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The lameness is the earliest but also the most important clinical symptom of the acropodium disease in cattle. According to literature data, in 90% of cases, the cause of lameness is localized in the hooves, and in 10% of cases it is in other anatomical parts of the limb. In 88% of cases, the pathological process has been manifested at the hind limbs. Laminitis is an aseptic inflammation of the corium of the hooves. In addition to mechanical overloading of the hooves, the toxic causes are also addressed as the causes of this disease. Longer feeding with rapidly digested concentrate, rumen acidosis, sudden change of food components, especially diet with green barley, oat, freshly harvested young legumes and nutrition with molded food, can lead to laminitis. Laminitis is often the result of impact of a large number of factors, such as metabolic and digestive disorders, calving stress, mastitis, metritis, abomasal displacement, bedding without or with very little straw, inability to move, obesity and poor diet. The ration that leads to acidosis also leads to laminitis. Such a ration is difficult to correct in a case when the carbohydrates are present in highest percentage. Vasoactive substances (histamine), which enter the bloodstream from rumen, are considered to lead to damage of the hoof corium. Metabolic disorder is caused by a low pH of rumen, which leads to pathophysiological disorders, which eventually result in the ischemia of the hoof corium and clinically manifest laminitis (leg disposal due to pain, and sometimes forced lying). In addition to histamine and bacterial endotoxins, milk acids and others biologically active substances are believed to contribute to the onset of this disease. The application of basic principles of the nutrition of the lactating cows can prevent the appearance of laminitis and therefore the appearance of economic losses due to lameness.

Hromost je najraniji ali i najvažniji klinički simptom oboljenja akropodijuma goveda. Prema literaturnim podacima u 90 % slučajeva uzrok hromosti je lokalizovan u papcima, a u 10 % slučajeva je u drugim anatomskim delovima ekstremiteta. Patološki proces je u 88 % slučajeva ispoljen na zadnjim ekstremitetima. Laminitis predstavlja aseptično zapaljenje korijuma papaka. Kao uzroci nastanka ovog oboljenja, pored mehaničkog preopterećenja papaka, navode se i toksični uzroci. Duže davanje lako svarljive koncentrovane hrane, stvaranje acidoze u buragu, nagla promena hrane, posebno ishrana zelenim ječmom, ovsem, sveže pokošenim mladim leguminozama i ishrana plesnivom hranom, mogu dovesti do pojave laminitisa. Laminitis je često rezultat uticaja velikog broja činioca, kao što su metabolički i digestivni poremećaji, porođaj stres, mastitis, metritis, dislokacija sirišta, ležište bez ili sa vrlo malo prostirke, nemogućnost kretanja, pregojenost i loš menadžment ishrane. Obrok koji dovodi do acidoze dovodi i do laminitisa. Takav obrok je vrlo težak za korekciju, kada se najveći procenat hraniva u obroku sastoji od ugljenohidratnih materija. Smatra se da vazoaktivne materije (histamin), koje ulaze u krvotok iz buraga, dovode do oštećenja korijuma papaka. Metabolički poremećaj nastaje usled niskog pH sadržaja buraga i lančano dolazi do patofizioloških poremećaja, koji na kraju rezultiraju ishemijom korijuma papaka i klinički manifestnim laminitisom (odlaganjem nogu zbog bola, a ponekad i prinudnog ležanja). Veruje se da osim histamina i bakterijski endotoksini, mlečna kiselina i druge biološki aktivne materije doprinose nastanku ovog oboljenja. Primena osnovnih principa ishrane muznih krava mogu prevenirati pojavu laminitisa samim tim i pojavu ekonomskih gubitaka usled hromosti.

Uzgoj preživača godišnje ispusti 80-95 milijuna tona metana u zemljinu atmosferu, što istraživanje pre­hrambenih strategija za smanjenje emisija ovog stakleničkog plina čini velikim znanstvenim izazovom. Kako bi se ispitala učinkovitost korištenih strategija, potrebno je sagledati čimbenike koji utječu na emi­siju enteričkog metana, poput režima hranjenja i sastava obroka. Dodatni problem je složena metodologija određivanja emisije metana, a znanost je u potrazi za pouzdanom, jednostavnom i minimalno invazivnom metodom. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je jednostavnom i neinvazivnom metodom (prijenosni plinski anali­ zator BIOGAS 5000) ispitati varijacije enteričke emisije metana u odnosu na vrijeme hranidbe visokomli­ječnih krava u vrhuncu laktacije. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 18 holstajn-frizijskih krava, čija je enterička emisija metana mjerena tijekom 3 uzastopna dana u 3 razdoblja: 2 sata prije jutarnjeg hranjenja (Pl), 2-4 sata (P2) i 6-8 sati (P3) nakon jutarnjeg hranjenja. Emisije metana iz buraga mjerene su iz smjese izdah­nutih plinova neprekidno tijekom 3 minute i očitavanjem koncentracije metana (ppm) svakih 5 sekundi. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je enterička emisija metana imala rastući trend od Pl do P3 s prosječnim vrijednostima (±standardna pogreška) od 2209±284 ppm, 3052±329 ppm i 4791±857 ppm za Pl, P2 i P3, redom. Koncentracije metana bile su značajno više u P2 nego u Pl (p=0,01), kao iu P3 u odnosu na P2 (p=0,02) i Pl (p<0,001). Zaključno, emisija enteričkog metana značajno se povećava od razdoblja prije uzi­manja, do 6-8 sati nakon uzimanja jutarnjeg obroka. Korištena metoda detekcije metana pokazala se pouz­danom., Ruminant farming releases 80-95 million tons of methane into the Earths atmosphere annual/; making research onnutritional strategies to reduce emissions of this greenhouse gas a major scientific challenge. To study the effectiveness of the strategies used, it is necessary to take into account all the factors that influence the emission of enteric methane, such as the feeding regime and the composition of the diet. Another problem is the complex methodology of methane emission determination, and scientists are sear­ ching for a reliable, simple, and minimally invasive method. The aim of this study was to investigate the variation of intestinal methane emissions in relation to feeding time of dairy cows in peak lactation using a simple and non-invasive method (portable gas analyzer BIOGAS 5000). The study included 18 Holstein­ Friesian cows whose enteric methane emissions were measured on three consecutive days in three peri­ ods: 2 hours bff.fore morningfeeding (Pl), 2-4 hours (P2) and 6-8 hours (P3) after morningfeeding. Ente­ ric methane emissions were measured continuously from exhaled gases for 3 minutes, with methane concentration (ppm) readings every 5 seconds. Our results show that enteric methane emission had an increasing trend from Pl to P3 with average values (±standard error) of 2209±284 ppm, 3052±329 ppm, and 4791±857 ppm for Pl, P2, and P3, respectively. Methane concentrations were significantly higher in P2 than in Pl (p=0.01), as well as in P3 compared to P2 (p=0.02) and Pl (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the emission of enteric methane increases significantly from the period of intake, up to 6-8 hours after intake of the morning meal. The method used for methane detection proved to be reliable.

Cows in the peripartal period undergo changes in thyroid hormones and are susceptible to lipomobilization and/or oxidative stress. The addition of chestnut tannins as polyphenolic compounds in the diet may improve feed efficiency and prevent oxidative stress-related health disorders in transition cows. However, the relationship between chestnut tannin supplementation and thyroid function, which plays an important role in metabolic regulation, has not been investigated in dairy cows. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chestnut tannin supplementation during the close-up period on thyroid status and to evaluate the interaction between thyroid hormones and oxidative stress biomarkers in prepartum dairy cows. Forty multiparous Holstein cows were fed either a diet containing chestnut tannins (CNTs, n = 20, 1.96 g chestnut tannins/kg feed, dry matter) or a non-supplemented diet (CON, n = 20) during the last 25 ± 2 days of gestation. Blood samples were collected on the first day of study (before chestnut tannin supplementation) and d 5 before parturition to measure hormonal and oxidative stress indices. Serum concentrations of T3 (p = 0.04) and T4 (p = 0.05) were higher in CNT cows than in the CON group on day 5 before parturition. Thyroid status of CNT cows was associated with higher serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, p < 0.01), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, p = 0.03) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx, p = 0.01), and reduced glutathione concentration (GSH, p = 0.05). Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were lower (p = 0.04) which was associated with lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST, p = 0.02), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, p = 0.01) activities in the CNT than in the CON group. Estradiol and progesterone did not differ between CNT and CON cows. Chestnut tannin supplementation improves antioxidant protection, prevents oxidation-reduction processes, reduces the degree of liver cell membrane damage, and protects thyro

Ruminant husbandry contributes to global methane (CH4) emissions and beside its negative impact on the environment, enteric CH4 emissions cause a loss of gross energy intake in cows. The study is aimed to estimate CH4 emission and metabolic status in dairy cows via the methane concentration profile as a tool for analyzing the CH4 production pattern. The study included eighteen cows whose enteric CH4 emission was measured during three consecutive days in three periods: 2 hours before (P1), 2-4 hours (P2) and 6-8 hours (P3) after the morning feeding. Based on CH4 enteric emissions, cows were divided into two groups (n=6, respectively): HM (average CH4 concentration: 5430.08 ± 365.92 ppm) and LM (average CH4 concentration: 1351.85 ± 205.20 ppm). Following CH4 measurement, on day 3, venous blood was sampled to determine the indicators of the metabolic status. HM cows had significantly higher average CH4 concentrations, maximum and average CH4 peak amplitude than LM cows in all measuring periods (P1-P3), while the number of CH4 peaks tended to be higher in HM than in LM cows in P2. There were no differences in the maximum and average CH4 peak width and average distance among two CH4 peaks between examined groups of cows. HM cows had significantly higher total protein concentrations and significantly lower total bilirubin and NEFA concentrations than LM cows. In conclusion, HM cows have a greater number of eructations and release more CH4 per eructation than LM cows, hence the differences in metabolic status are most likely related to the differences in their liver function.

Sindrom ležeće krave predstavlja nemogućnost ustajanja kod visoko gravidnih krava ili krava u ranom puerperijumu, koje traje duže od 24 časa. Životinje leže oslonjenje na sternum, uz očuvanu sposobnost da unose hranu i vodu, pri čemu svest može biti narušena. Etiologija nastanka ovog oboljenja je kompleksna i uključuje više faktora kao što su traumatski, metabolički, neurološki ili infektivni. Iz tog razloga, lista diferencijalnih dijagnoza ovog oboljenja je velika, a najčešće pominjani su distokija, masna jetra, ketoza, hipofosfatemija, septični mastitis, peritonitis kao i desna dislokacija sirišta. Bez obzira na primarni uzrok ležanja, kod svih obolelih goveda kao posledica nemogućnosti ustajanja dolazi do sekundarnog oštećenja mišića i nerava kao posledica njihove kompresije i/ili pritiska usled ležanja na čvrstoj podlozi. U zavisnosti od stepena oštećenja mišića i nerava zavisiće i ishod terapije kao i oporavak krava obolelih od sindroma ležanja. Iz tog razloga, pored detaljnog kliničkog pregleda, a u cilju utvrđivanja pouzdanosti i opravdanosti lečenja obolelih životinja, potrebno je sprovoditi dijagnostičke testove. Najznačajniji biohemijski parametri koji nam služe za procenu stepena oštećenja i uspeha oporavka krava obolelih od sindoma ležanja su koncentracije Ca, P, Mg i K, kao i aktivnost enzima AST, LDH i CK.

Bolesti jetre kod svinja su prisutne i ispoljavaju se u velikim aglomeracijama. Prema literaturnim podacima kao uzroci oboljenja jetre se smatra jednolična i deficitarna ishrana, alimentarni i bakterijski toksini , parazitke infekcije i neadekvatni zoohigijenski uslovi. Promene na jetri ne ispoljavaju vidljive kliničke simptome. U postavljanju dijagnoze koristi se analiza biohemisjkih parametarta. U ovom predavanju smo izložili rezultate biohemuisjske anlize nerastova koji se koriste u repordukciji sa komercijalnih farmi. Koristili smo sledeće parametre: fosfor, ukupne proteine, urea, kreatinin, AST. Statiststički značajne razlike su ustanovljene kod sledećih parametara: fosfor, ukupni proteini, urea i AST. Cilj ovog predavanja je da ukaže na značajnost biohemijskih paramtera jetre u zdravtvenoj zaštiti svinja.

Poslednjih godina se sve više ukazuje na povezanost uzgoja krava i emisije metana sa farmi visokomlečnih krava kao posledice enterične fermentacije koja se odvija u buragu ovih životinja. Savremeni uzgoj visokomlečnih krava ima za cilj proizvodnju mleka višu od 9 000 litara po kravi u toku jedne laktacije. Takva proizvodnja zahteva značajno povećanje unosa hrane, ali i izmenjene hranidbene uslove u smislu povećanog udela koncentrovanog dela u obroku za krave. Kod povećanog unosa hrane, dnevna emisija metana po životinji je povećana, ali je emisija ovog gasa po kilogramu proizvedenog mleka manja. Povećanjem energetske vrednosti obroka, dodavanjem veće količine skroba iz žitarica može da se smanji produkcija metana za 7 do 10 procenata. Međutim, povećanjem sadržaja skroba u koncentrovanom delu obroka za visokomlečne krave, tokom tranzicionog perioda i rane faze laktacije, može da se poveća rizik za nastanak metaboličkih poremećaja zdravlja kao što su subakutna acidoza buraga, ketoza i pododermatitis, za koje je dokazano da povećavaju emisiju metana.Takođe je utvrđeno da krave obolele od supkliničkog, odnosno kliničkog mastitisa, emituju više metana u odnosu na zdrave krave. Sprovođenje mera imunoprofilakse posebno kod bolesti koje ugrožavaju ekonomsku isplativost farmi visokomlečnih krava pokazale su se kao veoma efikasne u smanjenju emisije gasova sa efektom staklene bašte (engl. greenhouse gases – GHG). Iz svega navedenog proizilazi, da jedino zdrave krave mogu da doprinesu održivoj proizvodnji koja uključuje uspostavljanje ekološki prihvatljivog uzgoja.

Porast emisije gasova sa efektom staklene bašte dovodi do globalnog zagrevanja, izazivajući ireverzibilne promene u životnoj sredini. Glavni gasovi sa efektom staklene bašte su ugljen dioksid (CO2 ), metan (CH4 ) i azot suboksid (N2 O), koji doprinose ukupnoj emisiji sa 55%, 15% i 6%, pojedinačno. Iako je procenat zastupljenosti CH4 manji od CO2 , njegov ukupni globalni potencijal zagrevanja je 28 puta veći od CO2 . U ukupnoj antropogenoj emisiji gasova sa efektom staklene bašte, stočarska proizvodnja učestvuje sa 14,5% sa najvećim doprinosom u emisiji CH4 (44%). U odnosu na ostale sektore stočarske proizvodnje, uzgoj goveda najviše doprinosi efektu staklene bašte pri čemu visoko mlečne krave imaju vodeću ulogu, pošto je produkcija ovih gasova uključujući i CH4 , vezana za aktivnost buraga. Visoko mlečne krave proizvode CH4 pretežno (90%) enteričnom fermentacijom. Naime, metanogene bakterije buraga konvertuju stvoreni CO2 i H2 u CH4 , koji zatim eliminišu pretežno podrigivanjem. Preostali deo CH4 sa farmi krava potiče iz fecesa. Umanjenje emisije CH4 iz fecesa se postiže primenom odgovarajućeg sistema upravljanja stajnjakom, dok je umanjenje emisije putem enterične fermentacije značajno veći izazov za naučnu zajednicu i moguće ga je ostvariti korišćenjem različitih nutritivnih strategija koje preusmeravaju metaboličke puteve koji vode ka proizvodnji CH4 ka onima koji vode ka porastu proizvodnje mleka., versible environmental changes. The major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O), contributing to overall emission with 55%, 15% and 6%, respectively. Although CH4 percentage content is lower than CO2 , its global warming potential is 28 times greater than CO2 . In global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, the livestock sector contributes 14.5% with CH4 emission contributing most (44%). Compared to other livestock subsectors, cattle production has major contribution to greenhouse effect, with dairy cows having leading position, since production of these gases, including CH4 , is associated with rumen activity. Dairy cows produce CH4 mainly by enteric fermentation (90%). Namely, within rumen methanogenic microorganisms convert produced CO2 and H2 to CH4 , which is eliminated mainly by burping. The rest of CH4 from dairy farms originates from manure. Mitigation of methane from manure is achieved by applying adequate manure management system, but mitigation of methane from enteric fermentation is more challenging for scientific community and is possible to obtain by using different nutritional strategies which may redirect metabolic pathways that lead to CH4 production in those which leads to increased milk production.

Neonatalne dijareje kod domaćih preživara predstavljaju jedan od najznačajnijih zdravstvenih problema u stočarskoj proizvodnji širom sveta. One predstavljaju jedan od najčešćih uzroka smrti kod teladi mlečnih rasa goveda u prvih 30 dana života, ali su takođe i značajan zdravstveni problem kod jagnjadi i jaradi. Osim direktnih ekonomskih šteta izazvanih visokim troškovima lečenja i mortalitetom novorođenčadi, neonatalne dijareje mogu da imaju i ozbiljne dugoročne posledice po rast i razvoj podmlatka namenjenog za priplod. Prema uzrocima koji dovode do nastanka neonatalnih dijareja one mogu biti neinfektivne i infektivne etiologije. Najčešći neinfektivni uzroci nastanka neonatalnih dijareja su greške u tehnologiji ishrane, loš kvalitet kolostruma, mleka ili zamena za mleko kao i greške prilikom zalučenja podmlatka. Od infektivnih uzročnika neonatalnih dijareja najučestalije su infekcije sa enterotoksičnim E. coli, Clostridium spp., Rotavirusi, Koronavirusi i kriptosporidije. Imajući u vidu različitu etiologiju nastanka neonatalnih dijareja, kao i značajne ekonomske gubitke koje nanose, upotreba savremenih pristupa u prevenciji i terapiji predstavlja imperativ u intenzivnoj farmskoj proizvodnji. To se ogleda u aktivnoj i pasivnoj imunizaciji novorođenčadi, eliminisanju grešaka u tehnologiji odgoja kao i u primeni savremenih dijagnostičkih i terapijskih protokola. Značaj tačne dijagnostike uzročnika neonatalnih dijareja bitan je faktor za uspešnu terapiju. Primena svih ovih mera može značajno da smanji nastanak neonatalnih dijareja kod domaćih preživara., blems in livestock production worldwide. They are one of the most common causes of death in dairy calves in the first 30 days of life, but they are also a significant health problem in lambs and kids. In addition to the direct economic damage caused by high treatment costs and infant mortality, neonatal diarrhea can have serious long-term consequences for the growth and development of offspring intended for breeding. According to the causes that lead to neonatal diarrhea, they can be of non-infectious and infectious etiology. The most common non-infectious causes of neonatal diarrhea are errors in dietary technology, poor quality of colostrum, milk or milk replacements, as well as errors in weaning offspring. Of the infectious causes of neonatal diarrhea, the most common are infections with enterotoxigenic E. coli, Clostridium spp., Rotaviruses, Coronaviruses and Cryptosporidia. Given the different etiology of neonatal diarrhea, as well as the significant economic losses they cause, the use of modern approaches in prevention and therapy is an imperative in intensive farm production. This is reflected in the active and passive immunization of newborns, the elimination of errors in nourishments technology as well as the application of modern diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. The importance of accurate diagnosis of the cause of neonatal diarrhea is an important factor for successful therapy. The application of all these measures can significantly reduce the occurrence of neonatal diarrhea in domestic ruminants.

Poljoprivredni sektor predstavlja najznačajniji pojedinačni antropogeni izvor metana sa farmama visokomlečnih krava koje daju najveći doprinos u emisiji metana. Metan je drugi po značaju gas sa efektom staklene bašte, odmah posle ugljen-dioksida, koji se fiziološki stvara u buragu preživara. Naime, burag predstavlja sredinu koju nastanjuje zajednica mikroorganizama (mikrobiom), koja uključuje različite vrste anaerobnih bakterija, arheja, protozoa, gljivica i faga. Glavna uloga ovih mikroorganizama je razlaganje sastojaka biljne hrane koji ne mogu biti razloženi enzimskim sistemom domaćina, što rezultira oslobađanjem krajnjih proizvoda fermentacije – isparljivih masnih kiselina. Ovi proizvodi fermentacije se, nakon resorpcije iz digestivnog trakta, koriste za sintezu kompleksnih jedinjenja u različitim tkivima (mišićima, mlečnoj žlezdi i drugim), uključujući proteine, masti i druga jedinjenja, koji proizvode animalnog porekla čine nutritivno vrednim za ljude. Međutim, procesi fermentacije u buragu su praćeni i oslobađanjem ugljen-dioksida i vodonika, koje metanogene arheje koriste za sintezu metana. NJegovo prekomerno oslobađanje u spoljašnju sredinu doprinosi efektu staklene bašte i globalnom zagrevanju. Dodatno, sinteza metana u buragu predstavlja metabolički put kojim se gubi 2 – 12 procenata energije hrane. Zbog toga se interes za smanjenje njegove emisije ne nalazi samo u zaštiti životne sredine, već i u potencijalnom povećanju produktivnosti životinja, koja nosi ekonomsku korist za farmere koji su jedna od ključnih karika u planiranju mera za smanjenje emisije metana sa govedarskih farmi. Različiti nutritivni dodaci mogu modulirati metaboličke procese i time doprineti smanjenju emisije metana od strane mlečnih krava. U tom pogledu, najviše se izučavaju tanini i drugi biljni ekstrakti, kao što su uljani ekstrakt belog luka i ekstrakti različitih morskih algi, uključujući crvene i braon morske alge., The agricultural sector represents the single most significant anthropogenic source of methane, with dairy farms the dominant contributor to methane emissions. Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas, after carbon dioxide, which is physiologically produced in the rumen of ruminants. Namely, the rumen represents an environment inhabited by a community of microorganisms (microbiome), which includes various species of anaerobic bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and phages. The primary role of these microorganisms is to break down plant components that cannot be broken down by the host’s enzymatic system, which results in the release of the end products of fermentation - volatile fatty acids. After resorption from the digestive tract, these fermentation products are used to synthesize complex compounds in various tissues (muscles, mammary gland, etc.), including proteins, fats and others, which make animal products nutritionally valuable for humans. However, fermentation processes in the rumen are accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which methanogenic archaea use for the synthesis of methane, whose excessive release into the environment contributes to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Additionally, the synthesis of methane in the rumen is a metabolic pathway through which 2-12% of food energy is lost. Therefore, the interest in reducing methane emissions is not only in environmental protection but also in the potential increase in animal productivity, which brings economic benefits to farmers, which are one of the crucial links in planning measures to reduce methane emissions from cattle farms. Different nutritional supplements can modulate metabolic processes and thus contribute to reducing methane emissions by dairy cows. In this regard, tannins and other plant extracts, such as garlic oil extract, but also extracts from various seaweeds, including red and brown seaweeds, are recognized as the most important supplements in

Intenzivan uzgoj goveda obuhvata čitav niz tehnoloških postupaka koji treba da omoguće kontinuiranu proizvodnju i optimalno korišćenje proizvodnih kapaciteta. Kod visoko mlečnih kava metabolički poremećaji kao što su ketoza, sindrom masne jetre, puerperalna pareza, acidoza buraga, laminitis, su posledica uticaja mnogih činilaca, kao što su neizbalnsirana ishrana, loši uslovi držanja i nege. Profilaksa metaboličkih poremećaja se obavlja ishranom koja treba da bude usklađena prema proizvodnom obroku i proizvodnoj kategoriji uz kontrolu zdravlja krava. Biosigurnost, dobrobit, dobra proizvođačka praksa i analiza rizika u kritičnim kontrolnim tačkama su veoma značajni elementi u intenzivnoj govedarskoj proizvodnji. Planska primena biosigurnosnih mera presudna je u zaštiti zdravlja goveda i uspeha same proizvodnje. Preporuka je da se stalno izgradjuje svest zaposlenih o stvarnoj potrebi zaštite proizvodnje u celini, da postoji aktivan odnos prema postojećim pretnjama i da preduzete mere predstavljaju ključ uspeha u osmišljavanju i pripremi planova biosigurnosti za svaku konkretnu situaciju odnosno farmu visoko mlečnih krava. Cilj ovog predavanja je da se da prikaz zdravstvenog stanja krava u puerprijumu i da se ukaže na značajnost procene biosigurnosnih mera na farmama visoko mlečnih krava., Intensive cattle breeding includes a number of technological procedures that should enable continuous production and optimal use of production capacities. By cows with high milk productin, metabolic disorders such as ketosis, fatty liver syndrome, puerperal paresis, rumen acidosis, laminitis, are due to the influence of many factors, such as unbalanced diet, poor posture and care. Prophylaxis of metabolic disorders is performed with a diet that should be harmonized according to the production meal and production category with the control of cow health. Biosecurity, wellfare, good manufacturing practice and risk analysis at critical control points are very important elements in intensive cattle production. Planned application of biosecurity measures is crucial in protecting cattle health and the success of production itself. The recommendation is to constantly build the awareness of employees about the real need to protect production as a whole, to have an active attitude towards existing threats and that the measures taken are the key to success in designing and preparing biosecurity plans for each situation or high dairy farm. The aim of this lecture is to present the health status of cows in the puerprium and to point out the importance of assessing biosecurity measures on farms of dairy cows.

Intenzivna proizvodnja svinja na komercijalnim farmama nastoji da proizvede što veći broj odbijene prasadi odnosno tovljenika po krmači godišnje. Za postizanje ovakvih proizvodnih rezultata neophodno je uspostaviti visoku reproduktivnu efikasnost priplodnih životinja. Potrebna je adekvatna zdravstvena zaštita sa dobrom organizacijom proizvodnje. Cilj rada je utvrđivanje reperoduktivne efikasnosti nerastova. Na jednoj komercijalnoj farmi smo pratili proizvodne rezultate nerastova rase jorkšir, durok i holandski landras. U intenzivnom uzgoju svinja, više je validnih parametara kojima se može iskazati uspešnost odnosno profitabilnost proizvodnje, kao što su: broj živorođene ili odlučene prasadi, dnevni prirast, dužina trajanja tova, broj neproduktivnih dana plotkinja i sl. Danas je uobičajeno da se proizvodnja svinja na komercijalnim farmama prezentuje brojem odgajene prasadi odnosno isporučenih tovljenika po krmači u toku kalendarske godine., Intensive production of pigs on commercial farms strives to produce the largest possible number of weaned piglets or fattening pigs per sow per year. To achieve such production results, it is necessary to establish a high reproductive efficiency of breeding animals. We need adequate health care with good organization of production. The aim of the article is to determine the reproductive efficiency of boars. On a commercial farm, we monitored the production results of boars of the Yorkshire, Duroc and Dutch Landrace breed. In intensive pig breeding, there are several valid parameters that can be used to show the success or profitability of production, such as: the number of live births or weaned piglets, daily gain, duration of fattening, number of non-productive days of sows, etc. Today, it is customary to present pig production on commercial farms by the number of piglets raised, i.e. delivered fatteners per sow during the calendar year.

Poseban značaj u istraživanjima vezanim za metabolizam visokomlečnih krava, pridaje se ispitivanju uloge dijametra adipocita u regulaciji metabolizma lipida u peripartalnom periodu. Tokom perioda zasušenja, metabolizam je pod jakim uticajem insulina, dominiraju anabolički procesi i postoji opasnost da nastane suficit energije i uvećanje telesne mase životinja na račun uvećanja depoa masti i/ili veličine masnih ćelija. Pouzdano je utvrđeno da adipociti većeg dijametra imaju jače izraženu lipolitičku aktivnost i osetljivost na delovanje lipolitičkih hormona. Prekomerno nakupljanje masti u telesnim depoima i/ili nastala rezistencija tkiva na insulin, imaju za posledicu intenziviranje procesa lipolize i priliv slobodnih masnih kiselina u ćelije jetre koji prevazilazi njihov metabolički kapacitet. Posledica je izostanak pune kontrole mobilizacije masti iz telesnih depoa i lipogeneze u ćelijama jetre, što se posebno ispoljava u ranom postpartalnom periodu. Nasuprot tome, kod krava kod kojih se u periodu zasušenja, adipociti ne opterete prekomernim količinama lipida, ove ćelije imaju sposobnost da akumuliraju veće količine lipida u postpartalnom periodu. One tako imaju aktivnu ulogu u postizanju adekvatne ravnoteže između intenziteta lipogeneze i lipolize. Promene u veličini adipocita koje su kod visokomlečnih krava najvećim delom uslovljene ishranom i/ili energetskim statusom životinja, su odgovorne za regulaciju metabolizma lipida na nivou masnog tkiva u peripartalnom periodu.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two different treatment options for the correction of left displaced abomasum (LDA) on milk yield, hematological, electrolyte parameters, lactate and cortisol concentrations in primiparous cows. Twenty four Holstein cows were randomly assigned into three groups: cows treated with one-step laparoscopic abomasopexy (LPS, n=8), cows treated by left paralumbar omentopexy (LPT, n=8) and healthy cows (CON, n=8), matched by parity and days in milk. Blood samples were collected before (D0) and after (D0’) surgery, and 1 (D1), 3 (D3), 10 (D3) and 30 (D30) days following surgery. LPS and LPT cows at D0 as well as LPT cows at 30 d following surgery had lower milk yield than CON cows (P<0.05), while the service period was higher in LPT than in CON (P<0.05). WBC was lower at D0 as well as Hb and Ht at D0 and D0’ in CON group than those of LPS and LPT (P<0.05). Hyponatremia, hypochloremia and hypokalemia at D0 and D0’ were observed in LPS and LPT. In addition, LPT cows had lower Na and Cl at D1 and D3 and lower K at D1 than CON (P<0.05). Impaired hydration in LPS and LPT cows was accompanied by higher concentrations of lactate at D0, D0’, D1 and D3 (P<0.01) and cortisol at D0 and D0’ (P<0.01) compared with CON group, while LPT had higher cortisol at D0’ than LPS (P<0.05). These results indicated that LPS has the potential to improve the convalescence period of LDA in primiparous cows.

Globalno zagrevanje, udruženo sa porastom ambijentalnih temperatura tokom letnjih meseci, često uvodi visokomlečne krave u stanje toplotnog stresa, koje izaziva poremećaj zdravlja i reprodukcije. Toplotni stres negativno utiče na fiziologiju reprodukcije pre, tokom i nakon koncepcije, a posebno na aktivnost jajnika, kao i razvoj oocita i embriona. Stoga je od velike važnosti primeniti selekcijske mere u pravcu uzgoja krava koje pokazuju toleranciju na toplotni stres. Tolerancija na toplotni stres je najčešće udružena sa ekspresijom gena za sledeće molekule: Hsp70, HSF1, HspB8, SOD1, PRLH, ATP1A1, MTOR i EIF2AK4. Od svih navedenih molekula najčešće ispitivan je Hsp 70, koji je istovremeno najosetljiviji na promene spoljašnje temperature u zoni toplotnog stresa. Prisustvo ovog proteina je moguće utvrditi u različitim biološkim materijalima, uključujući krv, mleko i dlaku. Potencijali korišćenja Hsp70 kao indikatora i/ili prediktora toplotnog stresa su veliki, ali su još uvek u fazi ispitivanja. Istraživanja vezana za toplotni stres, odnosno potencijalne biomarkere toplotnog stresa, su od izuzetnog značaja za uzgoj goveda jer nude rešenja kojima je moguće prevenirati, smanjiti i/ili predvideti negativan uticaj toplotnog stresa na proizvodna i reproduktivna svojstva visokomlečnih krava, a sve u svetlu globalnog zagrevanja i klimatskih promena.

The aim of the study was to determine the association between the metabolic parameters determined in dry cows and milk production at early lactation period. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used as a valuable tool to evaluate prediction of milk production based on results for metabolic status of dry cows. The cut off values for metabolic parameters were determined as values below or above which daily production of milk was higher than 30 L at day 30 of lactation.

Intenzivan uzgoj goveda obuhvata čitav niz tehnoloških postupaka koji treba da omoguće kontinuiranu proizvodnju i optimalno korišćenje proiz- vodnih kapaciteta. Kod visoko mlečnih kava metabolički poremećaji kao što su ketoza, sindrom masne jetre, puerperalna pareza, acidoza buraga, laminitis, su posledica uticaja mnogih činilaca, kao što su neizbalnsirana ishrana, loši uslovi držanja i nege. Profilaksa metaboličkih poremećaja se obavlja ishranom koja treba da bude usklađena prema proizvodnom obroku i proizvodnoj kategoriji uz kontrolu zdravlja krava. Biosigurnost, dobrobit, dobra proizvođačka praksa i analiza rizika u kritičnim kontrolnim tačkama su veoma značajni elementi u intenzivnoj govedarskoj proizvodnji. Planska primena biosigurnosnih mera presudna je u zaštiti zdravlja goveda i uspeha same proizvodnje. Preporuka je da se stalno izgradjuje svest zaposlenih o stvarnoj potrebi zaštite proizvodnje u celini, da postoji aktivan odnos pre- ma postojećim pretnjama i da preduzete mere predstavljaju ključ uspeha u osmišljavanju i pripremi planova biosigurnosti za svaku konkretnu situaciju odnosno farmu visoko mlečnih krava. Cilj ovog predavanja je da se da prikaz zdravstvenog stanja krava u puerprijumu i da se ukaže na značajnost procene biosigurnosnih mera na farmama visoko mlečnih krava., Intensive cattle breeding includes a number of technological procedures that should enable continuous production and optimal use of production capacities. By cows with high milk productin, metabolic disorders such as ketosis, fatty liver syndrome, puerperal paresis, rumen acidosis, laminitis, are due to the influence of many factors, such as unbalanced diet, poor posture and care. Prophylaxis of metabolic disorders is performed with a diet that should be harmonized according to the production meal and production category with the control of cow health. Biosecurity, wellfare, good manufacturing practice and risk anal- ysis at critical control points are very important elements in intensive cattle production. Planned application of biosecurity measures is crucial in protecting cattle health and the success of production itself. The recommendation is to constantly build the awareness of employees about the real need to protect production as a whole, to have an active attitude towards existing threats and that the measures taken are the key to success in designing and preparing biosecurity plans for each situation or high dairy farm. The aim of this lecture is to present the health status of cows in the puerprium and to point out the importance of assessing biosecurity measures on farms of dairy cows.

Previous studies in the field of acid-base and oxidative status in cows have mainly focused on the transition period (three weeks before and three weeks after calving). The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the parameters of acid- base and oxidative status and electrolyte balance in cows not only during the transition period, but also at other stages of the production cycle. Holstein-Friesian cows were divided into four numerically equal groups (n = 6): early lactating cows (9±2 days in milk - DIM), peak lactating cows (50±5 DIM), late lactating cows (170±10 DIM) and dry cows (10±1 days before calving). Venous blood samples were taken from the cows to analyze acid-base status, electrolyte concentrations and oxidative stress parameters, and to compare group means. Significantly higher pH was observed in early lactating cows than in late lactating cows. Sodium (Na+) concentration was significantly lower in early lactating and peak lactating cows compared to dry cows, while chloride (Cl-) concentration was also lower in late lactating cows compared to dry cows. Plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was higher in early lactating cows compared to peak lactating cows. Thus, the highest blood pH, lowest Na+ and Cl- concentrations and highest serum GSH-Px activity were observed in early lactating cows compared to other groups, indicating the highest metabolic and oxidative stress during this period. In conclusion, it would be useful to consider the inclusion of these parameters in standard health assessment procedures in intensive dairy production., Prethodna istraživanja na polju acidobaznog i oksidativnog statusa krava uglavnom su bila usredsređena na tranzicioni period (tri nedelje pre i tri nedelje nakon teljenja). Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrde razlike u parametrima acidobaznog i oksidativnog statusa, kao i u balansu elektrolita, ne samo u tranzicionom periodu, nego i u ostalim fazama proizvodnog ciklusa krava. Krave holštajn-frizijske rase podeljene su u četiri jednake grupe (n=6): krave u ranoj laktaciji (9±2 dana laktacije – DL), krave u piku laktacije (50±5 DL), krave u kasnoj laktaciji (170±10 DL) i krave u zasušenju (10±1 dana pre očekivanog teljenja). Od ispitivanih krava prikupljeni su uzorci venske krvi za analizu acidobaznog i oksidativnog statusa i koncentraciju elektrolita. U ovom istraživanju zabeležena je značajno viša pH vrednost krvi kod krava u ranoj laktaciji nego kod krava u zasušenju. Koncentracija natrijuma (Na+) bila je značajno niža kod krava u ranoj laktaciji i piku laktacije u poređenju sa kravama u zasušenju, dok je koncentracija hlora (Cl- ) bila značajno niža i kod krava u kasnoj laktaciji u poređenju sa kravama u zasušenju. Aktivnost glutation peroksidaze (GSH-Px) bila je značajno viša kod krava u ranoj laktaciji u poređenju sa kravama u piku laktacije. Najviše pH vrednosti krvi, najniža koncentracija Na+ i Cl- i najviša aktivnost GSH-Px zabeleženi su kod krava u ranoj laktaciji, što ukazuje na najveći metabolički i oksidativni stres tokom ovog perioda. Imajući u vidu dobijene razlike bilo bi značajno razmotriti uvođenje parametara ispitivanih u ovom radu u standardne procedure za procenu zdravlja krava u intenzivnoj proizvodnji mleka.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with chestnut tannins (CNT) on metabolic and antioxidant status of prepartum cows along with their colostrum quality. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows were paired according to parity and body condition score, and assigned either to a diet supplemented with 20 g/d of commercially available product containing chestnut tannins (CNT, n=20) or to an unsupplemented control diet (CON, n=20) for the last 25±2 d of pregnancy. Serum metabolite, insulin and antioxidant capacity indices were measured in blood samples taken at d 25 and d 5 before expected parturition. Chemical composition and IgG concentration were determined in colostrum samples collected from the first milking postpartum. The addition of CNT led to lower BUN (P=0.02) and consequently higher serum glucose (P=0.02) and insulin (P<0.01) concentrations which were associated with lower circulating NEFA (P<0.01) and BHBA (P<0.01) in CNT group than those of CON. The serum paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were higher at-5 d in CNT than in CON (P<0.01, P=0.03; respectively). Close-up CNT improved lactose percentage and IgG concentration (P=0.03, P=0.04; respectively) and tended to improve percentage of protein and SNF (Solid Not Fat) in primary colostrum (P=0.06, respectively), without affecting colostrum fat and total solid (P=0.98, P=0.43; respectively). Supplementation of CNT in the diet during close-up period did not have adverse effects on metabolic profiles prepartum. Instead, this feeding regimen was more beneficial to antioxidant capacity and colostrum quality than feeding the control diet.

Cilj ovog preglednog rada je da se prikaže značaj poznavanja mehanizama koji leže u osnovi toplotnog stresa kod visokomlečnih krava, kao i da se opišu metode koje su najčešće u upotrebi pri određivanju pojedinih bioloških markera toplotnog stresa. Povišena spoljašnja temperatura tokom letnjih meseci često uvodi krave u stanje toplotnog stresa, sa posledičnim smanjenjem reproduktivnih i proizvodnih sposobnosti jedinki koje mogu dovesti do njihovog prevremenog izlučivanja iz zapata. Kao potencijalni biomarkeri toplotnog stresa, poslednjih godina se sve više pominju proteini toplotnog stresa (engl. Heat Stress Proteins - HSP), čija se molekulska masa kreće od 15 do 110 kDa, a koji su prisutni u citosolu, jedru, mitohondrijama i endoplazmatskom retikulumu. Na osnovu molekulske težine i funkcije, HSP su podeljeni na: HSP110, HSP100, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP40 i HSP10, pri čemu su, kod farmskih životinja, HSP90 i HSP70 odgovorni za toleranciju na visoke temperature. Protein toplotnog stresa HSP70 je najčešće ispitivani protein kod krava i najosetljiviji na promene spoljašnje temperature u zoni toplotnog stresa. Proteini toplotnog stresa se mogu određivati iz različitih bioloških materijala, kao što su: krv, krvni serum, parenhimatozni organi (bubrezi, slezina, jetra), srce, limfni čvorovi, mišićno i masno tkivo, sperma, pljuvačka i folikuli dlake. U skladu sa dobrobiti, a u cilju što manjeg uznemiravanja životinja tokom uzorkovanja bioloških materijala, sve se više daje prednost onim uzorcima koji se dobijaju neinvazivnim putem, a to su pre svega folikuli dlake, mleko, pljuvačka i sperma. Dve najčešće metode koje su u primeni za analizu proteina toplotnog stresa su ELISA metoda kojom se određuje zastupljenost proteina u uzorku i PCR metoda kojom se utvrđuje ekspresija odgovarajućih gena. Ekspresija gena se može odrediti izolacijom i amplifikacijom DNK, kao i esktrakcijom ukupne RNK korišćenjem specifičnih prajmera i sekvenci aminokiselina. U zaključku, ispitivanje biološk

Respiratory disease of bacterial etiology is a serious health problem on commercial farms.Pig production on commercial farms means keeping a large number of pigs in a relatively small space with a high level of technological organization of the production process. Intensive utilization of accommodation capacities, early weaning of piglets, inadequate microclimatic conditions for most of the statised categories and deficits in nutrition have conditioned the appearance of production or technological diseases. Production diseases of bacterial etiology are presented in this review paper. Diseases of bacterial etiology that occur at all stages of technological production are: atrophic rhinitis, enzootic swine pneumonia, pneumonia caused by pasteurellosis, bordetella, pneumonia caused by A. pleuropneumoniae, pneumonia caused by Haemophilus parasuis and pneumonia caused by Streptococcus. We have described the possibility of prophylaxis of these production diseases of bacterial etiology and the possibility of their control. These manufactured diseases cause economic losses (deaths, reduced daily gain, extended fattening time and treatment costs.

The presence of chemical environmental pollutants (heavy metals) and their influence on health status of farm animals has been study in long period. We monitored the influence of chemical pollutants on rodents leaving on farms. Heavy metals has special danger for leaving systems, which react with organic molecules to change their structures and function. Heavy metals enter the body through respiratory system, digestive system and skin. The results of our many years of research indicate that there is danger of contamination of animal feed with heavy metals and their position in their body of animals, as well as a negative effect on the reproductive capacity of domestic animals. Heavy metal toxicity general leads to the formation of free radicals, inhibiting the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes as well as glutathione oxidation and the formation malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of oxidative stress. Their toxicity stems from the tendency to form covalent bonds with sulfhydryl groups of biomacromolecules or displace certain cofactors, there by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes. Our recommendation for industrial type farms is to reduce the risk of heavy metals. To introduce multilevel monitoring of the quality of raw materials and final products, as well as to apply adequate protectors against the toxic effect of these agents.

Bronhopneumonije različite etiologije nanonose velike ekonomske i zdravstvene probleme u svinjarstvu. Uvođenje profilaktičkih mera iziskuje posebnu pažnju, jer se na taj način gubici na farmi mogu da svedu na minimum. Pasterloza svinja po pravilu je prisutna na farmama kao pratilac drugih infektivnih oboljenja, pa u takvim slučajevima pretsavlja sekundarnu bakterijsku infrekciju. Retko je prisutna kao samostalno primarno oboljenje. Postoji mogućnost da zahvati sve kategorije svinja na farmi. Gubici na farmi zavise od virulencije uzročnika, stanja organizma odnosono niza nespecifičnih faktora. Cilj našeg istraživanja je bio da ustanovimo prisustvo P.multocioda na farmi svinja kao monoinfekciju. Uzeto je devet uzoraka sa leševa uginulih svinja. Uzorci su obrađeni u bakteriološkoj laboratoriji, gde je potvrđeno prisustvo P.multocida. Pokazana je osetljivost na ampicilin i iznosila je 66,67%, na tetraciklin iznosila je 33,33%, na cefalosporin iznosila je 55,56%, na gentamicin je iznosila 11,11%, na streptomicin je iznosila 11,11%, na neomicin je iznosila 11,11%, na streptomicin 11,11% na enrofloksacin 88,89% i hloramfenikol 66,67%. Eradikacija P.multocioda sa farmi je vrlo složena., Bronchopneumonia of various etiologies causes major economic and health problems in pig production. The introduction of prophylactic measures requires special attention, because in that way losses on the farm can be reduced to a minimum. As a rule, pasteurization of pigs is present on farms as a companion to other infectious diseases, so in such cases it represents a secondary bacterial infection. It is rarely present as an independent primary disease. It is possible to catch all categories of pigs on the farm. Losses on the farm depend on the virulence of the sample, the state of the organism or a number of non-specific factors. The aim of our study was to establish the production of P. multocioda on a pig farm as a monoinfection. Nine samples were taken from the corpses of dead pigs. The samples were processed in a bacteriological laboratory, where the presence of P.multocida was confirmed. The shown sensitivity to ampicillin was 66.67%, to tetracycline was 33.33%, to cephalosporin was 55.56%, to gentamicin was 11.11% to strteptomycin was 11.11%, to neomycin 11,11%, to streptomicin 11,11%, to enrofloksacin 88,89% and chloramfenikol 66,67%. Eradication of P.multocioda from farms is very complex.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different treatments of postpartum subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows with emphasis on PTH response. Twenty four cows with subclinical hypocalcemia (Ca 1.4–2.0 mmol/L), out of 180 Holstein cows tested, were assigned in one of three equal groups: (1) CON received no Ca supplementation, (2) PO-Ca received 1000 mL of oral Ca suspension, immediately after establishing hypocalcemia, and 500 mL of the suspension 12 h after, (3) IV-Ca intravenously received 500 mL of Ca immediately after establishing hypocalcemia. The blood samples were taken up to 48 h after initial treatment for determination of Ca, iP, Mg and PTH concentrations. Urine pH was also evaluated up to 48 h after initial treatment. Compered to CON cows that were hypocalcemic up to the 48 h, Ca concentrations were significantly higher in PO-Ca up to hour 8 and IV-Ca up to hour 24. At first 2 h, PTH concentrations were significantly lower, compared to CON, only in IV-Ca, while at hour 4 PTH concentrations were significantly lower in both treated groups. At hours 24 and 48, PTH concentrations were significantly lower only in PO-Ca compared to CON group. Urine pH values in CON indicate alkalosis and were significantly lower both in PO-Ca and IV-Ca group, up to 12 h and 24 h respectively. In conclusion, both treatments mitigated hypocalcemia in cows, but with significantly different PTH response. Due to adequate PTH response, normocalcemia is established in CON and expected transient hypocalcemia is avoided in IV-Ca cows.

The objective was to determine optimal thresholds of blood variables that are associated with liver lipid and glycogen content in dairy cows. Liver specimens of 15 Holstein dairy cows were taken 2 weeks postpartum (PP) and used for determination of lipid and glycogen content, respectively. Blood samples were collected weekly, starting from week 2 antepartum (AP) up to week 2 PP. Selected blood parameters and body condition scoring (BCS) were evaluated through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis as indication of fat and glycogen content in the liver. Postpartal low liver glycogen content (mode < 2.0, semiquantitative analysis of glycogen content in the liver tissue samples) can be indicated if values are higher than 0.16 mmol/L, and 3.5 mmol/L for NEFA, and glucose, respectively, and lower than 0.65 mmol/L and 17.94 mu U/mL for BHBA and insulin, respectively, 2 weeks AP. Postaprtal high liver fat content (>20%, stereological quantification of fat content in the liver tissue samples) can be indicated if values are higher than 3.5 for BCS at week 2 AP. Optimal time for indicating both low liver glycogen/high fat content is 1 week PP, with LDL < cut off point set at 0.18 mmol/L and BHBA > cut off point set at 0.88 mmol/L. Established cut off values in this study can be used for indication of fat and glycogen content in the liver of dairy cows.

Metabolički profil predstavlja merenje pojedinih biohemijskih parametara krvi koji su relevantni za procenu zdravstvenog statusa i proizvodnih sposobnosti visokomlečnih krava. Poseban značaj metaboličkog profila se ogleda u proceni i kontroli iskoristivosti hranljivih materija iz obroka kod različitih proizvodnih kategorija. Pored toga, on u farmskim uslovima omogućava pravovremeno otkrivanje poremećaja u funkciji pojedinih organa i/ili sistema organa, pogotovo kada su u pitanju poremećaji zdravlja koji se manifestuju nižom proizvodnjom mleka, smanjenom plodnošću i dugim servis periodom na nivou zapata. Za rutinsko određivanje parametara metaboličkog profila, u krvnom serumu krava se mere: koncentracija glukoze, ukupnih proteina, albumina, uree, kalcijuma, neorganskog fosfora, magnezijuma, ukupnog bilirubina, holesterola, triglicerida, beta hidroksi butirata (BHB), slobodnih masnih kiselina (NEFA) i aktivnost enzima za procenu funkcionalnog stanja jetre (AST i GGT). Parametri koje treba odrediti za dobijanje metaboličkog profila mogu biti različiti i utvrđuju se na osnovu zdravstvene, proizvodne i reproduktivne problematike pojedinih zapata. Svakako da odabir parametara određuje i poznavanje etiologije i patogeneze oboljenja koja mogu da se ispoljavaju u supkliničkoj i kliničkoj formi. Ispitivanjem treba obuhvatiti krave tokom svih faza proizvodno – reproduktivnog ciklusa, zasušenja, graviditeta, puerperijuma i laktacije. Za pravilno tumačenje izmerenih vrednosti metaboličkog profila neophodno je prethodno uzeti anamnestičke podatke o stadu, obaviti klinički pregled, proceniti uslove smeštaja i nege, odrediti telesnu kondiciju životinja, kvalitet hraniva, sastav obroka i režim ishrane.

Introduction. Neonatal calves are often deficient in iron. Accumulating evidence indicates that iron status is associated with disease pathologies including diarrhea. Our objective was to examine the association between iron status and gut function in neonatal calves with and without a history of calf diarrhea. Materials and Methods. Calves were divided into two groups based on their history of diarrhea; the first group were diarrheic calves (n=6) and the second group were non-diarrheic healthy calves (n=6). Blood samples (n=12) were collected at day 12 of age and erythrogram determination and measurements of serum iron and total iron binding capacity were performed. Hematological values were measured using an automatic analyzer, and biochemical properties were determined spectrophotometrically. Fecal samples were obtained from all calves and pH measured using semi quantitative test strips as well as being examined by bacterial cultivation for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Clostridium perfringens, by RT-PCR for the presence of bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus, and by microscopy for the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum. Results and Conclusions. There were significant iron-related changes for most hematological indices in diarrheic calves; and iron (Fe) deficiency and microcytic, hypochromic anemia were diagnosed. The pH of the feces was significantly higher in diarrheic calves than in the non-diarrheic healthy group (P lt 0.01). All fecal samples were negative for the analyzed enteric pathogens. According to the results obtained, calves experiencing iron deficiency anemia exhibit changes in gut function leading to diarrhea as compared with a matched group of healthy calves., Uvod. Neonatalna telad su često deficitarna u gvožđu. Brojni podaci ukazuju na povezanost nedostatka gvožđa sa različitim patološkim stanjima, uključujući i pojavu dijareje. Cilj rada bio je da se ispita povezanost statusa gvožđa i promena u funkciji digestivnog trakta novorođene teladi sa i bez znakova dijareje. Materijal i Metode. Telad su podeljena u dve grupe na osnovu pojave dijareje; prva grupa (n=6) telad sa dijarejom i druga grupa (n=6) klinički zdrava telad bez znakova dijareje. Uzorci krvi su uzeti od sve teladi 12. dana života i određeni su parametri crvene krvne slike, sadržaj serumskog gvožđa i ukupni kapacitet vezivanja gvožđa. Parametri crvene krvne slike određeni su automatskim hematološkim analajzerom, dok su biohemijski parametri određeni spektrofotometrijski. Uzorci fecesa uzeti su od sve teladi i izmerena je pH vrednost semikvantitativno pomoću test tračica. Bakteriološkim pregledom uzorci fecesa su ispitani na prisustvo enterotoksogenih Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. i Clostridium perfringens vrsta; RT-PCR metodom ispitani su na prisustvo goveđeg rotavirusa, coronavirusa i virusa goveđe virusne dijareje, dok su mikroskopski pregledani na prisustvo Cryptosporidium parvum. Rezultati i zaključak. Promene u koncentraciji gvožđa dovele su do pojave značajnih promena u hematološkim indeksima teladi sa dijarejom i pojavi mikrocitne hipohromne anemije. Vrednost pH fecesa je bila značajno veća kod teladi sa dijarejom u odnosu na zdravu telad. Svi uzorci fecesa bili su negativni na ispitivane enteropatogene uzročnike. U poređenju sa zdravom teladi, pretpostavka je da kod teladi sa anemijom koja je uzrokovana deficitom gvožđa nastaju promene u funkciji digestivnog trakta koje dovode do pojave dijareje.

Ideja ovog opisnog istraživanja je bila je da se dovedu u vezu različiti tehnološki postupci u gajenju svinja i njihov potencijalni uticaj na nastanak ezofagogastrričnog ulkusa. Na farmi “A” gde se primenjuje zatvoren sistem proizvodnje i životinje koje dolaze na klanje pripadaju istoj proizvodnoj partiji, broj nađenih ulkusa nije toliko značajan u odnosu na ukupan broj pregledanih uzoraka. Pa se može tvrditit da na ovoj farmi ezofagogastrični ulkus nije stalno prisutan kod svinja i da se promene javljaju sporadično. Na klanici “B” nađen je veći broj uzoraka mogao bi se pripisati dodatnim manipulacijama a time i stresu kojem su ove životinje izložene. S obzirom da su svinje poticale sa različitih manjih ili većih gazdinstava, dopremane su do klanice transportnim sredstvima i mešane sa drugim životinjama različitih kategorija, ne može se isključiti mogućnost da su takvi dodatni faktori mogli prouzrokovati progresiju već postojeće alteracije i dovesti do nastanka ulkusa.

In intensive rearing conditions, dairy cows are exposed to many factors that can cause health disorders and significant economic loses. Today, claw diseases are the main problem in high-milk cow's herd, along with metabolic diseases, mastitis and reproduction disorders. Claw diseases can have direct effects on reproductive parameters. The aim of our research was to determine the frequency of certain diseases of the locomotor apparatus of dairy cows on farms with tie stall system. In the period of two years, a total of 37,893 cows were examined, wherein the following has been found: Laminitis in 34,217 cows (90.30%), Dermatitis interdigitalis in 25,876 cows (68.29%), Dermatitis digitalis in 11,817 cows (31.18%), Rusterholz ulcer in 8,272 cows (21.83%), Fibroma in 3063 cows (8.08%), and Panaritium in 618 cows (1.63%). The results show that laminitis dominate in the herds. Considering the etiology of diseases determined at the farms it is primarily to focus on preventing the formation of metabolic disorders and adequate nutrition of the animals, and then on the improvement of housing conditions and the regular implementation of measures to prevent the spread of infectious claw diseases.

Mycoplasma bovis infection in grazing dairy cows has not been reported in the Republic of Serbia to date. It is important to monitor its seroprevalence on the feld. The presence of specifc antibodies against M. bovis in the blood serum of grazing dairy cows is investigated in the present study. A total of 131 blood serum samples of clinically healthy dairy cows were examined. Sampling was performed during 2013 from fve different areas in Serbia: Zasavica, Pozarevac, Gruza, Novi Sad and Banatski Karlovac. A commercial ELISA kit for diagnosis of M. bovis antibodies in blood serum samples, manufactured by Bio-X Diagnostics, Belgium, was used. Specifc antibodies against M. bovis were identifed in 13 out of 131 samples (9.92%) from 4 locations; the only negative location was the most southern Gruza. The revealed seroprevalence is evidence for the presence of M. bovis in grazing dairy cows in different locations of Serbia.