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The marine continental transitional facies shale of Shan23 sub member of Shanxi Formation in Ordos Basin was selected, and the hydrocarbon generation kinetics of Shan 23 sub member marine continental transitional facies shale was studied through open system thermal simulation experiment. The experimental results show that the pre exponential factor of Shan 23 shale is 12.92*1015/s, and the activation energy is mainly concentrated in 52~82kcal/mole. On this basis, combined with petromod basin simulation software, the burial history, thermal evolution history and hydrocarbon generation history of Shanxi Formation shale are established, and the formation process of shale gas is clarified. Finally, using the genetic method, combined with the original TOC restored by Petromod basin simulation software and the hydrocarbon generation obtained from the open system thermal simulation experiment, the resources of the study area are calculated when the hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency is 50%. The calculation results show that the shale gas resource in the study area is 12.41*1012m3, which shows a good exploration potential of sea land transitional facies shale in the study area.

The exploration of organic fluorescent sensing materials and mechanisms is of great significance, especially for the deep understanding of twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT). Here, the electron-donating ability of a chemically protonated amino group and the corresponding excitation primarily ensure the occurrence of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer. Due to the hybridization of the amino group from sp

Driving macrophages M2 polarization has attracted growing attention for improving osteogenesis. Here, the in situ growth of tunable gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on titania nanotubes (TiNTs) array was realized by electrodeposition, with the guidance of TiNTs. The fabricated Au layer showed excellent biocompatibility with different osteoimmune effects. Briefly, the Au deposition on 5 and 10 V anodized TiNTs surface could induce RAW264.7 cells to M2 polarization, whereas the Au deposition on 20 V anodized TiNTs surface showed M1 polarization, as indicated by various markers determination through immunofluorescence staining, qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Furthermore, the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 was significantly enhanced by the macrophages conditioned medium from the Au@10VNTs surface. The in vivo tests also confirmed denser and thicker new trabecula bone formation and more M2 macrophages infiltration both on and adjacent to the Au@10VNTs implant surface. In mechanism, the cytokine array analysis of macrophages conditioned medium from the Au@10VNTs surface revealed the upregulation of pro-healing cytokines such as IL-10 and VEGF and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and MCSF. In addition, the NF-κB pathway was significantly inhibited. In conclusion, the electrodeposition of a Au layer guided by TiNTs is a promising strategy for reducing postoperative inflammatory reactions and improving osseointegration through modulating macrophages polarization.

Abstract: A newly chiral tertiary amine-squaramide has successfully developed and applied into the asymmetric Michael addition of 4-hydroxycoumarin to β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters. The catalyst system performed well with a low catalyst loading of 1 mol% under mild reaction conditions. A series of coumarin derivatives were obtained with good yields and enantioselectivities.

Addressing the existential threat posed by climate change requires the widespread adoption of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission-limiting and atmospheric reduction methods. Point source capture of CO2 at power generation and manufacturing facilities, as well as direct air capture from the atmosphere, can reduce atmospheric CO2. After capture, CO2 will need to be stored long-term. One option is the implementation of geologic sequestration (GS) of CO2. Within the United States, oversight authority of CO2 sequestration wells is conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which designates GS wells as "Class VI wells". So far, only a few Class VI wells have been made operational, with a few dozen more in the permitting process. This volume will not be sufficient to meet the need for full-scale CO2 sequestration, and additional wells will need to be delivered in an economic and timely fashion to allow for large-scale CO2 sequestration. A promising option to boost storage capacity would be to retrofit some of the nation's millions of legacy oil and gas wells for use as sequestration wells. We present an analysis of wellbore retrofit, the process of augmenting an old well to meet Class VI requirements, conducted by looking at the EPA regulations, carbon dioxide compatible well design, and a pilot review of some United States wells. This study does not include a review of the geological considerations associated with sequestration but focuses on what will be necessary on a well-by-well basis for successful retrofit. The findings of this analysis illustrate that wellbore retrofits for long-term carbon dioxide sequestration is only suitable for wells that possess the correct combination of well factors and will inject a clean CO2 stream. For ideal candidates, a retrofit would allow for significant time and cost savings compared to a newly- drilled wellbore. The document concludes with considerations for publicly available wellbore data that could facilitate a more robust search for future wellbore retrofits through state databases with the collaboration of operators.

Summary The steam alternating solvent (SAS) process involves multiple cycles of steam and solvent (e.g., propane) injected into a horizontal well pair to produce heavy oil. These solvent-based methods entail a smaller environmental footprint with reduced water usage and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the lack of understanding regarding the influences of reservoir heterogeneities, such as shale barriers, remains a significant risk for field-scale predictions. Additionally, the proper design of the process is challenging because of the uncertain heterogeneity distribution and optimization of multiple conflicting objectives. This work develops a novel hybrid multiobjective optimization (MOO) workflow to search a set of Pareto-optimal operational parameters for the SAS process in heterogeneous reservoirs. A set of synthetic homogeneous 2D is constructed using data representative of the Cold Lake reservoir. Next, multiple heterogeneous models (realizations) are built to incorporate complex shale heterogeneities. The resultant set of SAS heterogeneous models is subjected to flow simulation. A detailed sensitivity analysis examines the impacts of shale barriers on SAS production. It is used to formulate a set of operational/decision parameters (i.e., solvent concentration and duration of solvent injection cycles) and the objective functions (cumulative steam/oil ratio and propane retention). The nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is applied to search for the optimal decision parameters. Different formulations of an aggregated objective function, including average, minimum, and maximum, are used to capture the variability in objectives among the multiple realizations of the reservoir model. Finally, several proxy models are included in the hybrid workflow to evaluate the defined objective functions to reduce the computational cost. Results of the optimization workflow reveal that both the solvent concentration and duration of the solvent injection in the early cycles have significant impacts. It is recommended to inject solvent for longer periods during both the early and late SAS stages. It is also noted that cases with higher objective function values are observed with more heterogeneities. This work offers promising potential to derisk solvent-based technologies for heavy oil recovery by facilitating more robust field-scale decision-making.

Achieving sensitive and robust colorimetry is of great significance for on-site chemical detection, but has always been a dilemma or at the expense of practicality. Here, from the perspective of solvent, which is commonly the indispensable medium for chemical sensing, the solvent induction strategy concerning the hydrophobic shielding and hydrophilic bonding solvent cage was proposed considering the configuration branching ratio in the reagent and the prevention of the autoxidation channel. Due to the competitive delocalized charge transfer in the probe and the effective viscous drag in the reagent, remarkable sensing signal concentrating and moisture retention capability were achieved. We expect the present strategy would facilitate the active but robust chemical reaction design and provide a universal methodology for the exploration of high-performance chemical sensors.

The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is a Ca 2+ channel that imports cytoplasmic Ca 2+ into the mitochondrial matrix to regulate cell bioenergetics, intracellular Ca 2+ signaling, and apoptosis. The uniporter contains the pore-forming MCU subunit, an auxiliary EMRE protein, and the regulatory MICU1/MICU2 subunits. Structural and biochemical studies have suggested that MICU1 gates MCU by blocking/unblocking the pore. However, mitoplast patch-clamp experiments argue that MICU1 does not block, but instead potentiates MCU via allosteric mechanisms. Here, we address this direct clash of the proposed MICU1 function. Supporting the MICU1-occlusion mechanism, patch-clamp demonstrates that purified MICU1 strongly suppresses MCU Ca 2+ currents, and this inhibition is abolished by mutating the MCU-interacting K126 residue. Moreover, a membrane-depolarization assay shows that MICU1 prevents MCU-mediated Na + flux into intact mitochondria under Ca 2+ -free conditions. Examining the observations underlying the potentiation model, we found that MICU1 occlusion was not detected in mitoplasts not because MICU1 cannot block, but because MICU1 dissociates from the uniporter complex. Furthermore, MICU1 depletion reduces uniporter transport not because MICU1 can potentiate MCU, but because EMRE is down-regulated. These results firmly establish the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiologically crucial process of uniporter regulation by MICU1.

Most colonial marine invertebrates are capable of allorecognition, the ability to distinguish between themselves and conspecifics. One long-standing question is whether invertebrate allorecognition genes are homologous to vertebrate histocompatibility genes. In the cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, allorecognition is controlled by at least two genes, Allorecognition 1 (Alr1) and Allorecognition 2 (Alr2), which encode highly polymorphic cell surface proteins that serve as markers of self. Here, we show that Alr1 and Alr2 are part of a family of 41 Alr genes, all of which reside a single genomic interval called the Allorecognition Complex (ARC). Using sensitive homology searches and highly accurate structural predictions, we demonstrate that the Alr proteins are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) with V-set and I-set Ig domains unlike any previously identified in animals. Specifically, their primary amino acid sequences lack many of the motifs considered diagnostic for V-set and I-set domains, yet they adopt secondary and tertiary structures nearly identical to canonical Ig domains. Thus, the V-set domain, which played a central role in the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity, was present in the last common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians. Unexpectedly, several Alr proteins also have immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tails, suggesting they could participate in pathways homologous to those that regulate immunity in humans and flies. This work expands our definition of the IgSF with the addition of a family of unusual members, several of which play a role in invertebrate histocompatibility.Significance StatementThe immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is one of the largest and most functionally versatile domain families in animal genomes. Although their amino acid sequences can vary considerably, IgSF domains have been traditionally defined by conserved residues at several key positions in their fold. Here, we sequenced an invertebrate histocompatibility complex and discovered a family of IgSF genes with amino acid sequences that lack most of these residues yet are predicted to adopt folds virtually identical to canonical V-set and I-set IgSF domains. This work broadens the definition of the IgSF and shows that the V-set domain was present earlier in animal evolution than previously appreciated.

In recent years, pelvic restoration surgery is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) as people pay more attention to postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). The therapeutic effect of pelvic restoration combined with anti-SUI surgery remains undetermined. The evaluation indicators of the therapeutic effects include the incidence of postoperative obstruction, the incidence of postoperative defecation difficulties, and the quality of life score.PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were searched from the establishment of the database to April 2021 for randomized control trials (RCTs) of pelvic restoration and anti-SUI surgery, and the RevMan5.3 software provided by the Cochrane Collaboration was used for meta-analysis.A total of 6 documents (a total of 1,944 patients) were included, including 1,021 patients in the experimental group and 923 patients in the control group. The incidence of obstruction after pelvic restoration combined with anti-SUI surgery was statistically significant (OR =1.35, 95% CI, 0.95-1.92, P=0.10); there was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of postoperative dyspareunia (OR =1.58, 95% CI, 0.91-2.74, P=0.10).A total of 8 documents included in this meta-analysis confirmed that pelvic restoration combined with anti-SUI surgery for PFD can improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients.

Among the known energy storage technologies aiming to increase the efficiency and stability of power grids, Pumped Heat Energy Storage (PHES) is considered by many as a promising candidate because of its flexibility, potential for scale-up and low cost per energy storage unit. Whilst there are numerous demonstration systems under development, as it stands the only PHES demonstration system to be realised at scale is located in Hampshire, UK. This paper aims to present the results and analysis obtained from its commissioning and testing as part of an on-going study. The system was designed to offer a nominal power size of 150 kWe and energy storage capacity of 600 kWhe for an 8-hour storage cycle. This work presents evidence of the system Round-trip efficiency (RTE), which is considered as a fundamental performance metric for large-scale energy storage technologies. Recorded Pressure-Volume (P-V) measurements from recent heat pump/engine testing at part-load offers useful insight in terms of overall performance. Models are also developed to simulate the system to finally predict the performance at full-load conditions. The system and principle of operation are described first, followed by mathematical modelling outlining heat transfer mechanism and associated key losses involved in thermodynamic processes within components, and finally results are presented and compared at different operating conditions using different working gases. The results show good agreement with earlier studies, which indicate that expected electricity-to-electricity RTE is quite comparable to other mature technologies such as Pumped Hydropower Storage and Compressed Air Energy Storage. The cyclic operation of the system is also discussed. One-off storage cycle results in lower RTEs compared to a load-levelling cyclic operation where the efficiency is significantly improved due to stable packed-bed behaviour and better utilisation after an initial transient state.

Although seeking an effective strategy for further improving their optical properties is a great challenge, two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskites have attracted a significant amount of attention because of their performance. In this regard, the pressure-induced emission accompanied by a remarkable pressure-enhanced emission is achieved without a phase transition in 2D vacancy-ordered perovskite Cs

Aiming at the long-term and high-precision simulation of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities in the tokamak model, we developed a parallelized solver based on a fully implicit difference scheme. A 4th-order precision difference scheme and the Newton-Krylov method are employed in the proposed solver for both the flow and the electromagnetic field. To achieve high parallel efficiency, we adopt a strategy based on the spatial domain decomposition to partition the large Jacobian matrices in the iteration, and a buffer area based on the grid density is utilized to minimize the memory and time consumption. The accuracy of the methodology is verified, and the numerical results are validated by comparison with recognized results. The numerical results of the tearing mode instability in the tokamak model have demonstrated the precision and reliability of the algorithm, and the high parallel efficiency has been proven by the scalability test on the platform with up to 1280 threads, showing significant potential in the large-scale simulation of MHD problems.

Maximizing the regeneration of singlet excitons remains a considerable challenge in deep-blue emission systems to obtain low-cost, high-efficiency fluorescent materials. However, the formation of the long-lifetime triplet excitons generally dominates the radiative process, making it greatly difficult to harvest deep-blue emission with high color purity because of the depression of singlet excitons. Here, a very bright deep-blue emission in double perovskite Cs2Na0.4Ag0.6InCl6 alloyed with Bi doping (CNAICB) was successfully achieved by pressure-driven reverse intersystem crossing (RISC), an abnormal photophysical process of energy transfer from the excited triplet state back to the singlet. Therein, the inherently broad emission of CNAICB was associated with the self-trapped excitons (STEs) at excited triplet states, whereas the radiative recombination of STEs populated in excited singlet states was responsible for the observed deep-blue emission. Moreover, the deep-blue emission corresponds to Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates (0.16, 0.06) at 5.01 GPa, which meets the requirement of Rec. 2020 display standards. Likewise, pressure was introduced as an efficient tool to rule out the possibility of the recombination of free excitons and clarify the long-standing conventional dispute over the origin of the low-wavelength emission of Cs2AgInCl6. Our study not only demonstrates that pressure can be a robust means to boost the deep-blue emission but also provides deep insights into the structure-property relationship of lead-free CNAICB double perovskites.

Bietti crystalline corneo-retinal dystrophy (BCD) is an autosomal recessive inherited retinal dystrophy characterized by multiple shimmering yellow-white deposits in the posterior pole of the retina in association with atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), pigment clumps, and choroidal atrophy and sclerosis. Blindness and severe visual damage are common in late-stage BCD patients. We generated a Cyp4v3 knockout mouse model to investigate the pathogenesis of BCD. This model exhibits decreased RPE numbers and signs of inflammation response in the retina. Rod photoreceptors were vulnerable to light-induced injury, showing increased deposits through fundoscopy, a decrease in thickness and a loss of cells in the ONL, and the degeneration of rod photoreceptors. These results suggest that an inflammatory response might be an integral part of the pathophysiology of BCD, suggesting that it might be reasonable for BCD patients to avoid strong light, and the results provide a useful model for evaluating the effects of therapeutic approaches.