those types of pupils and students fit better in the 4 education that takes place within the bilingual (Hungarian-Croatian) teaching system. It is important to keep in mind that not a lot of research dealing with Croatian as a hereditary, and Croatian as a language of instruction in the area of the city of Budapest has been conducted yet. Namely, large-scale research has not yet been conducted on the preservation and loss of the Croatian language - as a hereditary and as a teaching language, so the results of this research can be taken as a reference base with guidelines for broader research in the future. Such research is necessary if the initial approach and hypothesis about the changed status and position of the Croatian language in general, outside the borders of the Republic of Croatia in the last few decades, are taken into the foreground.

Introduction. Language is one of the factors of ethnocultural security. It acts as one of the most important objective properties of an ethnic group, as well as a symbol of ethnic affiliation. Language forms and develops culture, performs the most important ethnosocial functions. However, in recent decades, the problem of language preservation in the context of globalization became one of the pressing global problems. All this actualizes the problem of titular languages and languages of small peoples. The problem of preserving ethnic identity is quite acute in both Kalmykia and Buryatia. This is due to the loss of language and interrupted during the years of Soviet power religious tradition. The purpose of this article is to identify common and distinctive features of modern ethno-lingual processes in Kalmykia and Buryatia. Methods. A comparative method, analysis of statistical information, and an expert survey were used. A study of the problem of language preservation in Kalmykia and Buryatia revealed mainly similar features of the development of ethno-lingual processes in these regions. Kalmyk and Buryat languages are threatened with extinction. The population of the native language is rapidly declining. At the same time, knowledge of the language by the younger generation is also declining. Language from the category of a real ethno-differentiating sign becomes only a symbolic sign of a people. However, a survey of experts showed that modern Kalmyk and Buryat societies convey increasing interest in traditional culture and language. They note the popularity of Kalmyk and Buryat languages learning courses. In general, experts positively assess government measures to develop the language in these Republics. Thus, despite global threats and factors negatively affecting ethnic identity, there are positive trends and conditions for the development of culture and language in the Republics under examination.

Language extinction Is a total shift in one language and that shift from one language to another, not from one language to another in one language, meaning the first language that was originally used by a speech joint (community language users become extinct because the speech jokes favor second languages (totally leaving their first language), or because the disappearance of the language user community that occurs due to natural disasters and such. Because many things cause the extinction of a language, namely there are four: First, the speakers think of themselves as socially inferior. Second, attachment to the past. Third, the traditional and Fourth side, because economically life is stagnant. But apart from all that, there are also efforts that can be made to prevent and prevent the extinction of language through the inculcation of awareness of language preservation, including local language subjects at every level of education.

Successful poetic text translation, as well as its entire possibility, has been of current relevance since the appearance of translations as they are, but have not received final solving. Linguists are proving failures of full conceptual, semantic and language preservation of the original in its translation. Both professionals and amateurs never stop arguing on the dilemma of equivalence versus adequacy. Translators offer numerous variants of one and the same poetic masterpiece with the aim of achieving maximum original beauty and sense. As a result, it becomes obvious, that the more different language translation samples appear, the better the original message of a poem is restored. In given article we concentrated our attention on multilingual translations of the original poems poems, specifically comparing grammar, lexical, phonetic and strophe-building translation variants and discussing discrepancies between the original and its Romanic and Slavic translations. The main aim lies in an attempt to prove that multilingual translation practice serves as a source for translation variants to add to each other or open different aspects of the original, and, possibly, to achieve perfect revealing of a poetic masterpiece. It has been proved by the research, that noncoincidence of certain translation equivalents accompanied by full correspondence of others, results in definite semantic loss. This fact underlines urgency of multilingual translations as means of achieving as full poetic texts comprehension as it is possible in other languages.

This column proposes that schools of Library Science (as well as Museum Studies and related disciplines) can contribute to language preservation and advance their own financial interests by presenting themselves as key collaborators in language preservation to governments and NGOs. By funding such programs, especially in the form of grants and scholarships for minority-language students, Library Science programs can make a significant impact on language preservation, maximizing return on the limited budgets afforded to such projects.

The sharing of existing linguistic resources through online platforms has become an increasingly important aspect in revitalization projects for Indigenous languages. This contribution addresses the urgency of such work through the lens of a partnership in support of one language, Haíɫzaqvḷa (Heiltsuk), a critically endangered Wakashan language spoken in and around the traditional Heiltsuk territory of Bella Bella, British Columbia. Alongside immediate community needs for language preservation and reclamation—informed and guided by Heiltsuk values and goals—lie important ethical and practical questions about how best to activate historic recordings of Elders and knowledge holders who have now passed. Our partnership was explicitly structured around the objective of helping to mobilize the large body of existing language documentation and revitalization materials createdinandbythe community to support broader community access through digital technologies. Working within the fast-changing digital environment requires agility in order to respond to time-sensitive goals and the strategic needs of the community. Ensuring that such work is grounded in respectful collaboration requires ongoing care, consultation and consideration. The digital landscape is still a new and exciting space, and the opportunities to use online tools and technologies in service of language revitalization are ever increasing. We believe that the strategies, approaches and modest successes of the Heiltsuk Language and Culture Mobilization Partnership may be informative for other community-based language reclamation projects. We hope that outlining our experiences and being transparent about the challenges such partnerships face may help others engaged in this urgent and timely work.

Language extinction is a global problem today, which is why the UN proclaimed 2019 as the International Year of Indigenous Languages. Today, 6% of indigenous peoples speak over 4,000 languages. According to UNESCO’s Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, almost all endangered languages are indigenous. Language diversity is of utmost importance for humanity, as each language is the embodiment of a unique culture and wisdom of its people. Any language lost is a loss for all humanity. There is an urgent need for language documentation and searching for ways to preserve indigenous languages. Legislative initiatives to support language preservation might play a crucial role in problem resolution. Analyzing the international experience of preserving indigenous languages and testing the selected language policy strategies reveal the best practices to accumulate positive experience. The goal hereof is to investigate the legal regulation of indigenous language preservation in the US today. Analysis of legislation and its application brings up the question whether the indigenous language preservation efforts are effective. Notably, the US Acts are prone to conflicts and fail to make the preservation of indigenous language a less pressing issue. Such efforts are grant-funded from regional and federal budgets involving the organizations of indigenous peoples in teaching their languages. This cooperation between the state and the civil society to preserve endangered languages brings together language teaching and the objective reality; it encourages social ties strengthening and engaging the organizations of indigenous peoples in educational activities. Such practices might be useful for Russia today.

Since the beginning of the "Korean Wave" in the 2010s, Korean language and the Hangeul alphabet are integral parts in the dissemination of South Korea's soft power across the world. For instances, the South Korean government provided support for the preservation of Cia-Cia language of Cia-Cia ethnic group in Bau-Bau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia - a program that was originally initiated by Hunminjeongeum Society Foundation in 2008. This study examines the perception of students with Cia-Cia ethnic background toward South Korea. Questionnaire surveys and interviews are used to further look into their perceptions. This study, that started from a thesis, finds that the students who participated in the program have positive perceptions of South Korea. Furthermore, the demonstration of Korean culture and the use of Korean language become more apparent in the students ’ daily life, creating a new social reality in the local community. Such finding suggests that international assistance has effectively become a part of South Korea's soft power expansion strategy. Keywords : Cia-Cia, Language, Foreign Aid, Korea, Perception Sejak merebaknya " Korean Wav e" pada dekade 2010-an, Bahasa Korea dan Aksara Hangeul adalah bagian integral dalam penyebaran soft power Korea Selatan di seluruh dunia. Pemerintah Korea Selatan, misalnya, memberikan dukungan untuk pelestarian bahasa Cia-Cia dari Suku Cia-Cia di Bau-Bau Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia - sebuah program yang awalnya diprakarsai oleh Yayasan Hunminjonggeum Society pada tahun 2008. Studi ini mengukur persepsi siswa dengan latar belakang etnis Cia-Cia terhadap Korea Selatan. Survei kuesioner dan wawancara digunakan untuk melihat lebih jauh persepsi mereka. Studi ini berangkat dari tesis yang dilakukan dan menemukan bahwa siswa-siswa yang terlibat dalam program tersebut memiliki persepsi yang positif tentang Korea Selatan. Selain itu, peragaan budaya Korea dan penggunaan Bahasa Korea menjadi lebih jelas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari siswa-siswa tersebut sehingga menciptakan realitas sosial baru di komunitas lokal. Temuan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa bantuan internasional dapat dan telah secara efektif digunakan sebagai strategi ekspansi soft power Korea Selatan. Kata-kata Kunci : Cia-Cia, Bahasa, Bantuan Luar Negeri, Korea, Persepsi

Many sociolinguistic scholars and practitioners express worry and distress about the continued rate of language extinction. They repeatedly argue for sustained efforts to preserve rare languages around the world, but the efforts required to realize their goals are substantial. This paper presents a case for rare language preservation at the International Association of Hyperpolyglots, as a distinct category of membership that helps to raise awareness about rare languages and the need for their preservation.

This chapter emphasizes the language diversity of Jharkhand and its importance for digital preservation. The chapter highlights the multilingual characteristics of the region enlisting several languages of Jharkhand spoken across the states among tribal and non-tribal groups. It highlights the importance of language preservation, its historical and cultural importance and reports the current status of undergoing projects for awareness and preservation of the endangered languages.

Languages nowadays are on the way to its disappearance, with almost 50% of them in the process of extinction. The most effective to language preservation is by way using the media. Jurieen Survey (2016) elaborates that 61% of TV viewers fond of watching humor programs, one of which is stand up comedy. Hence, TV media is expected to contribute on language preservation, Bahasa Indonesia in particular. How significant the influence of stand up comedy and what aspects of comedy represent against language preservation are the two primary focuses on the research. Based on the data sources and analysis results, Four aspects of stand-up comedy cover: linguistic, social, economic and religious. The conclusion is stand up comedy can be an effective mean to preserve language and to educate the community. Stand up comedy would be easily accepted and digested by the community, due to its light and humorous presentation style. Keyword : language preservation ; mass media; humor

Tomuan language is spoken by the people residing in East Kotawaringin and Lamandau district, Central Kalimantan. The problem to be answered in this research is to identify any variations of the language that appears on Tomuan language in Menthobi Raya and Bulik sub-district of Lamandau, Central Kalimantan. In general, this study aimed to identify the forms of dialectal variation that appears in the Tomuan language on those two districts. The theoretical benefits of this research expected is to provide an overview of how a variation of the language can be a differentiator for certain groups target. In addition, the practical benefits of this study, may be used as a strategic step in setting government policy politics of language and language preservation areas in Indonesia. Analysis of the data in this study is using two analytical methods, dialectometric method and lexicostatistics method sourced from the base of 200 Swades vocabulary and Culture Association Vocabulary (A, C, P, and R). The source data in this study is from local languages utterances made by people in the village of Lubuk Hiju, District Menthobi Raya, and the village of Guci in District of Bulik, Lamandau district, Central Kalimantan.

A main goal of awake surgery is to preserve language in order to facilitate return to work and maintain quality of life. Although spelling has become crucial in daily life, it has received little attention in awake surgery practice. We review assessments of spelling carried out in awake surgery studies, to inspect how current neurofunctional theories of spelling may guide pre-, intra- and post-operative neurosurgical practice. A systematic database search in Embase, Medline, PubMed and Web of Science identified studies reporting on spelling assessment in glioma patients undergoing awake surgery. Twenty-three studies were included, of which only 9 report details on spelling assessments. We evaluate the incidence of dysgraphia in glioma patients, the types of spelling errors as a function of tumor location, and the specificity of spelling sites with respect to other language functions. Post-operative dysgraphia arose in 26.9% of the patients with preserved pre-operative handwriting, and persisted in 45.0% of them at follow-up. Intra-operative stimulation interfered only with handwriting in 37.7% of the patients. A network of frontal, parietal and temporal regions was found to underlie central and peripheral spelling processes. Evidence on spelling performance in patients undergoing awake surgery for gliomas is surprisingly scarce. With the limitations inherent in the small number of observations, results converge with the neurofunctional knowledge accruing from studies of stroke cases. Such knowledge should be exploited in more thorough investigations of spelling skills in glioma patients. Implications for clinical and neuroscientific practice are discussed, as well as possible strategies to overcome current limitations.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) results in language impairments and higher-level communication problems. Research into the language of people with AD (pwAD) has mainly focused on nouns; however, improved understanding of verb processing by pwAD could improve diagnostic assessments and communicative interventions. This systematic review synthesizes findings of AD’s effects on verbs from single-word, sentence, and discourse tasks. Review of 57 studies revealed that pwAD were less accurate than controls on single-word tasks and less accurate with verbs than nouns on these tasks. They had difficulty comprehending sentences featuring multiple verbs or verbs with reversible thematic roles. Discourse production by pwAD was marked by vagueness, including declines in total output and propositional content and a preference for generic verbs and simple syntax. Few studies examining sentence production or discourse comprehension were found. Future research should address relationships between long-term memory and language preservation as well as verb use in discourse.