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The influence of dominant electron heating on internal transport barriers (ITBs) was investigated in JT-60U. The electron cyclotron waves were mainly utilized in order to extend the experimental space into a dominant electron heating regime. The experiments were carried out on both reversed magnetic shear (RS) and positive magnetic shear (PS) plasmas. It was found that in RS plasmas clear ITBs in Te, Ti and ne profiles remained even under dominant electron heating. Energy confinement in excess of twice the H-mode scaling has been obtained in the regime. On the other hand, it was found that in PS plasmas the Ti ITB was degraded by dominant electron heating.

This paper reports results on the progress in steady-state high-βp ELMy H-mode discharges in JT-60U. A fusion triple product, nD(0)τETi(0), of 3.1 × 1020 m−3 s keV under full non-inductive current drive has been achieved at Ip = 1.8 MA, which extends the record value of the fusion triple product under full non-inductive current drive by 50%. A high-beta plasma with βN ~ 2.7 has been sustained for 7.4 s (~60τE), with the duration determined only by the facility limits, such as the capability of the poloidal field coils and the upper limit on the duration of injection of neutral beams. Destabilization of neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) has been avoided with good reproducibility by tailoring the current and pressure profiles. On the other hand, a real-time NTM stabilization system has been developed where detection of the centre of the magnetic island and optimization of the injection angle of the electron cyclotron wave are done in real time. By applying this system, a 3/2 NTM has been completely stabilized in a high-beta region (βp ~ 1.2, βN ~ 1.5), and the beta value and confinement enhancement factor have been improved by the stabilization.

The relationship between particle and heat transport in an internal transport barrier (ITB) has been systematically investigated in reversed shear (RS) and high βp mode plasmas of JT-60U. The electron effective diffusivity is well correlated with the ion thermal diffusivity in the ITB region. The ratio of particle flux to electron heat flux, calculated on the basis of the linear stability analysis, shows a similar tendency to an experiment in the RS plasma with a strong ITB. However, the calculated ratio of ion anomalous heat flux to electron heat flux is smaller than the experiment in the ITB region. Helium and carbon are not accumulated inside the ITB even with ion heat transport close to a neoclassical level, but argon is accumulated. The helium diffusivity (DHe) and the ion thermal diffusivity (χi) are 5–15 times higher than the neoclassical level in the high βp mode plasma. In the RS plasma, DHe is reduced from 6–7 times to a 1.4–2 times higher level than the neoclassical level when χi is reduced from 7–18 times to a 1.2–2.6 times higher level than the neoclassical level. The carbon and argon diffusivities estimated assuming the neoclassical inward convection velocity are 4–5 times larger than the neoclassical value, even when χi is close to the neoclassical level. Argon exhaust from the inside of the ITB is demonstrated by applying electron cyclotron heating (ECH) in the high βp mode plasma, where both electron and argon density profiles become flatter. The flattening of the argon density profile is consistent with the reduction of the neoclassical inward convection velocity due to the reduction of the bulk plasma density gradient. In the RS plasma, the density gradient is not decreased by ECH and argon is not exhausted. These results suggest the importance of density gradient control in suppressing impurity accumulation.

We report on the electrical transport measurements of single wall carbon nanotubes (CNs) formed in a single crystal of zeolite (IUPAC Cord AFI) at room temperature. Photo-irradiation effects associated with the resonant photo-excitation of CNs at 900 nm are found in the I–V characteristics. The conductive character changes from ohmic to somewhat semiconducting. The character does not depend on the polarity of the bias voltage. Subtracting the ohmic component, an energy threshold to give nonlinear conduction is found at 0.25 eV. A possibility of the metal–semiconductor junction formation caused by the photo-irradiation is discussed.

A substantial reduction of the L-H transition threshold power was observed under the W-shaped divertor in JT-60U, in comparison with the open divertor. Radiation power in the main region was also decreased in this case. These differences of radiation power from the main plasma between open and W-shaped divertor were not large enough to account for the apparent reduction of threshold power. In this paper, the emphasis is on the edge plasma parameters which relate to the L-H transition. It was found that edge plasma pressure just before the L-H transition in the W-shaped divertor case became smaller than that in the open divertor case. After the modification of divertor geometry, edge ion collisionality just before the L-H transition also became lower and it was established with lower auxiliary power input. It was suggested that reduction of edge ion collisionality arose from neutral particles near the X-point by the analysis of poloidal profile of neutral density. Therefore, neutral particles near the X-point prevented the threshold power for the L-H transition from more reduction at low plasma density, and caused the shift of plasma density which gave minimum threshold power.

This paper presents experimental drive performances evaluation of wound field flux switching motor for hybrid vehicle drive applications. A test machine with the maximum torque of 210 Nm and the maximum power of 123 kW expected at its design stage is built. A various experimental test result is demonstrated from viewpoints of the maximum torque and the maximum power capabilities and the motor efficiency up to its base speed of 6,000 r/min. As a result, it is confirmed that the test machine promises well as a machine with very high power density more than 4.2 kW/kg at the maximum power point under water jacket cooling.

The method for reducing a poloidal magnetic flux consumption of external coils is investigated to reduce the size of the central solenoid (CS) in the DEMO reactor. The reduction of the poloidal magnetic flux consumption during a plasma current ramp-up phase by electron cyclotron (EC) heating is investigated using an integrated modeling code suite, TOPICS. A strongly reversed shear q profile tends to be produced if intense off-axis EC heating is applied to obtain a large reduction of the flux consumption. In order to overcome this tendency, we find a method to obtain the optimum temperature profile which minimizes the poloidal flux consumption for a wide range of the q profile. We try to reproduce the optimum temperature profile for a weakly reversed shear q profile using six EC rays of 20 MW. As a result, the resistive flux consumption during the current ramp-up can be reduced by 63% from the estimation using the Ejima constant of 0.45 and the total flux consumption can be reduced by 20% from the conventional estimation. In addition, we find that the resistive flux consumption is closely related to the volume averaged electron temperature and not to the profile shape. Using this relation, the required heating power is estimated to be 31 MW based on a well established global confinement scaling, ITER L-89P. As a result, it is clarified that the poloidal magnetic flux consumption can be reduced by 20% using 20–31 MW of EC heating for a weakly reversed shear q profile. This reduction of the flux consumption accounts for 10% reduction of the CS radius.

A new model for the H mode pedestal (edge) width is proposed based on turbulence suppression by the combined effects of magnetic and E × B shear. The resultant scaling of the pedestal width includes the toroidal Larmor radius and the magnetic shear. A plasma current dependence of the width appears indirectly through the magnetic shear, and thus the dependence becomes poloidal-Larmor-radius-like as observed on many machines. One of the features of this model is that an approximately linear machine size dependence of the width appears through the spatial profiles of the safety factor and magnetic shear. A comparison of this model with Alcator C-Mod and JET data shows that it can reproduce the data almost equally well or even better than a scaling based on the poloidal Larmor radius. The magnetic shear dependence of the pedestal width can explain the somewhat divergent characteristics observed in experiments. On the other hand, extrapolation between different machines or prediction to ITER by the model cannot be straightforward due to different magnetic shear profiles. The method for predicting the pedestal parameters in ITER is developed based on the primitive assumption that the ITER shear profile relative to the existing machine is identified, which predicts a pedestal temperature of 3-4 keV for the range of pedestal densities in the Q = 10 operation window. Experimental validation and the predictive capability of the model are still limited, and further data accumulation and examination, in particular, the profile data of the magnetic shear from each machine, are indispensable to further improve the model.

Internal and edge transport barriers are widely observed in a number of devices, including tokamak and helical systems, with various heatings. The E×B flow shear suppression of turbulence seems to explain formation and subsequent propagation of transport barriers in many cases. However, the role of the safety factor profile has not been clearly understood. Moreover, electron transport still remains a major issue. Tokamak research is challenging the active control of transport barriers. Steady or quasisteady performance of H-modes with internal barriers has been gradually improving and stable sets of profiles close to the steady-state solution have been demonstrated at high β.

Edge pedestal parameters (pedestal temperature and density, pedestal width) for JT-60U and DIII-D are studied and compared. For the discharges used in the study, the JT-60U H-mode operation space is in the high edge ion temperature and low edge electron density region, whereas DIII-D discharges have higher edge electron density and lower electron temperature. The pedestal width scaling has been studied separately in each machine. We tested these pedestal scalings against each other using JT-60U ion temperature pedestal width data and DIII-D electron temperature pedestal width data. Three previous scalings for pedestal width (Δe0.5ρpi, Δ/R(ρpi/R)0.66, Δ/R(βpPED)0.4) are tested using temperature pedestal widths from both machines. The relations between pedestal width and dimensionless parameters are examined. We propose a new pedestal width scaling for Te and Ti based on this study of the two machines. The new scaling includes normalized poloidal gyroradius and Greenwald density: Δaρ*0.4nG*0.3κ-1.5. The result of the comparison of these scalings is that the new scaling and Δ/R(βpPED)0.4 are well fitted and the fitting errors are almost the same as experimental error. However, further study is necessary for scaling parameters.

In order to establish the physics basis for the sustainment of the high integrated performance required in the next-step experimental reactor, JT-60U has been optimizing the discharge control scenarios of high confinement plasmas and extending the operation regimes by utilizing a variety of heating and current drive systems, including the new Electron Cyclotron Heating/Electron Cyclotron Current Drive (ECH/ECCD) system, and the W-shaped pumped divertor. For the integration, current and pressure profile controls are essential and high triangularity is beneficial. The range of plasma current with high values of H-factor, N and bootstrap fraction was extended to 1.5 MA with nearly full non-inductive current drive by Negative-ion-based Neutral Beam (N-NB) injection into the high-p H-mode with Edge Localized Modes (ELMy H-mode). High current drive efficiency of 1.3 × 1019 A W-1 m-2 was demonstrated for N-NB. High triangularity (0.4-0.5) operation extended the long pulse (~3 s) high N (2.5-2.7) region to low-q95 (~3). For the reversed shear (RS) mode, feedback control of neutron production rate and stored energy enabled reproducible achievement of the DT equivalent fusion gain QeqDT>1 and sustainment of QeqDT~0.4-0.5 for ~1 s. Using the RS mode and the high high-p ELMy H-mode, the high confinement region has been extended to higher Te/Ti and also to higher density. Electron heating by Lower Hybrid Range of Frequency (LHRF) and N-NB extended the high confinement region to Te/Ti>1. Argon gas puffing improved confinement in the high density regime. With the W-shaped pumped divertor, the threshold heating power for the L-H transition was reduced by 30% as compared with the open divertor. Using the pumped divertor, a multiple parameter feedback control including both core and divertor plasma parameters was demonstrated.

This paper presents a multi-chip module (MCM) suitable for GaN monolithic microwave integrated circuit transceivers. The MCM has an embedded heat sink and novel radio frequency interface structure fabricated using multilayer ceramics technology. The novel interface widens the bandwidth and improves insertion loss operating up to millimeter-wave frequencies. A fabricated transceiver MCM occupying only 12 × 36 mm2 is also demonstrated with a GaN power amplifier.

The ITER Threshold Database, which at present comprises data from nine divertor tokamaks, is described. The main results are presented and discussed. The properties and dependences of the power threshold in individual devices are reviewed. In particular, the analysis shows a rather general linear dependence on magnetic field, but a non-monotonic density dependence that varies from device to device. Investigation of the combined database suggests that the threshold dependence Pthres approximately=0.3neBT2.5 shows reasonable agreement with the data. This expression yields Pthres approximately=150 MW at a density of 0.5*1020 m-3 for ITER. Other expressions with weaker size dependence, and therefore lower threshold power for ITER, are also discussed. Their agreement with the present data is poorer than that of the above expression. In addition, the database is investigated by statistical discriminant analysis. The edge data included at present are described and discussed. Finally, there is a discussion of the implications of the results for ITER

Owing to the recent progress of `profile controls' utilizing the freedom of profiles of plasma parameters, various types of combined (advanced) H-modes have been obtained; PEP H-mode, high- H-mode, high- H-mode, high- H-mode, reversed shear H-mode, CH-mode, VH-mode, etc. These combined H-modes with high potential for confinement and stability are characterized by improved transport in the core region in addition to the edge or deep inward penetration of the edge confinement pedestal. Such additional improvements seem to be related to flow shear, magnetic shear, safety factor, density profile or . The improved confinement region can propagate from the core to the edge or from the edge to the core, or appear almost simultaneously over the whole radius. However, there are some critical issues to be solved concerning reactor conditions, that is, under electron heating at high edge density with small impurity accumulation in the steady-state. Most of the NB heated combined H-modes have been obtained with ion heating, where ion thermal diffusivity and particle diffusivity can be reduced to the neoclassical level. However electron thermal diffusivity has so far not been clearly reduced except in the H-mode and in the VH-mode. Therefore, improvement of electron transport is one of the main issues. The second issue is that some improved modes are accompanied by strong density peaking which may result in large impurity accumulation. The third issue is the difficulty in achieving the improved modes at a high edge density with the high particle recycling essential for a dense and cold divertor. The fourth issue is the stability at high in the steady state. It is not certain that pressure and current profiles including the bootstrap current can be sustained stably. The requirement of ELMs for heat and particle exhaust is also an important issue in stability design as concerns the extent of the second regime access for the high-n ballooning mode.

The 2:1 charge-transfer (CT) salts of a new donor molecule, ethylene-diselenotetrathiafulvalenothioquinone-l,3-dithiolemethide with a magnetic FeBr 4 - ion and a nonmagnetic GaBr 4 - ion were prepared, whose crystal structures and electrical conducting/magnetic properties were investigated.

An X-band transceiver frontend monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) has been successfully developed by using GaN HEMT technology. The MMIC contains a power amplifier (PA) with output power higher than 19 W at 10.5 GHz, a low-noise amplifier (LNA) with a gain of 18.5 dB and noise figure (NF) of 2.3 dB at 10 GHz, and an SPDT switch. The fabricated transceiver MMIC occupying only 3.6 × 3.3 mm2 delivers an output power of 6.3 W. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first GaN single-chip transceiver frontend MMIC in the X-band.

Photo-induced electric current modulation is studied in AFI-SWCNs systems by visible and near infra-red laser light at room temperature. Remarkable polarization anisotropy in the modulation is observed. λ-dependence of the polarization anisotropy is analyzed by a simple model based on the optical anisotropy observed in absorption spectra.

Background A positive crossmatch indicates the presence of donor-specific alloantibodies and is associated with a graft loss rate of >80%; anti-ABO blood group antibodies develop in response to exposure to foreign blood groups, resulting in immediate graft loss. However, a desensitization protocol for highly HLA-sensitized and ABO-incompatible high-titer kidney transplantation has not yet been established. Methods We treated 6 patients with high (≥1:512) anti-A/B antibody titers and 2 highly HLA-sensitized patients. Our immunosuppression protocol was initiated 1 month before surgery and included mycophenolate mofetil (1 g/d) and/or low-dose steroid (methylprednisolone 8 mg/d). Two doses of the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab (150 mg/m2) were administered 2 weeks before and on the day of transplantation. We performed antibody removal with 6–12 sessions of plasmapheresis (plasma exchange or double-filtration plasmapheresis) before transplantation. Splenectomy was also performed on the day of transplantation. Postoperative immunosuppression followed the same regimen as ABO-compatible cases, in which calcineurin inhibitors were initiated 3 days before transplantation, combined with 2 doses of basiliximab. Results Of the 8 patients, 7 subsequently underwent successful living-donor kidney transplantation. Follow-up of our recipients showed that the patient and graft survival rates were 100%. Acute cellular rejection and antibody-mediated rejection episodes occurred in 1 of the 7 recipients. Conclusions These findings suggest that our immunosuppression regimen consisting of rituximab infusions, splenectomy, plasmapheresis, and pharmacologic immunosuppression may prove to be effective as a desensitization protocol for highly HLA-sensitized and ABO-incompatible high-titer kidney transplantation.

The central magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activities are strongly affected by hydrogen pellet injection. The change in the sawtooth characteristics (viz., crash time, crash mechanisms, and sawtooth period) seem to be dependent on the density (and pressure) peakedness. With deepening pellet penetration, the sawtooth frequency becomes longer. At the sawtooth emerging after the deep pellet penetration into high‐Ip limiter discharges, only a small amount of the central kinetic energy is released and the crash does not follow the fully reconnecting style. The sawtooth crash after the pellet injection tends to have more ideal‐like characteristics for higher density and pressure peaking factors. At each sawtooth, the m=1 rotation frequency changes suddenly to the ion‐diamagnetic direction or the codirection (parallel to the plasma current).

The pressure at the top of the edge transport barrier (or ‘pedestal height’) strongly impacts fusion performance, while large edge localized modes (ELMs), driven by the free energy in the pedestal region, can constrain material lifetimes. Accurately predicting the pedestal height and ELM behavior in ITER is an essential element of prediction and optimization of fusion performance. Investigation of intermediate wavelength MHD modes (or ‘peeling–ballooning’ modes) has led to an improved understanding of important constraints on the pedestal height and the mechanism for ELMs. The combination of high-resolution pedestal diagnostics, including substantial recent improvements, and a suite of highly efficient stability codes, has made edge stability analysis routine on several major tokamaks, contributing both to understanding, and to experimental planning and performance optimization. Here we present extensive comparisons of observations to predicted edge stability boundaries on several tokamaks, both for the standard (Type I) ELM regime, and for small ELM and ELM-free regimes. We further discuss a new predictive model for the pedestal height and width (EPED1), developed by self-consistently combining a simple width model with peeling–ballooning stability calculations. This model is tested against experimental measurements, and used in initial predictions of the pedestal height for ITER.

In this paper, we report a C-band power amplifier with over 340-W output power using 0.8-µm GaN-HEMTs and an X-band power amplifier with over 100-W output power using 0.25-µm GaN-HEMTs. We used two-chip configurations and the three-stage impedance transformers to extend the bandwidth for both circuits. The input and output lines adjacent to each chip are divided by four to suppress the non-uniform heat distribution in a chip at high frequencies. As a result, we obtained 343-W output power and 53-% power added efficiency (PAE) at 4.8 GHz. This is the highest output power ever reported C-band power amplifiers. We also obtained 101-W output power and 53-% PAE at 9.8 GHz. This is also the highest PAE ever reported X-band power amplifiers with over 50-W output power.

We studied the evolution of microstructure in a martensitic stainless steel during creep by monitoring ultrasonic attenuation. After obtaining a series of creep samples with various strains under a tensile stress of 120 MPa at 873 K, we removed small samples from the samples and measured free vibration resonance frequencies and attenuation coefficients with electromagnetic acoustic resonance (EMAR). We propose a non‐destructive method using EMAR to evaluate creep damage in small specimens sampled from structural metals in‐service.

The magnetic susceptibility χ and resistivity ϱ were examined in La 2− x M x CuO 4 (M = Sr, Ba). The T -dependent part χ s of χ below x ⋍ x c ( x c = 0.15 and 0.18 for M = Ba and Sr) consists of a term arising from antiferromagnetically correlated Cu-spins χ s F ( T ), which is characterized by a broad peak at T max . On the other hand, χ s above x = x c consists of χ s F ( T ) and a Curie term ( C/T ) which is small but grows with increasing x . The superconducting transition temperature T c decreases rapidly with increasing x above x c . The relation between T c and C can be explained in terms of the magnetic depairing due to local moments. T ma x and the g -value of the Cu-spins are almost constant above x ⋍ 0.2 , although these are strongly x -dependent for x p ⋍ 0.2 go onto electronic states which differ largely in character from those below p ⋍ 0.2 . It is also found that a significant change in the ϱ - T curve occurs at x ⋍ 0.2 .

The main contribution of this paper is to present a simple, scalable, and portable tiny processing system which can be implemented in various FPGAs. Our processing system includes a 16-bit processor, a cross assembler, and a cross compiler. The 16-bit processor runs in 89 MHz on the Xilinx Spartan-3A family FPGAXC3S700A using 336 out of 5888 slices (5.7%)and in 76 MHz on the Altera Cyclon III family EP3C25F324 using 569 out of 24624 logic elements (2.3%). Every instruction can be executed in only one clock cycle, that is, CPI=1. Using a cross assembler and a cross compiler that we have developed, a C-based language program can be translated into a machine language object code, which can be executed on the 16-bit processor. The source codes of our processing system are very simple and compact. The 16-bit processor is designed by Verilog~HDL using 268 lines, and the cross assembler is written in 38 lines using Perl language. The cross compiler has 23 lines of Flex grammar file for lexical analysis, and 90 lines of Bison grammar file for context analysis and code generation. Hence, our tiny processing system is portable and easy to understand and the function expansion is not difficult. Actually, the tiny processing system has been used for the embedded system course of graduate students as a course material. Further, the 16-bit processor is scalable, that is, the word size can be changed from standard 16 bits. As real-life applications, we have developed a PONG-like mini game and an RSA encryption/decryption system based on the tiny processing system. Therefore, our tiny processing system benefits computer system education and small embedded system development.

Recent lower hybrid current drive (LHCD), and heating (LHH) experiments on JT-60 are reported. The current drive product of neRpIRF approximately 12.5*1019 m-2 MA was achieved at the LH power of approximately 4.5 MW, and the CD efficiency, the energy confinement, the global power balance and the heat load on divertor plates were investigated in high power LHCD plasmas. Nearly steady state H-mode discharges were found during LHCD with two different frequency injections. Sawtooth suppression in NB heated plasmas by LHCD have shown an improvement in confinement near the plasma center. Parametric instabilities in LH heating experiments were significantly reduced by increasing the plasma current, and the stored energy increased linearly with heating power of up to approximately 9 MW at ne approximately 7*1019 m-3 and Ip=2.75 MA. Parametric instabilities near the plasma edge in the ion heating regime were also reduced in peaked density plasmas produced by pellet injection and LH waves increased the central plasma pressure at ne(0) > 1.4*1020 m-3.

A spontaneous transition phenomena between two states of a plasma with an internal transport barrier (ITB) is observed in the steady-state phase of the magnetic shear in the negative magnetic shear plasma in the JT-60U tokamak. These two ITB states are characterized by different profiles of the second radial derivative of the ion temperature inside the ITB region (one has a weak concave shape and the other has a strong convex shape) and by different degrees of sharpness of the interfaces between the L mode and the ITB region, which is determined by the turbulence penetration into the ITB region.

Background. Genetic polymorphisms of ADH1B and ALDH2 were associated with the risk of alcoholism and upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Methods. We measured EtOH and AcH levels of saliva two times with 1 hour interval in 113 intoxicated Japanese alcoholic men. Results. The alcohol elimination rates (AERs) …

This paper presents a new instantaneous current control to obtain an instantaneously flat torque waveform with smaller torque ripples of switched reluctance motors (SRMs). The proposed current control is based on table lookup. By geometric insights for the machine and finite element method based analysis, ideal current profiles for the flat torque are generated. Some simulation results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed control, which are verified by experiment.

Occlusion of two adjacent cortical veins is followed by a widespread reduction of rCBF and the occurrence of small infarcts, which become larger if spreading depression (SD) occurs. The infarct matures over time with TUNEL-positive cells seen in the penumbra up to 4 days after vein occlusion. Caspase inhibition with zVAD.fmk reduces infarct size. Here, the time course of gene expression in the penumbra is compared to that induced by SD alone.

TOR plays a key role in cell growth and cell-cycle progression, but in addition recent studies have shown that TOR is also involved in the regulation of a number of molecular processes associated with nutrient deprivation, such as autophagy. In budding yeast, TOR negatively regulates activation of Apg1 protein kinase, which is essential for the induction of autophagy. This review describes recent research in this field and the mechanism by which TOR mediates induction of autophagy.

Our understanding of the physics of internal transport barriers (ITBs) is being advanced by analysis and comparisons of experimental data from many different tokamaks worldwide. An international database consisting of scalar and two-dimensional profile data for ITB plasmas is being developed to determine the requirements for the formation and sustainment of ITBs and to perform tests of theory-based transport models in an effort to improve the predictive capability of the models. Analysis using the database indicates that: (a) the power required to form ITBs decreases with increased negative magnetic shear of the target plasma, and: (b) the E x B flow shear rate is close to the linear growth rate of the ion temperature gradient (ITG) modes at the time of barrier formation when compared for several fusion devices. Tests of several transport models (JETTO, Weiland model) using the two-dimensional profile data indicate that there is only limited agreement between the model predictions and the experimental results for the range of plasma conditions examined for the different devices (DIII-D, JET, JT-60U). Gyrokinetic stability analysis (using the GKS code) of the ITB discharges from these devices indicates that the ITG/TEM growth rates decrease with increased negative magnetic shear and that the E x B shear rate is comparable to the linear growth rates at the location of the ITB.

The nuclear shielding design for the vacuum vessel of the JT-60SU has been studied for deuterium operation. A low activation material, Ti-6Al-4V, is proposed through a design study. A 25-40 cm thick water tank-type vacuum vessel using Ti-6Al-4V and boron (1% of /sup 10/B) doped water are shown to be the best choice. This design concept gave results consistent with the design requirements: the one-turn resistivity of the vacuum vessel is /spl sim/50 /spl mu//spl Omega/, and the dose inside the vessel is /spl sim/15 mrem/h a year after the shutdown. The total nuclear heating of the whole TF coil can be reduced to /spl sim/11 kW for a D-D fusion neutron rate of 1/spl times/10/sup 18//s.

A conceptual design study of a steady-state tokamak, JT-60 Super Upgrade, is being carried out. The capability of the present JT-60 facility will be fully utilized for this upgrade. The mission of JT-60SU is to establish integrated basis of physics and technology for steady-state tokamak reactors. In JT-60SU, steady-state physics will be evaluated in the intermediate parameter region between the present tokamaks and steady-state tokamak reactors. Technology development for long pulse operation and research for engineering safety will also be pursued.

This paper describes the number of field tests on electric power generation undertaken with a 8-kW horizontal axis wind turbine equipped with the inverter generation system. It was proved that the generated electric power can be greatly improved when the variable speed control is applied.

We report a 31-year-old woman presenting flutter-like oscillation after acute infection. Ten days after low fever and diarrhea, she presented transient, horizontal and pendular ocular oscillation. This abnormal eye movement was diagnosed as flutter-like oscillation (FLO). Other neurological findings were normal. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal. Brain MRI revealed no particular abnormalities. Serum titers for anti-GD1a antibody were elevated. After treatment with steroid (1,000 mg/day methylprednisolone DIV), the FLO disappeared.

The 'stiffness' of thermal transport in ELMy H-modes [edge localized high-confinement modes] is examined in a series of carefully chosen JT-60U plasmas, and measured temperatures are compared with the predictions of several transport models. A heating power scan with constant T(subscript ''ped''), a scan of pedestal temperature, T(subscript ''ped''), with constant heating power, and an on-axis/off-axis heating comparison are presented. In the power scan a 45% increase in heating (and a 12% density rise) produces an approximately fixed core temperature profile in a group of five plasmas with the same pedestal temperature. With fixed heating power, we find that a 30-40% increase in T(subscript ''ped'') is associated with similar increases in core temperature. Heating in the deep core is varied by employing different groups of neutral beams that deposit their power near the magnetic axis and farther from the axis. In these plasmas, on-axis heating produces slightly more peaked temperature profiles, although they have 60% more heating power inside r = a/2. Transport models are tested by solving the power balance equations to predict temperatures, which are then compared to the measurements. Predictions of the RLWB and IFS/PPPL models generally agree with the measured temperatures outside r approximately 0.3a, but the multimode model uniformly predicts temperatures that are too high except in the central region. Tests based on these discharges are not able to discriminate between the transport models of varying stiffness, so we conclude that larger changes are needed in the P(subscript ''heat'') and T(subscript ''ped'') scans.

We investigated the changes in sedative level during induction of anesthesia using a single volatile anesthetic, sevoflurane, compared with the changes when propofol and sevoflurane were used. We used a bispectral index (BIS) monitor (Aspect, Newton, USA) to monitor the sedative level. Thirty patients were randomly divided into one group receiving sevoflurane alone (S group, n = 15) and another group receiving propofol and sevoflurane (PS group, n = 15). The S group received 5% sevoflurane with nitrous oxide 6 l.min-1 and oxygen 3 l.min-1 via a face mask, while the PS group received propofol 1.5 mg.kg-1 i.v. followed by step-wise increasing sevoflurane up to 5%. Induction times, as assessed by loss of eyelash reflex, were 32 s in the PS group and 65 s in the S group. The decrease in the BIS value was smooth in the S group, whereas it increased transiently and varied greatly in the PS group. Two patients in the PS group showed body movement during induction of anesthesia, and the BIS values in both cases transiently exceeded 60. BIS monitor is useful for monitoring the sedative level during induction of anesthesia, and induction using a single volatile anesthetic such as sevoflurane is smooth.

The infiltration of Langerhans cells in adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung was examined in relation to prognostic implications and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.Samples from 62 adenocarcinoma and 59 squamous cell carcinoma patients in 1995-97, the prognosis of which had been followed up, were used. The Langerhans cells were demonstrated immunohistochemically using anti S100a and CD1 antibodies. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nonisotopic in-situ hybridization (NISH) methods. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Kaplan-Meier method (Wilcoxon analysis) and multiple regression analysis. HPV infection was demonstrated in 12 cases (19.4%) of adenocarcinoma. The HPV-infected adenocarcinomas had abundant faintly eosinophilic cytoplasm, and were immunohistochemically positive for the surfactant apoprotein A. In the 59 cases of squamous cell carcinomas 19 were of the well differentiated form, and 29 and 11 were moderately and poorly differentiated cases, respectively. HPV was detected in 29 cases (49.2%) (13 well and 16 moderately differentiated cases). In all HPV-infected adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cases, extremely large numbers of Langerhans cells (more than 100 per high-power field) were demonstrated in the tumour nests. In contrast, in the non-HPV-infected adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, only a few (less than about 10 per high-power field) Langerhans cells were observed. The squamous cell carcinoma cases with high Langerhans cell infiltration, which were also infected with HPV, showed a significantly good prognosis (P = 0.007). The adenocarcinoma cases with high Langerhans cell infiltration tended to have a better prognosis than the cases with low Langerhans cell infiltration, but the difference was not statistically significant. The low number of highly infiltrated cases was insufficient for an adequate statistical analysis. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between either Langerhans cell infiltration and smoking, or HPV infection and smoking, in either squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma cases.It was considered that the extremely high Langerhans cell infiltration in the tumours was caused by HPV infection. The extremely large number of Langerhans cells in the tumours contributes to the favourable prognosis for HPV-infected lung cancer.

Ischemic/hypoxic tolerance induced by a subtoxic dose of neurotoxin, 3-nitropropionic acid(3-NPA), was recently reported as "chemical preconditioning". We previously showed that the neuroprotective effect by chemical preconditioning with 3-NPA was induced by prolonging the delay to hypoxic depolarization (HD) via activating adenosine receptors. In this study, we electrophysiologically assessed whether the protective effect of chemical preconditioning was potent after the onset of HD. An in vitro hippocampal slice model from adult gerbils was used to study the delay to HD during hypoxia and the recovery of synaptic responses after hypoxia. Hypoxia was sustained until a fixed period(8 min) following HD. These responses were examined in control slices and slices pretreated with subtoxic dose of 3-NPA(4 mg/kg) intraperitoneally at 3 hours prior to slice preparation. The delay to hypoxic depolarization in 3-NPA treated slices was significantly prolonged(p0.05). The field excitatory postsynaptic potential recovery after a fixed period of hypoxia under HD was also significantly improved in the 3-NPA treated group(48.6 +/- 23.8%) compared with the control group(29.2 +/- 12.2%) (p0.05). This finding indicates that chemical preconditioning with 3-NPA induces the neuroprotective effect against hypoxic damage after as well as before the onset of HD to the hippocampus.

The authors reported two cases of pyogenic cervical discitis presenting tetraparesis. Case 1: A 66-year-old male patient entered the hospital because of tetraparesis. Two weeks before the hospitalization, he had become feverish and awakened with motor weakness in all extremities. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) study revealed a lesion filling the anterior epidural space from C4 to C6 levels and posterior displacement of the spinal cord. Findings suggesting discitis of C5/6 and osteomyelitis of C5 and C6 were also obtained on MRI. These findings suggested that the tetraparesis was caused by cord compression by the epidural abscess as the acute stage of pyogenic spinal infection. On the day following admission, surgical removal of the epidural abscess and of the infected bodies was performed. Spinal fusion through C4 to C7 was also carried out with iliac bone graft. Antibiotic administration and Halo-vest application were performed after the operation. The postoperative course was good and the tetraparesis had completely disappeared within 12 months after the operation. Case 2: A 60-year-old male patient entered the hospital because of tetraparesis. Since 6 weeks before the hospitalization, he had become feverish and suffered from pain in the neck. He had also awakened with motor weakness of all extremities. The tetraparesis was progressive. Plain X-ray films of the cervical spine showed destructive change of C5 and C6 and kyphotic displacement. An epidural abscess of the cervical spine at the level of C4 to C6, discitis of C5/6 and osteomyelitis of C5 and C6 were diagnosed on MRI findings. The disarranged kyphotic vertebral bodies and the epidural abscess caused posterior displacement of the spinal cord. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the abscess and the kyphotic change of the bodies had been induced by spinal infection in the subacute stage. On the 8th hospital day, surgical removal of the anterior portion of the infected bodies as well as fusion of the vertebral column from C4 to C7 was performed. Iliac bone was used for the fusion graft. Postoperative administration of antibiotics and Halo-vest application for external fixation were carried out. On the 7th postoperative day, symptoms caused by radiculopathy of the left C5 appeared, but gradually ameliorated. The patient was free from motor weakness in the 8th month after the surgical treatment. Surgical intervention is a useful treatment for pyogenic cervical discitis with symptoms due to compression of the spinal cord both in the acute and subacute stages.

We investigated the utility of an infrared ear thermometer (M 10, Terumo) as an intraoperative core temperature monitor. Temperatures of the axilla and inner ear were measured before and after anesthesia. Bladder, rectal, and forehead deep temperatures were continuously measured using a core temperature monitor (CTM-205, Terumo) during anesthesia. At the same time, the temperature of the inner ear was measured 4 times every 15 minutes (twice from cephalad and twice from caudal directions). There were no significant differences in the measured inner ear temperatures, either between directions of measurement or between the 1st and 2nd measurements. The inner ear temperature showed a close correlation with rectal, bladder, forehead deep, and axillary temperatures (r = 0.72-0.79, P0.01). The smallest temperature difference in this study was found to be that between the inner ear and forehead deep temperatures (-0.10), and the limit of agreement between these temperatures was also the smallest (0.81). In conclusion, we recommended the use of an infrared ear thermometer as an intraoperative core temperature monitor, especially in lower abdominal surgery, in which neither rectal nor bladder temperature monitoring is reliable.

We examined the influence of the bolus injection rate of propofol on the cardiovascular depression and injection pain. Fifty-one patients of ASA grade 1 or 2 were randomly allocated to two groups. After premedication with midazolam 0.06 mg.kg-1 and atropine 0.006 mg.kg-1 i.m., propofol 2 mg.kg-1 was injected to a forearm vein at a rate of 800 ml.hr-1 in Group A or 1 ml.s-1 in Group B. Anesthesia was maintained thereafter with 67% nitrous oxide in oxygen and propofol infused at 6 mg.kg-1.hr-1. The incidence and severity of pain on injection were lower in Group B compared with Group A, but the difference was not statistically significant. The induction time was significantly shorter in Group B than in Group A (40 vs. 73 sec: P0.01). There were no significant differences between the two injection rates in peak reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. In conclusion, rapid injection of propofol was effective to shorten the induction time without any adverse effects.

We examined the effects of injection rate of propofol on injection pain and postinduction hypotension and bradycardia when fentanyl was administrated before propofol. Fifty-five patients premedicated with midazolam and atropine were randomly allocated to two groups. Three minutes after administration of fentanyl 100 micrograms, propofol 1.5 mg.kg-1 was injected to a forearm vein at a rate of 800 ml.hr-1 in Group FS or 1 ml.s-1 in Group FR. Anesthesia was maintained with 67% nitrous oxide in oxygen and supplemental propofol infusion. The incidence and severity of pain on injection were not influenced with injection speed. The rapid rate of injection significantly shortened the induction time. The decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate after induction were not affected by injection speed. In conclusion, rapid injection of propofol after fentanyl was effective to shorten the induction time without increasing the postinduction hypotension and bradycardia.

Pain on injection is one of the well-known side effects of propofol. Previous studies have shown several methods to alleviate this discomfort. We employed all these methods together to clarity whether pain-free injection of propofol was possible. Sixty adult patients premedicated with midazolam were studied. Control group patients (n = 20) received an induction dose of propofol via a vein on the dorsum of the hand at a slow injection speed with carrier i.v. fluid. Study group patients (n = 40) received i.v. fentanyl 0.1 mg, followed by bolus injection of cold propofol premixed with lidocaine (final concentration of lidocaine was 0.2%) in a forearm vein without carrier i.v. fluid. Eighteen patients (90%) in the control group experienced injection pain. In the study group, however, no patients complained of pain or discomfort. In conclusion, pain-free injection of propofol was possible when prior-administration of fentanyl, premixing of lidocaine, cooling to 4 degrees C, and rapid injection via a forearm vein without carrier i.v. fluid was the adopted precedure.

We report the case of a 72-year-old man with a ruptured syphilitic descending thoracic aneurysm who underwent an emergency operation and successful graft replacement. Preoperative physical examination showed a pulsative mass on the left back. Preoperative computed tomography showed bone destruction in the TH6 to TH10 thoracic vertebrae and ribs and penetration (or rupture) of the aneurysm into the subcutaneous tissue. During the period of preoperative evaluations, free wall rupture of the aneurysm occurred and emergency operation for graft replacement was performed. The microscopical examination of the aneurysmal wall revealed the syphilitic changes. In literature, the vertebral destruction by atherosclerotic aneurysm is usually located at the TH12 to L3 of vertebral bodies. From the findings of this patient and a study of existing literature, we concluded that the finding of vertebral bone beyond TH12 to L3 region on CT examination of the aneurysm could be a etiological characteristic finding for syphilitic aortic aneurysm.

It was found that activated carbon possessed remarkably higher heat of adsorption for ATF additives (automatic transmission fluid additives) than any other materials contained within the clutch facing. Friction performance tests in low sliding velocity range were conducted for two kinds of clutch facings, containing activated carbon powder or graphite one as key ingredients for adsorption. As the additives mixed to the base oil to form the testing oils, polybutenyl succinimide (SI) was selected as a dispersant, and tricresyl phosphate and dialkyl phosphite were selected as a friction modifier. The results showed that the combination in activated carbon with SI was most effective to improve the initial anti-shudder performance of continuous slip torque converter clutch (CSTCC). It is considered that this effect was due to the strong adsorption of SI to the surface of activated carbon in the clutch facings.

We experienced four cases of dissecting aortic aneurysms with Marfan's syndrome, in which two staged operations were performed with satisfactory results. The operations performed in the four patients were the replacement of the ascending aorta, transverse aortic arch and the entire descending thoracic aorta in DeBakey type I dissecting aortic aneurysm, replacement of the entire descending thoracic and abdominal aorta in type IIIb, replacement of the aortic valve, ascending aorta, transverse aortic arch, the entire descending thoracic and upper abdominal aorta in type I, and replacement of the total aorta including the aortic valve in type II + IIIb, respectively. There were no operative deaths, but a 42-year-old woman with DeBakey type IIIb died suddenly 2 years 11 months after the second operation. The cause of death was presumed to be due to rupture of a dissecting aneurysm (DeBakey type II). Dissecting aortic aneurysm with Marfan's syndrome must be observed carefully and corrected surgically, because the lesion is progressive and the residual dissecting aneurysm usually dilates eventually. In view of our clinical results, we conclude that the operation for dissecting aortic aneurysm with Marfan's syndrome should be performed as extensively as possible.