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Seed aging and deterioration affect seed vigor and viability. The characteristics of the chemical composition of oil crops seed are related to specific processes occurring in the seed during storage. This study was performed to examine the changes in seed vigor of different sunflower and soybean genotypes under controlled and conventional (uncontrolled) conditions of natural aging for six and twelve months. Obtained results show that the degree of seed damage and the ability of seed to resist the negative effects of aging were influenced by duration and type of storage, as well as seed characteristics of the tested genotypes. The most valuable vigor test for both sunflower and soybean was cold test.

Barley is one of the most important cereals grown in our agroecological conditions. The causal agent of loose smut on barley Ustilago nuda (Jensen) Rostrup occurs frequently as varieties susceptible to this pathogen are present in the production. Disease symptoms are manifested on barley head (spike). Parasite is transmitted by seed (seedborne) and stays in the embryo tissue of the infected kernel as dormant mycelium. Recommended method for detection of U. nuda is given by ISTA Rules (method 7-013). In tests, nine samples (weighing 120 g each) of naturally infected barley seed (about 1000 seeds, depending on the absolute mass of seed) were examined, observed and described using a Zeiss microscope with sub stage illumination with magnification range x 40 or higher. Mycelium of the fungus approximately 3 μ thick, golden brown in colour was detected and visible without a stain. The percentage of infected embryos in the examined samples of barley seeds ranged from 0.8% to 5.2%., Ječam spada u najvažnija strna žita koja se gaje u našim agroekološkim uslovima. Prouzrokovač otkrivene gari ječma Ustilago nuda (Jensen) Rostrup javlja se često, jer su u proizvodnji zastupljene sorte osetljive prema ovom patogenu. Simptomi bolesti se manifestuju na klasu. Parazit se prenosi semenom, a održava se u embrionu zaraženog semena u vidu mirujuće micelije. Prema preporuci International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) za detekciju U. nuda korišćen je metod brojanja zaraženih embriona. U ispitivanjima je korišteno 9 uzoraka prirodno zaraženog semena ječma (oko 1000 semena u zavisnosti od apsolutne mase semena). Posmatranje, ocena i fotografisanje zaraženih embriona obavljeno je pomoću Zeiss mikroskopa pri uveličanju od x 40. Konstatovana je micelija gljive debljine oko 3 μ, zlatno-mrke boje koja je vidljiva bez bojenja. Procenat zaraženosti embriona ispitivanih uzoraka semena ječma kretao se od 0,8% do 5,2%.

Carrot is among the most important vegetable crops because of its composition and vitamin content. The fungi belonging to genus Alternaria, especially A. dauci (Kühn) Groves et Skolk, causal agent of leaf spot and blight of carrots, and A. radicina Meier, Drechsler et Eddy, the agent of black root rot, can jeopardize the entire production of carrots. Both types can be found in a high percentage of seeds, carrots, parsley and celery. The method of detection filter paper (blotter method) and the method of isolation on malt agar were recommended by ISTA Rules. The presence of A. dauci (causal agent of leaf spot and blight of carrots) and A. radicina was performed on 12 samples of potentially infected carrot seeds originating from France, as part of laboratory ring tests. The presence of A. dauci and A. radicina using the filter paper method in 12 tested samples ranged from 0% to 21% and from 1% to 30% respectively. On MA medium the respective percentages ranged from 0% to 23% and from 1% to 31%., Mrkva spada u veoma značajnu povrtarsku biljnu vrstu zbog svog sastava i sadržaja vitamina. Gljive koje pripadaju rodu Alternaria, naročito A. dauci (Kühn) Groves et Skolk, prouzrokovač lisne pegavosti i sušenja lista, i A. radicina Meier, Drechsler et Eddy, prouzrokovač crne truleži korena mrkve mogu da ugroze celokupnu proizvodnju mrkve. Obe vrste se mogu u visokom procentu naći na semenu, ne samo mrkve, već i peršuna i celera. U cilju njihove detekcije preporučuje se metod filter papira i metod izolacije na hranljivoj podlozi (ISTA Rules). Ispitivanje prisustva A. dauci i A. radicina vršeno je na 12 uzoraka potencijalno zaraženog semena mrkve poreklom iz Francuske kao dela laboratorijskih kružnih testova. Procenat prisustva A. dauci metodom na filter papiru kretao se od 0% do 21%, dok je A. radicina bila prisutna od 1% do 30%. Na hranljivoj podlozi procenat prisustva A. dauci se kretao od 0% do 23% a A. radicina od 1% do 31%.

A Serbian government introduced a labeling system for products which contained genetically modified organisms (GMO) with threshold of 0.1% for grain and 0.9% for food and feed. In order to detect the presence of GM maize in the Serbian market, a triplex PCR was applied to maize grains and processed maize samples. In total 145 samples, 125 samples of maize seed and 25 processed maize were analysed in tree years period. The number of positive samples varied from 12% in 2006 year, to 14.5% in 2008. The estimated amounts of GM maize using Real Time PCR in 17 samples ranged between 0.1% and 0.9%, for most of them 0.2% or 0.3%. In two maize seed samples GMO content was higer than gt 0.9%, in 2006. Obtained results showed that maize seed has been contaminated with GM seed but in most cases under labeling treshold. Monitoring for transgenic crop plants is necessary, especially in cases, like in Serbia, when the crop has not been approved for release into the environment.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L) is widely used in the production of oil, animal feed and biodiesel. Quality of oilseed rape depends on the genotype meteorological conditions and crop management. It is important to provide sufficient quantities of soil nutrients before planting (basal fertilization), so that young plants may form a leaf rosette and prepare for a period of low winter temperature. This research was performed on four commercial genotypes of rapeseed (Banaćanka, Slavica, Express and Valeska) produced in the growing season 2008-2009. The following parameters were determined: germination, 1000-seed weight, oil content and fatty acids. Seed germination, 1000-seed weight and oil content depended on the genotype, but not on the applied NPK dose. The fatty acids content depended on the genotype and the amount of fertilizer applied., Uljana repica (Brassica napus L) nalazi veliku primenu u proizvodnji ulja ishrani domaćih životinja i proizvodnji biodizela. Kvalitet semena uljane repice zavisi od genotipa, meteoroloških i zemljišnih uslova, đubrenja i ostalih agrotehničkih mera. Veoma je važno da se zemljište obezbedi dovoljnim količinama hraniva pred setvu (osnovno đubrenje), kako bi mlade biljke mogle da formiraju lisnu rozetu i pripreme se za period niskih zimskih temperatura. Ispitivanja su izvedena sa četiri komercijalne sorte uljane repice (Banaćanka, Slavica, Express i Valeska) proizvedene u vegetacionoj sezoni 2008-2009. Ispitivani su sledeći parametri: klijavost semena, masa 1000 semena, sadržaj ulja i masnih kiselina. Klijavost semena, masa 1000 semena i sadržaj ulja zavisio je od sorte, ali ne i od primenjene doze NPK đubriva. Sadržaj masnih kiselina zavisio je i od sorte i od količine primenjene doze đubriva.

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed contains a large amount of proteins, amino acids, sugars, carbohydrates, vitamins A and C, calcium and phosphorous, and hence it is widely used for many purposes. Although field pea has moderate requirements for its growth, it is sensitive to increased salt content in soil. This research included eight varieties (Javor, Jantar, Partner, Kristal, Pionir, Junior, Trezor, Dukat) developed at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Sodium chloride solutions of various concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) were added in growing media to simulate saline conditions. The following were subsequently determined: seed germination, seedling length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings and 1000-seed weight. Among the analyzed varieties, variety Jantar expressed a high level of tolerance to increased salt content in growing media under laboratory conditions., Seme stočnog graška (Pisum sativum L.) sadrži veliku količinu proteina, amino kiselina, šećera, ugljeno-hidrata, vitamina A i C, kalcijuma i fosfora, te zbog toga nalazi široku primenu. Iako ima skromne zahteve za uspevanjem, stočni grašak se svrstava među kulture koje su osetljive na povećan sadržaj soli u zemljištu. Ispitivanje je obuhvatilo osam sorti (Javor, Jantar, Partner, Kristal, Pionir, Junior, Trezor, Dukat) stvorenih u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Simulirani su uslovi zaslanjenosti tako što su u podloge za naklijavanje dodati rastvori NaCl koncentracija 0, 50, 100 i 150 mM. Određivani su klijavost semena, dužina ponika, masa svežeg i suvog ponika i masa 1000 semena. Od ispitivanih sorti, sorta Jantar se izdvojila kao najtolerantnija na povećan sadržaj soli u podlogama za naklijavanje u laboratorijskim uslovima.

This work describes the incidence and distribution of the most important bean viruses in Serbia: Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). The viral isolates were characterized serologically and biologically. BCMV was found in the largest number of plants (30.53%), followed by BCMNV (2.67%), CMV (5.34%), and AMV (3.41%), since BYMV was not determined. Mixed viral infections were found in several samples. The RT-PCR method was used to prove that the tested isolates belong to the BCMV, family Potyviridae and strains Russian and NL-3 D. Results obtained in this work will enable further studies of the genetic variability of bean virus isolates from Serbia., Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje prisustva i rasprostranjenosti ekonomski najštetnijih virusa pasulja na području Vojvodine: Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) i Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Izolati virusa okarakterisani su serološki i biološki. U najvećem broju uzoraka konstatovan je BCMV (30,53%), u znatno manjem broju konstatovani su BCMNV (2,67%), CMV (5,35%), i AMV (3,41%), dok nijedan uzorak nije pokazao pozitivnu reakciju na BYMV. U nekoliko uzoraka je utvrđena mešana infekcije virusa. RT-PCR metoda je korišćena da bi se utvrdilo da li ispitivani izolati pripadaju BCMV, fam. Potyviridae i sojevima Russian i NL-3D. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu će omogućiti dalja istraživanja genetičke varijabilnosti izolata virusa pasulja iz Srbija.

A large number of microorganisms' parasite on maize seed. The most important of them are fungi. Blotter method and method of nutrient medium were used to examine the seed health of 90 maize seed samples from eight seed processing centres in the period 2006-2008. The presence of fungi from the genera Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Rhizopus was observed on maize seed. According to current regulations, level of infection caused by the fungi observed in all three years was within the normal limits. The percentage of infected samples was 45% in 2006, 40% in 2007, and 32% in 2008. Percentage of infection ranged from 0.25% to 5% in samples where the presence of fungi of the genus Fusarium was detected, while the percentage of infection on maize seed caused by the fungi from saprophite group (Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp.) ranged within the limits of 0.25% to 15%., Seme kukuruza parazitira veliki broj mikroorganizama, među kojima su najznačajnije gljive. Za ispitivanje zdravstvenog stanja 90 uzoraka semena kukuruza u periodu 2006-2008. iz osam doradnih centara, korišćen je metod vlažnog filter papira i metoda izolacije na hranljivoj podlozi. Na semenu kukuruza konstatovano je prisustvo gljiva iz rodova Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus i Rhizopus. Stepen zaraženosti semena kukuruza gljivama u sve tri posmatrane godine bio je u dozvoljenim granicama prema važećim propisima. Procenat zaraženih uzoraka iznosio je 45% u 2006, 40% u 2007. i 32% u 2008. U uzorcima u kojima je konstatovano prisustvo gljiva iz roda Fusarium procenat infekcije je iznosio od 0,25% do 5%, dok se procenat infekcije semena kukuruza gljivama iz grupe saprofita (Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. i Rhizopus spp.) kretao u granicama od 0,25% do 15%.

Red clover is the second most important perennial forage legume. Based on morphological characters alone, it is difficult to distinguish accessories of red clover from each other because they have overlapping variations in terms of the major delimiting morphological and biological characters. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic relationships of 32 red clover cultivars collected from European gene banks, as well as created in Serbia, based on seed storage proteins and isozymes. From 8 analyzed enzymic systems, there were no differences in zymograms for six enzymes only two enzymes were polymorphic. Two different allelic variants were found for enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase and three for phosphohexose isomeraze. The seed proteins in the area of higher molecular high weight, 55- 95 kDa, were identified as polimorphic. All the cultivars were placed into three clusters on the basis of Ward's distance range. The cluster pattern showed correlation between genetic diversity and geographic origin. Genetic distance between cultivars based on protein fingerprint could be used as a tool to control and protect intellectual property right over plant breeding material., Crvena detelina je druga po značaju višegodišnja krmna leguminoza. U radu je proučavan proteinski polimorfizam sorti crvene deteline iz Srbije u poređenju sa sortama iz zapadne i severne Evrope koje se koriste kao standardni u procesu registracije i zaštite sorti poljoprivrednog bilja prema protokolu UPOV organizacije. Metodom horizontalne elektroforeze, na 11% skrobnom gelu, analizirani su enzimski sistemi: kisela fosfataza (ACP), šikimik dehidrogenaza (ShDH), malik enzim (ME), beta glukozidaza (ßGLU), izocitrat dehidrogenaza (IDH), malat dehidrogenaza (MDH), fosfoglukozo izomeraza (PGM), fosfoheksozo izomeraza (PHI). Polimorfizam proteina semena analiziran je 12% SDS PAGE elektroforezom iz homogenizovanog uzorka semena. Enzim PHI je imao tri, ShDH dve alelne varijante, dok su ostali enzimi bili monomorfni. Proteini semena su polimorfni, naročito proteini velikih molekulskih masa u opsegu 50-80 kDa. Multivarijacionom analizom (Ward's distance range) izdvojena su tri klastera, medu kojima se posebno izdvaja podgrupa koja obuhvata NS sorte crvene deteline, što ukazuje na srodnost materijala koji je korišćen u stvaranju ovih sorti. U odnosu na nivo ploidnosti takođe se izdvaja zaseban podklaster u kojem dominiraju tetraploidne forme crvene deteline sa severa Evrope. Polimorfizam proteina semena sorti crvene deteline bi mogao da se koristi kao dopunski pokazatelj u procesu njihove registracije i zaštite.

One of the main features that confer high quality to the seed is its genetic purity. Genetic impurities in sunflower seed lot can originate from seed due to self-pollination, uncontrolled cross-pollination or mechanical mixing of seeds. Genetic purity of 18 seed lots of sunflower parental lines is controlled by comparative analysis of morphological traits and electrophoretic analysis 4 isoenzyme systems, according to the UPOV guidelines for DUS test of sunflower lines and hybrids. In 83.3% of the total analysed samples, results in the field and laboratory were in agreement. In parental line R-8 5% genetic impurity was found by isoenzyme analysis, which was not detected based on morphological characteristics, while electrophoretic analysis of samples L-10 and L-11 showed less genetic impurities in comparison with the analysis in the field., Jedna od važnih komponenti kvaliteta semena jeste njegova sortna, odnosno genetska čistoća. Uzroci nesortnih primesa mogu poticati od semena nastalog usled nekontrolisane samooplodnje, stranooplodnje ili usled mehaničkog mešanja semena. Genetska čistoća 18 partija roditeljskih linija suncokreta kontrolisana je uporednom analizom morfoloških osobina i elektroforetskom analizom 4 izoenzimska sistema, prema UPOV uputstvu za DUS analizu linija i hibrida suncokreta. U 83,3% od ukupno ispitanih uzoraka, rezultati u polju i laboratoriji su bili u saglasnosti. Kod roditeljske linije R-8 analizom izoenzima pronađeno je 5% genetske nečistoće koja nije konstatovana na osnovu morfoloških karakteristika, dok je elektroforetska analiza uzoraka L-10 i L-11 pokazala manju genetsku nečistoću u poređenju sa analizom u polju.

Genetically modified (GMO) rapeseed (Brassica napus) is not grown commercially in European Union, but several lines have been approved for production and use as food and feed. A case-specific monitoring of herbicide-tolerant rapeseed, events RT73, RF3 and T45 was established by Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Serbia. The objectives of the present study were to introduce methods for detection of herbicide-tolerant GM oilseed rape, investigate occurrence and monitor the presence of GM rapeseed in seed and the feed products, as well as to develop a protocol for quantification. The study was based on 48 samples, rapeseed (33) and feed (15) products, imported from EU countries (Germany, Belgium, France, Czech Republic, Austria) and from domestic market. Seven positive feed samples and no positive seed samples have found. The percent of GMO in feed samples, estimated on semi-quantitative way, was below labelling threshold. Adventitious presence of GM materials in non-GM grain, derived food and feedstuffs is a concern to international grain trade and needs continuous monitoring.

The effect of seed moisture content at harvest on the most important parameters of dry pea was examined. The seed moisture content, germination energy, germination, proportion of abnormal seedlings and 1000-seed weight were analyzed in three dry pea cultivars (Jezero, Javor and NS-Junior) and at eight harvest stages. At the first harvest stage, seed moisture content was 20.44%, while at the eighth stage it was 11.26%. The best seed quality, with germination energy of 81.70% and germination of 90.11%, was at the sixth harvest time when seed moisture content was 12.92%. The poorest seed quality one was at the first harvest stage, with germination energy of 68.55% and germination of 78.56%. Cultivar Jezero, with shorter growing season, determinant stem growth and uniform maturity, had the highest germination energy (82.00%), germination (92.21%) and percent of abnormal seedlings (1.96%). Cultivar NS Junior, with the longest growing season, indeterminant stem growth and non-uniform maturity, had the lowest germination energy (70.39%) and germination (76.54%), and the highest percent of abnormal seedlings (3.58%)., U radu je ispitivan uticaj vlažnosti semena u žetvi na najznačajnije parametre kvaliteta proteinskog graška. Analizirana je vlažnost semena u momentu žetve, energija klijanja, klijavost, udeo atipičnih ponika i masa 1000 semena kod tri sorte (Jezero, Javor i NS Junior) pri osam rokova žetve. Prvi rok žetve bio je sa sadržajem vlage od 20,44%, a poslednji, osmi, sa 11,26%. Najbolji kvalitet semena (energija klijanja 81,78%, klijavost 90,11%) bio je pri šestom roku žetve u kojem je vlaga iznosila 12,92%, a najlošiji pri prvom roku (energija 68,55%, klijavost 78,56%). Najvišu energiju klijanja (82,00%), klijavost (92,21%) i najmanji udeo atipičnih ponika (1,96%) imala je sorta Jezero koja se odlikuje najkraćom vegetacijom, determinantnim porastom stabla i ujednačenim sazrevanjem. Najnižu energiju klijanja (70,39%), klijavost (76,54%) i najveći udeo atipičnih ponika (3,58%) imala je sorta NS Junior, sa najdužom vegetacijom, nedeterminantnim porastom stabla i neujednačenim sazrevanjem.

Three field pea genotypes (NS Junior, Jezero and Javor) have been assessed for effects of genotype and mechanical damage during harvest on most important parameters of the physical quality of seed. Four harvest treatments were examined (hand harvest, mechanized harvest at 500, 650 and 800 rpm). After harvest, purity of harvested seed and percentages of seeds damaged by insects, seeds with cracked seed coat and broken seeds were analyzed. Highest contents of seeds with damaged seed coat (9.0%) and broken seeds (11.3%) were found in Javor, the genotype with largest seeds. After seed processing, seed vigor, germination, proportion of atypical seedlings and 1000-seed weight were determined. Lowest values of seed vigor and germination (79.8% and 84.9%, respectively) and the largest proportion of atypical seedlings (11.4%) were found in the genotype Javor. Highly significant correlations were found between seed vigor, germination and atypical seedlings on one side and 1000-seed weight on the other (r=-0.53**, r=-0.51**, and r=0.60**, respectively). Damages that increase the portion of atypical seedlings have the largest impact on the quality of pea seeds. This characteristic is determined by the genotype, which should be kept in mind when defining objectives of field pea breeding programs., Ispitivan je uticaj genotipa i mehaničkih oštećenja tokom žetve na najznačajnije parametre fizičkog kvaliteta semena proteinskog graška kod tri genotipa (NS Junior, Jezero i Javor), pri četiri tretmana žetve (ručna žetva, mehanizovana žetva pri 500, 650 i 800 o/min). Utvrđena je čistoća naturalnog semena posle žetve, udeo semena oštećenih od insekata, semena sa napuklom semenjačom i polomljenih semena. Najviši sadržaj semena sa oštećenom semenjačom (9.0%) i polomljenog semena (11.3%) utvrđen je kod genotipa sa najkrupnijim semenom, Javora. Nakon dorade semena utvrđeni su energija klijanja, klijavost, udeo atipičnih klijanaca i masa 1000 semena. Najnižu energiju klijanja (79.8%) i klijavost (84.9%) i najveći udeo atipičnih ponika (11.4%) imao je genotip Javor. Takođe, pucanje semenjače pre žetve najizraženije je kod Javora, koji je na tretmanu ručne žetve imao najnižu energiju klijanja i klijavost (84.7% i 89.7%) i najveći udeo atipičnih ponika (8.3%). Utvrđene su visoko signifikantne korelacije energije klijanja, klijavosti i udela atipičnih ponika sa masom 1000 semena (r=-0.53**, r=-0.51**, i r=0.60**).

The objective of this work was to quantify the accumulation of the major seed storage protein subunits, beta-conglycinin and glycinin, and how they influence yield and protein and oil contents in high-protein soybean genotypes. The relative accumulation of subunits was calculated by scanning SDS-PAGE gels using densitometry. The protein content of the tested genotypes was higher than control cultivar in the same maturity group. Several genotypes with improved protein content and with unchanged yield or oil content were developed as a result of new breeding initiatives. This research confirmed that high-protein cultivars accumulate higher amounts of glycinin and beta-conglycinin. Genotypes KO5427, KO5428, and KO5429, which accumulated lower quantities of all subunits of glycinin and beta-conglycinin, were the only exceptions. Attention should be given to genotypes KO5314 and KO5317, which accumulated significantly higher amounts of both subunits of glycinin, and to genotypes KO5425, KO5319, KO539 and KO536, which accumulated significantly higher amounts of beta-conglycinin subunits. These findings suggest that some of the tested genotypes could be beneficial in different breeding programs aimed at the production of agronomically viable plants, yielding high-protein seed with specific composition of storage proteins for specific food applications.

The addition of soybean proteins to processed meat products has significantly increased in recent years due to the interesting functional and nutritional properties of these vegetable proteins. Since the Roundup Ready (RR) soybean is the only transgenic soybean line approved for market in EU this work was aimed at monitoring its presence in meat products on the Serbian food market. The extracted DNA was analyzed using duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primer pairs aimed at the lectin gene and 35S promoter. Samples positive for the presence of GM soybean were subjected to a real-time quantification of the percentage of RR soya. The results indicated that out of fifty processed meat products examined, twelve gave positive results with 35S promoter and all contained RR soya below 0.1%.

Sunflower is an important source of oil and proteins necessary for development of healthy humans. By producing sunflower seeds, the main gains a possibility to use oil and proteins in different forms. The content of the observed parameters varies and depends on numerous factors. Environmental factors, the choice of genotypes and measures that apply during the production of seed all influence the content of oil and proteins in sunflower seed, as well as seed germination, one of the most important seed characteristics. Based on the results obtained by comparing the observed parameters, further interdependence (correlation) of the observed parameters of sunflower seed quality is established. Significant differences were determined between localities in which sunflower seed was produced. During the research, significant positive and negative correlations were found between the observed parameters of sunflower seed quality.

It is known that the main components of the seed storage proteins contribute to the quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] food products. The objective of this study was to investigate content of the two of them [glycinin (11S) and β-conglycinin (7S) fractions] and their respective subunits on the new high-protein soybean genotypes from the Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. Subunits were resolved by SDS-PAGE and gels were analyzed by scanning densitometry. Out of 20 analyzed genotypes, the β' and β subunits of β- conglycinin were significantly higher in all of the genotypes except KO531 and KO5431. The β subunit of β-conglycinin was significantly higher in genotypes KO535 KO5437, KO534, KO537, KO539, KO5439, KO532, KO5435, KO538, KO5438 and KO533. The acetic polypeptides of glycinin were significantly higher in genotypes KO5439, KO5437, KO5436, KO5438, KO5432, KO5435, KO5433 and KO5434. The basic polypeptides of glycinin were not significantly higher only in genotypes KO539, KO536, KO538, KO535 and KO533. In conclusion, it appears that among the new high-protein genotypes there are genotypes with different amount of subunits that should be bread in the future for a desired level of the protein components. ., Rezervni proteini soje [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] imaju veliku nutritivnu vrednost zbog čega imaju veliku primenu u prehrambenoj industriji. Procena sadržaja dva glavna rezervna proteina, glicinina (11S) i β-conglicinina (7S), i njihovih subjudinica kod visokoproteinskih genotipova soje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad uradjena je denzitometrijskim skeniranjem SDS- poliakrilamidnih gelova. Od 20 analiziranih genotipova, sadržaj α' i α subjedinica b-konglicinina je bio signifikantno veći kod svih, osim kod genotipova KO531 i KO5431. Genotipovi KO535 KO5437, KO534, KO537, KO539, KO5439, KO532, KO5435, KO538, KO5438 i KO533 su imali signifikantno veći sadržaj βsubjedinice β- konglicinina. Sadržaj kiselih subjedinica glicinina je statistički značajno bio viši kod genotipova KO5439, KO5437, KO5436, KO5438, KO5432, KO5435, KO5433 i KO5434. Bazne subjedinice glicinina nisu bile signifikantno povećane samo kod genotipova KO539, KO536, KO538, KO535 i KO533. Presentovani rezultati pokazuju da visokoproteinski genotipovi imaju značajne razlike u sadržaju polipepditnih subjedinica i da bi neki od njih mogli biti značajni u programu oplemenjivanja na željeni sadržaj proteinskih komponenti rezervnih proteina semena soje.

Maintenance of genetic uniformity of lines and hybrids is a prerequisite for successful production and placement of commercial hybrid seed on the market. Genetic purity of seed as specific seed trait is of great significance for seed science. Protein markers, seed storage proteins and isozymes, which are commonly used for the estimation of genetic purity, were used in this work to estimate genetic purity in sunflower hybrids. Analysis of helianthinin revealed tree zymogram patterns within and between sixteen sunflower hybrids. All of the 6 enzymatic systems analyzed, MDH, PGM, PHI, PGD, IDH and ACP, were polymorphic. A comparative analysis of genetic purity level of the sunflower hybrids was performed using electrophoretic methods. The methods of electrophoretic separation of isozymes and seed storage proteins were in agreement, with differences ranging from 1% to 5% in 81% of the samples. The level of polymorphism obtained by both methods was not distinct enough to be used in genotype identification.

The biochemical marker phaseolin and isozymes were used in this work to display the variation of common bean germ plasma. Fifteen bean genotypes of different origin i. e. selections were studied. From 8 analyzed enzymic systems, enzymes MDH, SKDH, ME and IDH were polymorphic, while there were no differences in zymograms for enzymes PGM, PHI, PGD, and ADH. Analysis of phaseolin revealed two types: S and T. The S type of phaseolin was found in most of analyzed genotypes (9). Phaseolin type T was found in varieties of Novi Sad selection: Zlatko, Sremac and Aster, domestic population Žuto-zeleni Stepanovićevo and Jovandeka, Croatian variety Slavonski žuto-zeleni. Those varieties were developed from domestic populations from north-west region of Balkan, Slavonia, and Vojvodina., U radu je proučeno 15 sorti pasulja različitog porekla i selekcija, iz banke gena Zavoda za povrtarstvo Naučnog instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad. Analizirano je 8 enzimskih sistema i rezervni protein fazeolin. Različite alelne varijante nađene su za enzime: MDH, ME, SKDH i IDH. Većina analiziranih genotipova (9) ima S tip fazeolina. Sorte novosadske selekcije: Zlatko, Sremac i Aster, domaće populacije Žuto zeleni Stepanovićevo i Jovandeka, hrvatska sorta Slavonski žuto-zeleni imaju T tip fazeolina. Novosadske sorte su nastale izborom iz domaćih populacija iz severozapadnog područja Balkana, Slavonije i Vojvodine. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da se u procesu stvaranja novih sorti u klimatskim uslovima naše zemlje i regiona koristila germplazme iz Srednje i iz Južne Amerike. Po prvi put su izvršene analize i karakterizacije sorti Zavoda za povrtarstvo Naučnog instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, na proteinskom nivou. Rezultati polimorfizma fazeolina i izoenzima predstavljaju dobru polaznu osnovu za dalja istraživanja banke gena pasulja i primenu molekularnih markera.

Assuming that drought affects corn seed performance, such conditions were simulated in this study in order to examine their effects on seedling geminability and length in several corn genotypes. The study showed that the tested seeds tolerated the stress conditions up to a certain point. The studied genotypes differed in level of resistance to the stress conditions. Salt concentrations were determined, which were capable of negatively affecting seed germinability and seedling growth., Seme različitih genotipova kukuruza izloženo je različitim nepovoljnim faktorima. Simulirani su uslovi suše i njen uticaj na klijavost i dužinu ponika kod pojedinih genotipova kukuruza. Seme svih biljnih vrsta je osetljivo na pojavu suše, koja može javiti u vreme setve. Suša može da utiče na smanjenje klijavosti semena kukuruza kao i na smanjenje dužine korena i dužine nadzemnog dela ponika. Ispitivanja su pokazala razliku između genotipova u otpornosti na sušu. Takođe ispitivanjem su utvrđene koncentracije koje mogu imati negativan uticaj kako na klijavost semena tako i na porast klice. Istraživanje je pokazalo da ispitivano seme može podneti određene stresne uslove.

Isozymes can serve as genetic markers and their number should be large enough in order to make the coverage of genomes as complete as possible and in order to use these methods for gene marking for required agronomic traits. These markers are the products of 21 mapped genes, which is relatively reliable number for their application in mapping for certain agronomic traits. Genetic variability and diversity are significant for populations and for selfpolinated lines as basic material in breeding and creation of new corn hybrids. For that reason, several groups of corn populations of different origin were analyzed. Two groups of Yugoslav populations, Italian, Portuguese and French collections were assessed on the basis of detected alleles of 21 loci and standard genetic distances between genotypes. Yugoslav corn collections had shown high heterozygosity, on the basis of isozymes as gene markers. Genetic diversity of Italian populations was pronounced on the basis of some loci, and the Portuguese populations had more polymorphic and more heterozygous loci than French populations Inter-genetic variability between populations and their geographical location are very important in breeding crops for creation of heterosis., Izoenzimi se koriste kao genetski markeri, a njihov broj treba da bude dovoljno velik da bi pokrivenost genoma bila što veća i kao takvi su markeri gena za tražena agronomska svojstva. Upotrebljeni markeri su proizvodi 21 mapiranog gena, što predstavlja relativno pouzdan broj za tumačenje genetske osnove određenih osobina genotipa. Genetska varijabilnost i divergentnost su značajne za populacije i samooplodne linije, kao osnovni materijal u selekciji i stvaranju novih hibrida kukuruza. Iz tog razloga analizirano je nekoliko grupa populacija kukuruza različitog porekla. Dve grupe jugoslovenskih populacija, italijanska, portugalska i francuska kolekcija bile su ocenjene na osnovu alelne varijabilnosti za 21 lokus i standardne genetske udaljenosti unutar svake populacije. Jugoslovenske kolekcije kukuruza su pokazale visoku heterogenost na bazi izoenzima kao gen. markera Genetska divergentnost italijanske kolekcije je naglašena na bazi nekih lokusa, a portugalska je imala više polimorfnih i heterozigotnih lokusa od francuske kolekcije, što znači veći potencijal genetske varijabilnosti Inter-genetska varijabilnost između populacija i njihove geografske lokacije veoma su značajan uslov u selekciji biljnih vrsta i njihov heterozis.

U jesen 2000. godine, bili su izuzetno nepovoljni uslovi za setvu ozimih strnina. Dug beskišni period otežavao je predsetvenu pripremu zemljišta, pa je u značajnom procentu došlo do setve u monokulturi (strnina na strninu), a zabeležene su i parcele na kojima je ponovljena setva iste sorte na istoj površini (sorta na sortu). Odluka da se ozima strna žita seju u monokulturi bila je neopravdana, pre svega zbog mogućnosti jače pojave bolesti i neizbežnog gubitka prinosa. Međutim, presudili su ekonomski činioci i nepovoljni uslovi za predsetvenu pripremu.