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51. Effects of soy protein base diet supplemented with lysine and methionine on digestive enzymes activity and hematological parameters in silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

Author: Yaghoubi, M., Torfi Mozanzadeh, M., Ghafleh Marammazi, J., Omid Safari, O., Gisbert, E., Producció Animal, and Aqüicultura
Abstract: The effect of dietary partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by soybean protein (SP) alone or in combination with lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) supplementation were tested in a 60-days feeding trial for silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles. Seven isoproteic (ca. 50% crude protein) and isoenergetic (ca. 22.4 MJ/kg) diets were formulated in which 45% (SP45), 60% (SP60) and 75% (SP75) of FM protein were replaced by SP and the control diet (FM) was prepared with FM as the major source of protein. In SP45+, SP60+ and SP75+ diets, 45 to 75% of FM was replaced by SP with supplementing blends of Lys and Met (98% of purity). The activities of the trypsin, lipase and α-amylase were higher in fish fed SP diets with crystalline amino acids supplementation than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Fish fed SP75 and SP75+ diets had the lowest red blood cell count and hematocrit level (P < 0.05). The results of the current study indicated that anti-nutritional factors in a soy-protein based diet rather than lysine and methionine deficiencies may have adverse effects on digestive enzymes activities and health condition in silvery-black porgy juveniles. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2019
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52. Effect of Dust on Solar Photovoltaic Modules in Shiraz

Author: Bahreini, S.A., Yaghoubi, M., Aghaei, M., and Vidal De Oliveira, A.K.
Subjects: Operation, Performance and Maintenance of PV Systems, PV Systems and Storage – Modelling, Design, Operation and Performance
Abstract: 36th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1660-1663, One of the most important issues that reduces the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules which is due to irradiance degradation caused by dust deposition on the top surface of PV modules. It is a well-known fact that this phenomenon would decrease irradiance and the question of how much loss would happen due to dust has been a major subject among researchers. This study was conducted to determine the soiling loss for photovoltaic modules installed in Shiraz, Iran. For measurement, a set of PV modules installed with a tilt angle of 30° and short-circuited current of each module, wind speed, ambient humidity, ambient temperature, module temperature as well as solar radiation are measured continuously during the period of experiment. Results from the measurement field indicate that average daily soiling loss for eight weeks of exposure which is started since 11 December 2016 is – 4.45 %.
Published: 2019
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53. Experimental study of turbulent separated and reattached flow over a finite blunt plate

Author: Yaghoubi, M. and Mahmoodi, S.
Published: 2004
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54. Quality of Educational Services from the Viewpoint of Medical Students in three stages: Basic sciences, Externship and internship of Alborz University of Medical Sciences

Author: Norouzinia, R, primary, Arabi, M, additional, Hedayat Yaghoubi, M, additional, and Mojahed, SH, additional
Published: 2019
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55. Maternal mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, Collison, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Colombara, D, Ehrenkranz, R, Kutz, M, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, KY, Ahmed, MB, Al Lami, FH, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, JM, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atey, TM, Ayele, TA, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Boneya, DJ, Borschmann, R, Breitborde, NJK, Butt, ZA, Catala-Lopez, F, Ciobanu, LG, Danawi, H, Deribew, A, Dharmaratne, SD, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Fekadu, W, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Goulart, AC, Habtewold, TD, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Maria Haro, J, Hassanvand, MS, Horita, N, Hsairi, M, Huang, H, Husseini, A, Jakovljevic, MB, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lee, PH, Leshargie, CT, Leung, R, Lo, L-T, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Martinez-Raga, J, Farid, HM, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Mensah, GA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Palomares Castillo, E, Papachristou, C, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Pereira, DM, Pervaiz, A, Phillips, MR, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiabadi, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Saylan, MI, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Santos Silva, DA, Singh, JA, Sobaih, BHA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stein, DJ, Abdulkader, RS, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Sufiyan, M, Tabb, KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Kassebaum, NJ, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, Collison, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Colombara, D, Ehrenkranz, R, Kutz, M, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, KY, Ahmed, MB, Al Lami, FH, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, JM, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atey, TM, Ayele, TA, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Boneya, DJ, Borschmann, R, Breitborde, NJK, Butt, ZA, Catala-Lopez, F, Ciobanu, LG, Danawi, H, Deribew, A, Dharmaratne, SD, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Fekadu, W, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Goulart, AC, Habtewold, TD, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Maria Haro, J, Hassanvand, MS, Horita, N, Hsairi, M, Huang, H, Husseini, A, Jakovljevic, MB, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lee, PH, Leshargie, CT, Leung, R, Lo, L-T, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Martinez-Raga, J, Farid, HM, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Mensah, GA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Palomares Castillo, E, Papachristou, C, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Pereira, DM, Pervaiz, A, Phillips, MR, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiabadi, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Saylan, MI, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Santos Silva, DA, Singh, JA, Sobaih, BHA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stein, DJ, Abdulkader, RS, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Sufiyan, M, Tabb, KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Kassebaum, NJ, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Assessing the burden of maternal mortality is important for tracking progress and identifying public health gaps. This paper provides an overview of the burden of maternal mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to explore maternal mortality in the EMR countries. RESULTS: The maternal mortality ratio in the EMR decreased 16.3% from 283 (241-328) maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 237 (188-293) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratio was strongly correlated with socio-demographic status, where the lowest-income countries contributed the most to the burden of maternal mortality in the region. CONCLUSION: Progress in reducing maternal mortality in the EMR has accelerated in the past 15 years, but the burden remains high. Coordinated and rigorous efforts are needed to make sure that adequate and timely services and interventions are available for women at each stage of reproductive life.
Published: 2018

56. The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2015: findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, AH, Charara, R, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Collison, M, Krohn, KJ, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Charlson, FJ, Colombara, D, Degenhardt, L, Ehrenkranz, R, Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Kutz, M, Leung, J, Santomauro, D, Wang, H, Whiteford, HA, Abajobir, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Yimam, K, Beshir, M, Al Lami, FH, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, JM, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atey, TM, Ayele, TA, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Drew, CR, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Boneya, DJ, Borschmann, R, Breitborde, NJK, Butt, ZA, Catala-Lopez, F, Ciobanu, LG, Danawi, H, Deribew, A, Dharmaratne, SD, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Fekadu, W, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Carvalho, A, Habtewold, TD, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Horita, N, Hsairi, M, Huang, H, Husseini, A, Jakovljevic, MB, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lee, PH, Leshargie, CT, Leung, R, Lo, L-T, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Martinez-Raga, J, Farid, HM, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Castillo, EP, Papachristou, C, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Pervaiz, A, Phillips, MR, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiabadi, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Saylan, MI, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sobaih, BHA, Stein, DJ, Abdulkader, RS, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaki, MES, Zein, B, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Charara, R, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Collison, M, Krohn, KJ, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Charlson, FJ, Colombara, D, Degenhardt, L, Ehrenkranz, R, Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Kutz, M, Leung, J, Santomauro, D, Wang, H, Whiteford, HA, Abajobir, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Yimam, K, Beshir, M, Al Lami, FH, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, JM, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atey, TM, Ayele, TA, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Drew, CR, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Boneya, DJ, Borschmann, R, Breitborde, NJK, Butt, ZA, Catala-Lopez, F, Ciobanu, LG, Danawi, H, Deribew, A, Dharmaratne, SD, Doyle, KE, Endries, AY, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Fekadu, W, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Carvalho, A, Habtewold, TD, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Horita, N, Hsairi, M, Huang, H, Husseini, A, Jakovljevic, MB, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lee, PH, Leshargie, CT, Leung, R, Lo, L-T, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Martinez-Raga, J, Farid, HM, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mitchell, PB, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Castillo, EP, Papachristou, C, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Pervaiz, A, Phillips, MR, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiabadi, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Saylan, MI, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sobaih, BHA, Stein, DJ, Abdulkader, RS, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaki, MES, Zein, B, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Mental disorders are among the leading causes of nonfatal burden of disease globally. METHODS: We used the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2015 to examine the burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). We defined mental disorders according to criteria proposed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV and the 10th International Classification of Diseases. RESULTS: Mental disorders contributed to 4.7% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 3.7-5.6%) of total disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), ranking as the ninth leading cause of disease burden. Depressive disorders and anxiety disorders were the third and ninth leading causes of nonfatal burden, respectively. Almost all countries in the EMR had higher age-standardized mental disorder DALYs rates compared to the global level, and in half of the EMR countries, observed mental disorder rates exceeded the expected values. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of mental disorders in the EMR is higher than global levels, particularly for women. To properly address this burden, EMR governments should implement nationwide quality epidemiological surveillance of mental disorders and provide adequate prevention and treatment services.
Published: 2018

57. Burden of lower respiratory infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region between 1990 and 2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, AH, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Khalil, I, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Collison, M, Daoud, F, Chew, A, Krohn, KJ, Colombara, D, Ehrenkranz, R, Foreman, KJ, Frostad, J, Godwin, WW, Kutz, M, Rao, PC, Reiner, R, Troeger, C, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abbas, KM, Abera, SF, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Adane, K, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Beshir, M, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Arthur, EFG, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Drew, CR, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bhutta, ZA, Michael, B, Butt, ZA, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Danawi, H, Djalalinia, S, Endries, AY, Eshrati, B, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebrehiwot, KT, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Hassanvand, MS, Hedayati, MT, Horita, N, Husseini, A, Spencer, LJ, Javanbakht, M, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khoja, ATA, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kissoon, N, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Leshargie, CT, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Farid, HM, Mehari, A, Memish, ZA, Mengistu, DT, Mensah, GA, Mezgebe, HB, Nakamura, S, Oren, E, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Vafa, R-M, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Roba, HS, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Shigematsu, M, Singh, JA, Sufiyan, MB, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Topor-Madry, R, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Werdecker, A, Wijeratne, T, Yaghoubi, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Khalil, I, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Collison, M, Daoud, F, Chew, A, Krohn, KJ, Colombara, D, Ehrenkranz, R, Foreman, KJ, Frostad, J, Godwin, WW, Kutz, M, Rao, PC, Reiner, R, Troeger, C, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abbas, KM, Abera, SF, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Adane, K, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Beshir, M, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Maskari, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Arthur, EFG, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Drew, CR, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bhutta, ZA, Michael, B, Butt, ZA, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Danawi, H, Djalalinia, S, Endries, AY, Eshrati, B, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebrehiwot, KT, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Hassanvand, MS, Hedayati, MT, Horita, N, Husseini, A, Spencer, LJ, Javanbakht, M, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khoja, ATA, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kissoon, N, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Leshargie, CT, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Farid, HM, Mehari, A, Memish, ZA, Mengistu, DT, Mensah, GA, Mezgebe, HB, Nakamura, S, Oren, E, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Vafa, R-M, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Roba, HS, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Shigematsu, M, Singh, JA, Sufiyan, MB, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Topor-Madry, R, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Werdecker, A, Wijeratne, T, Yaghoubi, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Hay, SI, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We used data from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study (GBD) to calculate the burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) in the 22 countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We conducted a systematic analysis of mortality and morbidity data for LRI and its specific etiologic factors, including pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus. We used modeling methods to estimate incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We calculated burden attributable to known risk factors for LRI. RESULTS: In 2015, LRIs were the fourth-leading cause of DALYs, causing 11,098,243 (95% UI 9,857,095-12,396,566) DALYs and 191,114 (95% UI 170,934-210,705) deaths. The LRI DALY rates were higher than global estimates in 2015. The highest and lowest age-standardized rates of DALYs were observed in Somalia and Lebanon, respectively. Undernutrition in childhood and ambient particulate matter air pollution in the elderly were the main risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings call for public health strategies to reduce the level of risk factors in each age group, especially vulnerable child and elderly populations.
Published: 2018

58. Danger ahead: the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015

Author: Mokdad, AH, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Khalil, I, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Collison, M, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Chew, A, Biryukov, S, Casey, D, Cercy, K, Charlson, FJ, Cornaby, L, Dicker, D, Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Fitzmaurice, C, Foreman, KJ, Fraser, M, Frostad, J, Godwin, WW, Griswold, M, Kassebaum, NJ, Kemmer, L, Kutz, M, Kyu, HH, Leung, J, Liu, P, Mikesell, J, Nguyen, G, Olsen, HE, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Roth, G, Santomauro, D, Smith, A, Stanaway, JD, Sur, P, Wang, H, Whiteford, HA, Afifi, R, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadieh, H, Alam, K, Alam, N, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Bacha, U, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bhutta, ZA, Bisanzio, D, Butt, ZA, Deribew, A, Djalalinia, S, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Farvid, MS, Chan, HTH, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hotez, PJ, Hsairi, M, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khoja, ATA, Khoja, TAM, Khubchandani, J, Kopec, JA, Larson, HJ, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Memish, ZA, Mensah, GA, Nasher, JT, Obermeyer, CM, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Sobaih, BHA, Abdulkader, RS, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Topor-Madry, R, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Werdecker, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yaseri, M, Younis, MZ, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Khalil, I, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Collison, M, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Chew, A, Biryukov, S, Casey, D, Cercy, K, Charlson, FJ, Cornaby, L, Dicker, D, Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Fitzmaurice, C, Foreman, KJ, Fraser, M, Frostad, J, Godwin, WW, Griswold, M, Kassebaum, NJ, Kemmer, L, Kutz, M, Kyu, HH, Leung, J, Liu, P, Mikesell, J, Nguyen, G, Olsen, HE, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Roth, G, Santomauro, D, Smith, A, Stanaway, JD, Sur, P, Wang, H, Whiteford, HA, Afifi, R, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadieh, H, Alam, K, Alam, N, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Bacha, U, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bhutta, ZA, Bisanzio, D, Butt, ZA, Deribew, A, Djalalinia, S, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Farvid, MS, Chan, HTH, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hotez, PJ, Hsairi, M, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khoja, ATA, Khoja, TAM, Khubchandani, J, Kopec, JA, Larson, HJ, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Memish, ZA, Mensah, GA, Nasher, JT, Obermeyer, CM, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Refaat, AH, Rezaei, S, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Sobaih, BHA, Abdulkader, RS, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Topor-Madry, R, Uthman, OA, Vollset, SE, Werdecker, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yaseri, M, Younis, MZ, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Hay, SI, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The Eastern Mediterranean Region faces several health challenges at a difficult time with wars, unrest, and economic change. METHODS: We used the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the Eastern Mediterranean Region from 1990 to 2015. RESULTS: Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in the region in 2015, followed by cerebrovascular disease. Changes in total deaths ranged from a reduction of 25% for diarrheal diseases to an increase of about 42% for diabetes and tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer. Collective violence and legal intervention increased by 850% during the time period. Diet was the leading risk factor for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for men compared to maternal malnutrition for females. Childhood undernutrition was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 1990 and 2005, but the second in 2015 after high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the region is facing several health challenges and calls for global efforts to stabilise the region and to address the current and future burden of disease.
Published: 2018

59. Burden of cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2005-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Author: Fitzmaurice, C, Alsharif, U, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Charara, R, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Collison, M, Chew, A, Krohn, KJ, Daoud, F, Dicker, D, Foreman, KJ, Frostad, J, Kassebaum, NJ, Kutz, M, Wang, H, Abyu, GY, Adedeji, IA, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, E, Anber, N, Anwari, P, Artaman, A, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Awasthi, A, Saleem, HOB, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Bhutta, ZA, Butt, ZA, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Chitheer, AA, Danawi, H, das Neves, J, Davitoiu, DV, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Dubey, M, Ebrahimi, H, Ekwueme, DU, Endries, AY, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gopalani, SV, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hareri, HA, Hay, RJ, Horita, N, Hsairi, M, Jakovljevic, MB, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, NA, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Kim, D, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Linn, S, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Markos, D, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, TJ, Miller, TR, Mohammed, S, Nangia, V, Quyen, LN, Trang, HN, Ogbo, FA, Mahesh, PA, Park, E-K, Patel, T, Pereira, DM, Pishgar, F, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Roba, KT, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Milicevic, MMS, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shrime, MG, Stathopoulou, V, Sufiyan, MB, Abdulkader, RS, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Temsah, M-H, Tran, BX, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Weiderpass, E, Werdecker, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yaseri, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Zaki, MES, Zein, B, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Fitzmaurice, C, Alsharif, U, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Charara, R, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Collison, M, Chew, A, Krohn, KJ, Daoud, F, Dicker, D, Foreman, KJ, Frostad, J, Kassebaum, NJ, Kutz, M, Wang, H, Abyu, GY, Adedeji, IA, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, E, Anber, N, Anwari, P, Artaman, A, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Awasthi, A, Saleem, HOB, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Bhutta, ZA, Butt, ZA, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Chitheer, AA, Danawi, H, das Neves, J, Davitoiu, DV, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Dubey, M, Ebrahimi, H, Ekwueme, DU, Endries, AY, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gopalani, SV, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hareri, HA, Hay, RJ, Horita, N, Hsairi, M, Jakovljevic, MB, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, NA, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Kim, D, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Linn, S, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Markos, D, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, TJ, Miller, TR, Mohammed, S, Nangia, V, Quyen, LN, Trang, HN, Ogbo, FA, Mahesh, PA, Park, E-K, Patel, T, Pereira, DM, Pishgar, F, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Roba, KT, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Milicevic, MMS, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shrime, MG, Stathopoulou, V, Sufiyan, MB, Abdulkader, RS, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Temsah, M-H, Tran, BX, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Weiderpass, E, Werdecker, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yaseri, M, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Zaki, MES, Zein, B, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Murray, CJL, and Mokdad, AH
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To estimate incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 2005 and 2015. METHODS: Vital registration system and cancer registry data from the EMR region were analyzed for 29 cancer groups in 22 EMR countries using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 methodology. RESULTS: In 2015, cancer was responsible for 9.4% of all deaths and 5.1% of all DALYs. It accounted for 722,646 new cases, 379,093 deaths, and 11.7 million DALYs. Between 2005 and 2015, incident cases increased by 46%, deaths by 33%, and DALYs by 31%. The increase in cancer incidence was largely driven by population growth and population aging. Breast cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia were the most common cancers, while lung, breast, and stomach cancers caused most cancer deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer is responsible for a substantial disease burden in the EMR, which is increasing. There is an urgent need to expand cancer prevention, screening, and awareness programs in EMR countries as well as to improve diagnosis, treatment, and palliative care services.
Published: 2018

60. Neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, Collison, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Krohn, KJ, Daoud, F, Chew, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Colombara, D, Cornaby, L, Ehrenkranz, R, Foreman, KJ, Fraser, M, Frostad, J, Kemmer, L, Kulikoff, XR, Kutz, M, Kyu, HH, Liu, P, Mikesell, J, Nguyen, G, Rao, PC, Silpakit, N, Sligar, A, Smith, A, Stanaway, JD, Arnlov, J, Abate, KH, Kiadaliri, AA, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alraddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bennett, DA, Bhutta, ZA, Bisanzio, D, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Estanislao Castro, R, Danawi, H, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, deVeber, GA, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Esteghamati, A, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Giussani, G, Gona, PN, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hoy, DG, Hu, G, John, D, Jonas, JB, Karimi, SM, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Leasher, JL, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Monasta, L, Quyen, LN, Obermeyer, CM, Ortiz, A, Papachristou, C, Park, E-K, Pereira, CC, Petzold, M, Pereira, DM, Phillips, MR, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Ruhago, GM, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sartorius, B, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Setegn, T, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Shiri, R, Skirbekk, V, Sobaih, BHA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stathopoulou, V, Abdulkader, RS, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Thakur, AJS, Thomson, AJ, Tran, BX, Truelsen, T, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vasankari, T, Vlassov, VV, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Werdecker, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yaseri, M, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Wang, H, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, Collison, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Krohn, KJ, Daoud, F, Chew, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Colombara, D, Cornaby, L, Ehrenkranz, R, Foreman, KJ, Fraser, M, Frostad, J, Kemmer, L, Kulikoff, XR, Kutz, M, Kyu, HH, Liu, P, Mikesell, J, Nguyen, G, Rao, PC, Silpakit, N, Sligar, A, Smith, A, Stanaway, JD, Arnlov, J, Abate, KH, Kiadaliri, AA, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alraddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bennett, DA, Bhutta, ZA, Bisanzio, D, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Estanislao Castro, R, Danawi, H, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, deVeber, GA, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Esteghamati, A, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Giussani, G, Gona, PN, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hoy, DG, Hu, G, John, D, Jonas, JB, Karimi, SM, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Leasher, JL, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Monasta, L, Quyen, LN, Obermeyer, CM, Ortiz, A, Papachristou, C, Park, E-K, Pereira, CC, Petzold, M, Pereira, DM, Phillips, MR, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Ruhago, GM, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sartorius, B, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Setegn, T, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Shiri, R, Skirbekk, V, Sobaih, BHA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stathopoulou, V, Abdulkader, RS, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Thakur, AJS, Thomson, AJ, Tran, BX, Truelsen, T, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vasankari, T, Vlassov, VV, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Werdecker, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yaseri, M, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Wang, H, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Although substantial reductions in under-5 mortality have been observed during the past 35 years, progress in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) has been uneven. This paper provides an overview of child mortality and morbidity in the EMR based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. METHODS: We used GBD 2015 study results to explore under-5 mortality and morbidity in EMR countries. RESULTS: In 2015, 755,844 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 712,064-801,565) children under 5 died in the EMR. In the early neonatal category, deaths in the EMR decreased by 22.4%, compared to 42.4% globally. The rate of years of life lost per 100,000 population under 5 decreased 54.38% from 177,537 (173,812-181,463) in 1990 to 80,985 (76,308-85,876) in 2015; the rate of years lived with disability decreased by 0.57% in the EMR compared to 9.97% globally. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings call for accelerated action to decrease child morbidity and mortality in the EMR. Governments and organizations should coordinate efforts to address this burden. Political commitment is needed to ensure that child health receives the resources needed to end preventable deaths.
Published: 2018

61. Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, AH, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Charara, R, Afshin, A, Wang, H, Collison, M, Krohn, KJ, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Blosser, CD, Cornaby, L, Foreman, KJ, Kassebaum, NJ, Kemmer, L, Kutz, M, Liu, P, Zipkin, B, Arnlov, J, Abate, KH, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, JM, Alkerwi, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, E, Anber, N, Anwari, P, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Drew, CR, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Berhe, DF, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, MM, Butt, ZA, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Carpenter, DO, Carrero, JJ, Choi, J-YJJ, Danawi, H, Dharmaratne, SD, Ding, EL, Djalalinia, S, Doyle, KE, Ebrahimi, H, Endries, AY, Esteghamati, A, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feyissa, TR, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Gyawali, B, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Horino, M, Hsairi, M, Jakovljevic, MB, Jimenez-Corona, A, John, D, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Kengne, AP, Ketema, EB, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kinfu, Y, Kissimova-Skarbek, KA, Koyanagi, A, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Li, Y, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mazidi, M, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengistie, MA, Mensah, GA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mohammed, MSK, Mohammed, S, Mueller, UO, Nagel, G, Cuong, TN, Quyen, LN, Vuong, MN, Noubiap, JJN, Ogbo, FA, Ortiz, A, Ota, E, Patel, T, Pearson-Stuttard, J, Perico, N, Petzold, M, Pishgar, F, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Rezaei, S, Roshandel, G, Bacher, DR, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M, Milicevic, MMS, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Santos Silva, DA, Alves Silveira, DG, Sobaih, BHA, Abdulkader, RS, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, BX, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, van Boven, JFM, Wakayo, T, Werdecker, A, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zhang, AL, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Charara, R, Afshin, A, Wang, H, Collison, M, Krohn, KJ, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Blosser, CD, Cornaby, L, Foreman, KJ, Kassebaum, NJ, Kemmer, L, Kutz, M, Liu, P, Zipkin, B, Arnlov, J, Abate, KH, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, MB, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, JM, Alkerwi, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, E, Anber, N, Anwari, P, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Azzopardi, P, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Drew, CR, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Berhe, DF, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, MM, Butt, ZA, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Carpenter, DO, Carrero, JJ, Choi, J-YJJ, Danawi, H, Dharmaratne, SD, Ding, EL, Djalalinia, S, Doyle, KE, Ebrahimi, H, Endries, AY, Esteghamati, A, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feyissa, TR, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Gyawali, B, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Horino, M, Hsairi, M, Jakovljevic, MB, Jimenez-Corona, A, John, D, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Kengne, AP, Ketema, EB, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kinfu, Y, Kissimova-Skarbek, KA, Koyanagi, A, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Li, Y, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mazidi, M, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengistie, MA, Mensah, GA, Mezgebe, HB, Miller, TR, Mohammed, MSK, Mohammed, S, Mueller, UO, Nagel, G, Cuong, TN, Quyen, LN, Vuong, MN, Noubiap, JJN, Ogbo, FA, Ortiz, A, Ota, E, Patel, T, Pearson-Stuttard, J, Perico, N, Petzold, M, Pishgar, F, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Rezaei, S, Roshandel, G, Bacher, DR, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M, Milicevic, MMS, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Santos Silva, DA, Alves Silveira, DG, Sobaih, BHA, Abdulkader, RS, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, BX, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, van Boven, JFM, Wakayo, T, Werdecker, A, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zhang, AL, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Hay, SI, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We used findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to update our previous publication on the burden of diabetes and chronic kidney disease due to diabetes (CKD-DM) during 1990-2015. METHODS: We extracted GBD 2015 estimates for prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of diabetes (including burden of low vision due to diabetes, neuropathy, and amputations and CKD-DM for 22 countries of the EMR from the GBD visualization tools. RESULTS: In 2015, 135,230 (95% UI 123,034-148,184) individuals died from diabetes and 16,470 (95% UI 13,977-18,961) from CKD-DM, 216 and 179% increases, respectively, compared to 1990. The total number of people with diabetes was 42.3 million (95% UI 38.6-46.4 million) in 2015. DALY rates of diabetes in 2015 were significantly higher than the expected rates based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed a large and increasing burden of diabetes in the region. There is an urgency in dealing with diabetes and its consequences, and these efforts should be at the forefront of health prevention and promotion.
Published: 2018

62. Burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, AH, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Khalil, I, Afshin, A, Collison, M, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Chew, A, Cornaby, L, Foreman, KJ, Frostad, J, Kassebaum, NJ, Kemmer, L, Kutz, M, Liu, P, Mirarefin, M, Nguyen, G, Wang, H, Zipkin, B, Abajobir, AA, Abouzeid, M, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Aksut, B, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Anwari, P, Arnlov, J, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Awasthi, A, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bedi, N, Bennett, DA, Berhe, DF, Biadgilign, S, Butt, ZA, Carapetis, JR, Estanislao Castro, R, Chitheer, AA, Davletov, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Dubey, M, Ebrahimi, H, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, SW, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gillum, RF, Gona, PN, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hsairi, M, Jee, SH, Jonas, JB, Karimkhani, C, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Kim, D, Lal, DK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Linn, S, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Meier, T, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Miller, TR, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohammed, S, Quyen, LN, Vuong, MN, Pearson-Stuttard, J, Pishgar, F, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Roba, KT, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Milicevic, MMS, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Santos Silva, DA, Singh, JA, Sobaih, BHA, Stroumpoulis, K, Abdulkader, RS, Szoeke, CEI, Temsah, M-H, Tran, BX, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vasankari, T, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Weintraub, RG, Wessly, PR, Wijeratne, T, Wolfe, CDA, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Roth, GA, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Khalil, I, Afshin, A, Collison, M, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Chew, A, Cornaby, L, Foreman, KJ, Frostad, J, Kassebaum, NJ, Kemmer, L, Kutz, M, Liu, P, Mirarefin, M, Nguyen, G, Wang, H, Zipkin, B, Abajobir, AA, Abouzeid, M, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Aksut, B, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Anwari, P, Arnlov, J, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Awasthi, A, Baernighausen, T, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bedi, N, Bennett, DA, Berhe, DF, Biadgilign, S, Butt, ZA, Carapetis, JR, Estanislao Castro, R, Chitheer, AA, Davletov, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Dubey, M, Ebrahimi, H, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Farvid, MS, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, SW, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gillum, RF, Gona, PN, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hsairi, M, Jee, SH, Jonas, JB, Karimkhani, C, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Kim, D, Lal, DK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Linn, S, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Meier, T, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Miller, TR, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohammed, S, Quyen, LN, Vuong, MN, Pearson-Stuttard, J, Pishgar, F, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Roba, KT, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Milicevic, MMS, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Santos Silva, DA, Singh, JA, Sobaih, BHA, Stroumpoulis, K, Abdulkader, RS, Szoeke, CEI, Temsah, M-H, Tran, BX, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Vasankari, T, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Weintraub, RG, Wessly, PR, Wijeratne, T, Wolfe, CDA, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Roth, GA, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To report the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) during 1990-2015. METHODS: We used the 2015 Global Burden of Disease study for estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of different CVD in 22 countries of EMR. RESULTS: A total of 1.4 million CVD deaths (95% UI: 1.3-1.5) occurred in 2015 in the EMR, with the highest number of deaths in Pakistan (465,116) and the lowest number of deaths in Qatar (723). The age-standardized DALY rate per 100,000 decreased from 10,080 in 1990 to 8606 in 2015 (14.6% decrease). Afghanistan had the highest age-standardized DALY rate of CVD in both 1990 and 2015. Kuwait and Qatar had the lowest age-standardized DALY rates of CVD in 1990 and 2015, respectively. High blood pressure, high total cholesterol, and high body mass index were the leading risk factors for CVD. CONCLUSIONS: The age-standardized DALY rates in the EMR are considerably higher than the global average. These findings call for a comprehensive approach to prevent and control the burden of CVD in the region.
Published: 2018

63. Burden of diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Collison, M, Chew, A, Krohn, KJ, Daoud, F, Colombara, D, Foreman, KJ, Godwin, WW, Kutz, M, Mirarefin, M, Rao, PC, Reiner, R, Troeger, C, Wang, H, Abraha, HN, Abu-Elyazeed, R, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Alam, K, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Anwari, P, Atey, TM, Avokpaho, EFGA, Bacha, U, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bessong, PO, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Buckle, GC, Butt, ZA, Danawi, H, Deribew, A, Djalalinia, S, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Eshrati, B, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gugnani, HC, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Husseini, A, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khubchandani, J, Kissoon, N, Kopec, JA, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, DT, Mohammed, S, Murthy, S, Ngunjiri, JW, Ogbo, FA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shigematsu, M, Sobaih, BHA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sykes, BL, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tiruye, TY, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, KN, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Werdecker, A, Wiysonge, CS, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yaseri, M, Yenesew, M, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaki, MES, Zodpey, S, Zein, B, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, El Bcheraoui, C, Charara, R, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Collison, M, Chew, A, Krohn, KJ, Daoud, F, Colombara, D, Foreman, KJ, Godwin, WW, Kutz, M, Mirarefin, M, Rao, PC, Reiner, R, Troeger, C, Wang, H, Abraha, HN, Abu-Elyazeed, R, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Alam, K, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Anwari, P, Atey, TM, Avokpaho, EFGA, Bacha, U, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Geffen, D, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bessong, PO, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Buckle, GC, Butt, ZA, Danawi, H, Deribew, A, Djalalinia, S, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Eshrati, B, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gugnani, HC, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Husseini, A, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khubchandani, J, Kissoon, N, Kopec, JA, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, DT, Mohammed, S, Murthy, S, Ngunjiri, JW, Ogbo, FA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shigematsu, M, Sobaih, BHA, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sykes, BL, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tiruye, TY, Topor-Madry, R, Ukwaja, KN, Vollset, SE, Wakayo, T, Werdecker, A, Wiysonge, CS, Workicho, A, Yaghoubi, M, Yaseri, M, Yenesew, M, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaki, MES, Zodpey, S, Zein, B, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Diarrheal diseases (DD) are an important cause of disease burden, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact children's potential livelihood through growth faltering, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. METHODS: As part of the Global Burden of Disease study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2015. We calculated disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)-the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability-for both sexes and all ages. RESULTS: We estimate that over 103,692 diarrhea deaths occurred in the EMR in 2015 (95% uncertainty interval: 87,018-124,692), and the mortality rate was 16.0 deaths per 100,000 persons (95% UI: 13.4-19.2). The majority of these deaths occurred in children under 5 (63.3%) (65,670 deaths, 95% UI: 53,640-79,486). DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 304 (95% UI 228-400) in Kuwait to 38,900 (95% UI 25,900-54,300) in Somalia. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings will guide evidence-based health policy decisions for interventions to achieve the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.
Published: 2018

64. Transport injuries and deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Author: Khalil, I., El Bcheraoui, C., Charara, R., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Afshin, A., Kassebaum, N. J., Collison, M., Daoud, F., Chew, A., Krohn, K. J., Colombara, D., Cornaby, L., Ehrenkranz, R., Graetz, N., Kutz, M., Troeger, C., Wang, H., Abate, K. H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abera, S. F., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, M. B., Alam, K., Alasfoor, D., Alghnam, S., Ali, R., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Anber, N., Ansari, H., Antonio, C. A. T., Anwari, P., Asayesh, H., Atey, T. M., Avila-Burgos, L., Barker-Collo, S. L., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beyene, A. S., Bhutta, Z. A., Boufous, S., Butt, Z. A., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Chitheer, A. A., Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, H., Davitoiu, D. V., Djalalinia, S., Endries, A. Y., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fischer, F., Gao, W., Gebrehiwot, S. W., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hailu, G. B., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Jacobsen, K. H., James, S. L., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jiang, G., Jonas, J. B., Kasaeian, A., Keiyoro, P. N., Khader, Y. S., Khan, E. A., Khoja, A. T. A., Khosravi, A., Khubchandani, J., Kim, Y. J., Kosen, S., Defo, B. K., Larson, H. J., Linn, S., Lunevicius, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Majdan, M., Majdzadeh, R., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Mengistie, M. A., Meretoja, T. J., Miller, T. R., Mohammed, S., Molla Assaye, A., Obermeyer, C. M., Pourmalek, F., Qorbani, M., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rai, R. K., Ranganathan, K., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Refaat, A. H., Renzaho, A. M. N. N., Rezaei, S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Roshandel, G., Safdarian, M., Safiri, S., Sahraian, M. A., Salamati, P., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J. R., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sartorius, B., Schwebel, D. C., Sepanlou, S. G., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M. A., Shamsipour, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Sobaih, B. H. A., Sufiyan, M. B., Sunshine, J. E., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Temsah, M. -H, Terkawi, A. S., Thakur, J. S., Topor-Madry, R., Uthman, O. A., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Wakayo, T., Werdecker, A., Yaghoubi, M., Yaseri, M., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Zaki, M. E. S., Jumaan, A. O., Vos, T., Naghavi, M., Hay, S. I., Murray, C. J. L., Mokdad, A. H., Collaborators, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Transportation Injuries, Khalil, I., El Bcheraoui, C., Charara, R., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Afshin, A., Kassebaum, N. J., Collison, M., Daoud, F., Chew, A., Krohn, K. J., Colombara, D., Cornaby, L., Ehrenkranz, R., Graetz, N., Kutz, M., Troeger, C., Wang, H., Abate, K. H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abera, S. F., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, M. B., Alam, K., Alasfoor, D., Alghnam, S., Ali, R., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Anber, N., Ansari, H., Antonio, C. A. T., Anwari, P., Asayesh, H., Atey, T. M., Avila-Burgos, L., Barker-Collo, S. L., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beyene, A. S., Bhutta, Z. A., Boufous, S., Butt, Z. A., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Chitheer, A. A., Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, H., Davitoiu, D. V., Djalalinia, S., Endries, A. Y., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fischer, F., Gao, W., Gebrehiwot, S. W., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hailu, G. B., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Jacobsen, K. H., James, S. L., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jiang, G., Jonas, J. B., Kasaeian, A., Keiyoro, P. N., Khader, Y. S., Khan, E. A., Khoja, A. T. A., Khosravi, A., Khubchandani, J., Kim, Y. J., Kosen, S., Defo, B. K., Larson, H. J., Linn, S., Lunevicius, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Majdan, M., Majdzadeh, R., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Mengistie, M. A., Meretoja, T. J., Miller, T. R., Mohammed, S., Molla Assaye, A., Obermeyer, C. M., Pourmalek, F., Qorbani, M., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rai, R. K., Ranganathan, K., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Refaat, A. H., Renzaho, A. M. N. N., Rezaei, S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Roshandel, G., Safdarian, M., Safiri, S., Sahraian, M. A., Salamati, P., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J. R., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sartorius, B., Schwebel, D. C., Sepanlou, S. G., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M. A., Shamsipour, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Sobaih, B. H. A., Sufiyan, M. B., Sunshine, J. E., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Temsah, M. -H, Terkawi, A. S., Thakur, J. S., Topor-Madry, R., Uthman, O. A., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Wakayo, T., Werdecker, A., Yaghoubi, M., Yaseri, M., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Zaki, M. E. S., Jumaan, A. O., Vos, T., Naghavi, M., Hay, S. I., Murray, C. J. L., Mokdad, A. H., and Collaborators, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Transportation Injuries
Abstract: Objectives: Transport injuries (TI) are ranked as one of the leading causes of death, disability, and property loss worldwide. This paper provides an overview of the burden of TI in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by age and sex from 1990 to 2015. Methods: Transport injuries mortality in the EMR was estimated using the Global Burden of Disease mortality database, with corrections for ill-defined causes of death, using the cause of death ensemble modeling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on inpatient and outpatient datasets, 26 cause-of-injury and 47 nature-of-injury categories. Results: In 2015, 152,855 (95% uncertainty interval: 137,900â168,100) people died from TI in the EMR countries. Between 1990 and 2015, the years of life lost (YLL) rate per 100,000 due to TI decreased by 15.5%, while the years lived with disability (YLD) rate decreased by 10%, and the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate decreased by 16%. Conclusions: Although the burden of TI mortality and morbidity decreased over the last two decades, there is still a considerable burden that needs to be addressed by increasing awareness, enforcing laws, and improving road conditions. Â© 2017, The Author(s).
Published: 2018
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65. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Sessile and Pendant Droplets Shape on Inclined and Curved Surfaces

Author: Javanmardi, M.J., primary, Hirbodi, K., additional, Avara, A., additional, and Yaghoubi, M., additional
Published: 2018
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66. Comparison of common-mode voltage in three-phase quasi-Z-source inverters using different shoot-through implementation methods

Author: Noroozi, N., primary, Zolghadri, M. R., additional, and Yaghoubi, M., additional
Published: 2018
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67. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Author: Shetty B.P., Tekle D.Y., Temam Shifa G., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tesema C.L., Tesssema B., Theis A., Thomas N., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tiruye T.Y., Tobe-Gai R., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tortajada M., Tran B.X., Truelsen T., Trujillo U., Tsilimparis N., Tuem K.B., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varakin Y.Y., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vishnu A., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Waid J.L., Wakayo T., Wang Y.-P., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Werdecker A., Wesana J., Wijeratne T., Wilkinson J.D., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Workicho A., Workie S.B., Xavier D., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yalew A.Z., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Ye P., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yirsaw B.D., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zeeb H., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zodpey S., Zuhlke L.J., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang H., Abajobir A.A., Abate K.H., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E., Adedeji I.A., Adedoyin R.A., Adetifa I.M.O., Adetokunboh O., Afshin A., Aggarwal R., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Akseer N., Al-Eyadhy A., Al Lami F.H., Alabed S., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alasfoor D., Aldridge R.W., Alene K.A., Alhabib S., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S.M., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allam S.D., Allebeck P., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Martin E.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ameh E.A., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Atey T.M., Atre S.R., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Balalla S., Barac A., Barber R.M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bennett D.A., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Bjerregaard P., Blosser C.D., Boneya D.J., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Brugha T.S., Bukhman G., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Burch M., Butt Z.A., Cahill L.E., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo 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W., Mengesha M.M., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Menon G.R., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Mikesell J., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Minnig S., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed S., Mohan M.B.V., Mohanty S.K., Mokdad A.H., Molla Assaye A., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moore A.R., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mori R., Morrison S.D., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Mullany E., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagata C., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naidoo K.S., Nanda L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nisar M.I., Nomura M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., Nyakarahuka L., Obermeyer C.M., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Oyekale A.S., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Parsaeian M., Patel T., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Pereira D.M., Perez-Padilla R., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Piel F.B., Pigott D.M., Pishgar F., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prasad N., Purwar M., Qorbani M., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rao P.V., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rego M.A.S., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Ribeiro A.L., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sabde Y.D., Sachdev 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Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Martin E.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ameh E.A., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Ansha M.G., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Atey T.M., Atre S.R., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Balalla S., Barac A., Barber R.M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Bennett D.A., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Bjerregaard P., Blosser C.D., Boneya D.J., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Brazinova A., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Brugha T.S., Bukhman G., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Burch M., Butt Z.A., Cahill L.E., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Campos-Nonato I.R., Car J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Castro F.F., Castro R.E., Catala-Lopez F., Chen H., Chiang P.P.-C., Chibalabala M., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Choi J.-Y.J., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colquhoun S.M., Coresh J., Criqui M.H., Cromwell E.A., Crump J.A., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davey G., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Deribew A., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dherani M.K., Diaz-Torne C., Ding E.L., Dixit P., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Donnelly C.A., Dos Santos K.P.B., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Duan L., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Dwivedi L.K., Ebrahimi H., El Bcheraoui C., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshetie S., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Faro A., Farvid M.S., Farzadfar F., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.G., Fernandes J.C., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Frank T., Franklin R.C., Fraser M., Friedman J., Frostad J.J., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Gambashidze K., Gamkrelidze A., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebrekidan K.G., Gebremichael M.W., Gelaye A.A., Geleijnse J.M., Gemechu B.L., Gemechu K.S., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gibney K.B., Gill P.S., Gillum R.F., Giref A.Z., Girma B.W., Giussani G., Goenka S., Gomez B., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Graetz N., Gugnani H.C., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haghparast Bidgoli H., Hakuzimana A., Halasa Y.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., He F., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hilawe E.H., Hoek H.W., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang H., Huang J.J., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ileanu B.V., Inoue M., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Islam N., Jacobsen K.H., Jaenisch T., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jin Y., John D., John O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kan H., Karch A., Karema C.K., Karimi S.M., Karthikeyan G., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Kazanjan K., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore S.G., Kemp A.H., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Kereselidze M., Kesavachandran C.N., Ketema E.B., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.-H., Khera S., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi M.H., Kibret G.D., Kieling C., Kim C.-I., Kim D., Kim P., Kim S., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kishawi S., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kuipers E.J., Kulikoff X.R., Kulkarni V.S., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kumsa F.A., Kutz M., Lachat C., Lagat A.K., Lager A.C.J., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larson H.J., Larsson A., Laryea D.O., Lavados P.M., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Liao Y., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Lipshultz S.E., Liu S., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorch S.A., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Machado I.E., Mackay M.T., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mantovani L.G., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Marks G.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Massano J., Maulik P.K., Mayosi B.M., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGarvey S.T., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Meier T., Mekonnen T.C., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengesha M.M., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Menon G.R., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Mikesell J., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Minnig S., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed S., Mohan M.B.V., Mohanty S.K., Mokdad A.H., Molla Assaye A., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moore A.R., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mori R., Morrison S.D., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Mullany E., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagata C., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naidoo K.S., Nanda L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nisar M.I., Nomura M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., Nyakarahuka L., Obermeyer C.M., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Oyekale A.S., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Parsaeian M., Patel T., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Pereira D.M., Perez-Padilla R., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Piel F.B., Pigott D.M., Pishgar F., Plass D., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M.J., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prasad N., Purwar M., Qorbani M., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., 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Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Sindi S., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Singh V., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith D.L., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Soneji S., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Stockl H., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi R.A., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Szoeke C.E.I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tadese F., Tandon N., Tanne D., Tarajia M., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., and Tekelab T.
Abstract: Background: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Method(s): We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, t
Published: 2017

68. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Author: Kaul A., Bhutta Z.A., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Haro J.M., Harun K.M., Harvey J., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay R.J., Hedayati M.T., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Heydarpour P., Hoek H.W., Hofman H.J., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang J.J., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ikeda C., Irvine C.M.S., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., James P., Jassal S.K., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jiang G., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Kar C., Karam N.E., Karch A., Karema C.K., Karimi S.M., Karimkhani C., Kasaeian A., Kassa G.M., Kassebaum N.J., Kassaw N.A., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khoja A.T., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kim Y.J., Kim D., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Kotsakis G.A., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krohn K.J., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kyu H.H., Lager A.C.J., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Leasher J.L., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leshargie C.T., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Macarayan E.R.K., Maddison E.R., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., March L.M., Marczak L.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins P.H.V., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Mathur M.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., McKee M., Mehata S., Meier T., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengesha M.M., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Millear A., Miller T.R., Minnig S., Mirarefn M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mitchell P.B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed S., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed M.S.K., Mohan M.B.V., Mokdad A.H., Mollenkopf S.K., Monasta L., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Montico M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Mori R., Morrison S.D., Moses M., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Muller K., Mudoch M.E., Murthy S., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Naidoo K.S., Nangia V., Nasher J.T., Natarajan G., Negasa D.E., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Newton C.R., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen G., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen M., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., Nyandwi A., Obermeyer C.M., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osborne R.H., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Osman M., Ota E., Owolabi M.O., Pa M., Pacella R.E., Panda B.K., Pandian J.D., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Parry C.D., Parsaeian M., Patil S.T., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulson K., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perez K.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petri W.A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Phipps G., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pinho C., Piradov M.A., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Popova S., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prabhakaran D., Prasad N., Purcell C., Purwar M., Qorbani M., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rahman M.H.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Rangaswamy T., Rankin Z., Rao P.V., Rao P.C., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikof S., Rezaei S., Ribeiro A.L., Roba H.S., Robinson S.R., Rojas-Rueda D., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Safdarian M., Safri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Sahraian M.A., Salama J., Saleh M.M., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D., Santos J.V., Santos I.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schelonka K., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shariful Islam S.M., Sharma R., Sharma J., She J., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shields C., Shiferaw M.S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shirude S., Shishani K., Shoman H., Siabani S., Sibai A.M., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silberberg D.H., Silva J.P., Silva D.A.S., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Singh V., Singh O.P., Singh N.P., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Skirbekk V., Slepak E.L., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Soljak M., Sorensen R.J.D., Sousa T.C.M., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Stovner L.J., Strub B., Subart M., Sufyan M.B., Abdulkader R.S., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Sylte D., Szoeke C.E.I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Tafere G.R., Takala J.S., Tandon N., Tanne D., Tarekegn Y.L., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Taylor H.R., Tegegne T.K., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekelab T., Temam Shifa G., Terkawi A.S., Tesfaye D.J., Tesssema B., Thakur J.S., Thamsuwan O., Theadom A.M., Theis A.M., Thomas K.E., Thomas N., Thompson R., Tobe-Gai R., Tobollik M., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada M., Touvier M., Traebert J., Tran B.X., Troeger C., Truelsen T., 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Abstract: Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Method(s): We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Finding(s): The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for m
Published: 2017

69. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. []

Author: Larsson A., Arnlov J., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Assadi R., Atey T.M., Atnafu N.T., Atre S.R., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ba Saleem H.O., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Banerjee A., Bannick M.S., Barac A., Barber R.M., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Battista B., Battle K.E., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Bhatt S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgilign S., Bienhoff K., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Boneya D.J., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Brazinova A., Brugha T.S., Buchbinder R., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Car M., Carabin H., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Casey D.C., Caso V., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castle C.D., Catala-Lopez F., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chen H., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cortesi P.A., Criqui M.H., Crump J.A., Dadi A.F., Dalal K., Dandona L., Dandona R., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Dorsey E.R., Dos Santos K.P.B., Douwes-Schultz D., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellerstrand J., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Erskine H.E., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fazeli M.S., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Flor L.S., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Franklin R.C., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Ganji M., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Geleto A., Gemechu B.L., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Ghajar A., Gibney K.B., Gill P.S., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Gishu M.D., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Goto A., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Haro J.M., Harvey J., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hawley C., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Heydarpour P., Hoek H.W., Hoffman H.J., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang H., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ikeda C., Irvine C.M.S., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Jassal S.K., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jiang G., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Kan H., Karam N.E., Karch A., Karema C.K., Kasaeian A., Kassa G.M., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kim D., Kim P., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krishnaswami S., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kumar S., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lavados P.M., Leasher J.L., Lee J.-T., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leshargie C.T., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Li Kappe D., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., London S.J., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Low N., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Macarayan E.R.K., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mantilla A., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Mathur M.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., McKee M., McNellan C., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mekonnen T.C., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Millear A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mitchell P.B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed S., Mohanty S.K., Mokdad A.H., Mollenkopf S.K., Monasta L., Hernandez J.M., Montico M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Mori R., Morozoff C., Morrison S.D., Moses M., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Muller K., Murdoch M.E., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Naidoo K.S., Naldi L., Nangia V., Natarajan G., Negasa D.E., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Newton C.R., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nolte S., Nong V.M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Osman M., Owolabi M.O., Pa M., Pacella R.E., Pana A., Panda B.K., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Parry C.D., Parsaeian M., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paulson K., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Popova S., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prabhakaran D., Prasad N., Prasad N.M., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Quansah R., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.V., Rao P.C., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Ribeiro A.L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Setegn T., Shackelford K.A., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shariful Islam S.M., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Shi P., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shinohara Y., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shirude S., Shishani K., Shrime M.G., Sibai A.M., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Skirbekk V., Slepak E.L., Sligar A., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Sorensen R.J.D., Sousa T.C.M., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Stein M.B., Steiner C., Steiner T.J., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Stovner L.J., Strub B., Subart M., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader R., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Sylte D.O., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Taffere G.R., Takala J.S., Tandon N., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Taylor H.R., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekelab T., Temam Shifa G., Terkawi A.S., Tesfaye D.J., Tesssema B., Thamsuwan O., Thomas K.E., Tiruye T.Y., Tobe-Gai R., Tollanes M.C., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada M., Touvier M., Tran B.X., Tripathi S., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuem K.B., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uneke C.J., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Venkatesh S., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Wadilo F., Wakayo T., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Woolf A.D., Workicho A., Wulf Hanson S., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Ye P., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E.S., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zhang X., Zhou M., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Zuhlke L.J., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Thrift A.G., Vos T., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abate K.H., Abd-Allah F., Abdulle A.M., Abebo T.A., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Abu-Raddad L.J., Ackerman I.N., Adamu A.A., Adetokunboh O., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal S.K., Aggarwal R., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akinyemi R.O., Akseer N., Al Lami F.H., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alasfoor D., Alene K.A., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Maskari F., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alsowaidi S., Altirkawi K.A., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Larsson A., Arnlov J., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Assadi R., Atey T.M., Atnafu N.T., Atre S.R., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ba Saleem H.O., Bacha U., Badawi A., Balakrishnan K., Banerjee A., Bannick M.S., Barac A., Barber R.M., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T., Barquera S., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Battista B., Battle K.E., Baune B.T., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Benson J., Berhane A., Berhe D.F., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Beyene A.S., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Bhatt S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgilign S., Bienhoff K., Bikbov B., Birungi C., Biryukov S., Bisanzio D., Bizuayehu H.M., Boneya D.J., Boufous S., Bourne R.R.A., Brazinova A., Brugha T.S., Buchbinder R., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Car M., Carabin H., Carapetis J.R., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Casey D.C., Caso V., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castle C.D., Catala-Lopez F., Chang H.-Y., Chang J.-C., Charlson F.J., Chen H., Chibalabala M., Chibueze C.E., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cortesi P.A., Criqui M.H., Crump J.A., Dadi A.F., Dalal K., Dandona L., Dandona R., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Dellavalle R.P., Deribe K., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Dorsey E.R., Dos Santos K.P.B., Douwes-Schultz D., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellerstrand J., Enayati A., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Erskine H.E., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Estep K., Fanuel F.B.B., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fazeli M.S., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Flor L.S., Foigt N., Foreman K.J., Franklin R.C., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Futran N.D., Gakidou E., Ganji M., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Geleto A., Gemechu B.L., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Ghajar A., Gibney K.B., Gill P.S., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Gishu M.D., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Goto A., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Haro J.M., Harvey J., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hawley C., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Heydarpour P., Hoek H.W., Hoffman H.J., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Htet A.S., Hu G., Huang H., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Igumbor E.U., Ikeda C., Irvine C.M.S., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Jassal S.K., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jensen P.N., Jha V., Jiang G., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Kan H., Karam N.E., Karch A., Karema C.K., Kasaeian A., Kassa G.M., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Kastor A., Katikireddi S.V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kengne A.P., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khosravi A., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kim D., Kim P., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K.A., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Krishnaswami S., Krohn K.J., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kumar S., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert N., Lan Q., Lavados P.M., Leasher J.L., Lee J.-T., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leshargie C.T., Leung J., Leung R., Levi M., Li Y., Li Kappe D., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Linn S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu S., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., London S.J., Looker K.J., Lopez A.D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Low N., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Macarayan E.R.K., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahdavi M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manguerra H., Manhertz T., Mantilla A., Mantovani L.G., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Mathur M.R., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., McKee M., McNellan C., Mehata S., Mehndiratta M.M., Mekonnen T.C., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistie M.A., Mengistu D.T., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mezgebe H.B., Micha R., Millear A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mirarefin M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mitchell P.B., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed K.E., Mohammed S., Mohanty S.K., Mokdad A.H., Mollenkopf S.K., Monasta L., Hernandez J.M., Montico M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Mori R., Morozoff C., Morrison S.D., Moses M., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Mueller U.O., Muller K., Murdoch M.E., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Naidoo K.S., Naldi L., Nangia V., Natarajan G., Negasa D.E., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Newton C.R., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nolte S., Nong V.M., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J.N., O'Donnell M.J., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osgood-Zimmerman A., Osman M., Owolabi M.O., Pa M., Pacella R.E., Pana A., Panda B.K., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Parry C.D., Parsaeian M., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paulson K., Pearce N., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Peterson C.B., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pillay J.D., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Popova S., Poulton R.G., Pourmalek F., Prabhakaran D., Prasad N., Prasad N.M., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Quansah R., Rabiee R.H.S., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi K., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Ram U., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.V., Rao P.C., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Reiner R.C., Reinig N., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Ribeiro A.L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Roy A., Rubagotti E., Ruhago G.M., Saadat S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salomon J.A., Salvi S.S., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Santos J.V., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Setegn T., Shackelford K.A., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shariful Islam S.M., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Shi P., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shinohara Y., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shirude S., Shishani K., Shrime M.G., Sibai A.M., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silva D.A.S., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Skirbekk V., Slepak E.L., Sligar A., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Sobngwi E., Sorensen R.J.D., Sousa T.C.M., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Stein M.B., Steiner C., Steiner T.J., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Stovner L.J., Strub B., Subart M., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader R., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Sylte D.O., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Taffere G.R., Takala J.S., Tandon N., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Taylor H.R., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekelab T., Temam Shifa G., Terkawi A.S., Tesfaye D.J., Tesssema B., Thamsuwan O., Thomas K.E., Tiruye T.Y., Tobe-Gai R., Tollanes M.C., Tonelli M., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada M., Touvier M., Tran B.X., Tripathi S., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuem K.B., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Uneke C.J., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Varughese S., Vasankari T., Venkatesh S., Venketasubramanian N., Vidavalur R., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Wadilo F., Wakayo T., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weichenthal S., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Woolf A.D., Workicho A., Wulf Hanson S., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yano Y., Ye P., Yimam H.H., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E.S., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zhang X., Zhou M., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Zuhlke L.J., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Thrift A.G., Vos T., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abate K.H., Abd-Allah F., Abdulle A.M., Abebo T.A., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Abu-Raddad L.J., Ackerman I.N., Adamu A.A., Adetokunboh O., Afarideh M., Afshin A., Agarwal S.K., Aggarwal R., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Ahmadieh H., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Akinyemi R.O., Akseer N., Al Lami F.H., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alasfoor D., Alene K.A., Ali R., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Maskari F., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Alsowaidi S., Altirkawi K.A., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., and Anwari P.
Abstract: Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57.6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40.8-75.9 million [7.2%, 6.0-8.3]), 45.1 million (29.0-62.8 million [5.6%, 4.0-7.2]), 36.3 million (25.3-50.9 million [4.5%, 3.8-5.3]), 34.7 million (23.0-49.6 million [4.3%, 3.5-5.2]), and 34.1 million (23.5-46.0 million [4.2%, 3.2-5.3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2.7% (95% UI 2.3-3.1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-c
Published: 2017

70. Global, regional, and national age-sex specifc mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

Author: Kinfu Y., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Finegold S., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Foigt N., Frank T., Fraser M., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Gakidou E., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremichael D.Y., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Giroud M., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gouda H.N., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., He F., Hedayati M.T., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hoek H.W., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C., Ileanu B.V., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Jurisson M., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jha V., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Karch A., Karimi S.M., Karimkhani C., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kievlan D., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Defo B.K., Kulikof X.R., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert T.L.N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Li Y., Kappe D.L., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Maddison E.R., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Manguerra H., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Markos D., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., Mehata S., Meier T., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mengesha M.M., Mengistu D.T., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Millear A., Miller T.R., Minnig S., Mirarefn M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Mola G.L.D., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Hernandez J.C.M., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morrison S.D., Morozof C., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Nasher J.T., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J.N., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Olagunju A.T., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osman M., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Jonas S., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulson K., Pereira D.M., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rai R.K., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.C., Rath G.K., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Ruhago G.M., Rizwan S.A., Saadat S., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Saf S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salamati P., Salomon J.A., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Milicevic M.M.S., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Shahraz S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schulhofer-Wohl S., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shackelford K.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shamsizadeh M., Islam S.M.S., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Sheikhbahaei S., Shey M., Shi P., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirude S., Shiue I., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silpakit N., Silva J.P., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith A., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Soneji S., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Strub B., Subart M., Sufyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Takahashi K., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Tarawneh M.R., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tegegne T.K., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Thakur J.S., Thamsuwan O., Thankappan K.R., Thomas K.E., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Torre A., Tortajada M., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wakayo T., Wallin M.T., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whetter B., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Workicho A., Xavier D., Xiao Q., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yimam H.H., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Naghavi M., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Adetokunboh O., Arnlov J., Afshin A., Agrawal A., Kiadaliri A.A., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Al-Eyadhy A., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alene K.A., Ali S.D., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andersen H.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Atey T.M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Bejot Y., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barquera S., Bhatt S., Biadgilign S., Bienhof K., Bikbov B., Bisanzio D., Bourne R.R.A., Breitborde N.J.K., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Campuzano J.C., Car J., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Casey D.C., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Catala-Lopez F., Charlson F.J., Chibueze C.E., Chimed-Ochir O., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cowie B.C., Criqui M.H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Deribe K., Deribew A., Dey S., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Echko M., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Erskine H.E., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Ermakov S.P., Estep K., Sa Farinha C.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Kinfu Y., Barregard L., Barrero L.H., Baune B.T., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bennett J.R., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Bernabe E., Betsu B.D., Beuran M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Ferrari A.J., Feyissa T.R., Filip I., Finegold S., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Flaxman A.D., Foigt N., Frank T., Fraser M., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J.M., Gakidou E., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gebregergs G.B., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremichael D.Y., Geleijnse J.M., Genova-Maleras R., Gesesew H.A., Gething P.W., Gillum R.F., Ginawi I.A.M., Giref A.Z., Giroud M., Giussani G., Godwin W.W., Gold A.L., Goldberg E.M., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gouda H.N., Goulart A.C., Griswold M., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gupta V., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A.D., Hailu G.B., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hancock J., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harb H.L., Hareri H.A., Hassanvand M.S., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., He F., Hedayati M.T., Henry N.J., Heredia-Pi I.B., Herteliu C., Hoek H.W., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hostiuc S., Hotez P.J., Hoy D.G., Huynh C., Iburg K.M., Ikeda C., Ileanu B.V., Irenso A.A., Irvine C.M.S., Jurisson M., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jeemon P., Jha V., John D., Johnson C.O., Johnson S.C., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kamal R., Karch A., Karimi S.M., Karimkhani C., Kasaeian A., Kassaw N.A., Kassebaum N.J., Katikireddi S.V., Kawakami N., Keiyoro P.N., Kemmer L., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khoja A.T.A., Khosravi A., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kieling C., Kievlan D., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kissoon N., Kivimaki M., Knudsen A.K., Kopec J.A., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Defo B.K., Kulikof X.R., Kumar G.A., Kumar P., Kutz M., Kyu H.H., Lal D.K., Lalloo R., Lambert T.L.N., Lan Q., Lansingh V.C., Larsson A., Lee P.H., Leigh J., Leung J., Levi M., Li Y., Kappe D.L., Liang X., Liben M.L., Lim S.S., Liu A., Liu P.Y., Liu Y., Lodha R., Logroscino G., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lozano R., Lucas T.C.D., Ma S., Macarayan E.R.K., Maddison E.R., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malhotra R., Malta D.C., Manguerra H., Manyazewal T., Mapoma C.C., Marczak L.B., Markos D., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F.R., Martopullo I., McAlinden C., McGaughey M., McGrath J.J., Mehata S., Meier T., Meles K.G., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mengesha M.M., Mengistu D.T., Menota B.G., Mensah G.A., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Millear A., Miller T.R., Minnig S., Mirarefn M., Mirrakhimov E.M., Misganaw A., Mishra S.R., Mohammad K.A., Mohammadi A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Mola G.L.D., Mollenkopf S.K., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Hernandez J.C.M., Montico M., Mooney M.D., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morrison S.D., Morozof C., Mountjoy-Venning C., Mruts K.B., Muller K., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Naheed A., Naldi L., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Nasher J.T., Natarajan G., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen G., Nguyen M., Nguyen Q.L., Nguyen T.H., Nichols E., Ningrum D.N.A., Nong V.M., Noubiap J.J.N., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Okoro A., Olagunju A.T., Olsen H.E., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ong K., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Osman M., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Pacella R.E., Pakhale S., Pana A., Panda B.K., Jonas S., Papachristou C., Park E.-K., Patten S.B., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulson K., Pereira D.M., Perez-Ruiz F., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Petzold M., Phillips M.R., Pigott D.M., Pinho C., Plass D., Pletcher M.A., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Pourmalek F., Purcell C., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M.H., Rai R.K., Ranabhat C.L., Rankin Z., Rao P.C., Rath G.K., Rawaf S., Ray S.E., Rehm J., Reiner R.C., Reitsma M.B., Remuzzi G., Rezaei S., Rezai M.S., Rokni M.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Roth G.A., Rothenbacher D., Ruhago G.M., Rizwan S.A., Saadat S., Sachdev P.S., Sadat N., Safdarian M., Saf S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Salama J., Salamati P., Salomon J.A., Samy A.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Santomauro D., Santos I.S., Milicevic M.M.S., Sartorius B., Satpathy M., Shahraz S., Schmidt M.I., Schneider I.J.C., Schulhofer-Wohl S., Schutte A.E., Schwebel D.C., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shackelford K.A., Shaikh M.A., Shamsipour M., Shamsizadeh M., Islam S.M.S., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Sheikhbahaei S., Shey M., Shi P., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirude S., Shiue I., Shoman H., Shrime M.G., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silpakit N., Silva J.P., Singh J.A., Skiadaresi E., Sligar A., Smith A., Smith D.L., Smith M., Sobaih B.H.A., Soneji S., Sorensen R.J.D., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J.D., Stathopoulou V., Steel N., Stein D.J., Steiner C., Steinke S., Stokes M.A., Strong M., Strub B., Subart M., Sufyan M.B., Sunguya B.F., Sur P.J., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadakamadla S.K., Takahashi K., Takala J.S., Talongwa R.T., Tarawneh M.R., Tavakkoli M., Taveira N., Tegegne T.K., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Thakur J.S., Thamsuwan O., Thankappan K.R., Thomas K.E., Thompson A.H., Thomson A.J., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Torre A., Tortajada M., Towbin J.A., Tran B.X., Troeger C., Truelsen T., Tsoi D., Tuzcu E.M., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Undurraga E.A., Updike R., Uthman O.A., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Vollset S.E., Vos T., Wakayo T., Wallin M.T., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weintraub R.G., Weiss D.J., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Whetter B., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Wiysonge C.S., Woldeyes B.G., Wolfe C.D.A., Woodbrook R., Workicho A., Xavier D., Xiao Q., Xu G., Yaghoubi M., Yakob B., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yimam H.H., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Yotebieng M., Younis M.Z., Zaidi Z., El Sayed Zaki M., Zegeye E.A., Zenebe Z.M., Zerfu T.A., Zhang A.L., Zhang X., Zipkin B., Zodpey S., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J.L., De Courten B., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Naghavi M., Abajobir A.A., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abera S.F., Aboyans V., Adetokunboh O., Arnlov J., Afshin A., Agrawal A., Kiadaliri A.A., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Aiyar S., Al-Eyadhy A., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alam N., Alam T., Alene K.A., Ali S.D., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Alkaabi J.M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Allen C., Al-Raddadi R., Alsharif U., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y.A., Anber N., Andersen H.H., Andrei C.L., Androudi S., Ansari H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K.K., Asayesh H., Asgedom S.W., Atey T.M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Bejot Y., Babalola T.K., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barquera S., Bhatt S., Biadgilign S., Bienhof K., Bikbov B., Bisanzio D., Bourne R.R.A., Breitborde N.J.K., Bulto L.N.B., Bumgarner B.R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Cameron E., Campuzano J.C., Car J., Carrero J.J., Carter A., Casey D.C., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Catala-Lopez F., Charlson F.J., Chibueze C.E., Chimed-Ochir O., Chisumpa V.H., Chitheer A.A., Christopher D.J., Ciobanu L.G., Cirillo M., Cohen A.J., Colombara D., Cooper C., Cowie B.C., Criqui M.H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dargan P.I., Das Neves J., Davitoiu D.V., Davletov K., Degenhardt L., Deiparine S., Deribe K., Deribew A., Dey S., Dicker D., Ding E.L., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doku D.T., Douwes-Schultz D., Driscoll T.R., Dubey M., Duncan B.B., Echko M., El-Khatib Z.Z., Ellingsen C.L., Enayati A., Erskine H.E., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Ermakov S.P., Estep K., Sa Farinha C.S., Faro A., and Farzadfar F.
Abstract: Background: Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specifc mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Method(s): We estimated cause-specifc deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specifc causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specifc deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. Finding(s): The quality of available data vari
Published: 2017

71. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber, RM, Fullman, N, Sorensen, RJD, Bollyky, T, McKee, M, Nolte, E, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abdurahman, AA, Abera, SF, Abraham, B, Abreha, GF, Adane, K, Adelekan, AL, Adetifa, IMO, Afshin, A, Agarwal, A, Agarwal, SK, Agarwal, S, Agrawal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, KY, Ahmed, MB, Akinyemi, RO, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, SS, Alemu, ZA, Alene, KA, Alexander, L, Ali, R, Ali, SD, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amo-Adjei, J, Amoako, YA, Anderson, BO, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Assadi, R, Astatkie, A, Atey, TM, Atique, S, Atnafu, NT, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Quintanilla, BPA, Awasthi, A, Ayele, NN, Azzopardi, P, Saleem, HOB, Bärnighausen, T, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Baye, K, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bello, AK, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabé, E, Bernal, OA, Beyene, AS, Beyene, TJ, Bhutta, ZA, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Birlik, SM, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, HM, Bose, D, Brainin, M, Brauer, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Butt, ZA, Cárdenas, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Carrero, JJ, Casey, D, Caso, V, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Catalá-López, F, Cecilio, P, Cercy, K, Charlson, FJ, Chen, AZ, Chew, A, Chibalabala, M, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Chitheer, AA, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coggeshall, MS, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Crump, JA, Dalal, K, Danawi, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, DV, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, Del Gobbo, LC, del Pozo-Cruz, B, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, D, Ding, EL, Dokova, K, Dorsey, ER, Doyle, KE, Dubey, M, Ehrenkranz, R, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Enayati, A, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fürst, T, Faghmous, IDA, Fanuel, FBB, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Feigl, AB, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Fernandes, JC, Feyissa, TR, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, TD, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Forouzanfar, MH, Franklin, RC, Frostad, J, G/hiwot, TT, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gao, W, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremichael, MW, Gebru, AA, Gelaye, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Genova-Maleras, R, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Giussani, G, Godwin, WW, Gold, A, Goldberg, EM, Gona, PN, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Greaves, F, Griswold, M, Guban, PI, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Habtewold, TD, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, D, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hakuzimana, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, IB, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huntley, BM, Huynh, C, Iburg, KM, Ileanu, BV, Innos, K, Irenso, AA, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, James, P, James, SL, Javanbakht, M, Jayaraman, SP, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, John, D, Johnson, C, Johnson, SC, Jonas, JB, Juel, K, Kabir, Z, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karimi, SM, Kasaeian, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Kerbo, AA, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khalil, I, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khoja, ATA, Khonelidze, I, Khubchandani, J, Kibret, GD, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Kivipelto, M, Kokubo, Y, Kolk, A, Kolte, D, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnaswami, S, Krohn, KJ, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Kumsa, FA, Kutz, M, Kyu, HH, Lager, ACJ, Lal, A, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Langan, SM, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Latif, AA, Lawrynowicz, AEB, Leasher, JL, Leigh, J, Leinsalu, M, Leshargie, CT, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lind, M, Linn, S, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, P, Liu, Y, Lo, L-T, Logroscino, G, Lopez, AD, Lorch, SA, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Macarayan, ERK, Mackay, MT, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Mahdavi, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mantovani, LG, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Marks, GB, Marquez, N, Martinez-Raga, J, Marzan, MB, Massano, J, Mathur, MR, Maulik, PK, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, McGrath, JJ, McNellan, C, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Meier, T, Mekonnen, AB, Meles, KG, Memish, ZA, Mengesha, MM, Mengiste, DT, Mengistie, MA, Menota, BG, Mensah, GA, Mereta, ST, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Micha, R, Millear, A, Mills, EJ, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mock, CN, Mohammad, KA, Mohammed, S, Mohanty, SK, Mokdad, AH, Mola, GLD, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Moses, M, Mueller, UO, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Nachega, JB, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Negoi, I, Neupane, SP, Newton, CR, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, G, Ningrum, DNA, Nolte, S, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olivares, PR, Olsen, HE, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osborne, RH, Osman, M, Owolabi, MO, PA, M, Pain, AW, Pakhale, S, Castillo, EP, Pana, A, Papachristou, C, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patton, GC, Paudel, D, Paul, VK, Pearce, N, Pereira, DM, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pigott, DM, Pillay, JD, Pinho, C, Polinder, S, Pond, CD, Prakash, V, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Quistberg, DA, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Rankin, Z, Rao, PV, Rao, PC, Rawaf, S, Rego, MAS, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ribeiro, AL, Roba, HS, Rokni, MB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, NK, Sachdev, PS, Sackey, BB, Saeedi, MY, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, MA, Saleh, MM, Salomon, JA, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Niño, MD, Sandar, L, Santos, IS, Santos, JV, Milicevic, MMS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Saylan, MI, Schöttker, B, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Seid, AM, Seifu, CN, Sepanlou, SG, Serdar, B, Servan-Mori, EE, Setegn, T, Shackelford, KA, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, MA, Shakh-Nazarova, M, Shamsipour, M, Islam, SMS, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, 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Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Wagner, JA, Wakayo, T, Waller, SG, Walson, JL, Wang, H, Wang, Y-P, Watkins, DA, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Wen, C-P, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Westerman, R, Whiteford, HA, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Woldeyes, BG, Wolfe, CDA, Won, S, Workicho, A, Workie, SB, Wubshet, M, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadav, AK, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zambrana-Torrelio, C, Zapata, T, Zenebe, ZM, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, LJ, Murray, CJL, Barber, RM, Fullman, N, Sorensen, RJD, Bollyky, T, McKee, M, Nolte, E, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, AM, Abdurahman, AA, Abera, SF, Abraham, B, Abreha, GF, Adane, K, Adelekan, AL, Adetifa, IMO, Afshin, A, Agarwal, A, Agarwal, SK, Agarwal, S, Agrawal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, KY, Ahmed, MB, Akinyemi, RO, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, SS, Alemu, ZA, Alene, KA, Alexander, L, Ali, R, Ali, SD, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amo-Adjei, J, Amoako, YA, Anderson, BO, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Assadi, R, Astatkie, A, Atey, TM, Atique, S, Atnafu, NT, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Quintanilla, BPA, Awasthi, A, Ayele, NN, Azzopardi, P, Saleem, HOB, Bärnighausen, T, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barrero, LH, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Baye, K, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bello, AK, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabé, E, Bernal, OA, Beyene, AS, Beyene, TJ, Bhutta, ZA, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Birlik, SM, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, HM, Bose, D, Brainin, M, 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Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Fernandes, JC, Feyissa, TR, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, TD, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Forouzanfar, MH, Franklin, RC, Frostad, J, G/hiwot, TT, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gao, W, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremichael, MW, Gebru, AA, Gelaye, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Genova-Maleras, R, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Gishu, MD, Giussani, G, Godwin, WW, Gold, A, Goldberg, EM, Gona, PN, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Greaves, F, Griswold, M, Guban, PI, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Habtewold, TD, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, D, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hakuzimana, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, IB, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huntley, BM, Huynh, C, Iburg, KM, Ileanu, BV, Innos, K, Irenso, AA, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, James, P, James, SL, Javanbakht, M, Jayaraman, SP, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, John, D, Johnson, C, Johnson, SC, Jonas, JB, Juel, K, Kabir, Z, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karimi, SM, Kasaeian, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Kerbo, AA, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khalil, I, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khoja, ATA, Khonelidze, I, Khubchandani, J, Kibret, GD, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Kivipelto, M, Kokubo, Y, Kolk, A, Kolte, D, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishnaswami, S, Krohn, KJ, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Kumsa, FA, Kutz, M, Kyu, HH, Lager, ACJ, Lal, A, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lan, Q, Langan, SM, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Latif, AA, Lawrynowicz, AEB, Leasher, JL, Leigh, J, Leinsalu, M, 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Wubshet, M, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadav, AK, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zambrana-Torrelio, C, Zapata, T, Zenebe, ZM, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, LJ, and Murray, CJL
Published: 2017

72. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adedoyin, RA, Adetifa, IMO, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Aggarwal, R, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Aiyar, S, Akanda, S, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al Lami, FH, Alabed, S, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Aldridge, RW, Alene, KA, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, SM, Alkaabi, JM, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allam, SD, Allebeck, P, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Ameh, EA, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, YA, Anber, N, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Anwari, P, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Al, A, Aryal, KK, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Asghar, RJ, Assadi, R, Atey, TM, Atre, SR, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Babalola, TK, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Barac, A, Barber, RM, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, LH, Baune, BT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bejot, Y, Bekele, BB, Bell, ML, Bello, AK, Bennett, DA, Bennett, JR, Bensenor, IM, Benson, J, Berhane, A, Berhe, DF, Bernabe, E, Beuran, M, Beyene, AS, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, HM, Bjerregaard, P, Blosser, CD, Boneya, DJ, Boufous, S, Bourne, RRA, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Brugha, TS, Bukhman, G, Negesa, L, Bulto, B, Bumgarner, BR, Burch, M, Butt, ZA, Cahill, LE, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, IR, Car, J, Car, M, Crdenas, R, Carpenter, DO, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Rivas, JC, Castro, FF, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Chen, H, Chiang, PP-C, Chibalabala, M, Chisumpa, VH, Chitheer, AA, Choi, J-YJ, Christensen, H, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Cohen, AJ, Colquhoun, SM, Coresh, J, Criqui, MH, Cromwell, EA, Crump, JA, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, PI, das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, DV, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, DC, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, SD, Dherani, MK, Diaz-Torne, C, Ding, EL, Dixit, P, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Doku, DT, Donnelly, CA, Priscila, K, dos Santos, B, Douwes-Schultz, D, Driscoll, TR, Duan, L, Dubey, M, Duncan, BB, Dwivedi, LK, Ebrahimi, H, El Bcheraoui, C, Ellingsen, CL, Enayati, A, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshetie, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fanuel, BBF, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, VL, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JG, Fernandes, JC, Feyissa, TR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foreman, KJ, Frank, T, Franklin, RC, Fraser, M, Friedman, J, Frostad, JJ, Fullman, N, Furst, T, Furtado, JM, Futran, ND, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gankpe, FG, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Gebregergs, GB, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebrekidan, KG, Gebremichael, MW, Gelaye, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gemechu, BL, Gemechu, KS, Genova-Maleras, R, Gesesew, HA, Gething, PW, Gibney, KB, Gill, PS, Gillum, RF, Giref, AZ, Girma, BW, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Gomez, B, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, PC, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, JA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Bidgoli, HH, Hakuzimana, A, Halasa, YA, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Hao, Y, Harb, HL, Hareri, HA, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, JM, Hassanvand, MS, Havmoeller, R, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, He, F, Heredia-Pi, IB, Herteliu, C, Hilawe, EH, Hoek, HW, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, PJ, Hoy, DG, Hsairi, M, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Iburg, KM, Igumbor, EU, Ileanu, BV, Inoue, M, Irenso, AA, Irvine, CMS, Islam, N, Jacobsen, KH, Jaenisch, T, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jeemon, P, Jensen, PN, Jha, V, Jin, Y, John, D, John, O, Johnson, SC, Jonas, JB, Jurisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, CK, Karimi, SM, Karthikeyan, G, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, NA, Kassebaum, NJ, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, SV, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, PN, Kelbore, SG, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Ketema, EB, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khang, Y-H, Khera, S, Khoja, ATA, Khosravi, MH, Kibret, GD, Kieling, C, Kim, C-I, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, S, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinfu, Y, Kishawi, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, KA, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, AK, Kokubo, Y, Kopec, JA, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, KJ, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kuipers, EJ, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, VS, Kumar, GA, Kumar, P, Kumsa, FA, Kutz, M, Lachat, C, Lagat, AK, Lager, ACJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lambert, N, Lan, Q, Lansingh, VC, Larson, HJ, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Lavados, PM, Laxmaiah, A, Lee, PH, Leigh, J, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liao, Y, Liben, ML, Lim, SS, Linn, S, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Lorch, SA, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Ma, S, Macarayan, ERK, Machado, IE, Mackay, MT, Abd el Razek, MM, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, DC, Mantovani, LG, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, CC, Marczak, LB, Marks, GB, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins-Melo, FR, Massano, J, Maulik, PK, Mayosi, BM, Mazidi, M, McAlinden, C, McGarvey, ST, McGrath, JJ, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, MM, Mehta, KM, Meier, T, Mekonnen, TC, Meles, KG, Memiah, P, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Mengistie, MA, Tadese, D, Menon, MGR, Menota, BG, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mezgebe, HB, Micha, R, Mikesell, J, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, EM, Misganaw, A, Mishra, SR, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, KESM, Mohan, MBV, Mohanty, SK, Mokdad, AH, Assaye, AM, Mollenkopf, SK, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Hernandez, JCM, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Velasquez, IM, Mori, R, Morrison, SD, Mruts, KB, Mueller, UO, Mullany, E, Muller, K, Venkata, G, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Nachega, JB, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naidoo, KS, Nanda, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Natarajan, G, Negoi, I, Cuong, TN, Ningrum, DNA, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Vuong, MN, Norheim, OF, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJN, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, O'Donnell, MJ, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Ota, E, Owolabi, MO, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pacella, RE, Pakhale, S, Pana, A, Panda, BK, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-K, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patten, SB, Patton, GC, Paudel, D, Pereira, DM, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, CB, Petri, WA, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Piel, FB, Pigott, DM, Pishgar, F, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Popova, S, Postma, MJ, Poulton, RG, Pourmalek, F, Prasad, N, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, RHS, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, PV, Rawaf, S, Ray, SE, Rego, MAS, Rehm, J, Reiner, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMNN, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, MS, Ribeiro, AL, Rokni, MB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, GM, Saadat, S, Sabde, YD, Sachdev, PS, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safiri, SSS, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Salomon, JA, Salvi, SS, Samy, AM, Sanabria, JR, Sanchez-Nino, MD, Santos, IS, Milicevic, MMS, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Saylan, MI, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Seid, AM, Sepanlou, SG, Servan-Mori, EE, Shackelford, KA, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, MA, Shamsipour, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Islam, SMS, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Shen, J, Shetty, BP, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shrime, MG, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silberberg, DH, Silpakit, N, Silva, DAS, Silva, JP, Silveira, DGA, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Singh, PK, Singh, V, Sinha, DN, Skiadaresi, E, Sligar, A, Smith, DL, Sobaih, BHA, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, JB, Sreeramareddy, CT, Srinivasan, V, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Stockl, H, Stokes, MA, Strong, M, Sufiyan, MB, Suliankatchi, RA, Sunguya, BF, Sur, PJ, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, BL, Szoeke, CEI, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, SK, Tadese, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, DY, Shifa, GT, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tesema, CL, Tesssema, B, Theis, A, Thomas, N, Thompson, AH, Thomson, AJ, Thrift, AG, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Tortajada, M, Tran, BX, Trujillo, TTU, Tsilimparis, N, Tuem, KB, Tuzcu, EM, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, KN, Undurraga, EA, Uthman, OA, Uzochukwu, BSC, van Boven, JFM, Varakin, YY, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasconcelos, AMN, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidavalur, R, Violante, FS, Vishnu, A, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Waid, JL, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y-P, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, RG, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Wijeratne, T, Wilkinson, JD, Wiysonge, CS, Woldeyes, BG, Wolfe, CDA, Workicho, A, Workie, SB, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yalew, AZ, Yan, LL, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Ye, P, Yimam, HH, Yip, P, Yirsaw, BD, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Yotebieng, M, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Zeeb, H, Zenebe, ZM, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, AL, Zhang, X, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, LJ, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF, Abraha, HN, Abu-Raddad, LJ, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Adedeji, IA, Adedoyin, RA, Adetifa, IMO, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Aggarwal, R, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Kiadaliri, AA, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, 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Published: 2017

73. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulkader, R, Abdulle, A, Abebo, T, Abera, S, Aboyans, V, Abu-Raddad, L, Ackerman, I, Adedeji, I, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Aggarwal, R, Agrawal, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmed, M, Aichour, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aiyar, S, Akinyemiju, T, Akseer, N, Al Lami, F, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, T, Alasfoor, D, Alene, K, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Alkaabi, J, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Allen, C, Al-Maskari, F, Almazroa, M, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Alsowaidi, S, Althouse, B, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Ansha, M, Antonio, C, Anwari, P, Ärnlöv, J, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Atnafu, N, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Awasthi, S, Azarpazhooh, M, Azzopardi, P, Babalola, T, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Bannick, M, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barrero, L, Basu, S, Battista, R, Battle, K, Baune, B, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, N, Béjot, Y, Bekele, B, Bell, M, Bennett, D, Bennett, J, Bensenor, I, Benson, J, Berhane, A, Berhe, D, Bernabé, E, Betsu, B, Beuran, M, Beyene, A, Bhansali, A, Bhatt, S, Bhutta, Z, Biadgilign, S, Bicer, B, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, H, Blyth, F, Boneya, D, Bose, D, Bou-Orm, I, Bourne, R, Brainin, M, Brayne, C, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Briant, P, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Buchbinder, R, Bulto, L, Bumgarner, B, Butt, Z, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cameron, E, Campos-Nonato, I, Carabin, H, Cárdenas, R, Carpenter, D, Carrero, J, Carter, A, Carvalho, F, Casey, D, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castle, C, Catalá-López, F, Chang, J, Charlson, F, Chaturvedi, P, Chen, H, Chibalabala, M, Chibueze, C, Chisumpa, V, Chitheer, A, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, D, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Colombara, D, Cooper, L, Cooper, C, Cortesi, P, Cortinovis, M, Criqui, M, Cromwell, E, Cross, M, Crump, J, Dadi, A, Dalal, K, Damasceno, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, das Neves, J, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, de Courten, B, De Leo, D, De Steur, H, Defo, B, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, R, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, D, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dhillon, P, Dicker, D, Djalainia, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Doku, D, Dorsey, E, dos Santos, K, Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Duncan, B, Ebel, B, Echko, M, El-Khatib, Z, Enayati, A, Endries, A, Ermakov, S, Erskine, H, Eshetie, S, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fanuel, F, Farag, T, Farinha, C, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fazeli, M, Feigin, V, Feigl, A, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, J, Ferrari, A, Feyissa, T, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Flaxman, A, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Franklin, R, Frostad, J, Fullman, N, Fürst, T, Furtado, J, Futran, N, Gakidou, E, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gebre, T, Gebregergs, G, Gebrehiwot, T, Geleijnse, J, Geleto, A, Gemechu, B, Gesesew, H, Gething, P, Ghajar, A, Gibney, K, Gillum, R, Ginawi, I, Gishu, M, Giussani, G, Godwin, W, Goel, K, 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Abstract: Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males
Published: 2017

74. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Hay, S. I., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abebo, T. A., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Ackerman, I. N., Adedeji, I. A., Adetokunboh, O., Afshin, A., Aggarwal, R., Agrawal, S., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A. A., Ahmed, M. B., Aichour, A. N., Aichour, I., Aichour, M. T. E., Aiyar, S., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F. H., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, T., Alasfoor, D., Alene, K. A., Ali, R., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkaabi, J. M., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Maskari, F., Almazroa, M. A., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Alsowaidi, S., Althouse, B. M., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amoako, Y. A., Ansha, M. G., Antonio, C. A. T., Anwari, P., ÃrnlÃ¶v, J., Arora, M., Artaman, A., Aryal, K. K., Asgedom, S. W., Atey, T. M., Atnafu, N. T., Avila-Burgos, L., Arthur Avokpaho, E. F. G., Awasthi, A., Awasthi, S., Quintanilla, B. 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J., Carter, A., Carvalho, F., Casey, D., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Rivas, J. C., Castle, C. D., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Chang, J. -C, Charlson, F. J., Chaturvedi, P., Chen, H., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Chowdhury, R., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Colombara, D., Cooper, L. T., Cooper, C., Cortesi, P. A., Cortinovis, M., Criqui, M. H., Cromwell, E. A., Cross, M., Crump, J. A., Dadi, A. F., Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, A., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Das Neves, J., Davitoiu, D. V., Davletov, K., De Courten, B., De Leo, D., De Steur, H., Degenhardt, L., Deiparine, S., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Das Jarlais, D. C., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Dicker, D., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. P., Dokova, K., Doku, D. T., Dorsey, E. R., Dos Santos, K. P. B., Driscoll, T. R., Dubey, M., Duncan, B. B., Ebel, B. E., Echko, M., El-Khatib, Z. Z., Enayati, A., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Erskine, H. E., Eshetie, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fanuel, F. B. B., Farag, T., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fazeli, M. S., Feigin, V. L., Feigl, A. B., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, J. C., Ferrari, A. J., Feyissa, T. R., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Flaxman, A. D., Foigt, N., Foreman, K. J., Franklin, R. C., Frostad, J. J., Fullman, N., FÃŒrst, T., Furtado, J. M., Futran, N. D., Gakidou, E., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebre, T., Gebregergs, G. B., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Geleijnse, J. M., Geleto, A., Gemechu, B. L., Gesesew, H. A., Gething, P. W., Ghajar, A., Gibney, K. B., Gillum, R. F., Ginawi, I. A. M., Gishu, M. D., Giussani, G., Godwin, W. W., Goel, K., Goenka, S., Goldberg, E. M., Gona, P. N., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Gosselin, R. A., Gotay, C. C., Goto, A., Goulart, A. C., Graetz, N., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, R., Gupta, P. C., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., GutiÃ©rrez, R. A., Hachinski, V., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. 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N., Kemmer, L., Kengne, A. P., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I. A., Khan, E. A., Khang, Y. -H, Khoja, A. T., Khosravi, A., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, Y. J., Kim, D., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kissimova-Skarbek, K. A., Kissoon, N., Kivimaki, M., Knudsen, A. K., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G. A., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krohn, K. J., Defo, B. K., Bicer, B. K., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, P., Kyu, H. H., Lager, A. C. J., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lambert, N., Lan, Q., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A., Leasher, J. L., Lee, P. H., Leigh, J., Leshargie, C. T., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Li, Y., Liang, X., Liben, M. L., Lim, S. S., Linn, S., Liu, A., Liu, P. Y., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lodha, R., Logroscino, G., Looker, K. J., Lopez, A. D., Lorkowski, S., Lotufo, P. A., Lozano, R., Lucas, T. C. D., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Macarayan, E. R. K., Maddison, E. 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M., Saadat, S., Safdarian, M., Safri, S., Sagar, R., Sahathevan, R., Sahraian, M. A., Salama, J., Saleh, M. M., Salomon, J. A., Salvi, S. S., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J. R., Sanchez-NiÃ±o, M. D., Santomauro, D., Santos, J. V., Santos, I. S., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Saxena, S., Schelonka, K., Schmidt, M. I., Schneider, I. J. C., SchÃ¶ttker, B., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Schwendicke, F., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E. E., Shaheen, A., Shaikh, M. A., Shamsipour, M., Shariful Islam, S. M., Sharma, R., Sharma, J., She, J., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shields, C., Shiferaw, M. S., Shigematsu, M., Shiri, R., Shirkoohi, R., Shirude, S., Shishani, K., Shoman, H., Siabani, S., Sibai, A. M., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silberberg, D. H., Silva, J. P., Silva, D. A. S., Silveira, D. G. A., Singh, J. A., Singh, V., Singh, O. P., Singh, N. P., Sinha, D. N., Skiadaresi, E., Skirbekk, V., Slepak, E. L., Smith, D. L., Smith, M., Sobaih, B. H. 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K., Maddison, E. R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Magis-Rodriguez, C., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majdzadeh, R., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malhotra, R., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manguerra, H., Manhertz, T., Mantovani, L. G., Mapoma, C. C., March, L. M., Marczak, L. B., Martinez-Raga, J., Martins, P. H. V., Martins-Melo, F. R., Martopullo, I., MÃ€rz, W., Mathur, M. R., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGaughey, M., McGrath, J. J., McKee, M., Mehata, S., Meier, T., Meles, K. G., Memiah, P., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Mengesha, M. M., Mengistie, M. A., Mengistu, D. T., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mezgebe, H. B., Micha, R., Millear, A., Miller, T. R., Minnig, S., Mirarefn, M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Misganaw, A., Mishra, S. R., Mitchell, P. B., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, K. E., Mohammed, M. S. K., Mohan, M. B. V., Mokdad, A. H., Mollenkopf, S. K., Monasta, L., MontaÃ±ez Hernandez, J. 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G., DALYs, G B D 2 0 1 6, and Collaborators, H A L E
Abstract: Background: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE difered from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75Â·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71Â·9-78Â·6) for females and 72Â·0 years (68Â·8-75Â·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45Â·6 years [42Â·0-49Â·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41Â·5 years [39Â·0-44Â·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6Â·24 years (5Â·97-6Â·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6Â·04 years (5Â·74-6Â·27) for males and 6Â·49 years (6Â·08-6Â·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1Â·78 years, cited By 723
Published: 2017
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75. Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015

Author: Barber, R. M., Fullman, N., Sorensen, R. J. D., Bollyky, T., McKee, M., Nolte, E., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abdurahman, A. A., Abera, S. F., Abraham, B., Abreha, G. F., Adane, K., Adelekan, A. L., Adetifa, I. M. O., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, S. K., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, K. Y., Ahmed, M. B., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S. S., Alemu, Z. A., Alene, K. A., Alexander, L., Ali, R., Ali, S. D., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvarez Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amo-Adjei, J., Amoako, Y. A., Anderson, B. O., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M. G., Antonio, C. A. T., ÃrnlÃ¶v, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Astatkie, A., Atey, T. M., Atique, S., Atnafu, N. T., Atre, S. R., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Awasthi, A., Ayele, N. N., Azzopardi, P., Ba Saleem, H. O., BÃ€rnighausen, T., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Baye, K., Bayou, Y. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., BÃ©jot, Y., Bello, A. K., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., BernabÃ©, E., Bernal, O. A., Beyene, A. S., Beyene, T. J., Bhutta, Z. A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S. M., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J. K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z. A., CÃ¡rdenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Car, J., Carrero, J. J., Casey, D., Caso, V., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Castillo Rivas, J., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. 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M., Van Dingenen, R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Vos, T., Wagner, J. A., Wakayo, T., Waller, S. G., Walson, J. L., Wang, H., Wang, Y. -P, Watkins, D. A., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Wen, C. -P, Werdecker, A., Wesana, J., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H. A., Wilkinson, J. D., Wiysonge, C. S., Woldeyes, B. G., Wolfe, C. D. A., Won, S., Workicho, A., Workie, S. B., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A. K., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L. L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Yimam, H. H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S. -J, Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., El Sayed Zaki, M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Zapata, T., Zenebe, Z. M., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L. J., Murray, C. J. L., Access, GBD 2015 Healthcare, and Collaborators, Quality
Abstract: Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0Â·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0Â·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0Â·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total ferti
Published: 2017
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76. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Vos, T., Abajobir, A. A., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abate, K. H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abebo, T. A., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Ackerman, I. N., Adamu, A. A., Adetokunboh, O., Afarideh, M., Afshin, A., Agarwal, S. K., Aggarwal, R., Agrawal, A., Agrawal, S., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadieh, H., Ahmed, M. B., Aichour, A. N., Aichour, I., Aichour, M. T. E., Aiyar, S., Akinyemi, R. O., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F. H., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, T., Alasfoor, D., Alene, K. A., Ali, R., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Maskari, F., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Alsowaidi, S., Altirkawi, K. A., Amare, A. T., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amoako, Y. A., Andersen, H. H., Antonio, C. A. T., Anwari, P., ÃrnlÃ¶v, J., Artaman, A., Aryal, K. K., Asayesh, H., Asgedom, S. W., Assadi, R., Atey, T. M., Atnafu, N. T., Atre, S. R., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Awasthi, A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ba Saleem, H. O., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Bannick, M. S., Barac, A., Barber, R. M., Barker-Collo, S. L., BÃ€rnighausen, T., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Battista, B., Battle, K. E., Baune, B. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., BÃ©jot, Y., Bekele, B. B., Bell, M. L., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Benson, J., Berhane, A., Berhe, D. F., BernabÃ©, E., Betsu, B. D., Beuran, M., Beyene, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Biadgilign, S., Bienhoff, K., Bikbov, B., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Boneya, D. J., Boufous, S., Bourne, R. R. A., Brazinova, A., Brugha, T. S., Buchbinder, R., Bulto, L. N. B., Bumgarner, B. R., Butt, Z. A., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Cameron, E., Car, M., Carabin, H., Carapetis, J. R., CÃ¡rdenas, R., Carpenter, D. O., Carrero, J. J., Carter, A., Carvalho, F., Casey, D. C., Caso, V., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Castle, C. D., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Chang, H. -Y, Chang, J. -C, Charlson, F. J., Chen, H., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Colombara, D., Cooper, C., Cortesi, P. A., Criqui, M. H., Crump, J. A., Dadi, A. F., Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Das Neves, J., Davitoiu, D. V., De Courten, B., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Deiparine, S., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhillon, P. K., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. P., Dorsey, E. R., Dos Santos, K. P. B., Douwes-Schultz, D., Doyle, K. E., Driscoll, T. R., Dubey, M., Duncan, B. B., El-Khatib, Z. Z., Ellerstrand, J., Enayati, A., Endries, A. Y., Ermakov, S. P., Erskine, H. E., Eshrati, B., Eskandarieh, S., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fanuel, F. B. B., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fazeli, M. S., Feigin, V. L., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, J. C., Ferrari, A. J., Feyissa, T. R., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Flaxman, A. D., Flor, L. S., Foigt, N., Foreman, K. J., Franklin, R. C., Fullman, N., FÃŒrst, T., Furtado, J. M., Futran, N. D., Gakidou, E., Ganji, M., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Geleto, A., Gemechu, B. L., Gesesew, H. A., Gething, P. W., Ghajar, A., Gibney, K. B., Gill, P. S., Gillum, R. F., Ginawi, I. A. M., Giref, A. Z., Gishu, M. D., Giussani, G., Godwin, W. W., Gold, A. L., Goldberg, E. M., Gona, P. N., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Goto, A., Goulart, A. C., Griswold, M., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Handal, A. J., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Hareri, H. A., Haro, J. M., Harvey, J., Hassanvand, M. S., Havmoeller, R., Hawley, C., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Henry, N. J., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H. W., Hoffman, H. J., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hostiuc, S., Hotez, P. J., Hoy, D. G., Htet, A. 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Abstract: Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57Â·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40Â·8-75Â·9 million [7Â·2%, 6Â·0-8Â·3]), 45Â·1 million (29Â·0-62Â·8 million [5Â·6%, 4Â·0-7Â·2]), 36Â·3 million (25Â·3-50Â·9 million [4Â·5%, 3Â·8-5Â·3]), 34Â·7 million (23Â·0-49Â·6 million [4Â·3%, 3Â·5-5Â·2]), and 34Â·1 million (23Â·5-46Â·0 million [4Â·2%, 3Â·2-5Â·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2Â·7% (95% UI 2Â·3-3Â·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the a
Published: 2017
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77. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber, R., Fullman, N., Sorensen, R., Bollyky, T., McKee, M., Nolte, E., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abdurahman, A., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abreha, G., Adane, K., Adelekan, A., Adetifa, I., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, K., Ahmed, M., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S., Alemu, Z., Alene, K., Alexander, L., Ali, R., Ali, S., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amo-Adjei, J., Amoako, Y., Anderson, B., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M., Antonio, C., Aernloev, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Astatkie, A., Atey, T., Atique, S., Atnafu, N., Atre, S., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E., Quintanilla, B., Awasthi, A., Ayele, N., Azzopardi, P., Saleem, H., Baernighausen, T., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barboza, M., Barker-Collo, S., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Baune, B., Baye, K., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Bernal, O., Beyene, A., Beyene, T., Bhutta, Z., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cardenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I., Car, J., Carrero, J., Casey, D., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Chitheer, A., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Del Gobbo, L., 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Abdulle, A., Abdurahman, A., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abreha, G., Adane, K., Adelekan, A., Adetifa, I., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, K., Ahmed, M., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S., Alemu, Z., Alene, K., Alexander, L., Ali, R., Ali, S., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amo-Adjei, J., Amoako, Y., Anderson, B., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M., Antonio, C., Aernloev, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Astatkie, A., Atey, T., Atique, S., Atnafu, N., Atre, S., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E., Quintanilla, B., Awasthi, A., Ayele, N., Azzopardi, P., Saleem, H., Baernighausen, T., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barboza, M., Barker-Collo, S., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Baune, B., Baye, K., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Bernal, O., Beyene, A., Beyene, T., Bhutta, Z., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cardenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I., Car, J., Carrero, J., Casey, D., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Chitheer, A., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Del Gobbo, L., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S., Dicker, D., Ding, E., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E., Doyle, K., Dubey, M., Ehrenkranz, R., Ellingsen, C., Elyazar, I., Enayati, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fuerst, T., Faghmous, I., Fanuel, F., Faraon, E., Farid, T., Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Feyissa, T., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Franklin, R., Frostad, J., hiwot, T., Gakidou, E., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Gao, W., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebremichael, M., Gebru, A., Gelaye, A., Geleijnse, J., Genova-Maleras, R., Gibney, K., Giref, A., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Godwin, W., Gold, A., Goldberg, E., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Goto, A., Graetz, N., Greaves, F., Griswold, M., Guban, P., Gugnani, H., Gupta, P., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Habtewold, T., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Hakuzimana, A., Hamadeh, R., Hambisa, M., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Hareri, H., Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R., Hay, S., Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, I., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Htet, A., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J., Huntley, B., Huynh, C., Iburg, K., Ileanu, B., Innos, K., Irenso, A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., James, S., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., John, D., Johnson, C., Johnson, S., Jonas, J., Juel, K., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimi, S., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S., Kazanjan, K., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Kerbo, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khoja, A., Khonelidze, I., Khubchandani, J., Kibret, G., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Kokubo, Y., Kolk, A., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kumsa, F., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Lager, A., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larson, H., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leshargie, C., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Linn, S., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lopez, A., Lorch, S., Lotufo, P., Lozano, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Macarayan, E., Mackay, M., El Razek, H., El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Mantovani, L., Manyazewal, T., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Marks, G., Marquez, N., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Massano, J., Mathur, M., Maulik, P., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J., McNellan, C., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Meier, T., Mekonnen, A., Meles, K., Memish, Z., Mengesha, M., Mengiste, D., Mengistie, M., Menota, B., Mensah, G., Mereta, S., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mezgebe, H., Micha, R., Millear, A., Mills, E., Minnig, S., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E., Mock, C., Mohammad, K., Mohammed, S., Mohanty, S., Mokdad, A., Mola, G., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Moses, M., Mueller, U., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagata, C., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B., Negoi, I., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngunjiri, J., Nguyen, G., Ningrum, D., Nolte, S., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Okoro, A., Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A., Olivares, P., Olsen, H., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osborne, R., Osman, M., Owolabi, M., Mahesh, P., Pain, A., Pakhale, S., Castillo, E., Pana, A., Papachristou, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Patton, G., Paudel, D., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pereira, D., Perez-Padilla, R., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Pigott, D., Pillay, J., Pinho, C., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Prakash, V., Purwar, M., Qorbani, M., Quistberg, D., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Rana, S., Rankin, Z., Rao, P., Rawaf, S., Rego, M., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, S., Rezai, M., Ribeiro, A., Roba, H., Rokni, M., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, N., Sachdev, P., Sackey, B., Saeedi, M., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahraian, M., Saleh, M., Salomon, J., Samy, A., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sandar, L., Santos, I., Santos, J., Milicevic, M., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Saylan, M., Schoettker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Seid, A., Seifu, C., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Servan-Mori, E., Setegn, T., Shackelford, K., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Shamsipour, M., Islam, S., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shi, P., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shoman, H., Shrime, M., Sibamo, E., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Sinke, A., Sinshaw, A., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Smith, A., Sobngwi, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Sousa, T., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Steiner, C., Steinke, S., Stokes, M., Stranges, S., Strong, M., Stroumpoulis, K., Sturua, L., Sufiyan, M., Suliankatchi, R., Sun, J., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Taffere, G., Talongwa, R., Tarajia, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taveira, N., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekelab, T., Tekle, D., Shifa, G., Terkawi, A., Tesema, A., Thakur, J., Thomson, A., Tillmann, T., Tiruye, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Tortajada, M., Troeger, C., Truelsen, T., Tura, A., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Boven, J., Van Dingenen, R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Wagner, J., Wakayo, T., Waller, S., Walson, J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Watkins, D., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wesana, J., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H., Wilkinson, J., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyes, B., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Workicho, A., Workie, S., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Yimam, H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Zapata, T., Zenebe, Z., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L., and Murray, C.
Published: 2017

78. Effects of using crystalline amino acids in diets of sobaity seabream (Sparidentex hasta) on whole body proximate, amino acids composition, growth and feeding performance

Author: Ghafle Marammazi, J., Yaghoubi, M., and Safari, O.
Subjects: Sobaty seabream, Crystalline amino acids, diets, Growth, Aquaculture, Iran, Body composition, Biology, performance, Sparidentex hasta, feeding
Abstract: Although crystalline amino acids have not been a complete replaceable feeding source but have effective roles in success of replacements of other sources of food in diets of animals; because replacement sources usually have deficiencies that restricts using of them. These restrictions could be eliminated by using crystalline amino acids. Before conducting any research in this field, it is important to know how fish response in using crystalline amino acids in diets. In this study the efficiency of using crystalline amino acids in high proportion of diets in Sobaity sebrem was evaluated by two diets in triplicate during 42 days. The FM diets were based on fish meal and the CAA diets were based on 60% of fish meal and 40% of crystalline amino acids. There were no significant differences between two treatments in feed intake, survival, biometric indices and whole body proximate; but significant differences was observed in final weight, percent of body weight increase, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency and nitrogen retention. Whole body amino acid profile of experimental fish showed that histidine and proline were two amino acids with reduced amount in CAA treatment related to the FM. The reduction of growth and feeding factors in CAA treatments related to FM treatments shows that using crystalline amino acid in high proportion in diets of sobaity sebream need more conciderations.
Published: 2016

79. Surface tension simulation of free surface flows using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

Author: Ordoubadi, M., primary, Yaghoubi, M., additional, and Yeganehdoust, F., additional
Published: 2017
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80. A novel modulation method for reducing common mode voltage in three-phase inverters

Author: Noroozi, N., primary, Zolghadri, M. R., additional, and Yaghoubi, M., additional
Published: 2017
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81. Short-circuit analysis in three-phase quasi-Z-source inverter

Author: Yaghoubi, M., primary, Moghani, J. S., additional, Noroozi, N., additional, and Zolghadri, M. R., additional
Published: 2017
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82. Establishing the optimum dietary essential amino acid pattern for silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles by deletion method

Author: Marammazi, J.G., primary, Yaghoubi, M., additional, Safari, O., additional, Peres, H., additional, and Mozanzadeh, M.T., additional
Published: 2017
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83. Reduced common-mode voltage in Z-Source Inverters

Author: Noroozi, N., primary, Zolghadri, M. R., additional, and Yaghoubi, M., additional
Published: 2017
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84. Effects of enrichment of Artemia urmiana with LC-PUFA on survival and resistance to pH stress in larvae of Angel fish (Peterophylum scalar)

Author: Ebrahimi, E., Agh, N., and Yaghoubi, M.
Subjects: animal structures, Survival, pH, fungi, larvae, Aquaculture, Iran, LC-PUFA, Peterophylum scalar, resistance, stress, Artemia nauplii, Angel fish, Biology
Abstract: The effects of using n-3 LC-PUFA -enriched Artemia nauplii and newly hatched Artemia on survival and resistance to pH stress in larvae of angel fish (Peterophylum scalar) were examined In tow 20 days period. In the first step of the experiment the larvae with an average weight of 0.86 ±0.03mg were fed with tow diets (enriched Artemia nauplii and newly hatched Artemia) for 20 days. At the end of the first step of the experiment, the significantly (p
Published: 2015

85. Work-family balance and cultural dimensions: from a developing nation perspective

Author: Farivar, F., Cameron, Roslyn, Yaghoubi, M., Farivar, F., Cameron, Roslyn, and Yaghoubi, M.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between cultural dimensions and the roots of work-family balance issues in a developing non-Western cultural context. Drawing upon Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, the study suggests national cultural dimensions can shape the roots of work-family balance. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was distributed among employees of 12 companies operating in the health industry. The survey collected both quantitative and qualitative data through two separate approaches: seven-point Likert scales and open-ended questions. The data were analysed via thematic exploratory analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Findings – The quantitative data confirms the extant literature in relation to the negative effects of moonlighting, economic hardship and the absence of a comprehensive work-family balance strategy on employee work-family balance. The qualitative data proposes a new variable, weak social interaction, which becomes the most important roots of work-family imbalance at both work and family domain.Practical implications – The present study suggests certain cultural dimensions such as high power distance hinders social interactions in the work and family domains, thereby increasing levels of work conflict, family conflict, and stress. Findings suggest organizations, especially multinationals, need to be cognizant of the role of cultural dimensions on human resource management practices related to work-family balance. Originality/value – Very little literature addresses the impact of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions on work-family balance issues. The present study has contributed to the existing body of literature by introducing a new variable (weak social interaction) as an antecedent of work-family imbalance. Further, the study is the first in Iran that has collected qualitative data to investigate work-family balance issues.
Published: 2016

86. ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEVERAL CATEGORIES IN FUZZY UNIFORMITIES

Author: Yaghoubi, M., primary
Published: 2016
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87. Transport coefficients for a confined Brownian ratchet operating between two heat reservoirs

Author: Ryabov, A, primary, Holubec, V, additional, Yaghoubi, M H, additional, Varga, M, additional, Foulaadvand, M E, additional, and Chvosta, P, additional
Published: 2016
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88. Somatic and physiological responses to cyclic fasting and re-feeding periods in sobaity sea bream (Sparidentex hasta, Valenciennes 1830)

Author: Torfi Mozanzadeh, M., primary, Marammazi, J.G., additional, Yaghoubi, M., additional, Yavari, V., additional, Agh, N., additional, and Gisbert, E., additional
Published: 2015
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89. Interval emotional neural network for prediction of Kp, AE and Dst geomagnetic activity indices

Author: Moghadam, R. Ahmadi, primary and Yaghoubi, M., additional
Published: 2015
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90. Thermal study of a cistern's dome (the case of Motamed cistern in Lar, Iran)

Author: Najafi, S.M.A., primary and Yaghoubi, M., additional
Published: 2015
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91. Surface tension simulation of free surface ows using smoothed particle hydrodynamics.

Author: Ordoubadi, M., Yaghoubi, M., and Yeganehdoust, F.
Subjects: SURFACE tension, FREE surfaces, COMPUTATIONAL fluid dynamics, MOTHERBOARDS, SIMULATION methods & models
Abstract: SPH method is one of the most used numerical mesh-free methods in CFD simulations which can easily model problems with free surfaces. Considering the importance of surface tension in most engineering applications and the capability of SPH method in simulating free surfaces, a single-phase method for implementing surface tension is introduced in this study. Unlike time-consuming multi-phase simulations, this method does not need to model the second lighter fluid, which reduces the CPU-time and memory requirements substantially. Mirror imaginary particles are used near the free surface to obtain surface properties such as surface normal vector and curvature, which are required in surface tension calculation. The advantages of using these imaginary particles are explained qualitatively through the use of some examples of droplet dynamics. This method is applied to several benchmark problems in surface tension simulations, and acceptable results are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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92. Somatic and physiological responses to cyclic fasting and re-feeding periods in sobaity sea bream ( Sparidentex hasta, Valenciennes 1830).

Author: Torfi Mozanzadeh, M., Marammazi, J.G., Yaghoubi, M., Yavari, V., Agh, N., and Gisbert, E.
Subjects: NEMADACTYLUS macropterus, FISH feeds, FISH physiology, FISH nutrition, BLOOD proteins, FISH growth
Abstract: Different fasting and re-feeding cycles were tested in a 60-day trial in sobaity sea bream ( Sparidentex hasta) juveniles to evaluate their effects on growth, physiological and biochemical parameters. Fish were exposed in triplicate to the following feeding regimes: control (fed everyday); F- RF1+1 (1 day of starvation followed by 1 day of re-feeding); F- RF2+2 (2 days of starvation followed by 2 days of re-feeding); F- RF3+3 (3 days of starvation followed by 3 days of re-feeding); F- RF6+6 (6 days of starvation followed by 6 days of re-feeding); and F- RF1+2 (1 day of starvation followed by 2 days of re-feeding). A reduction in body mass between 10.0% (F- RF1+1) and 24.3% (F- RF6+6) was found in comparison with the control group after 60 days. As the length of fasting increased, the compensation coefficients in feed intake and weight gain decreased. Body lipid content decreased as fasting cycles increased. Haemoglobin, plasma protein, lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase activities were the most reliable biomarkers for assessing the nutritional condition in sobaity sea bream. A feeding strategy based on 1 day of starvation followed by 2 days of re-feeding (F- RF1+2 group) may be advisable for on-growing sobaity sea bream without reduction in growth and alteration of their haematological and physiological parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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93. Group classification of the time-fractional Kaup-Kupershmidt equation.

Author: Jafari, H., Kadkhoda, N., Azadi, M., and Yaghoubi, M.
Subjects: NONLINEAR equations, FRACTIONAL differential equations, PARAMETER estimation, DIFFERENTIAL equations, INFINITESIMAL geometry
Abstract: Finding the symmetries of the nonlinear fractional di erential equations plays an important role in study of fractional di erential equations. In this manuscript, firstly, we are interested in finding the Lie point symmetries of the time-fractional Kaup- Kupershmidt equation. Afterwards, by using the infinitesimal generators, we determine their corresponding invariant solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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94. Sensorless control of non-salient PMSM using simultaneous injection of two HF signals

Author: Ghazimoghadam, M. A., primary, Yaghoubi, M., additional, Tahami, F., additional, Bakhshai, A., additional, and Jain, P. K., additional
Published: 2014
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95. An Investigation of Natural Convection Heat Transfer from a Horizontal Cooled Finned Tube

Author: Yaghoubi, M., primary and Mahdavi, M., additional
Published: 2013
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96. Thermoeconomic Methodology for Analysis and Optimization of a Hybrid Solar Thermal Power Plant

Author: Baghernejad, A., primary and Yaghoubi, M., additional
Published: 2013
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97. In situsynthesis of Fe(Co)/TiC composite by self-propagating high temperature and mechanochemical methods

Author: Yaghoubi, M, primary, Saidi, A, additional, and Torabi, O, additional
Published: 2013
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98. OP-143 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF HSCRP BEFORE AND AFTER STATINS THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; A 6 MONTH FOLLOW UP

Author: Peyman, H., primary, Ahmadi, M.R.H., additional, Yaghoubi, M., additional, and Qavam, S., additional
Published: 2013
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99. Analysis of Heat Losses of Absorber Tubes of Parabolic through Collector of Shiraz (Iran) Solar Power Plant

Author: Yaghoubi, M., primary, Ahmadi, F., additional, and Bandehee, M., additional
Published: 2013
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100. 446 – Prevalence of anxiety disorder among cardiovascular patients in ilam province, western Iran

Author: Peyman, H., primary, Yaghoubi, M., additional, Zarei, M., additional, and Dastgerdian, F., additional
Published: 2013
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