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Pomembna katastrska dokumentacija ob katastrski izmeri so katastrski elaborati, ter drugi podatki iz zbirke listin, ki omogočajo historični pregled sprememb. Katastrski elaborati so bili izdelani v različnih časovnih obdobjih vzdrževanja zemljiškega katastra in predstavljajo osnovo na podlagi katerih so bili opravljeni vpisi v zemljiški kataster. V diplomski nalogi so predstavljeni načini vzdrževanja zemljiškega katastra glede na zakonodajo in predstavljeni katastrski elaborati iz različnih zgodovinskih obdobij. Namen diplomske naloge je upoštevanje starih katastrskih elaboratov in druge dokumentacije zemljiškega katastra ob novi katastrski izmeri ter upoštevanje posebnosti predhodnih katastrskih postopkov. Diplomska naloga je pripravljena na podlagi izbora študijskih primerov katastrskih elaboratov. Important cadastral documentation during the implementation of the new cadastral survey are cadastral detail reports from the collection of the documents and other data that enable a historical overview of changes. Cadastral detail reports were prepared in different time periods and represent the basis on which entries (inscription) in the land cadastre register were made. The diploma thesis will present the methods of maintaining the land cadastre according to the historical legislation with the old cadastral detail reports from different historical periods. The purpose of the diploma thesis is how to consider old cadastral detail reports, specifics of previous cadastral procedures and different land cadastre documentation at the new cadastral survey. The diploma thesis was prepared on selected cases of cadastral detail reports.

Tema magistrskega dela je analiza pristopov vzdrževanja zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza na območjih položajno izboljšanega grafičnega katastra. Na območjih grafičnega katastra se je v preteklih letih izvedla izboljšava geometrije zemljiškokatastrskega načrta oziroma prikaza z izravnavo in s homogenizacijo. Vzdrževanje katastrskega načrta je treba po izvedbi množične položajne izboljšave podrobneje opredeliti. Pri tem se mora upoštevati uveljavljena zahteva, da se ohranja relativna oblika obravnavanih parcel. Ena od možnosti je uporaba relativne geometrije grafičnega katastrskega prikaza (izvirnika) kot elementov simuliranega terenskega elaborata in njegova uporaba za opredelitev predlagane meje pred mejno obravnavo. Z uporabo membranske metode izravnave in homogenizacije smo razvili nov pristop, to je membranski pristop, k določanju položajev lomov predlagane meje, ki upošteva uveljavljeno zahtevo po ohranjanju relativne oblike obravnavanih parcel. Razviti membranski pristop smo na dveh izbranih območjih primerjali z uveljavljenimi načini določitve lomov predlagane meje. Ključna prednost membranskega pristopa je objektivna določitev položajev lomov in ocene točnosti koordinat glede na izbrane vhodne podatke. The topic of the master's thesis is the analysis of approaches to maintaining the cadastral index maps in the areas of improved graphic cadastre. In the areas of the graphic cadastre, the geometry of the cadastral map, e.g., cadastral index map, has been improved by adjustment and homogenization recently. The maintenance of the cadastral map needs to be defined in more detail after the implementation of the mass positional quality improvement. In doing so, the established requirement to maintain the relative shape of the land plots in question must be taken into account. One of the possibilities is the use of the relative geometry of the graphic cadastral maps (original) as elements of the simulated field study and its use to define the proposed boundary before the boundary treatment. Using the membrane method of adjustment and homogenization, we developed a new approach, e.g., membrane approach, to determine the vertexes% positions of the proposed boundary, which considers the established requirement to maintain the relative shape of the considered plots. The developed membrane approach was compared in two selected areas with the well-known methods of determining the vertexes of the proposed boundary in practice. A key advantage of the membrane approach is the objective determination of vertexes% positions and the accuracy of their coordinates considering the input data.

This thesis deals with the topic of soil erosion on arable lands in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part consists of evolution of evidence of real estates in the Czech lands and furthemore, it describes the process of water erosion. In the second part of this thesis, the estates of Land Cadastre and Cadastre of Real Estate were compared in terms of erosion jeopardy. Based on the results, the impact of size of an estate on water erosion was evaluated.

Namen magistrske naloge je bil analizirati izbrane katastrske postopke in vsebine elaboratov geodetskih storitev na Hrvaškem in le-te primerjati s prakso v Sloveniji. V magistrski nalogi je prikazan sistem zemljiške administracije na Hrvaškem in zakonodaja povezana z registriranjem parcel in stavb v zemljiški kataster in zemljiško knjigo. Posebej smo analizirali in predstavili izbrane geodetske elaborate, kjer so opisani postopki izdelave geodetskega elaborata za evidentiranje ali spreminjanje podatkov o parcelah in stavbah. Opisani so sestavni deli elaborata kot tudi način izdelave elaborata ter administrativni postopki za pregled in potrditev elaborata na geodetskih upravah. Posebna pozornost je namenjena analizi in predstavitvi postopkov legalizacije nezakonito zgrajenih objektov ter način registriranja v zemljiškem katastru in zemljiški knjigi. V sklepnem delu smo izbrane katastrske postopke v okviru sistema zemljiške administracije na Hrvaškem primerjali z rešitvami v Sloveniji in izpostavili prednosti ter slabosti. The main objective of the master research work has been to analyse selected cadastral procedures and contents of surveying services in Croatia and compare them with the practice in Slovenia. In the master's thesis, the system of land administration in Croatia and the legislation related to the registration of land plots and buildings in the land cadastre and land registry are presented. We have analysed and presented surveying documentation, which describes the procedures for preparing surveying documentation for recording or changing data on land plots and buildings. The components of the surveying documentation are described, as well as the method of its preparation and the administrative procedures for reviewing and approving the documentation at the surveying authority. Special attention is devoted to the analysis and presentation of legalisation procedures for illegally constructed buildings and the method of their registration in the land cadastre and land registry. In the concluding part, we compared the selected cadastral procedures within the land administration system in Croatia with the solutions in Slovenia and highlighted the advantages and disadvantages.

Namen diplomske naloge je bil preučiti posebnosti katastrskih postopkov po podatkih uradne dokumentacije zemljiškega katastra na podlagi izbora elaboratov s »posebnimi primeri«. Ti posebni primeri so bili izbrani izkustveno, na podlagi poznavanj in izkušenj mentorice in somentorja. Glavni kriterij za izbor elaboratov je neusklajenost »dejstev«, s katerimi se srečuje geodet na terenu. V ta namen smo izbrali 16 elaboratov, ki smo jih podrobno preučili. Pri analizi elaboratov smo naleteli na različne katastrske postopke, kot so ureditev meje, parcelacija, obnova postopka, izravnava meje ter določitev zemljišča pod stavbo. Prišli smo do ugotovitve, da se v praksi pojavljajo napake pri izdelavi elaboratov tako s strani izvajalcev katastrskih storitev kot tudi napak do v podatkih katastra pri Geodetski upravi RS. Nekatere napake so nastale med drugim pri digitalizaciji katastra. Pogosti primeri, ki smo jih obravnavali, so gradnja preko meje parcele, odstopanje uživalnih parcelnih mej od tistih, po podatkih zemljiškega katastra, ter tudi sodni primer določevanja poteka parcelnih mej. Vsi ti problemi se lahko rešijo z ureditvijo mej parcel, z obnovo upravnega postopka ali z odpravo napake v zemljiškem katastru, čeravno v zakonodaji ni vedno jasno, kakšen postopek je predviden za specifičen primer. The purpose of the diploma thesis has been to examine the specifics of cadastral procedures according to the official land cadastre documentation on the basis of a selection of "special cases". These specific cases were selected empirically based on the knowledge and experience of the supervisor and co-supervisor. The main selection criterion was the inconsistency of "facts" encountered by the land surveyor in the field. For this purpose, we selected 16 cadastral cases, which we examined in detail. In the analysis, we came across various cadastral procedures, such as the cadastral boundary determination, parcel subdivision, renewal of the cadastral procedure, parcel boundary adjustment and determination of the building footprint. We came to the conclusion that in practice, there are errors that have been done by both cadastral service providers and by the Surveying and Mapping Authority during the maintenance of land cadastre. Some errors have occurred, among others, by the digitization of the cadastral data. Some common examples we have studied are the challenges regarding construction across the land parcel boundary, deviation of land possession boundaries from those according to the land cadastre, as well as court cases of parcel boundary determination. All these problems can be solved by the process of parcel boundaries determination, by renewing the cadastral procedure or by correcting an error in the land cadastre, although it is not always clear in the legislation what procedure is envisaged for a specific case.

Tematika diplomske naloge je povezana s katastrskim postopkom izravnave meje. Slovenska zakonodaja na področju zemljiškega katastra je pred dvema desetletjema uvedla nov katastrski postopek posamičnega preurejanja mej zemljiških parcel, to je izravnavo mej. Zaradi ohlapnih določil se v praksi ta postopek uporablja v različne namene, po drugi strani pa izravnava meje ne omogoča vedno rešitve zaradi zakonsko določenih omejitev. Namen diplomske naloge je preučiti izbrane primere postopkov izravnave meje, kot so evidentirani in dokumentirani v sistemu zemljiškega katastra, za boljše razumevanje potreb zemljiškega preurejanja v praski ter ugotovitev morebitnih zakonskih pomanjkljivosti. Obravnavani primeri so izbrani in predstavljeni v sodelovanju s pooblaščenim inženirjem geodezije. Ugotovili smo, da je postal katastrski postopek izravnave meje je pomemben instrument za posamično preurejanje parcelnih meja, ki se v praski uporablja za raznolike primere (pre)urejanja poteka lastniških meja, ki jih s postopki ureditve meje in parcelacije ne bi bilo mogoče urediti ali pa bi postopek bil nesorazmerno bolj zapleten. The topic of the diploma thesis is closely related to the cadastral procedure of boundary adjustment. Two decades ago, the Slovenian legislation in the field of land cadastre introduced a new cadastral process for individual rearrangement of cadastral boundaries, called boundary adjustment. The procedure of boundary adjustment is used for various purposes due to the weak legal provisions. Still, on the other hand, the instrument of boundary adjustment does not always allow us to find a solution due to legal restrictions. The purpose of the diploma thesis has been to analyse the selected boundary adjustment cases, as recorded in the official documentation of the land cadastre, aiming to understand better the cadastral boundaries’ readjustments needs in the practices and to identify the possible legal weakness of the current measure. The selected boundary adjustment cases have been analysed and presented in collaboration with a certified surveying engineer. It has been shown that boundary adjustment has become an important instrument of the individual cadastral boundary rearrangements. In the practice, it is used for various cadastral cases, which could not be solved only by boundary settlement and land subdivision or the process would be disproportionately more complex.

In order to transcend the challenge of accelerating the establishment of cadastres and to efficiently maintain them once established, innovative, and automated cadastral mapping techniques are needed. The focus of the research is on the use of high-resolution optical sensors on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms. More specifically, this study investigates the potential of UAV-based cadastral mapping, where the ENVI feature extraction (FX) module has been used for data processing. The paper describes the workflow, which encompasses image pre-processing, automatic extraction of visible boundaries on the UAV imagery, and data post-processing. It shows that this approach should be applied when the UAV orthoimage is resampled to a larger ground sample distance (GSD). In addition, the findings show that it is important to filter the extracted boundary maps to improve the results. The results of the accuracy assessment showed that almost 80% of the extracted visible boundaries were correct. Based on the automatic extraction method, the proposed workflow has the potential to accelerate and facilitate the creation of cadastral maps, especially for developing countries. In developed countries, the extracted visible boundaries might be used for the revision of existing cadastral maps. However, in both cases, the extracted visible boundaries must be validated by landowners and other beneficiaries.

в статье рассматриваются гражданско-правовые вопросы формирования собственности на землю. Изучены гражданско-правовые вопросы формирования собственности на землю, исходя из опыта зарубежных стран, даны теоретические и практические рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательства по данной проблеме., The article deals with the civil law issues of the formation of land ownership. The civil law issues of the formation of land ownership based on the experience of foreign countries are also studied, theoretical and practical recommendations for improving the legislation of this problem are given.

В статье рассматривается одна из актуальных проблем кадастровых отношениях. Приведены примеры фондовых земельных ресурсов России. Рассмотрены проблемы, которые требуют незамедлительного решения. Обусловлены пути решения поставленных проблем.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы создания системы управления землепользованием. Особое внимание уделяется проблеме охраны земель, оптимизации их использования, восстановление продуктивных земельных ресурсов как наиболее важных направлений государственной политики в сфере экономики и окружающей природной среды.

Висвітлено питання необхідності встановлення межових знаків, варіанти їх конструкції, можливості застосування цифрових технологій у процесі закріплення меж земельних ділянок. У цій статті пропонується до розгляду конструкція межового знака з вбудованим інформаційно-ідентифікаційним чипом., Problem The issues of necessity of installing border signs, variants of their construction, possibility of application of digital technologies at fixing boundaries of land plots are considered. Finding and identifying landmarks has long been a problem when performing land surveying or other works. The absence of common standards for making signs and their different types do not allow or significantly complicate their accurate accounting, localization, identification, especially long after their installation. Goal. This article highlights the need to set boundary marks, options for their construction, the possibility of using digital technologies in fixing the boundaries of land. Results. Fixing the boundaries of the signs is necessary, and the achievement of the possibility of their effective use is carried out by improving the types of signs (there should be only one type with different variations of fixing) and increasing the information which is displayed directly on the sign. This does not imply an increase in the number of inscriptions on the structural elements (here the efficiency is questionable) and the use of digital technologies at the maximum reduction of the sign cost while maintaining its endurance to adverse external conditions. The principle of construction of a boundary mark with a built-in information-identification chip has the prospects of application not only in the form of boundary marks but also as a means of facilitating the work of land surveyors. Such devices can also be installed in pickets or kilometers of columns, trademarks of protected areas, quarter pillars of forestland, etc.

V magistrskem delu smo preučevali prostorsko-lastniško preurejanje prostora v postopku komasacije kmetijskih zemljišč. Osredotočili smo se na analizo kriterijev nove razdelitve komasacijskega sklada. Najprej smo predstavili stanje, izzive in priložnosti komasacij v Evropi. Evropski strokovnjaki vidijo velik pomen komasacij za celostni razvoj podeželja in kmetijstva, vključno z ohranjanjem narave in dvigovanjem življenjskega standarda na podeželju. Večji poudarek smo namenili uporabi GIS-orodij v podporo odločanju pri izvedbi komasacij in več-kriterijskemu odločanju, ki predstavlja izziv pri prostorsko-lastniškemu preurejanju zemljišč. Predstavili smo dva spodbudna primera izvedbe komasacij v tujini, kjer so razvili GIS-sistem za podporo več-kriterijskega odločanja. Nato smo se osredotočili na slovensko zakonodajo na področju prostorsko-lastniškega preurejanja zemljišč, s poudarkom na komasacijah. Za boljšo predstavo o trenutnem stanju v praksi smo izvedli študijo uporabe GIS-orodij pri komasacijah v Sloveniji. Izvedli smo intervju z izvajalci komasacij, kjer smo spraševali o uporabljenih GIS-orodjih v postopku nove razdelitve komasacijskega sklada ter morebitnih možnostih samodejnega več-kriterijskega odločanja. Rezultati študije so pokazali, da so GIS-orodja nepogrešljiva, saj olajšajo tehnično izvedbo komasacij. Pri novi razdelitvi komasacijskega sklada je treba upoštevati številne kriterije, od katerih pa so le redki vgrajeni in samodejno izvedljivi v GIS-programski opremi. Študija je pokazala, da GIS-orodja predstavljajo veliko tehnično pomoč pri razdelitvi komasacijskega sklada. Upoštevanje kriterijev in končne odločitve pa so še vedno prepuščene izvajalcu komasacije. This Master thesis studies the land plot rearrangements in the process of agricultural land consolidation. It focuses on analysing criteria of the new land distribution of the consolidated area. It first presents the state, challenges, and opportunities of consolidations in Europe. European experts see land consolidation as an important measure for the overall development of the countryside and agriculture, including the preservation of nature and raising the living standard in the countryside. The emphasis was dedicated to the use of GIS tools as a support to the decision making in the execution of land consolidations and the multi-criteria decision making that present a challenge and in the spatial-ownership land rearranging. The paper showcases two examples of consolidation executions abroad, where a GIS system was developed to support the multi-criteria decision making. The focus is then shifted to the Slovene legislation in the field of land consolidation, with the emphasis on the criteria for the new land distribution. To better present the current state in practice, a study was done on the use of GIS tools in consolidations in Slovenia. Consolidation contractors were interviewed, looking to find out more about the GIS tools used in the process of the new land distribution and about the possibility of an automatic multi-criteria decision making. The results of the study showed, that the GIS tools are essential, as they ease the technical side of consolidations. While the consolidated land is redistributed, many criteria must be abided by, and very few of these are integrated and automatically executed by the GIS programming. The study showed that the GIS tools represent a considerable technical assistance in the distribution of the consolidation fund. Complying with the criteria and the final decisions are still left to the consolidation contractors.

Namen naloge je bil preučiti anomalije, grobe napake in deformacije geometrije parcel v zemljiškokatastrskem prikazu (ZKP), in sicer na območju katastrskih občin Trbovlje, Zagorje, Zagorje mesto, Čebine, Vrhe I, Potoška vas, Kotredež, Knezdol, Prapreče ter Bevško. Omenjene katastrske občine so v času franciscejskega katastra predstavljale mejne občine med dvema neodvisnima upravnima enotama (deželama) poleg tega pa so bile to tudi mejne katastrske občine med koordinatnima sistemoma z izhodiščema na Krimu in Schöcklu. Poleg položajne usklajenosti digitaliziranih katastrskih načrtov na mejah omenjenih katastrski občin nas je zanimala tudi neusklajenost podatkov katastrskih načrtov na mejah katastrskih občin zaradi različnih izvornih koordinatnih sistemov. Preverili smo usklajenost določitve mej katastrskih občin izmerjenih in narisanih na izvornih načrtih. Poseben poudarek je bil namenjen preučevanju usklajevanju podatkov katastrskih načrtov na mejah ob digitalizaciji le teh. Pregledali smo arhive izvedenih postopkov usklajevanja in vpliv na kakovost zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza. Podatke veljavnega zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza smo primerjali z digitalnimi katastrskimi načrti pred samo izvedbo usklajevanja mej v okviru digitalizacije katastrskih načrtov. Numerično smo ovrednotili položajno natančnost izvedbe spajanja mej katastrskih občin s primerjavo položajev referenčnih točk v D48/GK s položaji identičnih točk v zemljiškokatastrskem prikazu. Ovrednotili smo tudi geometrijske deformacije ter premike lomnih točk parcel na mejah katastrskih občin. Premike lomnih točk smo ovrednotili s primerjavo koordinat zemljiškokatastrskih točk D48/GK glede na identične točke v zemljiškokatastrskem prikazu. Geometrijske deformacije smo prikazali s primerjavo uradnih in grafičnih površin zemljišč izmerjenih v zemljiškokatastrskem prikazu. Nadalje smo preverili, v kolikšni meri so posamične meritve na območju mej katastrskih občin vplivale na potek ter geometrično in položajno točnost prikaza meje na zemljiškokatastrskem prikazu. Obdelavo podatkov ter grafično predstavitev rezultatov smo izvedli v programskem okolju QGIS. The main objective of the master research work was to examine the anomalies, gross errors and deformations of parcel geometry in the cadasral index map (ZKP), in the areas of cadastral municipalities of Trbovlje, Zagorje, Zagorje mesto, Čebine, Vrhe I, Potoška vas, Kotredež, Knezdol, Prapreče and Bevško. Historically, the before mentioned cadastral municipalities represented the boundary between two independent administrative units and also the boundary between two coordinate systems with the origins in Krim and Schöckel. We were interested in inconsistency of the graphical cadastral data at the boundaries of the cadastral municipalities due to the different origins of the historic coordinate systems. Firstly. we analysed the consistency of boundaries of cadastral municipalities, which were measured and plotted on original maps. A particular emphasis was given on the consistency of digital cadastral maps at the cadastral municipalities’ boundaries from the time of their digitalization. We analysed also the digitalization and boundary harmonization procedures based on the archived data and reports aiming to understand the quality of the ZKP. For positional data quality evaluation, we compared the data of the current ZKP with the digital cadastral maps before the implementation of cadastral municipalities’ boundaries adjustments in the process of digitization cadastral maps. Numerically, we evaluated the positional accuracy of cadastre municipalities boundaries by comparing the cadastral points coordinates in D48/GK with the positions of identical points in the ZKP. We also evaluated the geometric deformations and displacement of the cadastral points for the parcels at the cadastral municipalities’ boundaries. The shifts of cadastral boundary points were evaluated by comparing the D48/GK coordinates of cadastral points with the positions of identical points in the cadastral index map (ZKP). Geometric deformations were analysed by comparing the official and graphical area of land parcels. Furthermore, we examined the influence of the cadastral survey (field observations) on the geometric and positional accuracy of the boundaries displayed in the cadastral index map. Data processing and graphical presentation of results were performed using QGIS software.

This article is part of a series of studies that have been conducted regarding the process of systematic registration of land rights in Mozambique, both for communities and individual occupants. The methodology adopted to support the systematic registration, combines the delimitation of community lands and the registration of individual parcels. According to the proposed methodology, the outline of community boundaries must be established before individual rights are captured, and that must be the result of a consultative and participatory process. It is known that various conflicts between neighboring communities and individual users result from boundary disputes. Furthermore, when considering the concepts of “continuum of rights” and “bundle of rights” (UN-HABITAT, 2008), provision should be made for overlapping and sharing of rights in the same parcel (Agustinus & Lemmen, 2011). If not taken care of, systematic land rights recordation can lead to an increase of conflict situations. Therefore, one of the main challenges requiring solutions through the methodology is that of boundaries: administrative, inter-communities and inter-parcels. These potentially conflicting situations occur more frequently in border areas, where there is no correspondence between the administrative division and community circumscription. While some discrepancies arise from the technical cartographic process or in relation to both reliability and precision of representation, with different sources, there are real uncertainties and overlaps, generally not covered by field staff and their data collection instruments. Field staff, also generally, does not allow for the possibility of the same area being adjudicated to two communities or individuals simultaneously. The solution proposed by the authors is to explicitly incorporate the knowledge of these discrepancies, particularly those rooted in history since the commencing of the colonial regime and, with that, the consultative process, into the programs of systematic registration of community and individual lands, by introducing a category of areas of potential overlap and or uncertainty as to rights and users.

International audience; For the scientists trained to measure, to evaluate, to dimensionate social facts and the world around us, adopting alternative paths to academicism can provide reflexivity, enthusiasm, collective dynamics, and often opens new questions for the discipline itself. It is one of these experiments this short text relates, an experiment born from multidisciplinary research on the land cadastre of Buenos Aires during the 19th century. Tired of the excess of measurements , cartographies and topographic measurements of Earth, a group of people propose with some humor to develop «un-mesurement» practices of the world. The following pages detail the tools and procedures to be used to develop this ability between science and art with both humor and seriousness.; En la práctica del científico entrenado para medir, evaluar, dimensionar los hechos sociales y el mundo que nos rodea, adoptar sendas alternativas a lo que recomienda la Academia puede aportar reflexividad, entusiasmo, dinámicas colectivas, y muchas veces abrir nuevas interrogaciones para la disciplina misma. Es uno de estos experimentos que relata este breve texto, nacido de trabajos multidisciplinarios sobre el catastro de tierras de Buenos Aires en el siglo xix. Cansados del exceso de mediciones, cartografías y mensuras topográficas, un grupo de personas propone con algo de provocación desarrollar prácticas de «desmensura» del mundo. Las páginas que siguen detallan las herramientas y los procedimientos a utilizar para desarrollar con humor y seriedad dicha empresa entre ciencia y arte.

International audience; For the scientists trained to measure, to evaluate, to dimensionate social facts and the world around us, adopting alternative paths to academicism can provide reflexivity, enthusiasm, collective dynamics, and often opens new questions for the discipline itself. It is one of these experiments this short text relates, an experiment born from multidisciplinary research on the land cadastre of Buenos Aires during the 19th century. Tired of the excess of measurements , cartographies and topographic measurements of Earth, a group of people propose with some humor to develop «un-mesurement» practices of the world. The following pages detail the tools and procedures to be used to develop this ability between science and art with both humor and seriousness.; En la práctica del científico entrenado para medir, evaluar, dimensionar los hechos sociales y el mundo que nos rodea, adoptar sendas alternativas a lo que recomienda la Academia puede aportar reflexividad, entusiasmo, dinámicas colectivas, y muchas veces abrir nuevas interrogaciones para la disciplina misma. Es uno de estos experimentos que relata este breve texto, nacido de trabajos multidisciplinarios sobre el catastro de tierras de Buenos Aires en el siglo xix. Cansados del exceso de mediciones, cartografías y mensuras topográficas, un grupo de personas propone con algo de provocación desarrollar prácticas de «desmensura» del mundo. Las páginas que siguen detallan las herramientas y los procedimientos a utilizar para desarrollar con humor y seriedad dicha empresa entre ciencia y arte.

New sources of geospatial data and information have recently become available in the form of user-generated web content. The integration of these sources, often termed Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) or Crowdsourced Geographic Information (CGI), offer various options for geospatial applications: from monitoring natural disasters and their damages, analysing and monitoring of land cover to various cartographic and societal initiatives, to name just a few. Among other things, VGI brings new challenges in the field of National Spatial Data Infrastructure – NSDI. The paper aims to review the currents state of the art in the VGI research field focusing on the voluntary geographic information in national surveying and mapping agencies often competent for NSDI. As case studies, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Finland have been chosen. Furthermore, various initiatives for topographic and land-cadastre mapping in developing countries and potentials offered by VGI are presented.

Improvement of the land cadastre information system in the administrative district will make more efficient use of the land fund. More than 42,000 land users in Kibray, which is the object of the research, can quickly manage land resources through the creation of land information systems. As a result, the use of specialized software at the district level increases the quality of the specialists’ work compared to traditional methods, and time consuming 3 and 5 times the amount of data transmission to consumers. The collected and regulated data will serve as the main source of the unified system of land registration in Kibray district and the creation of a special land fund and its rational distribution among land users. The method developed to compile a digital cadastre map based on an example of an administrative district is the basis for the registration of land parcel and, in turn, the land fund distribution. Information on the state of land resources is mainly collected in the State Land Cadastre. Registration of the rights to the land parcel, the main component of which is the re-registration of new land users and the existing ones, requires the most up-to-date information on the land cadastre.

Cakir, Gunay/0000-0003-4951-4283 WOS: 000410445200022 Determination of land ownership and boundaries is one of the most important purposes of the urban and rural land laws. There can be some boundary problems while preparing forestry area of any urban area when there is not consistency between the borders constructed by different state organizations like land cadastre, forest cadastre and forest management and planning teams. This study aims to illustrate these conflicts in forestry applications process of two different areas (Agva and Beykoz) having different characteristics. The study was carried out in Agva and Beykoz districts in the province of Istanbul and focused on the integration in the land and forest cadastral systems. The Beykoz and Agva Forest Planning Units have different characteristics in terms of population (urban and rural) and social impacts. Analyses of the data obtained from the field studies which it was utilized for the investigation of the data obtained from various base maps, were carried out using GIS software. Many inhabitants of the villages in the Agva Planning Unit had migrated from the district. Thus, in accordance with Boundary Law number of 6831 part of 2/B some parcels of villages in Agva were determined to be acting forest and were reassigned as forest land. In Beykoz, however, areas of this nature were few and the destruction of the forests was great. The spatial analysis of the study made it possible to remove discrepancies occurring in the cadastral situation by preparing forest management plans. Consequently, if land cadastre and forest cadastre units carry out work in coordination to determine the cadastral situation, a basis for forest management plans can be established and cadastral problems greatly reduced.

V magistrskem delu smo preučevali katastrske postopke urejanja in preurejanja zemljišč po trenutno veljavni zakonodaji v Republiki Sloveniji. V začetnem delu naloge predstavljamo teoretično ozadje na področju preurejanja zemljišč s kratkim zgodovinskim pregledom nastanka zemljiškega katastra in njegovega vzdrževanja v Sloveniji, ki je pomembno za razumevanje raznovrstne kakovosti katastrskih podatkov. Nadaljujemo s pregledom dosedanjih raziskav na področju katastrskega urejanja in preurejanja zemljišč ter podrobnejšo predstavitvijo zakonodajnega okvira nove izmere, nastavitve katastra in komasacije, ki so postopki množičnega katastrskega urejanja in preurejanja zemljiških parcel po trenutno veljavni slovenski zakonodaji. Kot zanimivost smo v nadaljevanju opisali tudi hrvaške izkušnje s postopkom izvajanja nove izmere. Sledi podrobna analiza postopkov katastrskega urejanja in preurejanja zemljiških parcel v Sloveniji. Pomemben rezultat magistrskega dela je primerjava zakonskih kriterijev za uvedbo in izvajanje posamičnih in množičnih katastrskih postopkov v Sloveniji. Za boljše razumevanje obravnavanih postopkov in kritično oceno trenutnih zakonskih določil smo izvedli študijo praktičnih primerov nove izmere in nastavitve katastra v Sloveniji. Na podlagi rezultatov analize zakonskih določil in primerov iz prakse smo v zaključku naloge oblikovali in predlagali izboljšave zakonodajne ureditve na področju katastrskih postopkov. Pri tem je poudarek na dveh množičnih katastrskih postopkih urejanja in preurejanja zemljišč, in sicer na novi izmeri in nastavitvi katastra. S tem smo želeli opozoriti na njun neizkoriščen potencial in v prihodnje pričakovan pomemben doprinos k izboljšanju kakovosti podatkov zemljiškega katastra ter učinkovitosti katastrskega preurejanja zemljišč. In this master's thesis, we have studied the cadastral procedures of land arrangement and land re-arrangement, which are being regulated under current Slovenian legislation. The initial part is consisted of a theoretical background in the field of land re-arrangement together with a brief historical overview of a land cadastre establishment and its maintenance in Slovenia. This kind of knowledge is important for understanding the diverse quality of cadastral data. We continued with a past researches review about land arrangement and land re-arrangement followed detailed presentation of the legal framework stipulating new cadastral survey, setting-up of land cadaster and land consolidation. These cadastral procedures are known as mass cadastral procedures of land arrangement and re-arrangement based on the current Slovenian legislation. Additionally, we described Croatian experiences with implementing new cadastral survey. What follows next is a detailed analysis of the procedures for the cadastral land arrangement and land re-arrangement in Slovenia. A significant result of the master’s thesis is a comparison between legal criteria for introduction and implementation of individual and mass cadastral procedures in Slovenia. For a better understanding of the discussed procedures and critical evaluation of the current legal provisions, we conducted a study of the new cadastral surveying and the setting-up of land cadaster using practical examples in Slovenia. Based on the analysis of existing statutory provisions and practical examples we were able to form and suggest improvements of criteria contents presented at the end. Emphasis is placed on two of mass cadastral procedures, namely a new cadastral survey and setting-up of the cadastre. Our purpose was to point at unexploited potential and their expected future contribution to data quality of land cadastre and effectiveness of land re-arrangement.

Bistvo instituta stavbne pravice je v pravni ločitvi zgradbe od zemljišča, kar omogoča različen lastniški položaj na stavbi in zemljišču, zaradi česar pomeni odstop od načela superficies solo cedit. Enako velja tudi za etažno lastnino, ki omogoča, da se posamezni del stavbe določi kot samostojna stvar. Nepremičnine nastanejo v geodetskih postopkih, kjer se tudi ugotavljajo njihove lastnosti in se kot take evidentirajo v zemljiškem katastru in katastru stavb. Ko nepremičnina nastane in so znane njene lastnosti, kot so obseg, površina, meje itd., sledi določitev pravic, ki se vežejo nanjo. Te pravice pa se evidentirajo na podlagi zemljiškoknjižnih predlogov ali poočitve v zemljiško knjigo. Etažna lastnina se vzpostavi šele z vpisom v zemljiško knjigo. V skladu z 258. členom SPZ se lahko zgradba, ki je zgrajena na nepremičnini, obremenjeni s stavbno pravico, tudi razdeli v etažno lastnino ob upoštevanju zakonskih pogojev. Izvesti je treba delitev zgradbe na posamezne in skupne dele, pri čemer so posamezni deli takšni, da jih je mogoče posebej uporabljati, skupni deli pa služijo vsem ali vsaj več posameznim delom. V klasični etažni lastnini je glavni skupni del zemljišče, na katerem stoji stavba, in z vidika lastninske pravice se na to zemljišče prenaša pravno razmerje etažnih lastnikov na skupnih delih. Etažna lastnina se lahko vzpostavi samo na že zgrajeni zgradbi, zato bo investitor gradnje najprej praviloma pridobil stavbno pravico na zemljišču in sezidal zgradbo. Ko bo z gradnjo končal, bo z enostranskim pravnim poslom oblikoval etažno lastnino po pravilih SPZ. Posebnost take etažne lastnine bo v tem, da bo namesto zemljišča, na katerem stoji zgradba, skupni del predstavljala stavbna pravica. Imetništvo stavbne pravice pa bo enako, kot je pravno razmerje na skupnih delih, torej bo vsakemu posameznemu delu pripadal ustrezni delež udeležbe na stavbni pravici. Takšen režim etažne lastnine na zgradbi nima vpliva na prenehanje stavbne pravice, saj s potekom časa nastopijo enake pravne posledice in zgradba kot celota postane sestavni del zemljišča, na katerem je pred tem obstajala stavbna pravica. Iz razloga, da zgradba po prenehanju nima več lastnosti samostojne stvari, preneha tudi etažna lastnina. Lastnik oziroma lastniki zemljišča po prenehanju stavbne pravice pa lahko ponovno vzpostavijo etažno lastnino, če tako želijo. Stavba in njeni prostorski deli ostanejo vpisani v katastru stavb, kadar preneha stavbna pravica, kar pomeni, da prenehanje stavbne pravice ni podlaga za izbris stavbe in njenih prostorskih delov iz katastra stavb in tudi ne za prenehanje etažne lastnine. Posledica prenehanja je le ta, da prejšnji lastniki posameznih delov, če niso hkrati postali solastniki zemljišča, ki je obremenjeno s stavbno pravico, in če so ti različni od lastnika tega zemljišča, izgubijo lastninsko pravico na posameznih delih stavbe v etažni lastnini in soimetništvo stavbne pravice. Nov etažni lastnik postane lastnik zemljišča. The essence of the building right institute is the legal separation of the building from the land, which leads to a different ownership position on the building and on the land. This makes a withdrawal from the principle of superficies solo cedit. This also applies to commonhold which allows the individual of the building designated as a detached matter. Properties arise in geodetic procedures, where are also determined their characteristics as recorded in the land cadastre and in the cadastre of buildings. When property is created and we know its characteristics such as size, area, boundaries etc., then follows the determination of the rights attached to it. These rights are recorded on the basis of land register proposals or re-entry into the property register. Commonhold is established by entering the property register. According to the article 258 of the SPZ a building built on the property, which is burdened with the building right, can also be divided into commonhold. The division of the building into individual and common units must be carried out. Individual units must be organized in the way that can be used individually meanwhile the common units must be organized in the way that can be used by all units. Normally the commonhold has the land on which the building is located as the main common unit and the legal relationship of the unit-holders is transferred to this land. Commonhold can only be established on a building that is already built therefore the investor will primarily acquire the building right on the land and then build the building. Once the building is completed, he will establish commonhold with a contract. The specialty of this commonhold is in building right which is the common unit instead of the land. The ownership of the building right will be the same as the legal relationship in common units, therefore each part will have an adequate share of participation in the building right. Such a regime of commonhold on the building does not have any impact on the termination of the building right, since the same legal consequences occur with the passage of the building right. The whole building becomes an integral part of the land. Because the building is no longer an independent item, the commonhold also ceases. The landowners can re-establish the commonhold when the building right ceases to exist. The building and its parts shall remain registered in the cadastre of buildings when the building right is terminated. The termination does not constitute a basis for the removal from the cadastre of buildings, nor also for the termination of the commonhold. The consequence is that the previous unit-holders lose the property right on individual units of the building if they did not become co-owners of the land burdened with the building right. The new commonhold owner becomes the owner of the land.

V diplomski nalogi so predstavljeni zemljiškokatastrski in zemljiškoknjižni problemi ter predlog uskladitve nepremičninskih evidenc na območju akumulacijskega jezera Klivnik. Prikazano je obstoječe zemljiškokatastrsko stanje in predlog združitve obstoječih parcel v vodne glede na katastrske občine: Hrušica, Podbeže, Tominje in Zajelšje v Občini Ilirska Bistrica. Z združitvijo parcel glede na katastrske občine v zadnji fazi postopka nastanejo nove vodne površine, ki so v skladu z akumulacijskim stanjem. Opisana je tudi zakonodaja v času nastanka akumulacije, ki je bila podlaga za razlastitve in prenose lastništev ter trenutno veljavna zakonodaja, ki služi kot predlog ureditve novega stanja. The graduation thesis represents cadastre and land registry at registration of real properties with a proposal for harmonize real property registers in the area of the reservoir lake Klivnik. The existing land cadastre situation and proposal of merging of existing parcels into the water, land according to presented cadastral municipalities: Hrušica, Podbeže, Tominje and Zajelšje all in the municipality of Ilirska Bistrica. By combining parcels with respect to cadastral municipalities, new water and land is created, which are in accordance with the accumulation situation. Described is legislation at the time of formation of the accumulation (40 years ago), which was also the basis for expropriations and transfers of ownership. The current legislation serves as a proposal for the regulation of the new situation.

Pomemben podatek zemljiškega katastra je površina parcele. Ta je izračunana na osnovi podatkov katastrskih meritev, ki so bile izvedene v različnih časovnih obdobjih. V Sloveniji so lahko uradni podatki o površinah parcel določeni na podlagi podatkov katastrske izmere vse od uvedbe franciscejskega katastra v prvi polovici 19. stoletja do današnjih dni. Namen magistrskega dela je analizirati in podati pregled zahtevane kakovosti določevanja površin parcel v Sloveniji po posameznih obdobjih, kot je bilo to določeno v predpisih. V prvem delu naloge smo podrobno predstavili predpise na področju zemljiškega katastra, ki so urejali to področje na slovenskem ozemlju od franciscejskega katastra do danes. Za celotno obravnavano obdobje (1817–2017) smo kronološko predstavili predpisana dopustna odstopanja oziroma zahtevane natančnosti določitve koordinat zemljiškokatastrskih točk, kar smo nadalje uporabili za oceno kakovosti katastrskih podatkov o površinah parcel. Za analizo zahtevane kakovosti katastrskih podatkov o površinah parcel smo izračunali dopustna odstopanja pri grafičnem določevanju za vnaprej izbrane velikosti parcel in za različna merila katastrskih načrtov. Prav tako smo izračunali natančnosti določitve površin na osnovi numeričnih podatkov o poteku meje parcel, to je na podlagi koordinat zemljiškokatastrskih točk, za enake primere izbranih velikosti parcel. Dobljene rezultate smo prikazali kronološko in jih primerjalno ovrednotili. Ugotovili smo, da so bile zahteve glede kakovosti določitve površin parcel v zemljiškem katastru obširneje predpisane šele v začetku 20. stoletja. Pregled zakonodaje jasno kaže na to, da podatki grafičnega katastra niso ustrezali kakovosti, ki je bila predpisana v navodilih za prvotno izmero. Še več, vedno znova je ocenjena položajna kakovost katastrskih načrtov kot tudi površine parcel iz predhodnega obdobja ovrednotena slabše v primerjavi z zahtevami zakonodaje iz tistega predhodnega obdobja. Presenetljivo je, da se je v obdobju 1930–1970 z jugoslovanskima predpisoma zahtevana kakovost določevanja katastrskih površin postopno zmanjševala v primerjavi z nekdanjimi avstro-ogrskimi kriteriji. Bistven preobrat pri določevanju površin parcel v zemljiškem katastru na Slovenskem je nastal na prelomu v 21. stoletje z zahtevo, da se površine parcel določajo izključno iz numeričnih koordinat, ki pomeni pomembno izboljšanje zahtevane kakovosti določitve površine parcel. The land plot area is an important data in the land cadastre. It is calculated on the basis of cadastral measurements carried out at different time periods. In Slovenia, the official data on land plot areas can be derived from the cadastre survey data originating from the introduction of the Franciscan cadastre in the first half of the 19th century up to the present days. The purpose of the master's thesis is to analyse and provide an overview of the required quality of the determination of land plot areas in Slovenia within particular periods, as specified in the respective regulations. In the first part of the thesis, we presented in detail the regulations in the field of land cadastre, which regulated this domain on the Slovenian territory from the Franciscan cadastre to the present. For the whole period considered (1817-2017) we presented chronologically the prescribed permissible limits and the required precision of determining the coordinates of the land cadastre points, which were further used for the assessment of the quality of cadastral data on the land plot areas. Aiming to analyse the quality of this data, we have calculated permissible limits in graphic determination for pre-selected parcel sizes and for different scales of cadastral maps. We also calculated the precision of area determination based on numerical data on the course of the land plot boundary, which is based on the coordinates of the land cadastre points, for the same examples of selected land plot sizes. The results are presented chronologically and are comparatively evaluated. We have found that the requirements regarding the quality of determining the area of land plots in the land cadastre were more precisely prescribed only from the beginning of the 20th century. The review of the legislation clearly shows that the graphical cadastre data did not correspond to the quality prescribed in the instructions for the initial survey. Moreover, the re-evaluated quality of land cadastre plans and the area of land plots from the previous period have been turned out worse in comparison with the requirements of the legislation from that previous period. Surprisingly, in the period 1930–1970, the quality of determining the land plot area was gradually decreasing with the Yugoslav regulations in comparison with the former Austro-Hungarian criteria. A crucial turning point in the determination of land plot areas appeared at the turn of the 21st century with the requirement that the land plot areas should be determined exclusively from numerical coordinates, which signifies an important improvement in the required quality of the land plot areas determination.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljen postopek vpisa stanovanjsko-poslovnega objekta v zemljiški kataster in kataster stavb na podlagi Zakona o evidentiranju nepremičnin in na njenih podzakonskih aktih. Podrobno so opisane metode in izmere zemljišča pod stavbo in stavbe same. Praktični del naloge obsega opis celotnega postopka evidentiranja zemljišča pod stavbo in vpis objekta v kataster stavb. Prikazana sta oba elaborata za vpis v ustrezne evidence. This diploma thesis presents the procedure for registration of a residential-business building in the land cadastre and cadastral of buildings on the basis of the Property Registration Act and other implementing regulations. The methods and measurements of the land under the building and the building itself are described in detail. The practical part of the diploma comprises a description of the entire process of registering the land under the building and the entry of the building into the building cadastre. Both expert's detail reports for the relavant records are included.

в статье рассматривается гражданско-правовое регулирование право пользование некоторые категории земельных участков. Изучено также гражданско-правовое регулирование право пользование земельных участков исходя из опыта зарубежных стран, дано теоретическое и практическое рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательства данного проблемы., the article deals with civil legal regulation of the right to use certain categories of land plots. Civil legal regulation of the right to use land basing on the experience of foreign countries has also been studied, and theoretical and practical recommendations have been given to advancing the legislation of this problem.

Background: Determining the location, boundaries and areas of land properties accurately in the land cadastre is essential. The named data are provided using coordinates, acquired from field measurements. Since 2008, the Slovenian land cadastre claims positioning in the national realization of the ETRS89, so the GNSS use is practically indispensable. Objectives: Contrary to real-time, we can change parameters in GNSS post-processing. The aim of this paper is to simulate different measurement conditions for GNSS in order to determine how to acquire the best possible coordinates for further use in land area calculation. Methods/Approach: Simulations of obstacles near points followed the increasing of the cut-off angle. Furthermore, shortening the observation interval resulted in different occupation duration. The final condition evaluation for coordinate quality acquisition followed from fuzzy logic. Results: The results show that for short baselines, occupation duration is the most important factor in acquiring high quality coordinates and avoiding the multipath. Differences in coordinates from specific strategies can sometimes exceed the tolerance and evidently affect the area calculation. Conclusions: The findings confirm that only good measurement conditions lead to high quality coordinates and well-defined areas of land properties, which are the fundamental factor in relation to the issues of property valuation and assessing land taxes or rents

Since 2017, the sphere of land cadastral relations and registration of rights On real estate objects underwent significant changes and innovations on the part of the legislation of the Russian Federation. So from January 1, 2017, the Federal Law of July 13, 2015 No. 218-FZ "On State Registration of Real Estate" entered into legal force(hereinafter - Law No. 218-FZ). This law replaced the Federal Law of 21.07.1997 No. 122-FZ "On state registration of rights to real estate and transactions with it" and Federal Law No. 221-FZ of 24.07.2007 "On the State Real Estate Cadastre Until January 1, 2017 on the territory of the Russian Federation, information on real estate objects were recorded in two main registers of real estate: - State Cadastre of Real Estate; - The unified state register of rights to real estate and transactions with it. Since January 2017, the legislation of the Russian Federation provides for the maintenance of the Unified State Real Estate Register. The database of the Unified State Real Estate Register will unite in itself the information contained earlier in the register of real estate objects and the unified state register of rights to real estate and transactions with it (hereinafter referred to as EGRP). The provisions of Law No. 218-FZ regulate and encompass relations on registration of real estate, covering both state cadastral registration and state registration of rights to real estate. In this article, the author examines in detail the procedure for conducting and implementing state cadastral accounting for the example of the Istra district of the Moscow region.

Komasacija kmetijskih zemljišč je ena izmed rešitev združevanja razdrobljene posesti. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen postopek komasacije, pričakovani cilji, rezultati in analiza komasacije na praktičnem primeru v k.o. Nadlesk in k.o. Podcerkev v občini Loška dolina. Osrednja tema je evidentiranje oziroma registracija novo nastalega stanja po izvedenem postopku v zemljiškem katastru in zemljiški knjigi. Prikazan je potek seznanitve z novim stanjem na komasacijskem območju, pritožbe komasacijskih udeležencev, reševanje pritožb ter vloga institucij: upravna enota, geodetska uprava, ministrstvo in sodišče. Land consolidation is one of the solutions to amalgamate diverified land. The graduation thesis presents the process of land consolidation, the expected objectives, results and the analysis of the procedure in the case of the land consolidation »Nadlesk – Podcerkev« in the municipality of Loška dolina. The main theme is registration of the new situation after the completion of the land consolidation process in the land cadastre and land register. Process of the acquaintance with the new ownership situation is shown. Appeals of the land consolidation participants on the new ownership situation, dealing with complaints and the role of institutions: administrative unit, surveying administration, ministry and court are presented.

The general meaning of the concept of "cadastral accounting" is treated as a description of real estate objects in order to obtain individual characteristics and parameters of each, which in the future will make it possible to unambiguously and accurately distinguish such an object from others and evaluate it from a qualitative and economic point of view. State cadastral accounting acts as a confirmation of the existence of real estate by entering it into a single database of real estate cadastre. All updated and newly formed cadastre data must be submitted in the Unified State Real Estate Register (EGRN) with the mandatory subsequent assignment to each property of a unique, individual and non-repeating cadastral number in the entire territory of the Russian Federation or the introduction of changes to the basic and additional information about the property. The information of the EGRN should be updated simultaneously with the water or forest cadastre, the cadastre of green plantations in the urban area or, for example, the waste cadastre. In a broad interpretation, the cadastre is a single system for calculating and classifying certain resources and objects.