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A promised continuation of the previous paper by concerning determination of the volume fraction of water and the total volume flow rate of the salty water-in-oil two-phase flow is presented. The measuring system consists of an RF-sensor and a narrowing device. The RF-sensor responds to complex permittivity of the flow, whereas the pressure drop along the narrowing device depends on the flow rate. The results of the tests presented earlier were not perfect because the temperature effects had not been considered. In this paper an improved variant of the algorithm for the same measuring system and the same flows is offered. This algorithm takes into account the temperature dependence of physical properties of the flow as well as own temperature dependence of RF-sensor characteristics. Comparison of the errors of the previous and new algorithms is carried out. The improved algorithm makes the measuring system applicable under real conditions.

The article is an overview of glucose self-monitoring (GSM) in the treatment of diabetes. It article tells about the following: therapeutic targets of GSM before and after meals, adopted in Russia, providing individualized monitoring depending on age, presence of severe complications and risk of hypoglycemia; frequency of GSM at different types of glucose-lowering therapy; the significance of GSM for patient and physician; the functioning of photometric and electrochemical blood glucose meters; the issues of accuracy of measuring blood glucose adopted by the International Organization for Standardization of GSM systems; reasons of mistakes in measuring blood glucose related to contact of fingers with glucose particles, errors in code setting of test strips, external conditions (altitude, temperature, humidity), hematocrit, acidosis, hyperlipidemia and concentration of oxygen in blood, intake of a number of drugs; the process and guidelines of managing a diary as a primary method of storing GSM results; the data of global and Russian studies on the effectiveness of GSM. New methods of GSM are discussed in the section about continuous monitoring.

A new variant of the void fraction RF-sensor of the round cross-section with ID = 38 mm is presented. Its sensitive part is made of the ceramic pipe with a meander line on the outer surface. This technique does not disturb the flow moving in the metal pipe of the same diameter. The technical solutions to provide rather high uniformity of the electric field within the sensitive volume and excellent stability of the readings are described. Irregular steps of the meander line are chosen after computer calculations and experimental checking. Some disadvantages of the previous modifications are shown as well. A new calibration procedure is discussed: it takes into account the dependence of the resonant frequency of the empty RF-sensor on the temperature of the sensor body. The method to find a mass flow rate of the two-phase helium and hydrogen flows in the range of void fractions from 0% to 100% is demonstrated with the new RF-sensor.

The article represents the review of issues of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in diabetes treatment. The therapeutic purposes are considered when carrying out SMBG before and after the meals, accepted in Russia, providing an individualization depending on age, existence of severe complications and the risk of hypoglycemia. SMBG frequency is presented at various options of the antidiabetic therapy. The value of carrying out SMBG for the patient and the doctor is discussed. The principles of the work photometric and electrochemical glucometers are given. Issues of accuracy of blood glucose measuring accepted by the International organization for standardization for the systems of SMBG are presented. The reasons of errors to the system evaluation of blood glucose are connected with incorrect hand washing, improper coding of test strips, external conditions (altitude, temperature, humidity), hematocrit, acidosis, hyperlipidemia, concentration of oxygen in blood, exogenous interfering substances (some medicines). The structure and rules of maintaining the diary as the main way of the storage of results of SMBG are presented. Data of the international and Russian studies on an assessment of efficiency of SMBG are shown. The SMBG new methods are discussed in the section on continuous glucose monitoring.

This paper concerns the features of a measuring device as well as two semitheoretical algorithms to find values of water cut, w, and flow rate, Q, for inverse emulsion flow “salty water-in-oil”. The measuring device is based on a combination of an RF-sensor, responding to complex dielectric permittivity of the flow, and a narrowing device. It is an upgraded variant of a diagnostics system to find characteristics of two-phase cryogenic flows that have been described by us earlier. The semitheoretical algorithm to find w- and Q-values is a paramount constituent element of the considered system. It takes into account hydrodynamic and electrodynamic features of the water–oil flow, the main of them are high viscosity value and conductivity of the salty water. Tests of the discussed measuring system with flows contained real crude oil and different kinds of water, including formation/stratum water, are described. A comparison of the experimental results and calculations based on the developed semitheoretical algorithms, are demonstrated and discussed. This comparison has allowed errors of the described algorithms to be estimated.

Natural fluctuations of the Sea of Azov level are determined by means of hydrodynamic modeling based on the equations of long waves in a homogeneous incompressible liquid in the Coriolis force field. The results of computations demonstrated the presence of the series of level fluctuations against a background of the amphidromic system rotating anticlockwise around the central part of the sea.

The generation mechanism of microwave radiation in the system with azimuthally-periodical current of an electron beam that excites a high-Q quasi-optical dielectric resonator was developed. Eigen parameters of a cylindrical Teflon resonator were determined. Radiation was locked in the investigated system by a detector of 8-mm wave band. Design philosophy of microwave oscillators with high-Q resonators, in which electromagnetic “whispering gallery” modes are excited by electron beam, was developed.

Technological process of cold forging of the plunger tappet by using backward-and-forward extrusion is developed. Manufacturing process of the blank is simulated by means of QForm 3D simulation software. Measures for removal of causes of possible defects are described.

While operating with multicomponent flows, one needs to determine such characteristics as temperature, pressure, mass flow rate and component composition – mass quality, and void fraction. The main attention is given to measurement of mass flow rate of the two-phase cryogenic flows which can be used for superconducting accelerators, refueling hydrogen system for space and liquid natural gas industry, in particular. On the one hand, a two-phase flow is one of the simplest cases of multi-component flows which can be observed in cryogenics. On the other hand, this is rather sophisticated problem in cryogenics to create two-phase flow meters and estimate their metrological characteristics. This problem is discussed. Two methods are suggested – calorimetric and pressure drop ones. Features of the calorimetric method are discussed in this part.

This work is devoted to the investigation of an N30K10T3 invar alloy with metastable austenite (martensite point Ms ≈ −80°C) and an N40K10T3 invar with stable austenite (Ms < −196°C). The Curie points of the alloys are θC ≈ 200 and 310°C, respectively. Effects of aging of preliminarily deformed invars on the hardness, thermal-expansion coefficient, stress-corrosion resistance, and coercive force have been studied. It has been demonstrated that these properties of quenched alloys can be affected by both deformation and decomposition of the supersaturated solid solution. In the metastable alloy, the coefficient of linear expansion depends on temperature and aging time; no such dependence is observed in the stable alloy.

The features and advantages of the manufacturing technology of piezoelectric transducers that combines the processes of hot pressing, sintering, electroding, and polarization of piezoceramics into one operation are examined.

A new method is proposed for electroslag casting of products made of superalloys. A melt is modified by ultradispersed refractory particles, and the accumulation of a metal in a melting vessel and its pouring into a mold are performed in an argon atmosphere. The equipment designed for this method is described. The results of comparative analysis of the properties of the cast metal are presented, and the advantages of the method are shown.

Comparative studies of the structure and strength properties of VKNA-1V and VKNA-4U 〈001〉 single-crystal alloys were performed using tensile tests at 1200 and 1250°C. Dynamic recovery is the principal relaxation mechanism. At 1250°C, the strength properties of the VKNA-4U alloy are higher than those of the VKNA-1V alloy.

The N30K10T3 and N40K10T3 invars with the Curie points θC ≈ 200°C and θC ≈ 310°C and the martensite temperatures Ms ≈ −80°C and Ms < −196°C, respectively, have been studied. The two alloys were hardened by quenching in the range of temperatures from 100 to 750°C. In addition, the first alloy was hardened by a combination treatment including phase-transformation-induced hardening and aging. The method of phase hardening consisted in the use of a forward (γ → α) and a reverse (α → γph) martensitic transformations. It has been shown that the temperature dependences of the linear expansion coefficient and the dependences of the hardness on the temperature and time of aging are considerably different for both alloys upon decomposition of the supersaturated solid solution. Both the ordinary and the double aging have been studied.

An empirical method is presented to calculate magneto-resistance (MR) and a corresponding temperature shift of the well known TVO temperature sensors in the ranges from 0.1 K to approximately 10 K and up to 8 T. Features of MR, depending on the temperature and magnetic field, are discussed. The maximum positive MR-values, depending on the magnetic field, correspond to the temperature of T ≈ 0.67 K: 12.5% at 8 T. At the fixed magnetic field the zero MR-value is reached both by increasing or decreasing the temperatures with respect to 0.67 K. For example, at the magnetic field of 4 T, the zero MR-value appears at T ≈ 0.2 K and T ≈ 6 K. A constant moderate negative relative MR of 19%, which does not depend on the magnetic field from 2 to 8 T, is revealed at T ≈ 0.1 K. In the ranges from 1.5 to 4.4 K and from 0 to 9 T, in particular, the temperature shift has a linear dependence on B -value and inverse proportionality on the dimensionless sensitivity S . A brief explanation of the behavior of TVO sensors under magnetic fields is presented as well.

A comparative study of the structure and mechanical properties of single-crystal samples 〈001〉 of VKNA-1V and VKNA-4U alloys (cast and after heat treatment) has been performed using tensile tests in a temperature range of 1100–1250°C. In the case of the VKNA-4U alloy, samples of different crystallographic orientations have also been tested. At 1100°C, recrystallization was observed near the zone of fracture. The basic mechanism of relaxation at 1200–1250°C was found to be dynamic recovery. At 1250°C, the strength properties of the VKNA-4U alloy are higher than those of the VKNA-1V alloy.

Some results of theoretical studies of detonation processes in combustible gaseous mixtures are discussed for a model geometry of large combustion chambers of detonation engines in the case of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen-enriched air. The effect of geometric characteristics on the operation of pulse detonation engines is analyzed. In particular, the propagation of detonation waves in tubes of small diameter to larger volumes and the evolution of detonation under the action of converging shock waves are considered.

This paper is about die design principles according to technical, social and economic demands by example of development of cold forging procedure ball pin body. Authors analyzed metal flow kinematics under product shaping on forging transitions with computer modeling. There are local effects going with forming process, including distribution and changing of specific forces on die walls and punch and pusher faces.

Changes in the structure, mechanical properties, kinetics of martensitic transformations, and amount of reversible deformation in precipitation-hardening high-strength shape-memory steels (20Mn-2Si-V with 0.2–1.0% C) strengthened as a result of carbide aging, intense warm deformation, and rapid crystallization from the melt have been studied.

We study the temperature dependences of the frequency characteristics of a capillary-waveguide resonator for strongly absorbing media. The temperature influence on the frequency, Q-factor, and absorption depth in the studied resonance is theoretically revealed and experimentally confirmed.

Invar alloy N30K10T3, whose austenite is metastable with respect to the martensitic γ → α transformation that occurs upon cooling below the martensitic point (Ms = −80°C), has been studied. The following six ways of the alloy strengthening have been tested: (1) aging (a) in a temperature range of ΔTa = 20–700°C; (2) liquid-nitrogen cooling (lnc) of the material preliminarily hardened by aging under the aforementioned conditions (route 1) (a + lnc); (3) preliminary phase-transformation-induced hardening (ph) (γ → α → γph) and aging in the temperature range of ΔTa (ph + a); (4) liquid-nitrogen cooling of the material preliminary hardened via route 3 (ph + a + lnc); (5) preliminary cold deformation (to 30%) at room temperature and aging in a temperature range of ΔTa (cd + a); and (6) liquid-nitrogen cooling of the material preliminary hardened via route 5 (cd + a + lnc). The six ways of hardening were found to affect the hardness, electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, and temperature dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient.

The article presents history of becoming in Russia on standards of low regulating regimen of working time of medical personnel. The normative legal acts of the USSR and the RSFSR having juridical empower nowadays are presented.

Changes in the structure, hardness, mechanical properties, and friction coefficient of Al-30% Sn, Al-15% Sn-25% Pb, and Al-5% Sn-35% Pb (wt %) alloys subjected to severe plastic deformation by equal-channel angular pressing (with a force of 40 tonne) and by shear at a pressure of 5 GPa have been studied. The transition into the nanocrystalline state was shown to occur at different degrees of plastic deformation. The hardness exhibits nonmonotonic variations, namely, first it increases and subsequently decreases. The friction coefficient of the Al-30% Sn, Al-15% Sn-25% Pb, and Al-5% Sn-35% Pb alloys quenched from the melt was found to be 0.33; the friction coefficients of these alloys in the submicrocrystalline state (after equal-channel angular pressing) equal 0.24, 0.32, and 0.35, respectively. The effect of disintegration into nano-sized powders was found to occur in the Al-15% Sn-25% Pb, and Al-5% Sn-35% Pb alloys after severe plastic deformation to ɛ = 6.4 and subsequent short-time holding.

The invar alloy N30K10T3 after water quenching from 1150°C (austenite, γ phase) has the temperature of the start of martensitic transformation M s ≈ −80°C and the Curie temperature T C ≈ 200°C. The effect of aging-induced phase decomposition in a deformed supersaturated solid solution on its hardness HV, electrical conductivity σ, magnetic permeability μ, and linear expansion coefficient β has been studied. It has been shown that cold plastic deformation of the alloy (at 20°C) to 30–50% increases its hardness, virtually does not change the conductivity, and decreases permeability. Aging of the deformed invar results in increasing HV and σ and decreasing μ. At room temperature, the deformed invar has a low linear expansion coefficient; its magnitude grows the faster, the greater the aging temperature T a. Plastic deformation increases the density of dislocations, which form a banded substructure in austenitic grains. Besides, a metastable martensitic phase has been observed, which undergoes a reverse martensitic transformation into austenite upon heating in the temperature range from 550°C to 650°C. This transformation causes a decrease in the linear expansion coefficient β(T) of the deformed material. In samples aged at T a = 700°C (after deformation), an athermal aging-induced martensite (αa phase) appears after cooling them to 20°C. The appearance of the αa phase is due to an increase in the temperature of the start of the martensitic transformation to above the room temperature caused by aging. In the samples containing the αa phase, there is observed a decrease in β in the temperature range from 350 to 670°C, which is due to the reverse transformation of the aging-induced martensite into austenite (αa → γ).

The report continues our investigations on cryogenic thermometers. To estimate the influence of warming the well known TVO temperature sensors [Proceedings of the ICEC17 (1998) 699, Cryogenics 41 (2001) 213, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering 45B (2000) 1817, Proceedings of the ICEC18 (2000) 627] up to 425 K on their calibration curve, a series of experiments have been carried out. The number of thermal cycles in the range from 425 K down to 77.3 K was 105. Comparison of readings of the sensors at 293, 77.3 and 4.2 K was performed with initial calibration curves for 100 cycles. Then several sensors were re-calibrated, and a new comparison was done during five additional thermal cycles at the same temperatures. The obtained results are discussed and they seem to be optimistic.

Parallel with the traditional hypotheses on the predominantly wind (Ekman), gradient, and thermohaline nature of large-scale currents in seas and oceans, there exist hypotheses on the participation of long-period waves in the formation of these currents. As the physical mechanisms of generation of currents by waves, one can mention nonlinear wave transport and the phenomenon of negative viscosity in waves. From the viewpoint of existence of these mechanisms, numerous scientists explain high velocities of jet currents and their stable character. The predominant role of winds and thermohaline processes in the formation of large-scale currents is also accepted. On the basis of the experimental data, we demonstrate additional possibilities for the formation of large-scale currents given by the transport of water masses by long-period waves.

It is found that, when the shape of a dielectric sphere (hemisphere) operating under the whispering gallery mode conditions is perturbed by a surface curvature gradient (ellipticity), the unloaded Q factor of the sphere degrades and its resonance frequencies change. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that an elliptic irregularity removes frequency degeneracy of whispering gallery modes at millimeter waves.

Quasi-TE and quasi-TM oscillations of an anisotropic spherical body immersed in an isotropic medium are studied. An investigation of the set of Maxwell’s equations within the spherical body shows that it reduces to two coupled differential equations, which are analyzed theoretically for small values of the anisotropy parameter. An approximate solution to these differential equations is obtained. A dispersion relation determining the frequencies of the resonant oscillations is derived for the boundary conditions imposed on the surface of the spherical body. The effect of anisotropy on the spectral characteristics of the resonant oscillations is examined.

The technique for determination of dielectric parameters of substances is submitted on a base of using a high-Q “whispering gallery” oscillations in a quasi-optical spherical resonator. The function ability of a method is shown on an example of measurement of permittivity for several substances in the 8 mm wave band.

Information about tests of arbitrary chosen 20 TVO resistive temperature sensors in the range from 1.5 to 5 K under magnetic fields up to 9 T is presented. Based on the obtained experimental data – more than 2000 points, the approximate and accurate methods to calculate the magneto-resistance and corresponding temperature shift due to the magnetic field are reported as well. As shown, TVO is a sensor with predictable characteristics within the investigated ranges.

A plasmochemical technique for neutralizing ozone-destroying chladones and fluorine- and chlorine-containing wastes is considered. Experimental results obtained on applying this technique to neutralization of some halogen-containing substances are presented, together with the information gained on using the technological scheme of the process in designing and constructing an industrial installation for neutralizing wastes of a plant manufacturing polytetrafluoroethylene.

Molybdenum, which is introduced in amount of 2 to 6% into manganese steel of the basic composition (0.15–0.25) Γ20Φ2, enhances its strength upon the maximum age-hardening at 650°C (to σy). However, its stress-corrosion cracking resistance in a 3.5% NaCl solution increases insufficiently (1500 h at a stress of 40 to 50% breaking stress in air σair). After the overaging (prolonged exposures at 750°C), steel (with any aforementioned molybdenum content) does not fail in the test medium in 4000 h at σ = 0.8σair.

The anisotropy of parameters is an intrinsic characteristic feature of dielectrics employed in production of high-Q resonators. A theory of azimuthal-homogeneous resonant oscillations in a single-crystal sphere is developed. It is demonstrated that the anisotropy gives rise to TM oscillations of two orders at different frequencies. Oscillations with large polar indices are numerically investigated.

The designed, manufactured and certified devices and metrological systems to control the thermodynamic state of two- and single-phase cryogens are presented. These systems and the developed methodology provide an accuracy of calibration not more than ±5 mK for resistive temperature sensors in the range from 1.5 to 300 K and ±1.5% or less for radio frequency void fraction sensors intended for helium, hydrogen, nitrogen and others. The thermodynamic diagram temperature–dielectric permittivity for helium is presented as well.

A study was undertaken into the structure, the texture, the strength, and the creep of the Cr16Ni15Mo3Ti type steel tubes cold-deformed to 20% strain that are used as the fuel element shells for fast-neutron reactors. The tubes were found to have fibrous 〈111〉 and 〈100〉 textures along their axis. The preferred orientations 〈011〉 normal to the radial plane and (011) and (112) normal to the plane tangential to the tube surface were determined. The strength, the creep strength, and the rupture strength proved to be higher along the tube axis. Qualitatively, this is attributed to a specific texture and the grain shape of the material.

A semicylindrical dielectric resonator with a thin cylindrical inhomogeneity in the region of the field antinode of a whispering gallery eigenmode has been studied. Characteristic equations determining the complex eigenfrequencies of such resonators with axially homogeneous eigenmodes are obtained. It is shown that the presence of a dielectric or conducting inhomogeneity leads to a frequency shift and causes additional energy losses of the eigenmode.

The influence of a ring layer filled with various substances on the eigenfrequency and Q-factor of a cylindrical quasi-optical dielectric (Teflon) resonator has been investigated. The spectral and energy characteristics of an axially homogeneous whispering gallery eigenmode of this resonator are analyzed for the first time as dependent on the radius and thickness of the ring layer. It is established that the eigenfrequency behaves differently when the ring layer is filled with liquids characterized by large and small losses.

A rigorous theory of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in round anisotropic and semiconductor rods in the presence of an arbitrarily directed anisotropy axis or external magnetic field is developed. New types of independent waves are discovered. Exact dispersion equations are obtained for them, which define the dependence of their spectral characteristics on the parameters of the semiconductor or anisotropic crystal and on the magnitude and direction of the constant external magnetic field. The results of numerical investigations for rods made from a semiconductor or a uniaxial crystal are presented.

A diagnostic microprocessor device for checking the generator water-cooled stator winding insulation, realizing semiautomatic measuring of the level of resistance and absorption coefficient of the stator winding insulation, in which case the shunting effect of the water hoses is eliminated, was developed and is operating successfully.

Natural oscillations of radially three-layered dielectric resonators have been investigated. The latter have the form of a sphere and cylinder limited by ideally conducting end planes. The expressions for components of electromagnetic fields of natural oscillations and characteristic equations of resonators were obtained. Numerical investigations of resonators were carried out in the 8-millimeter wavelength band. The impact of the middle layer parameters of resonators on their spectral and power characteristics was also analyzed. It was proposed to use such resonators for extracting the complex dielectric permittivity of substances.