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We examine the thermal origin of the detected "saw-tooth" shaped Hall resistance (R xy ) signals in the spin–orbit torque switching experiment for antiferromagnetic MnN. Compared with the results of the heavy metal/antiferromagnet bilayers (MnN/Ta), the qualitatively same "saw-tooth" shaped signals also appear in the samples with the heavy metal layer alone (either Ta or Pt) without the MnN layer. In addition, the R xy signal changes oppositely in the devices with Ta and Pt, due to the opposite temperature coefficient of resistivity of the two materials. All those results are consistent with the "localized Joule heating" mechanism in devices with Hall crosses geometry. Moreover, by utilizing a structure with separated writing current paths and Hall cross area, the quadratic relationship between Δ R xy and the writing current's amplitude is observed, which provides quantitative evidence of the thermal contribution. These results reveal the dominant thermal artifact in the widely used Hall crosses geometry for Néel vector probing and also provide a strategy to semi-quantitatively evaluate the thermal effect, which can shed light on a more conclusive experiment design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancement in the switching of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with an electric field has been a milestone for realizing ultra-low energy memory and computing devices. To integrate with current spin-transfer torque-magnetic tunnel junction and spin–orbit torque-magnetic tunnel junction devices, the typical linear fJ/V m range voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) needs to be significantly enhanced with approaches that include new materials or stack engineering. A possible bidirectional and 1.1 pJ/V m VCMA effect has been predicted by using heavily electron-depleted Fe/MgO interfaces. To improve upon existing VCMA technology, we have proposed inserting high work function materials underneath the magnetic layer. This will deplete electrons from the magnetic layer biasing the gating window into the electron-depleted regime, where the pJ/V m and bidirectional VCMA effect was predicted. We have demonstrated tunable control of the Ta/Pd(x)/Ta underlayer's work function. By varying the Pd thickness (x) from 0 to 10 nm, we have observed a tunable change in the Ta layer's work function from 4.32 to 4.90 eV. To investigate the extent of the electron depletion as a function of the Pd thickness in the underlayer, we have performed DFT calculations on supercells of Ta/Pd(x)/Ta/CoFe/MgO, which demonstrate that electron depletion will not be fully screened at the CoFe/MgO interface. Gated pillar devices with Hall cross geometries were fabricated and tested to extract the anisotropy change as a function of applied gate voltage for samples with various Pd thicknesses. The electron-depleted Pd samples show three to six times VCMA improvement compared to the electron accumulated Ta control sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of immune profiling and tumor budding in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unknown. This study evaluated the association between tumor budding and lymphocytic infiltration in HCC. Meanwhile, HCC patients were stratified based on tumor budding grade and immune score. Patients and methods: A total of 423 HCC patients were divided into training (n = 212) and validation (n = 211) cohort. Tumor slides from resected HCC samples were used for tumor budding assessment. A prognosis-relevant immune score was developed based on five types of immune cells out of eleven immune markers. A classification based on tumor budding grade and immune type was established (IS-TB type). To explore the association of IS-TB type and molecular alterations of HCC, 100 HCC samples and adjacent non-tumor tissues from 100 patients were investigated by whole-exome sequencing. Results: Tumor budding was an independent adverse prognostic factor for OS and DFS in both of the training and validation cohorts (all P values

WTAP-VIRMA counteracts dsDNA binding of the m6A writer METTL3-METTL14 complex and maintains N6-adenosine methylation activity Therefore, the RGG of METTL14 helps METTL3-METTL14 bind to nucleic acids and supports the interaction between METTL3-METTL14 and WTAP-VIRMA. Upon addition of the unlabeled WTAP-VIRMA SP 381-1486 sp , ssRNA SB GGACU sb , ssRNA SB UUUUU sb , or dsDNA SB 50 sb to the SP 15 sp N-labeled RGG, a similar set of peaks were found to be perturbed, meaning that WTAP-VIRMA SP 381-1486 sp , dsDNA SB 50 sb , ssRNA SB GGACU sb , and ssRNA SB UUUUU sb interact with the RGG of METTL3-METTL14 via a similar interface, which may lead to their competitive binding to METTL3-METTL14. In METTL3-METTL14, two types of nucleic acid-binding domains were identified[2], including the zinc finger domain (ZFD) in METTL3 and the RGG motif (RGG) in METTL14. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)‐secreted crystal (Cry) toxins form oligomeric pores in host cell membranes and are a common element in generating insect‐resistant transgenic crops. Although Cry toxin function has been well documented, cellular defences against pore‐formation have not been as well developed. Elucidation of the processes underlying this defence, however, could contribute to the development of enhanced Bt crops. Here, we demonstrate that Cry1Ca‐mediated downregulation of microRNA‐7322‐5p (miR‐7322‐5p), which binds to the 3′ untranslated region of p38, negatively regulates the susceptibility of Chilo suppressalis to Cry1Ca. Moreover, Cry1Ca exposure enhanced phosphorylation of Hsp19, and hsp19 downregulation increased susceptibility to Cry1Ca. Further, Hsp19 phosphorylation occurs downstream of p38, and pull‐down assays confirmed the interactions between Hsp19 and Cry1Ca, suggesting that activation of Hsp19 by the miR‐7322‐5p/p38/Hsp19 pathway promotes Cry1Ca sequestration. To assess the efficacy of targeting this pathway in planta, double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting C. suppressalis p38 (dsp38) was introduced into a previously generated cry1Ca‐expressing rice line (1CH1‐2) to yield a single‐copy cry1Ca/dsp38 rice line (p38‐rice). Feeding on this rice line triggered a significant reduction in C. suppressalis p38 expression and the line was more resistant to C. suppressalis than 1CH1‐2 in both short term (7‐day) and continuous feeding bioassays as well as field trials. These findings provide new insights into invertebrate epithelium cellular defences and demonstrate a potential new pyramiding strategy for Bt crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to topological insulators, topological semimetals possess a nontrivial chiral anomaly that leads to negative magnetoresistance and are hosts to both conductive bulk states and topological surface states with intriguing transport properties for spintronics. Here, we fabricate highly-ordered metallic Pt3Sn and Pt3SnxFe1-x thin films via sputtering technology. Systematic angular dependence (both in-plane and out-of-plane) study of magnetoresistance presents surprisingly robust quadratic and linear negative longitudinal magnetoresistance features for Pt3Sn and Pt3SnxFe1-x, respectively. We attribute the anomalous negative longitudinal magnetoresistance to the type-II Dirac semimetal phase (pristine Pt3Sn) and/or the formation of tunable Weyl semimetal phases through symmetry breaking processes, such as magnetic-atom doping, as confirmed by first-principles calculations. Furthermore, Pt3Sn and Pt3SnxFe1-x show the promising performance for facilitating the development of advanced spin-orbit torque devices. These results extend our understanding of chiral anomaly of topological semimetals and can pave the way for exploring novel topological materials for spintronic devices. Negative longitudinal magnetoresistance refers to a decrease in resistance with the external magnetic field when the field direction is applied parallel to the current direction. It is considered an experimental signature of topological semimetals. Here, Zhang et al find clear and robust quadratic and linear negative longitudinal magnetoresistance in Pt3Sn and Pt3SnxFe1-x films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]