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The article discusses the role that the 1941 U.S. Lend-Lease Act played in U.S. assistance and repair of British Royal Navy warships at American shipyards in 1941, including the U.S. Navy's willingness to divert resources towards the repair of British warships. An overview of the impact that Great Britain's participation in World War II had on its inability to provide maintenance and repair to its own warships, including in regard to the impact of German bombing of British warship and merchant ships, is provided.

An essay is presented about the history of a Japanese submarine attack on Fort Stevens in Oregon during World War II. Topics discussed include the assault on Battery Russell on June 21, 1942 by the Japanese submarine I-25, commanded by Meiji Tagami, the claims that I-25 intended to attack a submarine base off nearby Tongue Point instead of Fort Stevens, and reasons why Battery Pratt and Battery Russell were not allowed to return fire.

The article presents letters from Robert Hickson Jr. to his family in Portland, Oregon, written between 1940-1945 while he was deployed by the U.S. Army during World War II. In the lettrs, Hickson talks about his work which he describes as similar to a war-horse on the redistribution of some Signal Operation Instructions (SOIs), the climate in France, and the red cross clubs.

This article explores the activities of the United States Committee for the Care of European Children (USCOM), a non-sectarian rescue organization that operated throughout World War II. USCOM managed to bring to the US a total of approximately 1,300 children--both Jewish and non-Jewish--in two separate operations: the first from Britain in 1940, and the second from concentration camps in southern France between 1941 and 1944. In its effort to find suitable host families for the children in the United States, the committee cooperated mainly with Jewish organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the work of American think tanks in foreign policy-making immediately before and during World War II. It argues that two well established organizations, the Council on Foreign Relations and the Institute of Pacific Relations, were particularly influential. Both became involved in government planning for future U.S. policy in East Asia through their wartime programs. They collaborated with official U.S. government planners through outsourcing projects, hosted official and unofficial discussion groups and conferences, supported networking, and funded policy-relevant research and publications. The activities of these two organizations helped to define the range of policy options planners and politicians considered, include the ideas of outside experts into the work of government, and facilitate cooperation between the United States and its allies on postwar planning. The interaction between the U.S. government and interwar think tanks had a lasting impact on American-East Asian relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the historical allied military victory of the U.S. during the World War II and historical development of the political system of U.S.

Re-contextualising the industrial evolution of transmedia storytelling—itself typically branded a product of contemporary media convergence—this article examines the industrial role of transmedia storytelling during a period of Classical Hollywood. Exploring the roles of licensing, corporate authorship and cross-industrial relations amidst the cultural context of the Second World War, the article draws on Superman and the expansions of the character’s storyworld across multiple media during the 1940s and 1950s to assess how the media of comics, radio, cinema and television can be recognised during this period as convergent industry platforms where transmedia narratives unfolded. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A reprint of the article "War, Depression, and the Presidency, 1933-50," by Clinton Rossiter, which appeared in volume 17, number 4 of the journal in December 1950. The article discusses the U.S.'s Great Depression, World War II in the U.S. and American executive, or presidential, and emergency powers from 1933 through 1950. An overview of the relationship between the U.S. Congress and the president, including the constitutional nature of the relationship and Congress's relationship with U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, is provided.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was a projective psychological test created by Harvard psychologist Henry A. Murray and his lover Christina Morgan in the 1930s. The test entered the nascent intelligence service of the United States (the OSS) during the Second World War due to its celebrated reputation for revealing the deepest aspects of an individual's unconscious. It subsequently spread as a scientifically objective research tool capable not only of dredging the unconscious depths, but also of determining the best candidate for a management position, the psychological complexes of human nature, and the unique characteristics of a culture. Two suppositions underlie the utility of the test. One is the power of narrative. The test entails a calculated abuse of the subjects tested, based on their inability to interpret their own narrative. The form of the test requires that a subject fail to decipher the coded, unconscious meaning their narrative reveals. Murray believed the interpretation of a subject's narrative and the projection contained therein depended exclusively on the psychologist. This view of interpretation stems from the seemingly more reasonable belief of nineteenth-century Romantic thinkers that a literary text serves as a proxy for an author's deepest self. The TAT also supposes that there is something beyond consciousness closely resembling a psychoanalytic unconscious, which also has clear precedents in nineteenth-century German thought. Murray's views on literary interpretation, his view of psychology as well as the continuing prevalence of the TAT, signals a nineteenth-century concept of self that insists “on relations of depth and surface, inner and outer life” (Galison 2007, 277). It is clear the hermeneutic practice of Freud's psychoanalysis, amplified in Jung, drew on literary conceptions of the unconscious wider than those of nineteenth-century psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the artwork of Japanese American artist Miné Okubo, focusing on the use of her drawings of Japanese people by the business magazine "Fortune" during and after World War II. Other topics include information on Okubo's memoir "Citizen 13660," how the mass incarceration of Japanese and Japanese Americans during World War II influenced Okubo's work, and the use of Okubo's drawings in "Fortune" as propaganda for postwar recovery in Asia.

A voluntary army's quality exceeds or falls below a drafted army's average quality depending on whether selection is advantageous or adverse. Using a collection of data sets that cover the majority of the US Army soldiers during World War II, we test for adverse selection into the army. Rather, we find advantageous selection: volunteers and drafted men showed no significant difference in fatalities, but volunteers earned distinguished awards at a higher rate than drafted men, particularly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Analyses at the level of units concur with our findings based on enlistment records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between U.S. media outlets and the U.S. Office of War Information during World War II, focusing on the efforts of the U.S. Naval Women's Reserve public relations officers to incorporate positive war messages in the media. Other topics include the development of a media booklet with themes and important dates, information on the messages used in mass-market publications, and how the messages varied depending on the perceived audience.

The article discusses war bond posters produced by the U.S. government during World War I and World War II and their significance in fundraising and national cohesion. It examines posters within the collection of the U.S. National Air and Space Museum, the varying themes of the posters by artists such as Howard Chandler Christy, Joseph Pennell, and Boris Artzybasheff.

The article discusses data compiled by the U.S. government and the evacuation and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. It also examines the U.S. Commission of Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), war powers asserted by the administration of then-U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and research concerning the involvement of the U.S. agency the Census Bureau in the Japanese American internment program.

A case study is presented on the traveling art exhibition titled "Art of New Zealand" to museums in North America in 1941 sponsored by the philanthropic trust the Carnegie Corporation of New York, including in regard to the exhibition's cancellation. The role that the exhibition played in U.S. and New Zealand's relations at the beginning of World War II, including in regard developing cultural relations between the countries, is discussed. An overview of the Director of the Yale University Art Gallery Theodore "Tubby" Sizer's role in curating the exhibition is provided.

Thirty years ago Lichtenstein, Stone, Lynd, et al. accused the National War Labor Board (NWLB) of pursuing policies that crushed worker militancy during World War II, with dreadful long-term consequences. Critiquing that view in this article, Ronald Schatz offers a new interpretation. First, the board contributed to the production of goods essential to the war by mediating between unions and corporations, which in turn helped forestall a “labor draft.” Second, it trained a corps of capable arbitrators acceptable to both unions and management who went on to become the principal intermediaries in American industries for decades. Third, the board required corporations and unions to accept binding-arbitration clauses that over time tended to be more beneficial to workers and unions than to stockholders and management. Finally, the system constructed in 1942–45 served as a model when government and service workers organized in the 1960s. The article is based on close examination of meetings of the NWLB and the regional war labor boards as well as the background and perspective of George Taylor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The militarization of women during the Second World War, unprecedented in both quantitative and qualitative terms, has been accounted for variously, though unsatisfactorily, with regard to the impact on the warring nations' gender order. Using national variations in the accessibility of combat functions to women, the degree of pressure exerted on a given war-time society's gender order is explored by comparing Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, which differ markedly regarding both the military exigencies placed upon them and the degree of female militarization adopted. The comparative perspective reveals differences in what dimensions are perceived as problematic in the relation of gender and combat and what are the conditions shaping this perception. Secondly, the conditions become apparent under which combat functions are made available to women, and thirdly, the long-term effects of the reconfiguration of the gender order under war-time conditions can be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the changes in the activities and structure of the U.S. Department of State described in an untitled memorandum prepared by the U.S. Office of the Director of Personnel that led to the U.S. entry and participation into World War II. Among the changes were the rename of the Special Division into Special war Problems Division, the reorganization of the State Department, and new offices falling under the supervision of an Assistant Secretary.

This essay investigates World War II-era newsreels in order to understand how journalistic discourses create the means for understanding emerging technologies within the practice of journalism. The essay lays out a theoretical rationale influenced by Walter Benjamin for looking at how emerging technologies are understood through public discourse. The analysis looks at newsreels as a form of visual storytelling that presaged television news, and we argue that the wartime press provided a milieu for understanding how newsreels, as a journalistic medium, could be critiqued and understood as a storytelling form and how this form of critique played an important part in characterizing their content as journalistically valid. By focusing on issues of production and censorship alongside the aesthetic and technical aspects of the newsreels, the press created the terms by which newsreels could be judged, evaluated, and eventually integrated into the broader production of journalism. Our analysis shows that while issues of production were important, newsreels gained their greatest legitimacy through the celebration and lionizing of the cameramen as courageous newsgatherers, equal in stature to the soldiers they filmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 1943 to 1945 traveling photograph exhibition "Road to Victory: A Procession of Photographs of the Nation at War," organized the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, designed by designer Herbert Bayer. Topics include the role of Edward Steichen as curator of the exhibition, the relationship of Bayer to the National Socialist (Nazi) government and its propaganda before his exile from Austria, and American aspects of the "Road to Victory" exhibition. The display of the exhibition in London, England as "America Marches with the United Nations" is noted, along with the display of the exhibition at the Honolulu Museum of Art in Honolulu, Hawaii.

The article discusses the political aspects of American modernist free verse within U.S. periodical culture during World War I, including in regard to American Bohemian culture and the periodical the "Saturday Evening Post." An overview of the conception of freedom within periodical culture is provided.

No lobby reacted with more hostility to Jewish refugees from Nazi-dominated Europe than did the medical profession, yet refugee physicians ultimately fared better than any other occupational group. The counter-campaign waged by a group of American doctors partly resolves this paradox. The National Committee for the Resettlement of Foreign Physicians helped immigrants pass licensing exams in the rapidly shrinking number of states that allowed them to take the tests, and to procure exemptions in the growing number of states that did not. It thus helped physicians to become the only refugees collectively to retain their professional status in their new country. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay highlights post-1945 intertwined aesthetic and political radicalisms in the visual arts, drawing on key examples from the United States and Western Europe in the decades from the end of World War II to the present. It seeks to explore the complex relations between selected artists, practices, and products, and nascent spectacular global capitalism (including some of spectacle's "technical means of production," such as perspectival representations). Drawing on elements of the well-known critique of spectacle developed by Guy Debord, the essay posits a tradition, or lineage, of "utopian globalism" in the visual arts, traceable back to the time of the Russian Revolution and active, in mutating form, across the world in the period from 1917 up until the late capitalist 1990s. In a discussion linking artworks by Vladimir Tatlin, Pablo Picasso, and Joseph Beuys to the work of 1960s artists Robert Smithson, Jan Dibbets, and Douglas Huebler, the essay posits the existence of a tradition of "anti-anti- utopian" thinking and art making. Inspired by Fredric Jameson's recent analyses of science fiction, the identification of this tradition constitutes a means to keep alive the possibility of systemic social transformation and an end to destructive and self-destructive Cold War legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent did U.S. intelligence believe that Imperial Japanese forces would invade the West Coast, an idea that many believe was responsible for the alleged atmosphere of wartime hysteria that led to mass confinement of West Coast Japanese Americans? Based on unused archival materials, this article shows that these agencies dismissed the idea of an impending Japanese invasion, shown by their negative reaction to Korean nationalist Kilsoo Haan's "Yellow Peril" prediction of a Japanese invasion of California in 1943. It also demonstrates that assumptions about Yellow Peril ideas require more nuanced analysis, for they were not universally accepted or as widespread as often believed. The article concludes with observations on Kilsoo Haan, U.S. intelligence, and Japanese American internment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case studies are presented on the social impact of World War II defense industrial factories on white Appalachian people and African Americans in Cincinnati, Ohio and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania through the 1960s. An overview of the social aspects regarding housing for factory workers in the aforementioned cities is provided.

World War II temporarily halted the rise in high school and college graduation rates. This article shows that manpower mobilization for World War II decreased educational attainment among high school-age females during the early 1940s, reduced employment and earnings, and altered decisions regarding family formation. I then provide evidence that women in this cohort returned to school in later life and relate these findings to the “quiet revolution” taking place as women learned about the benefits of school and work over the second half of the twentieth century.“Education has been ever in the nation's service. But in these days of total war that service has a new significance. ‘You're in the Army now’ is no cliché–it is an expression of national necessity.”1 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses Spanish shipping agents in New York City and the power of the U.S. government in patrolling the borderlands of the Atlantic Ocean during World War II. It examines New York Spanish shipping brokers Marcelino Garcia Rubiera and Manuel Diaz Riestra and their role in World War II-era transatlantic shipping, their opposition to the Spanish Republic and support for Spanish military leader Francisco Franco, and their associations with the Axis powers. It also discusses U.S. government surveillance and investigation of the activities of Garcia and Diaz.