Search

Transparent electrodes attract intense attention in many technological fields, including optoelectronic devices (solar cells, LEDs, touch screens), transparent film heaters (TFHs) and electromagnetic (EM) applications. New generation transparent electrodes are expected to have three main physical properties: high electrical conductivity, high transparency and mechanical flexibility. The most efficient and widely-used transparent conducting material is currently indium tin oxide (ITO). However the scarcity of indium associated with ITO’s lack of flexibility and the relatively high manufacturing costs have prompted search into alternative materials. With their outstanding physical properties, silver nanowire (AgNW)-based percolating networks appear to be one of the most promising alternatives to ITO. They also have several other advantages, such as solution-based processing, and compatibility with large area deposition techniques. First cost estimates are lower for AgNW based technology compared to current ITO fabrication processes. Unlike ITO, AgNW are indeed directly compatible with solution processes, never requiring vacuum conditions. Moreover, due to very large aspect ratio of the NWs, smaller quantities of raw materials are needed to reach industrial performance criteria.The present thesis aims at investigating important physical assets of AgNW networks – unexplored (or not explored enough) so far – in order to increase the robustness, reliability, and industrial compatibility of such technology. This thesis work investigates first optimization methods to decrease the electrical resistance of AgNW networks. In situ electrical measurements performed during thermal ramp annealing and/or chemical treatments provided useful information regarding the activation process at the NW-NW junctions. At the scale of the entire network, our ability to distinguish NW areas taking part in the electrical conduction from inactive areas is a critical issue. In the case where the network density is close to the percolation threshold, a discontinuous activation process of efficient percolating pathways through the network was evidenced, giving rise to a geometrical quantized percolation phenomenon. More generally, the influence of several parameters (networks density, applied voltage, optimization level) on the electrical and thermal homogeneity and stability of AgNW networks is investigated via a dual approach combining electrical mapping techniques and simulations. A thermal runaway process leading to a vertical crack and associated to electrical failure at high voltage could be visually evidenced via in situ electrical mapping of AgNW networks during voltage plateaus. Moreover many efforts using Matlab and Comsol softwares were devoted to construct reliable models able to fit with experimental results. Due to the increasing demand for portable and wearable electronics, preliminary tests were also conducted to investigate the stretching capability of AgNW networks when transferred to elastomeric substrates. Finally, integrations of AgNW networks in several devices were performed. Specifically, studies were conducted to understand the mechanisms leading to failure in AgNW-based transparent film heaters, and to improve their overall stability. Preliminary investigations of the benefits of incorporating of AgNW networks into electromagnetic devices such as antennas and EM shielding devices are also discussed at the end of the manuscript., L’intérêt pour les électrodes transparentes (TEs) concerne un large spectre de domaines technologiques, tels que les dispositifs optoélectroniques (cellules solaires, LEDs, écrans tactiles), les films chauffants transparents, ou les applications électromagnétiques. Les TEs de nouvelle génération auront à combiner à la fois un très haut niveau de conduction électrique, de transparence optique, mais aussi de flexibilité mécanique. L’oxyde d’Indium dopé Etain (ITO) domine actuellement le marché des matériaux transparents conducteurs (TCMs). Cependant, la rareté de l’Indium, combinée à ses faibles performances en flexion mécaniques et ses coûts de fabrication élevés ont orienté les recherches vers des TCMs alternatifs. Les réseaux percolants de nanofils métalliques, en particulier les nanofils d’argent (AgNWs), se sont imposés comme l’une des alternatives les plus sérieuses à l’ITO, en raison de leurs propriétés physiques très attractives. Ces réseaux interconnectés offrent également la possibilité d’utiliser des méthodes de synthèse en voie chimique et d’impression à bas coût, sur de grandes surfaces. De manière générale, les premières estimations concernant les coûts de fabrication sont inférieures à celles de l’ITO. De plus, grâce au très haut facteur de forme des nanofils et à la nature percolante des réseaux, les besoins en quantité de matières premières nécessaires pour atteindre un haut niveau de performance sont moindres.Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse à l’étude des propriétés physiques fondamentales – inexplorées ou non encore suffisamment étudiées – des réseaux d’AgNWs, afin d’améliorer la robustesse, la fiabilité et la compatibilité de ce type d’électrodes avec les critères de performance industriels. La première partie est consacrée à l’étude des méthodes d’optimisation utilisées pour diminuer au mieux la résistance électrique des électrodes. Les mesures électriques in situ effectuées au court d’un recuit thermique et/ou après traitement chimique fournissent de précieuses informations concernant les mécanismes d’activation au niveau des jonctions entre nanofils. A l’échelle du réseau, notre capacité à distinguer les zones qui participent efficacement à la conduction électrique de celles qui seraient potentiellement inactives est un défi majeur. Pour les réseaux dont la densité en nanofils est proche du seuil de percolation, un processus d’activation discontinu de chemins efficaces de percolation à travers le réseau a pu être mis en évidence. De manière générale, l’influence de plusieurs paramètres (densité du réseau, tension, niveau d’optimisation) sur l’homogénéité et la stabilité électrique et thermique des électrodes a été étudiée, à l’aide de techniques de cartographie électrique et de simulations. A tension élevée, un processus d’emballement thermique conduisant à la formation d’une fissure physique à travers un réseau d’AgNWs soumis à des plateaux de tension croissants a pu être détecté visuellement. Des modèles de simulation via les logiciels Matlab et Comsol ont aussi été construits afin de confirmer, voire anticiper, les phénomènes observés expérimentalement. Par ailleurs, encouragés par la demande croissante pour les dispositifs électroniques portatifs en toute circonstance, des tests préliminaires ont été conduit pour évaluer le comportement des réseaux d’AgNWs sous contrainte d’étirement mécanique lorsqu’ils sont transférés sur des substrats élastiques. Ce travail de thèse a également donné lieu à l’intégration de réseaux d’AgNWs dans des dispositifs. Des études ont été menées afin d’améliorer la stabilité des films chauffants transparents à base d’AgNWs et de mieux appréhender les mécanismes favorisant l’émergence de défauts. L’utilisation des réseaux d’AgNWs pour des applications électromagnétiques (antennes, blindage) a également fait l’objet de tentatives préliminaires dont les résultats sont commentés à la fin du manuscrit.

International audience; For many years, the right hemisphere (RH) was considered as nondominant, especially in right-handers. In neurosurgical practice, this dogma resulted in the selection of awake procedure with language mapping only for lesions of the left dominant hemisphere. Conversely, surgery under general anesthesia (possibly with motor mapping) was usually proposed for right lesions. However, when objective neuropsychological assessments were performed, they frequently showed cognitive and behavioral deficits after brain surgery, even in the RH. Therefore, to preserve an optimal quality of life, especially in patients with a long survival expectancy (as in low-grade gliomas), awake surgery with cortical and axonal electrostimulation mapping has recently been proposed for resection of right tumors. Here, we review new insights gained from intraoperative stimulation into the pivotal role of the RH in movement execution and control, visual processes and spatial cognition, language and nonverbal semantic processing, executive functions (e.g., attention), and social cognition (mentalizing and emotion recognition). These original findings, which break with the myth of a nondominant RH, may have important implications in cognitive neurosciences, by improving our knowledge of the functional connectivity of the RH, as well as for the clinical management of patients with a right lesion. In brain surgery, awake mapping should be considered more systematically in the RH. Moreover, neuropsychological examination must be achieved in a more systematic manner before and after surgery within the RH, to optimize care by predicting the likelihood of functional recovery and by elaborating specific programs of rehabilitation.

Geophysical survey by Automatic Resistivity Profiling (ARP©) system of the Pierrelaye–Bessancourt area revealed remarkable conductive polygon patterns of 20- to 30-m diameter detected between 0.5- and 1.7-m depth. Trenches dug down to the limestone substrate allowed detailing of the pedological and lithological units that compose such polygonal features. The patterns are formed by greenish glauconite and carbonated sand hollows where clay-rich pedological horizons bend downward, forming narrow tongs extending up to 2- to 3-m depth. Such structures were interpreted as a buried polygonal ice-wedge network (thermokarst depressions). Geometrical relationships between the lithological units and consecutive erosional surfaces allowed the identification of successive landscape events and a landscape chronology. The sequence started during the Saalian glaciation with (1) the development of patterned grounds by thermokarstic cryoturbation; (2) the consecutive deflation/erosion during post-permafrost aridity; (3) the loess and eolian sand deposits; (4) the weathering of the former deposits with development of pedogenic horizons during the Eemian interglacial; (5) the recurrent cryoturbation and thermal cracking leading to infolding of the pedogenic horizons during the Pleniglacial optimum (Weichselian); and finally (5) the erosion that levelled the periglacial microreliefs, most probably during the last glacial stage (Weichselian), leading to the modern landscape. In this agricultural area, urban waste water has been spread for more than 100 years by flooding irrigation for food crop production and has led to high levels of metal pollution in the surface horizons of the soils. The polygonal cryogenic structures have major impacts on soil hydrology and dispersion/distribution of heavy metals toward the geological substrate. Such structures are essential to consider when conceiving proposals for future soil management of this polluted area.

A combination of electrical and optical mapping experiments has been used to obtain the EL2 distribution patterns in semi-insulating GaAs wafers. The influence of growing conditions such as stoichiometry, mass fraction solidified and moisture in the encapsulant is shown in terms of EL2 uniformity and residual doping level.