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Soymilk is a natural nanocarrier. However, the performance of flavonoid-soymilk nano-complex remains unclear. In this work, icariin-soymilk nano-complexes (ISNCs) were successfully fabricated and characterized. The effects of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) treatment on structure and physicochemical properties of soymilk and nano-complexes were investigated. HPH treatment could significantly improve the surface hydrophobicity and interfacial activity of soymilk. The soymilk with HPH treatment could significantly improve the water solubility (20 folds), thermal stability and bioavailability of icariin. The highest encapsulation efficiency (93.28%), loading capacity (39.09 μg/mg), ζ-potentia (absolute value, 31.20 mV) and bioavailability (72.14%) were observed in HSI-200 (200 bar of homogenization pressure). While HSI-500 (500 bar of homogenization pressure) showed the smallest particle size (183.73 nm). ISNCs showed a rougher surface and an irregular lamellar structure with large amount of fi ne particles by using Cryo-SEM, suggesting that icariin was encapsulated in soymilk. These data supplied a novel strategy to improve the performance of icariin in functional foods.

Nanoemulsions are gaining interest in a variety of products as a means of integrating easily degradable bioactive compounds, preserving them from oxidation, and increasing their bioavailability. However, preparing stable emulsion compositions with the desired characteristics is a difficult task. The aim of this study was to encapsulate the Tinospora cordifolia aqueous extract (TCAE) into a water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsion and identify its critical process and formulation variables, like oil (27–29.4 mL), the surfactant concentration (0.6–3 mL), and sonication amplitude (40% to 100%), using response surface methodology (RSM). The responses of this formulation were studied with an analysis of the particle size (PS), free fatty acids (FFAs), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). In between, we have studied a fishbone diagram that was used to measure risk and preliminary research. The optimized condition for the formation of a stable nanoemulsion using quality by design was surfactant (2.43 mL), oil concentration (27.61 mL), and sonication amplitude (88.6%), providing a PS of 171.62 nm, FFA content of 0.86 meq/kg oil and viscosity of 0.597 Pa.s for the blank sample compared to the enriched TCAE nanoemulsion with a PS of 243.60 nm, FFA content of 0.27 meq/kg oil and viscosity of 0.22 Pa.s. The EE increases with increasing concentrations of TCAE, from 56.88% to 85.45%. The RSM response demonstrated that both composition variables had a considerable impact on the properties of the W/O nanoemulsion. Furthermore, after the storage time, the enriched TCAE nanoemulsion showed better stability over the blank nanoemulsion, specially the FFAs, and the blank increased from 0.142 to 1.22 meq/kg oil, while TCAE showed 0.266 to 0.82 meq/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The food borne pathogen Enterobacter cloacae contribute to food borne illness in humans. Biofilm formation in Enterobacter cloacae makes them more resistant to antibiotics. The main goal of the research is to prevent biofilm-forming Enterobacter cloacae by encapsulating nisin in liposomes using nanotechnology. The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the biofilm-formed were characterized. Nisin was selected based on sensitivity testing. A microvesicle encapsulation method was used to encapsulate nisin in liposomes. Bacterial control was determined by colony forming units in an in vitro bioassay. Inhibition and eradication of Enterobacter cloacae was investigated using a microbial biofilm highthroughput antimicrobial susceptibility test using the Calgary biofilm apparatus. The food borne pathogen Enterobacter cloaca was isolated from the skin of grapes. After characterizing the biofilm formation on the isolate, the results showed that Enterobacter cloacae has the highest biofilm formation in tryptic broth (TSB) and brain heart infusion medium (BHI). In the antibiotic susceptibility test, the isolate is inhibited by antibiotics when presented in high concentrations. High-throughput analysis was performed using the Calgary biofilm apparatus, and the results showed that the nisinloaded liposome exhibited good inhibition compared to antibiotics. One mM concentration of nisin (3.3 mg/10 mL) was used to encapsulate them in liposomes using a microvesicle encapsulation method. The results showed a tremendous inhibition of the food borne pathogen Enterobacter cloacae by the colony-forming units. This liposomal encapsulation of nisin promises high inhibition and can also be used for food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin is an antioxidant that can effectively eliminate free radicals. However, as its oral bioavailability is low, an effective delivery method is required. Phospholipid-based liposomes can encapsulate lipophilic drugs, such as curcumin, while liposome, cholesterol, and gum Arabic (GA) can enhance the internal and external stability of drug membranes. This present study used concentrations of cholesterol (Cchol) and GA (CGA), ranging from 0 to 10, 20, 30, and 40% as well as 0 to 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40%, respectively, to encapsulate curcumin in a GA–cocoliposome (CCL/GA) matrix and test its efficacy in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF). The absence of new characteristic peaks in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra results indicate the presence of non-covalent interactions in the CCL/GA encapsulation. Furthermore, increasing the Cchol decreased the encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), and antioxidant activity (IR) of the CCL/GA encapsulation but increased its release rate (RR). Conversely, increasing CGA increased its EE and IR but decreased its LC and RR. The two conditions applied confirmed this. Liposomal curcumin had the highest IR in SIF (84.081%) and the highest RR in SGF (0.657 ppm/day). Furthermore, liposomes loaded with 10% Cchol and 20% CGA performed best in SIF, while those loaded with 10% Cchol and 30% CGA performed best in SGF. Lastly, the CCL/GA performed better in SIF than SGF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS) can be extracted from waste fish scales through a series of chemical processes, including demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. The biomaterial poly (acrylamide [AM]‐co‐acrylic acid [AA])/CS is a unique superabsorbent material synthesized through the free radical graft copolymerization method by using AM, AA, and CS powder. During synthesis, ammonium persulfate is used as an initiator, and N, N′‐methylene bisacrylamide is used as a cross‐linker. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been studied to know about the morphology and structure of the synthesized superabsorbent materials. The water absorbency of the material continuously increases from day 1 to day 30. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) of the superabsorbent material show adequate thermal stability. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the synthesized biomaterial is virtually amorphous in nature. The percentage of biodegradability increases with time. The encapsulation efficiency of amoxicillin drugs is around 70%, which indicates that the biomaterial is highly efficient for drug release applications. The synthesized novel biomaterial is a low‐cost, eco‐friendly, and thermally stable hydrogel that can be effectively used in drug release applications. Highlights: Chitosan (CS)‐based hydrogels are highly pH‐sensitive towards drug release.The biodegradability and swelling behavior of the synthesized biomaterial were studied by adopting a suitable methodology.The novel material formed was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, TGA, and Scanning electron microscopy. The encapsulation efficiency, kinetic study, and controlled drug release behavior of the amoxicillin drug were studied in solutions of simulated gastric fluid and phosphate‐buffered saline.The material developed in this study shows good performance in controlled drug delivery, and is therefore suitable for manufacturing medical devices used in drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to environmental issues, upcycling has become a growing trend in the food industry. Aquasoya is a promising method to upcycle by-product from soybean processing due to its high protein contents and excellent emulsifying ability. In the present research, Aquasoya powder was used an emulsifier to incorporate the antioxidant compounds from perilla skin extract (PSE), namely rosmarinic acid, into oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion system and its physochemical stability was assessed. As a result, droplet size of the emulsion was smaller in PSE-incorporated emulsion (PO, 350.57 ± 9.60 b nm) than the emulsion without PSE (PX, 1045.37 ± 142.63 a nm). Centrifugal photosedimentometry analysis also revealed that the physical stability was significantly improved in PO, and the stability was maintained over 30 d of storage. Furthermore, as PO had a higher ABTS radical scavenging ability and showed slower initial lipid oxidation, it was concluded that PO has a higher antioxidant ability than PX. Conclusively, Aquasoya can be considered as an emulsifier in O/W emulsion with PSE because it can effectively integrate and stabilize the antioxidant substance derived from perilla skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, protein-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres were prepared via supercritical fluid extraction of emulsion (SFEE) technology. To understand the correlation between process parameters and the main quality characteristics of PLGA microspheres, a comprehensive prior study on the influence of process variables on encapsulation efficiency (EE), initial drug burst release (IBR), morphology, surface property, and particle size distribution (PSD) was conducted within a wide process condition range of each unit process step, from the double-emulsion preparation step to the extraction step. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), a high-molecular weight-protein that is difficult to control the IBR and EE of PLGA microspheres with, was used as a model material. As double-emulsion manufacturing process parameters, the primary (W/O) and secondary emulsion (W/O/W) homogenization speed and secondary emulsification time were evaluated. In addition, the effect of the SFEE process parameters, including the pressure (70–160 bar), temperature (35–65 °C), stirring rate (50–1000 rpm), and flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide, SC-CO2 (1–40 mL/min), on PLGA microsphere quality properties were also evaluated. An increase in the homogenization speed of the primary emulsion resulted in an increase in EE and a decrease in IBR. In contrast, increasing the secondary emulsification speed resulted in a decrease in EE and an increase in IBR along with a decrease in microsphere size. The insufficient secondary emulsification time resulted in excessive increases in particle size, and excessive durations resulted in decreased EE and increased IBR. Increasing the temperature and pressure of SFEE resulted in an overall increase in particle size, a decrease in EE, and an increase in IBR. It was observed that, at low stirring rates or SC-CO2 flow rates, there was an increase in particle size and SPAN value, while the EE decreased. Overall, when the EE of the prepared microspheres is low, a higher proportion of drugs is distributed on the external surface of the microspheres, resulting in a larger IBR. In conclusion, this study contributes to the scientific understanding of the influence of SFEE process variables on PLGA microspheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex coacervation is an encapsulation technique used to preserve the bio functionality of essential oils as well as provide controlled release. In this present work, encapsulation of Citrus Hystrix essential oil (CHEO) was formed by a complex coacervation technique with Gelatin-B (Gel B) and Chitosan (Chi) as the capping materials. The suitable encapsulation formulation was investigated as a function of pH and wall ratio using Zeta Potential analysis. Turbidity measurement and coacervate yield were carried out to confirm the suitable condition. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was used to obtain the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of the process. Results show that the suitable condition for coacervate formation between Gel B and Chi ratio of 5:1 was at pH 5.8, which produced a high encapsulation efficiency of 94.81% ± 2.60. FTIR analysis validates the formation of coacervate as well as the encapsulated CHEO. The encapsulates obtained were spherical and dominated by 194.557 um particles. The CHEO was successfully encapsulated by a complex coacervation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) have many beneficial qualities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities, along with good aroma, which have played a significant role in pharmaceutical, textile, and food industries. However, their high volatility and sensibility to external factors, as well as susceptibility to deterioration caused by environmental and storage conditions, or even common processing, and consequently limited water solubility, makes it difficult to incorporate them into aqueous food matrices and limits their industrial application. Spray-drying encapsulation has been proposed as a solution and a challenging research field to retard oil oxidation, extend EO's shelf life, improve their physicochemical stability, achieve controlled release, suggest novel uses, and therefore boost their added value. The objective of this review is to discuss various used wall materials, infeed emulsion properties, the main formulation and process variables affecting the physicochemical properties and release characteristics of the EOs-loaded particles obtained by spray-drying, the stability of EOs during storage, and the applications of encapsulated EOs powders in foods and nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and textile industries. The current review also summarizes recent advances in spray drying approaches for improving encapsulation efficiency, flavor retention, controlled release, and applicability of encapsulated EOs, thereby expanding their use and functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ω-3 medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs) microcapsules with excellent performance were obtained using soy protein as the wall component to address the oxidation-related problems of MLCTs. Additionally, the effect of soy, whey, or pea proteins on microcapsules in terms of the changes in their structure and physicochemical properties was investigated. The results showed that the small particle size, low PDI (polydispersity index) and zeta potential, fast adsorption rate, and low interfacial tension of these protein-based samples fabricated through the O/W template method were conducive to maintaining the integrity of microcapsules during spray-drying. The microcapsules, characterized by a spherical shape, exhibited superior encapsulation efficiency of 94.56%, surpassing the findings of previous investigations. Overall, these microcapsules exhibited long-term storage stability and low controllable release rates, which could be utilized as carriers for liposoluble actives.

Wood hemicelluloses have been used as a wall material for spray-dried microencapsulation of polyphenols. Nevertheless, their incomplete water solubility could negatively impact their encapsulation efficiency (EE) and the formation of a complete protective layer, which might be alleviated synergistically by combining them with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Here, we explored the effects of CMC addition (0.5–3.0 %, w/w of WM) on the capacity of galactoglucomannans (GGM) and glucuronoxylans (GX) to retain bioactive compounds of bilberry during spray drying; and its contribution to the formation of wall thickness. The results revealed that EE of GGM and GX increased by 4–8 % with the CMC addition at 0.5 %, but significantly declined at higher CMC concentrations. Adding CMC improved the microcapsules' antioxidant activities, surface smoothness, and solubility, but had no effect on their particle size, thermal properties, amorphous structure, or moisture content. The majority of the GGM and GX microcapsules had a hollow internal structure surrounded by continuous wall matrix with a thickness of about 2.3–2.6 μm, which increased to 3.1–3.5 μm with the addition of 0.5 % CMC. Therefore, using CMC at an optimized proportion as a co-encapsulant improved wood hemicelluloses' ability to protect bioactive compounds during spray drying and enhanced microcapsule wall formation.

Fertilizers that release nutrients slowly can provide crops with consistent nutrients, while soils with good water-holding capacity can alleviate the impact of droughts on crops. Sodium alginate/carboxymethyl starch sodium/polydopamine/urea (SCPU) is a new kind of slow-release fertilizer with water absorption property. In this study, the Box–Behnken response surface methodology (RSM) was used to reveal the effects of concentrations of sodium alginate, carboxymethyl starch sodium, urea, calcium chloride and dopamine on the encapsulation efficiency and water absorption of SCPU. The results show that the optimum preparation conditions to obtain the highest level of encapsulation efficiency (89.27%) and water absorption (167.05%) are 2.2% sodium alginate, 5% carboxymethyl starch sodium, 30% urea, 1.9% calcium chloride and 0.52% dopamine.

The excessive use of biocides has considerable environmental and economic impacts; this is why new technologies have been sought to decrease the concentration levels applied in an effort to reduce the use of these substances. Microencapsulation using cyclodextrins has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries as a way of reducing the concentrations of the active substance necessary to achieve a biological effect and/or eliminate its irritating or toxicological effects. In this study, the inclusion complexation behavior and binding ability of benzothiazolinone (BIT) with different β-cyclodextrins (β-CD, HP-β-CD, and Me-β-CD) was investigated. The intermolecular interactions were examined through UV and FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, 1D 1H NMR, and 2D ROESY. The highest stability constant was observed for the BIT/Me-β-CD inclusion complex (299.5 ± 2.9 M−1). Antibacterial activity was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the results revealed that the BIT/Me-β-CD inclusion complex displays a higher antibacterial activity than BIT. The acute toxicity of the biocide and inclusion complex was also examined using the photobacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. Although BIT exhibited higher toxicity than the inclusion complex, further investigation is needed due to the quorum quenching effect of β-CDs. The data found suggest that BIT microencapsulation can increase its aqueous solubility and can be used as an effective tool to improve its chemical, biological, and ecotoxicological properties.

The aim of the study was to compare two kinds of soluble dietary fibres in a mixture with OSA-starch as wall components of linseed oil capsules. Comparison was made based on emulsion (droplet size, polydispersity index, and viscosity) and powder properties (outer structure, colour, surface oil content, and encapsulation efficiency). Additionally, linseed oil powders were applied to the food model (apple juice) and the colour, physical stability, and volatile compound profile of fortified juice were determined. Although the obtained linseed oil emulsions with different compositions of polysaccharide components showed some variation in droplet size, polydisperse index and viscosity, their encapsulation efficiency by spray-drying was very high (>98%). The powders produced had a similar structure and low surface oil content, and their 2% addition to apple juice did not change its stability and only slightly decreased its colour lightness and yellowness. However, greater differences in the volatile compounds of obtained juices were observed. Overall, the added powders reduced the volatility of aroma compounds typical of apple juice but introduced propanal and hexanal, especially the powders with the highest OSA-starch share.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the template for protein biosynthesis and is emerging as an essential active molecule to combat various diseases, including viral infection and cancer. Especially, mRNA-based vaccines, as a new type of vaccine, have played a leading role in fighting against the current global pandemic of COVID-19. However, the inherent drawbacks, including large size, negative charge, and instability, hinder its use as a therapeutic agent. Lipid carriers are distinguishable and promising vehicles for mRNA delivery, owning the capacity to encapsulate and deliver negatively charged drugs to the targeted tissues and release cargoes at the desired time. Here, we first summarized the structure and properties of different lipid carriers, such as liposomes, liposome-like nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, exosomes and lipoprotein particles, and their applications in delivering mRNA. Then, the development of lipid-based formulations as vaccine delivery systems was discussed and highlighted. Recent advancements in the mRNA vaccine of COVID-19 were emphasized. Finally, we described our future vision and perspectives in this field.

This study aimed to prepare tea tree oil-β-cyclodextrin microcapsules using an optimized co-precipitated method. The impact of the volume fraction of ethanol in the solvent system for microencapsulation on encapsulation efficiency was investigated and analyzed sophisticatedly. Super-high encapsulation efficiency was achieved when a 40% volume fraction of ethanol was used for the microencapsulation procedure, where the recovery yield of microcapsules and the embedding fraction of tea tree oil in microcapsules were as high as 88.3% and 94.3%, respectively. Additionally, considering the operation cost, including time and energy consumption, an economical preparation was validated so that it would be viable for large-scale production. Based on the results of morphological and X-ray diffraction analysis, the crystal structure appeared to differ before and after microencapsulation. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of microcapsules. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the fabricated microcapsules was assessed by a simple growth inhibition test using Bacillus subtilis as the study object, and the hydrophilic property was proved by a water contact angle measurement.

BACKGROUND: In order to study the effect of adsorption of surfactant at the two interfacial layers on emulsion stability, the kinetically stable water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) emulsion carriers were prepared using polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and gum arabic (GA) as emulsifiers. The relationship between the adsorption of the surfactant and the stability mechanism of the emulsions was elucidated. RESULTS: When the contents of PGPR and GA were low, the interfaces between oil and the inner and outer water phases, respectively, could not be completely covered. However, when the concentration of PGPR was higher than 60 g kg−1, the excess PGPR was adsorbed on the interface between the oil phase and the outer water phase. When the concentration of GA reached 80 g kg−1, more GA was adsorbed to the oil‐in‐water interface. Moreover, the presence of PGPR on the interface could reduce the adsorption capacity of GA. Two types of kinetically stable emulsions were obtained by optimizing the interface composition (60 g kg−1 GA/80 g kg−1 PGPR and 60 g kg−1 PGPR/80 g kg−1 GA). The kinetically stable W/O/W emulsions prepared in this study were successfully used to encapsulate a hydrophilic vitamin (vitamin B12) with an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 80% and release efficiency (RE) of 95%. The interfacial adsorption GA can accelerate the hydrolysis of fat. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study provides a new strategy for the preparation of W/O/W emulsions, which might be beneficial for application in food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) constitute the microbial group most used as probiotics; however, many strains reduce their viability during their transit through the body. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two microencapsulation techniques, as well as the incorporation of lactulose as a prebiotic and the use of chitosan coating on the microcapsules, on the viability of the Lactobacillus sp. strain FM4.C1.2. LAB were microencapsulated by extrusion or emulsion, using 2% sodium alginate as encapsulating matrix and lactulose (2 or 4%) as the prebiotic. The encapsulation efficiency was evaluated, and the capsules were measured for moisture and size. The encapsulation efficiency ranged between 80.64 and 99.32% for both techniques, with capsule sizes between 140.64 and 1465.65 µm and moisture contents from 88.23 to 98.04%. The microcapsules of some selected treatments (five) were later coated with chitosan and LAB survival was evaluated both in coated and uncoated microcapsules, through tolerance to pH 2.5, bile salts and storage for 15 days at 4 °C. The highest survival of the probiotic strain under the conditions of pH 2.5 (96.78–99.2%), bile salts (95.54%) and storage for 15 days (84.26%), was found in the microcapsules obtained by emulsion containing 4% lactulose and coated with chitosan. These results demonstrate the possible interaction of lactulose with alginate to form better encapsulating networks, beyond its sole probiotic effect. Additional research may shed more light on this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the interfacial phenomenon of cefotaxime in combination with nonionic surfactants, Triton X-100 (TX-100) and Tween-80 (TW-80), and their mixed micellar formulations. Cefotaxime was enclosed in a micellar system to improve its solubility and effectiveness. TX-100 and TW-80 were used in an amphiphilic self-assembly process to create the micellar formulation. The effect of the addition of TX-100, a nonionic surfactant, on the ability of TW-80 to solubilize the drug was examined. The values of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were determined via UV-Visible spectroscopy. Gibbs free energies (ΔGp and ΔGb), the partition coefficient (Kx), and the binding constant (Kb) were also computed. In a single micellar system, the partition coefficient (Kx) was found to be 33.78 × 106 and 2.78 × 106 in the presence of TX-100 and TW-80, respectively. In a mixed micellar system, the value of the partition coefficient for the CEF/TW-80 system is maximum (5.48 × 106) in the presence of 0.0019 mM of TX-100, which shows that TX-100 significantly enhances the solubilizing power of micelles. It has been demonstrated that these surfactants are effective in enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of therapeutic compounds. This study elaborates on the physicochemical characteristics and solubilization of reactive drugs in single and mixed micellar media. This investigation, conducted in the presence of surfactants, shows a large contribution to the binding process via both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of Ca2+ on the electrochemical properties and performance of catechin-loaded mung bean protein hydrogels. Our results demonstrate that increasing Ca2+ concentration significantly improves the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading rates within the hydrogel, leading to enhanced drug delivery capabilities. Furthermore, we observe that the electrochemical properties, including viscosity and storage modulus (G'), of the mung bean protein hydrogel exhibit an optimal trend, peaking at a Ca2+ addition of 10%. Importantly, our hydrogel demonstrates superior slow-release properties in a simulated gastric-intestinal digestion model, particularly when the Ca2+ concentration is increased. These findings highlight the essential role of Ca2+ in fine-tuning the electrochemical properties of mung bean protein hydrogels and provide valuable insights for the design of efficient drug delivery systems. The novelty of our work lies in the comprehensive investigation of the effects of Ca2+ on both the electrochemical properties and slow-release capabilities of mung bean protein gel, as well as the elucidation of their potential applications in drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on encapsulating the drug with enhanced efficiency and characterizing the same environmental applications. Efficient encapsulation and conjugation of this remarkable drug with chitosan have never been attempted before. Loading into a nanocarrier extends the efficiency of the boneset from being general folk medicine to a specialized functional moiety that even works as potential nanomedicine and dye degeneration. Eupatorium perfoliatum 3C loaded in the chitosan nanocarrier was performed using an ionotropic gelation method. Physicochemical properties were analyzed using a pH meter, UV‐Vis spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A dye degradation assay was done for four commercially available dyes, namely, safranin, methyl red as well as orange, and methylene blue. Irrespective of chitosan's molecular weight, methyl orange is degraded the most by E. perfoliatum 3C formulation by 31.9% at 90 min. In terms of encapsulation efficiency, lower molecular chitosan shows 96% encapsulation of the drug within its surface. Thus, manifesting itself as a potential nanocarrier for therapeutic applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel polysaccharide liposome was prepared using garlic polysaccharides, soybean lecithin and cholesterol and structurally characterized. The optimal preparation conditions of garlic polysaccharide liposomes were determined by single-factor and response surface tests using the film-material ratio, lipid-drug ratio and ultrasonic time as factors and the encapsulation efficiency as response values. The obtained liposomes were characterized in terms of micromorphology, particle size, UV spectrum, IR spectrum and stability. The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions of garlic polysaccharide liposomes were as follows: Film-material ratio of 4:1, lipid-drug ratio of 24:1, ultrasonic time of 14 min, with the maximum encapsulation efficiency of 61.00%±0.73%. The obtained liposomes appeared as spherical vesicles with uniform dispersion and good stability. Their particle size, polymer dispersity index and zeta potential were 213.50±1.85 nm, 0.187±0.005 and −21.07±1.27 mV, respectively. UV and IR spectra confirmed that garlic polysaccharides were successfully encapsulated into the lipid material through electrostatic interactions, without the formation of new chemical bonds. After 28 days of storage at 4 ℃, the particle size of garlic polysaccharide liposomes increased from 211.13±0.54 nm to 225.70±0.65 nm, the PDI increased from 0.187±0.003 to 0.236±0.001, and the encapsulation efficiency decreased from 60.96%±0.32% to 56.97%±0.74%, exhibiting a relative stability. Therefore, the garlic polysaccharide liposomes prepared in this study had high encapsulation efficiency, small particle size, good dispersion and high stability, which could provide a reference for the development of garlic polysaccharide derivatives.

Multiple emulsions can dissolve some substances with different properties, such as hydrophilicity and lipophilicity, into different phases. They play an important role in protection, controlled release and targeted release of the encapsulated substances. However, it’s poor stability has always been one of the main problems restricting its application in the food industry. For this reason, a heat-induced aggregate (HIA) of Maillard graft product of isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO), as well as egg white protein (EWP), was used as hydrophilic emulsifier to improve the stability of W1/O/W2 emulsions. Moreover, gelatin was added into the internal aqueous phase (W1) to construct W1/O/W2 emulsion-gels system. The encapsulation efficiency of HIA-stabilized W1/O/W2 emulsions remained nearly unaltered, dropping by only 0.86%, significantly outperforming the conjugates and physical mixture of IMO and EWP in terms of encapsulation stability. The emulsion-gels system was constructed by adding 5% gelatin in the W1, and had the highest EE% and good salt and heat stability after 30 days of storage. This experiment provides guidance for improving the stability of W1/O/W2 emulsions system and its application in the package delivery of functional substances in the food field.

Pumpkin seeds are rich in protein (24–36.5%). Some of them are consumed as nuts, while others are regarded as waste and used for feeding animals. Protein hydrolysates from pumpkin seeds possess some bioactive properties, such as anti-oxidant activity. In this work, various composite alginate hydrogels contain Aloe vera, CMC, and tragacanth have been employed to protect PSPH against degradation in simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGI) and regulate its release rate. The encapsulation efficiency of PSPH in plain alginate and beads with Aloe vera, CMC, and tragacanth combinations was 71.63, 75.63, 85.07, and 80.4%, respectively. The release rate of the plain alginate beads was %30.23 in the SGF and %52.26 in the SIF, and decreased in the composite-based beads. The highest decreasing rate in the antioxidant activity during SGI was observed in free PSPH, and the decreasing rate slowed down in the alginate-based composites. The swelling rate in plain alginate was %-23.43 and %25.43 in the SGF and SIF, respectively, and increased in the composite-based beads. The FTIR spectra of hydrogels before and after loading with PSPH showed identical absorption patterns and were similar to each other. Based on the data for SEM, it was revealed that substituting other polymers in polymer combinations with alginates resulted in a porosity reduction of the beads and smoother and more uniform surfaces. Based on the results, the combination of polysacchared with alginate could protect and increase the applicability of PSPH as a functional component in the food industry.

Pickering emulsions are suspensions of droplets of one liquid in another immiscible liquid which are stabilized by solid particles adsorbed at the droplet-liquid interface. The stabilization of emulsion is done by the solid particles that physically prevent droplets from coalescing. It is possible to alter the emulsifying capabilities of starch by expanding its surface area or changing its charge. Pickering emulsions are stabilized by components such as starch, cellulose, or chitosan. Starch based Pickering emulsions are highly biodegradable and have low toxicity. The inclusion of starch assists in the development of more stable and long-lasting emulsions, extending the shelf life of the developed products. Starch stabilized Pickering emulsions can be utilized to encapsulate pharmaceuticals or nutrients for systemic or targeted administration. The potential for controlled release of Pickering emulsions is highlighted in this review when behavior varies in response to environmental factors like temperature, pH, or light. The investigation emphasized Pickering emulsions with biocompatible and biodegradable particles and focused on numerous environmentally friendly and sustainable techniques for making Pickering emulsions, such as using waste or renewable resource-derived particles. The review focuses on the development, characterization, and applications of Pickering emulsions based on biological macromolecules of starch.

Five tons, per hectare, of thick stems of Ilex paraguariensis are generated each harvest the external part of these (IPC) has a high concentration of chlorogenic acids but is not yet commercially exploited. Thus, it is hypothesized that the coproduct of I. paraguariensis when submitted to optimized extraction conditions will result in extracts rich in chlorogenic acids. Furthermore, optimized encapsulation by anti-solvent precipitation with zein ensures improved thermal stability. Multivariate strategies were successfully employed to obtain extraction of 10.16 g chlorogenic acids per 100 g IPC in 75 % ethanol. The mixture of IPC extract (15 mL) and zein (1.36 g) dripped (18.14 mL h−1) on the water under stirring (4 rpm) results in encapsulated with 94 % efficiency and thermal stability of up to 357.5 C. We show that it is possible to optimize the extraction of chlorogenic acids and encapsulate them in a fast and efficient way for easy industrial expansion. The high amount of chlorogenic acids and the thermal resistance of the encapsulates indicate that applications in foods exposed to heat are highly promising for the valorization of this natural resource not commercially exploited, in line with the concepts of the circular economy.

Clobetasol propionate (CP) is a super potent corticosteroid widely used to treat various skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. However, its utility for topical application is hampered due to its common side effects, such as skin atrophy, steroidal acne, hypopigmentation, and allergic contact dermatitis. Microsponge is a unique three-dimensional microstructure particle with micro and nano-meters-wide cavities, which can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs providing increased efficacy and safety. The aim of the current study is to prepare and optimize clobetasol-loaded microsponges. The emulsion solvent diffusion method is used for the preparation of ethylcellulose (EC)-based microsponges. The impact of various formulation variables on microsponge's properties includes; drug: polymer ratio, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) quantities, the volume of external phase, and stirring rates investigated. The microsponges were characterized in terms of particle size, product yield, CP entrapment %, and in-vitro drug release behavior. The results report that increasing EC concentration led to a significant increase in particle size, with a decrease in product yield and drug entrapment %. Increasing stirring speed or external aqueous volume or PVA w/v % caused a non-significant decrease in production yield and CP entrapment % but showed a significant decrease, and increase in particle size, respectively. Finally, it was concluded that the ability to use ethylcellous as a Msg polymer matrix to prepare uniform, highly porous particles was confirmed by microscope observation and compatibility with CP.

Abstract Polymersomes are nanometric vesicles that can encapsulate large and hydrophilic biomolecules, such as proteins, in the aqueous core. Data in literature show large variation in encapsulation efficiency (%EE) values depending on the method used for calculation. We investigated different approaches (direct and indirect) to quantify the %EE of different proteins (catalase, bovine serum albumin-BSA, L-asparaginase and lysozyme) in Pluronic L-121 polymersomes. Direct methods allow quantification of the actual payload of the polymersomes and indirect methods are based on the quantification of the remaining non-encapsulated protein. The protein-loaded polymersomes produced presented approximately 152 nm of diameter (PDI ~ 0.4). Higher %EE values were obtained with the indirect method (up to 25%), attributed to partial entanglement of free protein in the polymersomes poly(Ethylene Glycol) corona. For the direct methods, vesicles were disrupted with chloroform or proteins precipitated with solvents. Reasonable agreement was found between the two protocols, with values up to 8%, 6%, 17.6% and 0.9% for catalase, BSA, L-asparaginase and lysozyme, respectively. We believe direct determination is the best alternative to quantify the %EE and the combination of both protocols would make results more reliable. Finally, no clear correlation was observed between protein size and encapsulation efficiency.

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths in women. Therefore, this study aimed to produce and analyze nanoliposomes that encapsulate ginger essential oil and assess its cytotoxic effects on the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line, comparing it to the unencapsulated essential oil. Methods: Following the extraction of ginger essential oil using the Clevenger apparatus, liposomes containing the oil were created using the thin film method, and the essential oil was then incorporated into them using the hydration method. Next, the encapsulation efficiency and release pattern of the essential oil from the liposome were assessed using the spectrophotometry method. Physicochemical properties of the synthesized nanosystems, like size, PDI, zeta potential, morphology, and the lack of interaction between essential oils and liposomes, were investigated using DLS, SEM, and FTIR methods, respectively. Finally, the cytotoxicity effect of the synthesized nanosystems on ovarian cancer cells was measured using MTT assay. Results: In this study, we successfully produced nanoliposomes incorporating ginger essential oil with an encapsulation efficiency of 56.41 ± 3.21%, a size of 85.72 ± 4.38 nm, a PDI of 1.48 ± 0.58, a zeta potential of -19.17 ± 1.19, and suitable morphology. These nanoliposomes exhibited a slow and semi-controlled release pattern, with a maximum essential oil release rate of 62.5 ± 2.41% over 48 hours. The nanosystems and essential oil did not exhibit any chemical interaction, and the encapsulation of the essential oil enhanced its anti-cancer properties when compared to its free form on ovarian cancer cells. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that synthesized nano-liposomes with appropriate physicochemical properties can serve as effective nano-carriers for delivering ginger essential oil to cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liposomes are self-assembled spherical systems composed of amphiphilic phospholipids. They can be used as carriers of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances, such as the anti-aging and wound-healing copper-binding peptide, GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine). Anionic (AL) and cationic (CL) hydrogenated lecithin-based liposomes were obtained as GHK-Cu skin delivery systems using the thin-film hydration method combined with freeze–thaw cycles and the extrusion process. The influence of total lipid content, lipid composition and GHK-Cu concentration on the physicochemical properties of liposomes was studied. The lipid bilayer fluidity and the peptide encapsulation efficiency (EE) were also determined. Moreover, in vitro assays of tyrosinase and elastase inhibition were performed. Stable GHK-Cu-loaded liposome systems of small sizes (approx. 100 nm) were obtained. The bilayer fluidity was higher in the case of cationic liposomes. As the best carriers, 25 mg/cm3 CL and AL hydrated with 0.5 mg/cm3 GHK-Cu were selected with EE of 31.7 ± 0.9% and 20.0 ± 2.8%, respectively. The obtained results confirmed that the liposomes can be used as carriers for biomimetic peptides such as copper-binding peptide and that the GHK-Cu did not significantly affect the tyrosinase activity but led to 48.90 ± 2.50% elastase inhibition, thus reducing the rate of elastin degeneration and supporting the structural integrity of the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the template for protein biosynthesis and is emerging as an essential active molecule to combat various diseases, including viral infection and cancer. Especially, mRNA-based vaccines, as a new type of vaccine, have played a leading role in fighting against the current global pandemic of COVID-19. However, the inherent drawbacks, including large size, negative charge, and instability, hinder its use as a therapeutic agent. Lipid carriers are distinguishable and promising vehicles for mRNA delivery, owning the capacity to encapsulate and deliver negatively charged drugs to the targeted tissues and release cargoes at the desired time. Here, we first summarized the structure and properties of different lipid carriers, such as liposomes, liposome-like nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, exosomes and lipoprotein particles, and their applications in delivering mRNA. Then, the development of lipid-based formulations as vaccine delivery systems was discussed and highlighted. Recent advancements in the mRNA vaccine of COVID-19 were emphasized. Finally, we described our future vision and perspectives in this field. Lipid carriers with high biocompatibility have excellent mRNA encapsulation and delivery efficacy. Meanwhile, the emergence of lipid carriers provides an effective solution for delivering mRNA vaccines. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of conventional astaxanthin extraction methods, typically involving organic solvents, leads to a heightened environmental impact. The aim of this study was to explore the potential use of environmentally friendly extraction solvents, such as vegetable oils, for recovering the shrimp by-product astaxanthin. Methods: Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in vegetable oils, including olive oil (OO), sunflower oil (SO), and flaxseed oil (FO), was employed to extract astaxanthin. The astaxanthin antioxidant activity was evaluated using an ABTS assay, and a mixture of gum Arabic and soy lecithin was used to form coacervates to produce astaxanthin encapsulation. Results: A by-product–vegetable oil ratio of 1:60, extraction time of 210 min, 60% amplitude of the extraction process, and the use of OO as the extracting medium resulted in an astaxanthin yield of 235 ± 4.07 μg astaxanthin/g by-products. The astaxanthin encapsulation efficiency on day 0 and astaxanthin recovery on day 1 were recorded at 66.6 ± 2.7% and 94.4 ± 4.6%, respectively. Conclusions: The utilization of OO as an extraction solvent for astaxanthin from shrimp by-products in UAE represents a novel and promising approach to reducing the environmental impact of shrimp by-products. The effective astaxanthin encapsulation efficiency highlights its potential application in food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the appropriate emulsifier is essential for forming a stable nanoemulsion delivery system that can maintain the sustained release of its contents. Health concerns have prompted the search for natural biopolymers to replace traditional synthetic substances as emulsifiers. In this study, an oregano essential oil (OEO) nanoemulsion-embedding system was created using soybean protein isolate (SPI), tea saponin (TS), and soy lecithin (SL) as natural emulsifiers and then compared to a system created using a synthetic emulsifier (Tween 80). The results showed that 4% Tween 80, 1% SPI, 2% TS, and 4% SL were the optimal conditions. Subsequently, the influence of emulsifier type on nanoemulsion stability was evaluated. The results revealed that among all the nanoemulsions, the TS nanoemulsion exhibited excellent centrifugal stability, storage stability, and oxidative stability and maintained high stability and encapsulation efficiency, even under relatively extreme environmental conditions. The good stability of the TS nanoemulsion may be due to the strong electrostatic repulsion generated by TS molecules, which contain hydroxyl groups, sapogenins, and saccharides in their structures. Overall, the natural emulsifiers used in our study can form homogeneous nanoemulsions, but their effectiveness and stability differ considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have emerged as one of the promising clay minerals that have myriad applications due to their unique properties. The presence of silica and alumina groups on the outer and inner surfaces allows surface modifications with different functional compounds. Depending on the applications required, numerous desired compounds have been used for both inner and outer surface modifications to construct hybrid noanostructures which further enhance their physiochemical properties. This review discusses the surface design with special emphasis on magnetic nanoparticles to fabricate HNT-based magnetic nanostructures which display synergistic effects and summarizes potential applications in the fields of catalysis, magnetically driven drug delivery, chemotherapy/diagnosis, environmental remediation, emulsification, and microwave absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural chlorophylls mostly found in vegetables such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea) could be employed as a possible substitute for synthetic colorants because of their intense green properties. However, the stability of natural chlorophyll is a major challenge to its utilization in the food industry. In this study, spray drying as an encapsulation technique was used to improve the stability of natural chlorophyll. Box–Behnken design was utilized to optimize the spray drying conditions for chlorophyll. Optimum conditions were given as inlet temperature, 132°C; inulin‐to‐whey protein isolate ratio, 61%:39%; pump rate, 25%, resulting in 92.3% encapsulation efficiency, 69.4% solubility, and −13.5 mV zeta potential at a desirability level of 0.901. The particle size, Carr index, bulk and tapped density, polydispersity index, and color showed satisfactory results. Crystallinity, endothermic peak melting temperature, and the enthalpy of chlorophyll‐loaded microcapsules increased when compared to the blank microcapsules suggesting decreased hygroscopicity and enhanced thermal stability. In addition, the suitability of fabricated microcapsules using yogurt as a food model was assessed. Yogurt incorporated with chlorophyll‐loaded microcapsules showed no significant pH modification with better apparent viscosity than control and sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) yogurt after 9 days of refrigerated storage. Based on the studied responses, the spray drying process could be optimized to achieve optimal output and product quality. Practical Application: Spray drying is a cheap and convenient approach for microencapsulating bioactive compounds such as chlorophyll. However, the physico‐chemical and functional properties of the spray‐dried microcapsules are influenced by operating conditions, such as inlet temperature, type and concentration of wall materials, and feed flow rate. Therefore, to maximize and obtain a superior quality of the final product, there is a need to optimize the spray drying process. The Box–Behnken design employed in this study could be utilized as an appropriate technique to design, enhance, and develop process parameters for the fabrication and better retention of the physico‐chemical properties of spray‐dried chlorophyll microcapsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are abundant phytochemicals in nature that draw the public interest not only in their health effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. It also showed their function in providing foodstuffs with appealing and distinctive color. In this study, anthocyanins from hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyces were microencapsulated by spray drying and freeze drying techniques using a wide variety of carriers including maltodextrin (MD), gum Arabic (GA) and their binary blends with inulin (INU) and konjac glucomannan (KON). The results showed that freeze-dried hibiscus powder using KON as carrier had the highest phenolic, anthocyanin and antioxidant activity, followed by spray-dried and freeze-dried MD/KON samples, which indicated the role of KON in the effective retention of antioxidants during the drying process. In addition, the ferric and cupric ion reduction activity (FRAP and CUPRAC) of the spray-dried samples was significantly higher than those of the freeze-dried powder. However, in terms of encapsulation efficiency (EE) of anthocyanins, KON was shown to be ineffective in entrapping these compounds in microcapsules with the lowest EE of freeze-dried KON and spray-dried MD/KON of 43.6% and 55.4%, respectively. By contrast, MD/GA was the most effective carrier, retaining anthocyanins inside the carrier matrix and limiting their loss to the surface of the microcapsules in both spray-drying and freeze-drying methods (EE of 91.8% and 95.7%, respectively). In addition, the moisture content of spray-dried powder samples was significantly higher than that of lyophilized powders, and the solubility of all samples was above 94.1%.

The purpose of this study was to prepare GeXIVA[1,2] PLGA microspheres by W/O/W re-emulsification-solvent evaporation technology and to develop sustained-release formulations to meet the clinical treatment needs of chronic neuropathic pain. Through prescription optimization, the uniformity of particle size and the encapsulation efficiency is improved, so as to achieve the quality standard of the microspheres. The mechanism of trehalose improving the stability of GeXIVA[1,2] was studied and verified by molecular simulation. The results showed that when adding trehalose to W1, using the PLGA model of 75:25, PLGA concentration of 30%, PVA concentration of 1.5%, adding 1% NaCl to PVA and adding 1% NaCl to solidification water, the prepared microspheres are smooth, the particle size is about 25 μm, and the encapsulation rate reaches 90%. The results of in vitro release experiments showed that the microspheres could be released steadily for about 30 days. The microsphere samples were characterized and analyzed by molecular simulation and powder X-ray diffractometer, and the protective mechanism of trehalose on GeXIVA[1,2] was discussed. The results showed that the hydrogen bond formed between trehalose and GeXIVA[1,2] acted as a hydration film and played a certain protective role on GeXIVA[1,2]. In addition, high-viscosity trehalose can form a glass state and wrap around GeXIVA[1,2], reducing the free movement of molecules. In the microsphere system, trehalose can also avoid the influence of PLGA material on the secondary structure of GeXIVA[1,2]. In conclusion, this study is expected to provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain.

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is one of the most important forest fruits, considered as a valuable horticultural resource of bioactives, such as anthocyanins - cyanidin3-glucoside, flavonoids, vitamins (e.g. vitamin C), carotenoids (e.g. β-carotene). The aim of this study was to obtain designed delivery systems of bioactive from cornelian cherry, as microencapsulated powders in order to assure their controlled release and to develop stable and natural additives for different application. Anthocyanin’s (concentrated extract) from cornelian cherry fruits were microencapsulated in a complex, biopolymeric matrice, formed by whey protein isolate (WPI) and pectin (PT). Two experimental variants were obtained by varying the ratio between WPI and PT, such as 1:1 (PT1) and 1:2 (PT2). The powders were tested for encapsulation efficiency of the anthocyanins, phytochemical profile of the extract and freeze-dried powders, as well as colorimetric analysis. Encapsulation efficiency of the anthocyanins varied between 80.04 and 82.11% with an important level of biologically active compounds (total polyphenols, total flavonoids) and remarkable antioxidant activity. Colorimetric analysis reveals a red colour of the powders, associated with their anthocyanin content. Both experimental variants proposed in this study protected the anthocyanins from cornelian cherry fruits. Moreover, microencapsulated powders can be used as natural food additives due to their red colour and phytochemical profile.

Abstract Background As a promising strategy to overcome the therapeutic disadvantages of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP), we proposed the encapsulation of 6MP in chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) to form the 6MP-CNPs complexes. The encapsulation was followed by the loading of complexes on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to generate a novel 6MP-CNPs-AuNPs nanocomposite to facilitate the chemo-photothermal therapeutic effect. Methods CNPs were produced based on the ionic gelation method of tripolyphosphate (TPP). Moreover, 6MP-CNPs composite were prepared by the modified ionic gelation method and then loaded on AuNPs which were synthesized according to the standard wet chemical method using trisodium citrate as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by UV–VIS spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The potential cytotoxicity of the prepared nanocomposites on MCF7 cell line was carried out using Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) assay. Results Optimization of CNPs, 6MP-CNPs, and 6MP-CNPs-AuNPs revealed 130 ± 10, 200 ± 20, and 25 ± 5 nm particle size diameters with narrow size distributions and exhibited high stability with zeta potential 36.9 ± 4.11, 37, and 44.4 mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of 6MP was found to be 57%. The cytotoxicity of 6MP-CNPs and 6MP-CNPs-AuNPs on breast cell line MCF7 was significantly increased and reached IC50 of 9.3 and 8.7 µM, respectively. The co-therapeutic effect of the nanocomposites resulted in an improvement of the therapeutic efficacy compared to the individual effect of chemo- and photothermal therapy. Irradiation of 6MP-CNPs and 6MP-CNPs-AuNPs with a diode laser (DPSS laser, 532 nm) was found to have more inhibition on cell viability with a decrease in IC50 to 5 and 4.4 µM, respectively. Conclusion The Chemo-Photothermal co-therapy treatment with novel prepared nanocomposite exhibits maximum therapeutic efficacy and limits the dosage-related side effects of 6MP. Graphical Abstract

The marketed drug Doxorubicin (DOX) and the promising anti-cancer agent 9-(N-piperazinyl)-5-methyl-12(H)-quino[3,4-b][1,4]benzothiazinium chloride (9-PBThACl) were used to prepare and compare a range of liposomal delivery systems based on dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Liposome-assisted drug release was examined using the spectrophotometric method. In order to provide in vitro release characteristics of liposomal conjugates (LDPPC/drug vs. LDPPC/drug/drug) as well as to evaluate the impact of temperature and pH buffering on the conformation/polarity of the phospholipid bilayer, the encapsulation efficiency of the liposomes entrapping 9-PBThACl and DOX was calculated. In fact, some competition between the investigated molecules was noticed during the entrapment process because relatively high values of the encapsulation efficiency were observed only for the liposomal complexes containing one trapped drug molecule. An averaged absorbance value enabled us to indicate the pH value of the environment (pH ≈ 6.8), at which the physicochemical property profiles of the liposomal complexes were noticeably changed. Moreover, the operational factors limiting the drug release kinetics from the produced liposomes were mathematically modeled. First-order and Bhaskas models ensured satisfactory compliance with the experimental data for the liposomal complexes buffered at pH values of 5.50, 6.00, and 7.40, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to formulate and evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the resveratrol-laminarin encapsulated liposomal formulation. Resveratrol is a phytoalexin with numerous biological effects like antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. A polysaccharide extracted from brown algae called laminarin possesses anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, and antiobesity properties. Resveratrol, a hydrophobic drug, is entrapped in the liposomal bilayer, and laminarin, a hydrophilic drug, is enclosed in the hydrophilic core. The preparation and characteristics of resveratrol-laminarin-loaded liposomes, including their particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and in-vitro release kinetics, were investigated in this study. The thin film lipid hydration method was used to prepare the liposome using soy phospholipids and cholesterol in a 6:1 ratio. Downsizing of the prepared liposomes was carried out by homogenization and sonication techniques. The liposome had a particle size of 120.7 nm after sonication, and a zeta potential of -33.4 mV was observed. The highest entrapment efficiency recorded for resveratrol is 90.69%, and 83.64% for laminarin. Biophysical characterisation of the prepared liposomes was carried out by scanning electron microscope and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The release study of resveratrol and laminarin was observed for six hours. A stable and steady release of the compounds was observed. The stability of the liposomes stored at 4°C was analyzed after three months of preparation. In conclusion, the prepared liposomal formulations exhibited good physicochemical characteristics and are of great therapeutic value in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin (Cur) is a beneficial phytochemical with numerous health advantages. However, its limited solubility in oil and poor stability hinder its potential for biomedical applications. In this study, we employed a mixture of food-grade Tween 60, a polymeric surfactant, and Span 60 to adjust the hydrophilic lipophilic balance number (HLBt) and prepared nanoemulsions (NEs) of coconut oil (Cc oil) as carriers for Cur. The effects of HLBt values, surfactant-to-oil ratio, and oil ratio on the physicochemical characteristics of the food-grade oil-NEs were investigated using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence polarization spectroscopy, and viscometry. Increasing the addition ratio of Tween 60 in the NEs, thereby increasing the HLBt, resulted in a reduction in NE size and an improvement in their storage stability. The temperature and size of the phase transition region of the NEs decreased with increasing HLBt. NEs with higher HLBt exhibited a disordering effect on the intra-NE molecular packing of Cc oil. NEs with high HLBt displayed low viscosity and demonstrated nearly Newtonian fluid behavior, while those with lower HLBt exhibited pseudoplastic fluid behavior. Cur was effectively encapsulated into the Cc oil-NEs, with higher encapsulation efficiency observed in NEs with higher HLBt values. Furthermore, the Cur remaining activity was significantly enhanced through encapsulation within stable NEs. The biocompatibility of the Cc oil-NEs was also demonstrated in vitro. In summary, this study highlights the preparation of stable NEs of Cc oil by adjusting the HLBt using Tween 60, facilitating effective encapsulation of Cur. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of Cur carriers with improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cumulative scientific information available on the digestibility of cooking oils and their nutritive values has spurred interest in replacing synthetic oils with natural oils to encapsulate lipophilic bioactives in nanoemulsion form. Our aim was to design stable nanoemulsions that encapsulate maximum concentration of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) into edible oil for improved stability and bioaccessibility. Among the four cooking oils tested, sunflower oil nanoemulsions formulated by a low energy method were found to be stable and highly miscible with Tween 85 and isopropanol (1:1) surfactant mixture. Mean droplet size of these nanoemulsions encapsulating 0.1–0.% (w/v) of cholecalciferol varied from 57.7 ± 1.9 to 158.13 ± 1.8 nm, and the ζ-potential maintained beyond −30 mV with entrapment efficiency ranging from 94.1% to 95.7%. Nanoemulsions were found to be stable over a period of 28 days upon storage at 4, 25, and 40 °C with no significant change in vitamin D3 content. Bioaccessibility studies using a simulated gastro-intestinal digestion model revealed release of 98% of the encapsulated vitamin D3. This method reported here to fabricate cooking oil based nanoemulsions for encapsulation of VD3 using simple formulations and inexpensive tools can have economic importance in therapeutic and food based approaches to enhance the quality of vitamin D nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray-drying is a continuous encapsulation method that effectively preserves, stabilizes, and retards the degradation of bioactive compounds by encapsulating them within a wall material. The resulting capsules exhibit diverse characteristics influenced by factors such as operating conditions (e.g., air temperature and feed rate) and the interactions between the bioactive compounds and the wall material. This review aims to compile recent research (within the past 5 years) on spray-drying for bioactive compound encapsulation, emphasizing the significance of wall materials in spray-drying and their impact on encapsulation yield, efficiency, and capsule morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiproliferative activity of Achillea vermicularis extracts was calculated on glial (C6) and keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines using XTT assay. It was observed that all extracts of A. vermicularis at the determined concentration were not cytotoxic in HaCaT cell lines. The nanoparticles (NPs) of the extract with the best cytotoxic activity was prepared, and necessary characterization studies were performed. Results showed that NP containing the extract has a lower IC50 value and more cytotoxic activity in C6 cells compared to the only extract. Furthermore, the antiepileptic potentials of these substances were explored in this study. The effect of A. vermicularis extracts on the enzyme activities of carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II) was measured using spectrophotometry to achieve this goal. A. vermicularis extracts demonstrated high inhibitory activities compared to standard inhibitor (acetazolamide, AAZ), with IC50 values in the range of 5.04–10.8 μg/ml for hCA I, and 5.40–9.22 μg/ml for hCA II. High‐performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC‐DAD) was used in this investigation to assess the main chemicals found in the extract and NPs. The results showed that the ethanol extract (157.636 μg/mg extract) and NPs (4.631 μg/mg extract) had a significant amount of the 8‐hydroxy salvigenin component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel lipid-based nanosystems have been of interest in improving conventional drug release methods. Liposomes are the most studied nanostructures, consisting of lipid bilayers ideal for drug delivery, thanks to their resemblance to the cell plasma membrane. Asymmetric liposomes are vesicles with different lipids in their inner and outer layers; because of this, they can be configured to be compatible with the therapeutic drug while achieving biocompatibility and stability. Throughout this review, topics such as the applications, advantages, and synthesis techniques of asymmetric liposomes will be discussed. Further, an in silico analysis by computational tools will be examined as a helpful tool for designing and understanding asymmetric liposome mechanisms in pharmaceutical applications. The dual-engineered design of asymmetric liposomes makes them an ideal alternative for transdermal drug delivery because of the improved protection of pharmaceuticals without lowering adsorption rates and system biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]