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Food processing wears down teeth, thus affecting tooth functionality and evolutionary success. Other than intrinsic silica phytoliths, extrinsic mineral dust/grit adhering to plants causes tooth wear in mammalian herbivores. Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) is widely applied to infer diet from microscopic dental wear traces. The relationship between external abrasives and dental microwear texture (DMT) formation remains elusive. Feeding experiments with sheep have shown negligible effects of dust-laden grass and browse, suggesting that intrinsic properties of plants are more important. Here, we explore the effect of clay- to sand-sized mineral abrasives (quartz, volcanic ash, loess, kaolin) on DMT in a controlled feeding experiment with guinea pigs. By adding 1, 4, 5, or 8% mineral abrasives to a pelleted base diet, we test for the effect of particle size, shape, and amount on DMT. Wear by fine-grained quartz (>5/ abrasive-free control diet. Fine silt-sized quartz (∼5 μm) results in higher surface anisotropy and lower roughness (polishing effect). Coarse-grained volcanic ash leads to significantly higher complexity, while fine sands (130 to 166 μm) result in significantly higher roughness. Complexity and roughness values exceed those from feeding experiments with guinea pigs who received plants with different phytolith content. Our results highlight that large (>95-μm) external silicate abrasives lead to distinct microscopic wear with higher roughness and complexity than caused bymineral abrasive-free herbivorous diets. Hence, high loads of mineral dust and grit in natural diets might be identified by DMTA, also in the fossil record.

An investigation into the recovery and recrystallization of the two major texture fibres during annealing, namely α and γ, yielded subtle differences between the two. It is reported that with thermal activation static recovery occurs, where dislocation free sub-grains are formed and tend to grow, coalesce, or bulge out. This can form new strain-free recrystallisation nuclei, with the coalesce or bulging phenomenon depending on stored energy and geometrically dislocation density (GND). Due to low lattice curvature or otherwise, it was found α-fiber has low stored energy and GND values which favours bulging into neighbouring deformed grains as opposed to subgrain coalescement. In contrast, γ-fiber tends to undergo rapid subgrain coalescement due to high lattice curvature, i.e., GND and stored energy. The newly formed grains from both texture fibers were also found to typically differ in size, as γ-fiber has a much higher nucleation rate with rapid subgrain coalescence. Furthermore, it was discovered that Cube texture component though nucleating in higher rates within α-fiber, nucleates in all regions of high dislocation densities but will only survive in regions with a low recovery and nucleation rates, typically as in α-fiber state condition. Moreover, Goss texture component was found to preferentially nucleate from γ-fiber.

Textured polycrystalline aluminum nitride films were grown by magnetron sputtering of an aluminum target in a mixture of argon and nitrogen, followed by the formation of a film on sitall substrates. The influence of the pressure of the working gases, the power dissipated on the target, and the ratio of the Ar / N2 gas fluxes on the texture of the aluminum nitride films are investigated. The phase composition and degree of crystallinity of the obtained films were determined using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results of studies of the phase composition and parameters of the crystal structure of aluminum nitride films are presented: the size of the coherent scattering regions, the predominant orientation of the crystallites in the growing film, and the degree of crystallinity. It is noted that the films are predominantly oriented along the (111) and (002) planes. The degree of crystallinity of the A1N films varied from 10 to 30% depending on the conditions of the deposition process. The relative microdeformation of the lattice (Δd/d), depending on the parameters, ranged from 1.7·10−3 to 6.9·10−3. The size of the crystallites is affected by the microdeformation of the lattice, with its increase by 4 times, the size of the crystallites decreased by 3.6 times from 29 to 8 nm.

As examples of austenitic steel 316L, nickel alloy (Inconel 625) and titanium alloy VT1-0, the regularities of the development of crystallographic texture in monolithic samples and lattice structures obtained by selective laser melting (SLM) of powder are considered. Crystallization of all of these alloys is carried out by the formation of crystals with a cubic structure {100} (bcc or fcc). Upon subsequent cooling, the titanium samples additionally undergo a β→α phase transformation while maintaining the Burgers orientation relation. A sharp cubic texture {100} is formed in the middle-height layers of a monolithic product, which determines the anisotropy of the properties of SLM samples. The layer-by-layer change in the crystallographic texture is associated with the growth of columnar crystals of the cubic phase, which are formed due to the thermal effect of the molten region on the underlying layers, which determine the orientation of the crystal during its crystallization. This texture is typical for both the fcc-phase of steel and the bcc-titanium phase. In the case of the formation of lattice structures, columnar crystals with a preferred orientation of along the growth direction are formed in the central part of the ribs and nodes along the diameter of the structural elements. On the basis of the crystallographic texture of the steel lattice structures and the mechanical properties of the monolithic specimens, the strain curves of the lattices under their compression were calculated.

The effect of intensifying Goss texture and refining Goss grains on the enhancement of fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance in an Al-Cu-Mg alloy was systematically investigated. The way to improve fatigue performance mainly includes two steps: intensifying Goss texture component and then refining these Goss grains. Hot rolling at elevated temperature and pre-solution treatment are capable of Goss texture formation. Then large cold rolling reduction can refine grains and obtain more these Goss grains, which increases the twist angle boundary components with their adjacent grains to enhance fatigue crack deflection and FCP resistance. By contrast, refining Brass etc. rolling-oriented grains can increase the tilt angle boundary components and promote fatigue crack growth. And the reason why grain refinement cannot always improve fatigue properties in alloys with micrometer grains can depend mainly on grain orientations and the relative boundary components in this Al-Cu-Mg alloy. Besides, coarse Fe-, Si- and Mn-rich inclusions are detrimental to fatigue properties, but the fine, globular and homogeneous distribution of these particles can improve fatigue properties to some extent.

In order to understand the effects of the solute element and its concentration on the formation of texture, uniaxial compression tests were carried out at various deformation conditions with different aluminum solute concentration in rolled AZ magnesium alloy (AZ31, AZ61, AZ91). To clarify the texture measurements and crystal orientation distribution, X-ray diffraction methods were conducted on mid plane section of the specimens. As a result in this study, the formation of fiber texture and occurrence of dynamic recrystallization were observed in all case of specimens. The main components and its sharpness of texture were varied depending on deformation conditions and Al concentrations. Especially, accumulation of basal texture was developed with an increasing of Al concentration.

Grain orientation evolutions and texture formation based on the Taylor principles offer important references to reveal crystallographic mechanisms of deformation behaviors. Strain equilibrium between grains is achieved in Taylor theory, however, stress equilibrium has not yet been reached perfectly even in many modifications of the theory though the textures predicted become very close to those of experimental observations. A reaction stress model is proposed, in which mechanical interactions between grains are considered in details and grain deformation is conducted by penetrating and non-penetrating slips. The new model offers both of the stress and strain equilibria and predicts the same textures indicated by Taylor theory. The rolling texture simulated comes very close to the experimental observations if the relaxation effect of the non-penetrating slips on the up-limits of reaction stresses is included. The reaction stress principles open theoretically a new field of vision to consider deformation behaviors of polycrystalline materials, whereas the Taylor principles become unnecessary both theoretically and practically. Detailed engineering conditions have to be included in simulations if the deformation textures of industrial products should be predicted.

The structure and the process of texture formation in ribbons made of Cu–Ni–M (M = Fe, Cr, V) ternary alloys have been studied upon cold rolling deformation to a degree of ~99% and subsequent recrystallization annealing. The possibility of obtaining a perfect cube texture in a thin ribbon made of copper–nickel-based ternary alloys with additives of iron, chromium, and vanadium has been shown, which opens the prospects of the use of these alloys as substrates in the technology of production of tapes of high-temperature second-generation superconductors. Optimal annealing regimes have been determined, which make it possible to obtain a perfect biaxial texture close to single-crystalline one with the content of cube-oriented grains {001}〈100〉±10° more than 99% on the surface of the textured ribbon.

The present study investigates the effect of cryo-rolling process, i.e. cold-rolling at liquid-nitrogen temperature followed by heat treatment, on tensile properties of pure copper and precipitation-hardened CuCrZr alloy. The cryo-rolling process resulted in a simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility of pure copper. On the other hand, a cryo-rolled CuCrZr alloy showed higher tensile strength but comparable ductility with a conventional cold-rolled CuCrZr alloy. Microstructural analysis indicates that the drastically-beneficial effect of cryo-rolling on pure copper may be due to its heterogeneous size distribution of grains which consist of cryo-rolled fine grains, residual cryo-rolled grains and recrystallized coarse grains. The modest but certain benefit of cryo-rolling on CuCrZr alloy can be explained by different texture formation compared with conventional cold-rolling. Effect of neutron irradiation on tensile properties of cryo-rolled CuCrZr alloy is also examined.

The present paper gives a concise overview of a number of current issues in the literature on texture formation in alloys with cubic crystal structures, mainly steel and aluminium alloys. As crystallographic texture determines to a large extent the anisotropy of material properties, it is of paramount importance to understand and control the physical mechanisms by which the texture is formed in the subsequent stages of metals manufacturing processes. In the present overview three key solid-state transformation processes are considered: allotropic phase transformations, plastic deformation and recrystallisation. The intention is to highlight a number of key elements in the literature and some recent tendencies, which may provide some insight to scientists and engineers dealing with texture issues in daily practice.

The results of studying the phase transformations, the texture formation, and the anisotropy of the mechanical properties in Al–Cu–Li and Al–Mg–Li alloys are generalized. A technique and equations are developed to calculate the amounts of the S1 (Al2MgLi), T1 (Al2CuLi), and δ' (Al3Li) phases. The fraction of the δ' phase in Al–Cu–Li alloys is shown to be significantly higher than in Al–Mg–Li alloys. Therefore, the role of the T1 phase in the hardening of Al–Cu–Li alloys is thought to be overestimated, especially in alloys with more than 1.5% Li. A new model is proposed to describe the hardening of Al–Cu–Li alloys upon aging, and the results obtained with this model agree well with the experimental data. A texture, which is analogous to that in aluminum alloys, is shown to form in sheets semiproducts made of Al–Cu–Li and Al–Mg–Li alloys. The more pronounced anisotropy of the properties of lithium-containing aluminum alloys is caused by a significant fraction of the ordered coherent δ' phase, the deformation mechanism in which differs radically from that in the solid solution.

Effect of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the crystallographic orientation and magnetic properties in single-layered FePt and FePd films has been characterized. A huge biaxial tensile stress of ∼2 GPa was induced in the L 1 0 -FePt thin films after an RTA of 800 °C, which resulted in a significant orientation transition from (111) to (001) texture. On the other hand, in case of the FePd films, only a small in-plane tensile stress (∼0.5 GPa) was accumulated, which caused that the orientation barely changed from a (111) texture to isotropic state. These results suggest that the high ordering temperature and low tensile stress were the likely reasons why RTA has no effect on texture formation of the FePd films.

The effect of the reference voltage on the texture in TiN, ZrN, Nb, Ta and W coatings obtained by PVD methods was investigated by X-ray method. It is shown that an increase in the reference voltage leads to an increase in the {111} texture to a weakening of this texture in W coatings. The results were interpreted on the basis of the features of elastic anisotropy in the material of coatings with a cubic lattice.

A continuación, se sistematiza y presenta una experiencia pedagógica en base a la modelación de formas irregulares, asociadas a procesos de fragmentación vectorial escalar. Esto permite, dentro del paradigma de las formas puras, propio de la arquitectura moderna, trabajar de modo continuo, estructuras morfológicas disimiles que abarcan desde líneas vectoriales abiertas y/o cerradas, módulos poliédricos, ensambles, gradientes, texturas y tramas morfológicas de landscape, junto a los diversos cambios de escala y magnitud entre formas. Este tipo de enfoque se presenta como la base de un modelo de trabajo con alumnos de arquitectura (M-MAA) en el estudio morfológico-procedimental, donde se incluye criterios y variables típicamente arquitecturales, tales como la jerarquía de volúmenes, la espacialidad, la circulación, la estructuración en niveles, vistas, cortes, relaciones de interioridad, exterioridad y mixtura espacial, junto a criterios de ordenamiento funcional-proyectual, constituyendo un modelo de trabajo morfológico pre-arquitectural., Next, principles of study and modeling of irregular and complex forms, associated with processes of scalar vector fragmentation are presented. This allows to encompass, within the paradigm of pure forms, typical of modern and contemporary art and architecture, from the smallest grain, to the most holistic landscape and landscape, as a unit of continuous study, allowing to identify not only individual units or even modular design, but in relation to the modeling of frames, gradients, texture formation and wider morphological tissues. This type of approach is presented as the basis of a working model with architectural students (M-MAA) in the morphological-procedural study, which includes criteria and typically architectural variables, such as the hierarchy of volumes, spatiality, circulation, the structuring in levels, views, cuts, relationships of interiority, exteriority and spatial mixture, together with criteria of functional-design ordering, constituting a model of pre-architectural morphological work.

The texture evolution in grade-8011 aluminum alloy has been investigated during cold rolling and intermediate annealing. The main textural components of a hot-rolled blank have been determined using X-ray diffraction analysis and their evolution during subsequent cold rolling and intermediate annealing has been studied. The effects of the textural components on the dimensions and the arrangement of ears have been estimated at every step of producing a cold-rolled strip.

Multilayer films [Cu( d A)/Fe(9 A)/Pd(11 A)] 5 were deposited at room temperature on Si(001)/SiO 2 (400 nm) substrates. In order to induce chemical L1 0 ordering, the as-deposited samples were post-annealed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 600 °C for 90 s followed additionally by heating in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) at 700 °C up to several hours. In this study the impact of post-annealing on the structural and magnetic properties of FePdCu alloy films in dependence on the Cu content was investigated. It was found that the addition of Cu to the FePd alloy has a strong influence on the chemical ordering process and the (001) texture formation. After the RTA treatment only an isotropic distribution of the easy axis of magnetization with coercive fields in the range of a few hundred mT was observed. In contrast, samples which were additionally heated for 1 h at 700 °C revealed an out-of-plane easy axis of magnetization with an effective magnetic anisotropy of about 2×10 5 J/m 3 for the sample containing 10 at% of Cu.

The Mong Hsu ruby deposit in Myanmar is a marble-type deposit. It is well-known for attractive crystals with dark violet/ blue to black cores and ruby rims, as well as for trapiche rubies. These exceptional rubies have a texture composed of six growth sectors separated by six dendrites running from a central core to the six corners. Fluid inclusions (FI) have been studied in both types of ruby, i.e., trapiche and non-trapiche crystals. Microthenuometry combined with Raman spectrometry investigations of primary and secondary FI proved the existence of CO2-H2S-COS-S-8-AlO(OH)-bearing fluids with diaspore and native sulfur daughter minerals. The carbonic fluid belongs to the CO2-H2S system with CO2 as a dominant component. Minor COS (1-2 mol.%) and diaspore indicate that H2O (similar to 1 mol.%) was present in the paleofluid. The amount of H2S in FI from trapiche ruby is between 6.9 and 7.4 mol.% for the dendrites and from 7.2 to 15.7 mol.% for the growth sectors. The H2S content is approximately 10 mol.% in FI from non-trapiche rubies. The presence of dawsonite and previous crushing data carried out on well-cleaned crystals of non-trapiche ruby indicate that an ionic salt melt was present at the time of ruby formation. The non-detection of this melt in trapiche ruby is attributed to the small size of the remnants of molten salts, making it difficult to observe them under the microscope. Following this hypothesis, the FI assemblages in rubies would correspond to the trapping of two immiscible fluids. i.e.. a carbonic phase in the CO2-H2S-COS-S-8-AlO(OH)system and molten salts. Such fluid phases are considered to be the product of metamorphism of evaporites during devolatilization of carbonates and thermal-sulfate reduction. The formation of trapiche ruby is discussed in terms of possible variations of the composition of the fluid, temperature, and pressure conditions. The variation in density of the carbonic fluids from the dendrites (0.70 < ds < 0.78) to the growth sectors (0.56 < ds < 0.68) records variation of fluid pressure in the metamorphic system. This variation led to episodically local fluid overpressure and hydraulic fracturing in the marble. During such episodes, changes in driving-force conditions allowed for the formation of the trapiche texture in ruby: the development of dendrites and growth sectors occurred under high and low driving-force conditions, respectively. Non-trapiche ruby in veinlets formed concurrently under thermodynamic conditions similar to those registered for the growth sectors in trapiche ruby.

Whey protein in the form of isolate or concentrate is widely used in food industries due to its functionality to form gel under certain condition and its nutritive value. Controlling or manipulating the formation of gel aggregates is used often to evaluate food texture. Many researchers made use of fractal analysis that provides the quantitative data (i.e., fractal dimension) for fundamentally and rationally analyzing and designing whey protein-based food texture. This quantitative analysis is also done to better understand how the texture of whey protein-based food is formed. Two methods for fractal analysis were discussed in this review: image analysis (microscopy) and rheology. These methods, however, have several limitations which greatly affect the accuracy of both fractal dimension values and types of aggregation obtained. This review therefore also discussed problem encountered and ways to reduce the potential errors during fractal analysis of each method.

Two magnesium alloys AZ31 and ZEK100 were subjected to cold rolling followed by electropulse treatment (EPT) for different durations in order to investigate the microstructure and texture evolution during EPT. AZ31 started to recrystallize once the electropulse current was applied. ZEK100, in contrast, exhibited two-stage recrystallization before which an evident recovery process occurred. Texture modification was achieved in both alloys after recrystallization, with AZ31 exhibiting a weak RD-split texture and ZEK100 a TD-spread one. The results were discussed with particular emphasis on the distinct impact of electropulse current on the recrystallization texture formation. It is proposed that the promotion of the nucleation of non-basal-oriented grains, the change of the relative mobility of grain boundaries, and the non-basal dislocation activity in the continuous recrystallization are responsible for the texture modification.

The paper presents the results of structure and texture formation study in Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples, obtained by Direct Metal Deposition technology of additive manufacturing. The effect of annealing on the formation of the structure and texture in 3D-samples was investigated. It is shown that the samples have a two-phase structure of “basket weaving” in the initial state and after annealing. It is established that the samples have significant anisotropy of properties in two mutually perpendicular directions that could be explained by the presence of the crystallographic texture.

In the hot rolling of ferritic steel, deformational texture (110)[001] is formed at the surface of the basic strip volume. It is dispersed when equiaxial recrystallizational grain structure appears. With transverse flow (near the edges) in hot rolling, the stable orientation {112}〈110〉 is formed in the surface layers. The cooling rate at the edges of the strip differs significantly from that at the center. That practically eliminates recrystallization processes and ensures maintenance of the extruded deformed (polygonized) grain structure, with the deformational texture in pure form.

New finite element homogenization model with nonaffine constitutive equation of rubber is developed to study the deformation behavior of silica-filled rubber under monotonic and cyclic deformation. The obtained results clarified the effect of the volume fraction of the silica coupling agent and the networklike structure connecting the silica particles on essential physical enhancement mechanisms of deformation resistance and hysteresis loss for silica-filled rubber. The finding suggests that the material characteristics of silica-filled rubber are much more controllable than those of carbon-black-filled rubber.

The cold rolling and annealing texture formation has been investigated in electro deposited pure iron which has an extremely sharp and isotropic //ND fiber. Regardless of cold rolling reduction, {111} intensified texture is formed after cold rolling. Similar texture remains after recrystallization in 65% cold rolled material while {111} type texture forms in 80% and 90% cold rolled ones. The recrystallized grains at the stage of 5% recrystallization have {111} orientation in 65% cold rolled sheet, whereas {111} is observed in 80% cold rolled one. From this aspect, it is considered that the nucleation orientation plays an important role in the recrystallization texture formation. In the meanwhile, the growth of the recrystallized nuclei is also supposed to affect the recrystallization texture formation. The nuclei with {111} orientation in lightly cold rolled sheet are easier to consume the deformed matrix than they do in heavily cold rolled sheets because their frequency to encounter a deformed grain with nearly the same orientation is much smaller in lightly cold rolled specimen, which can result in a large mobility for growth. Cross cold rolling makes cold rolling texture rather homogeneous //ND fiber, which gives rise to an almost homogeneous //ND fiber after annealing.

The uniaxial compression test was used to assess an influence of the precipitate nature on the flow stress, work hardening and texture of the Al–7%Si–1%Cu–0.5%Mg alloy, modified with micro-additions of V, Zr and Ti. A semi-empirical model, adopted to interpret the work-hardening rate during plastic deformation, was capable to predicting the contribution of shearable and non-shearable precipitates to the dislocation-induced hardening during compression. A development of the crystallographic texture was also measured and correlated with deformation behavior of the alloy. The weak texture of {0 1 1}〈2 1 1〉 and {1 1 1}〈1 1 0〉 components, detected after casting, transformed to nearly randomized texture after heat treatment. A room-temperature compression deformation of the as-cast, solution treated and T6 aged alloys resulted in a texture consisting of a mixture of {0 0 1}〈1 1 0〉 and {1 1 1}〈1 1 0〉 components with varying intensities depending on the state of precipitation. An additional {1 1 2}〈1 1 0〉 component was also present but its intensity was substantially lower. It is concluded that while work hardening of the alloy during compression deformation at room temperature is affected mainly by non-shearable, coarse precipitates, the texture formation is controlled by both the shearable and non-shearable precipitates.

Ni8W alloy ingots were prepared by SPS technic, followed by homogenizing, cold rolling and recrystallization annealing. The influence of ball milling on cold rolling and cube texture formation of Ni8W alloy substrates was investigated during the course of preparation. Finally, high quality cube-textured Ni8W alloy substrates were successfully obtained using this powder metallurgy process, and characterized by electron backscatter diffraction technic. It indicated that the cube texture fraction was as high as 90% (o) when it annealed at 1350°C for 2 h.

Understanding the formation behavior of basal texture is important for improving formability. Many researchers found that deformation condition was an important factor in order to texture control on AZ system magnesium alloy. In case of M1 magnesium alloy has been investigated in texture formation resulting from grain size manipulation by precipitation, but there seems no studies on the texture development during high temperature on M1 magnesium alloy by deformation condition. In this study, microstructure evolution and texture formation behavior is investigated under various deformation conditions in M1 magnesium alloy. In order to make the same initial conditions, M1 magnesium ingot was rolled at 673K with a rolling reduction of 30%. Uniaxial compression test specimens were machined in such a way that the compression plane was parallel to the rolling plane, and subsequently annealed at 823 K for 1h. Uniaxial compression tests were carried out at 673K and 723K under a strain rate of 5.0x10−2s−1up to a strain of -1.0. EBSD measurement was performed for observation of crystal orientation distribution. As a result, occurrence of the dynamic recrystallization was confirmed. The position of maximum axis density of the texture and its intensity were varied depending on deformation conditions.

We have studied the formation of sharp cube texture in Cu-Ni alloy tapes with nickel content 10, 20, 30, and 40 at %, manufactured by cold rolling to 98.6–99% and subsequent recrystallization annealing. Optimum regimes of annealing are determined for all these alloys, which allow a sharp cube texture with ∼95% cubic grains to be obtained.

The texture development and γ-fibre recrystallisation texture formation mechanism of ferritic stainless steels under different rolling processes were investigated. It was shown that the surface texture development was absolutely different from the centre texture development. In conventional rolled band, strong α-fibre was formed at the centre layer and it was weakened after hot band annealing; after cold rolling, the centre texture was characterised by sharp α-fibre and weak γ-fibre with a peak at {111} , and non-uniform γ-fibre recrystallisation texture was developed. By contrast, in warm rolled band, the centre texture consisted of weakened α-fibre and sharpened γ-fibre, and {111} became the prominent component after hot band annealing. The α-fibre and γ-fibre with a peak at {111} were intensified at the centre texture after cold rolling, resulting in the formation of uniform γ-fibre recrystallisation texture. It was indicated that the formation mechanism of γ-fibre recrystallisati...

Behavior of cold-rolled fcc Ni88.4Cr9.2W2.4 alloy during heating has been studied. Two consecutive exothermic processes were detected using differential scanning calorimetry, high-temperature X-ray diffraction, and dilatometry. The processes were identified as polygonization and recrystallization, which lead to cube texture formation, as was shown by X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. The heat effects of these processes were determined.

Microstructure and texture formation were investigated in an intermetallic Ti–43.4Al–4.2Nb–1.1Mo–0.1B (in at.%) alloy after near conventional forging in the (α + β) phase field region and subsequent isothermal annealing treatments at 1150 °C for different holding times. During forging and the following cooling process a fine grained microstructure is formed consisting of lamellar α2/γ colonies and elongated grains of the βo phase situated at the colony boundaries. The isothermal annealing treatment leads to a significant change of the forged microstructure. After hot-forging, all phases show typical fiber textures as it is expected for uniaxial deformation. In the as-forged state the α2(α) phase exhibits a 〈11-20〉 fiber, the βo(β) phase has a strong and sharp fiber and the γ phase shows a and a weaker fiber. After additional annealing at 1150 °C for 8 h, the textures are almost unchanged in contrast to the microstructure.

In order to elucidate the predominance of near-Goss grains after Strain-Induced Boundary Migration (SIBM) in electrical steel sheets, the microstructures of grains of orientations close to Goss, D-Cube, and {111}〈112〉 were observed by TEM after temper rolling of 5 % (which is the optimal strain for the development of a strong Goss-type texture) and 9 % reduction (selected to emphasize the differences between orientations and facilitate their analysis). After 5 % strain, the dislocation density seems to be the smallest in the Goss grains. After 9 % strain, this difference in dislocation density is still present but also accompanied by a difference in dislocation arrangement between the Goss grains and the others. These microstructural features are put in regards to some calculations of rotation rates of individual orientations and analyses of slip system activities performed with the Taylor model. The analysis of all these data allow us to establish a strong link between dislocation microstructure and stability of orientation and to conclude that this correlation may be responsible for the favored growth of the near-Goss grains by SIBM during annealing after 5 % temper rolling.

This work presents the results of computer modeling of crystallographic texture evolution in the volume of Ti Grade 4 billets subjected to continuous equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at a temperature of 200 °С, with a number of passes from 1 to 8 via the ВС route. Regularities of preferred orientation formation have been stated, and the activity of some or other slip and twinning systems in Ti billets has been evaluated against the number of ECAP passes. The obtained results explain and allow predicting the behavior of nanostructured Ti Grade 4 with account of the parameters of its microstructure and crystallographic texture. The obtained modeling results are compared with the results of experimental X-ray studies.

The effect of cold rolling and annealing treatments in two temperatures, 800°C and 900°C on texture formation in duplex steel (X60MnAl30-9) was examined. Texture measurements were carried out using X-ray diffraction and Schulz reflection technique. The mechanical properties i. e. 0.2% proof stress, ultimate tensile strength and elongation were measured for each experimental conditions. It was found that ferrite was characterized by the orientations of a fibre which could be found in cold rolling state and also after the annealing in both temperatures. The weak orientations close to g fibre were observed after the annealing. The cold rolling texture of austenite was a typical texture of cold rolled fcc metals. No significant changes in texture of austenite after the annealing treatments were found.

Copper single crystals grown according to the Bridgman method and having their axes 1 ¯ 1 1 or [1 1 0] aligned with the normal load axis were used for dry sliding experiments. As shown, sliding-induced severe plastic deformation occurred in the subsurface of single crystals and caused formation of a lip by mechanism of texture formation. The SEM structure of this lip was found to be composed of fragments with their shapes dependent on the single crystal orientation with respect to normal load and friction force. These fragments may be referred to as wear particles generated by shearing in planes parallel to the worn surface.

The present research is a part of project dealing with structural aspects of ferrite and austenite co-deformation in duplex stainless steels. The examination concerned a development of ferrite and austenite microstructures, major deformation mechanisms operating in both phases and texture formation upon cold-rolling of a model duplex type steel. The investigations showed that the band-like morphology of two-phase structure formed upon processing together with specific starting textures obtained after a preliminary thermo-mechanical treatment exerted significant influence on texture and microstructure development in both constituent phases. Microstructure and texture evolution in examined duplex steel significantly differed from those in one-phase steels. These differences resulted first of all from the role of the phase boundaries acting as the barriers for dislocation movement and affecting the processes of strain localization at higher deformations.

태양전지의 표면에 텍스쳐 구조를 형성하면 빛의 반사율을 줄일 수 있으므로 태양전지의 효율을 증가시킬 수 있다. 또한 표면의 텍스쳐 구조는 넓은 파장대역에서 빛의 반사를 줄여주기 때문에 다중접합 III-V화합물 태양전지에 아주 유용하다. 본 연구에서는 얇은 Pt층을 식각 마스크로 사용하여 다중접합 III-V태양전지의 window층으로 사용되는 InAlP층에 다양한 텍스쳐 구조를 형성하고 반사율을 측정하였다. 습식식각에 의해 나노미터 크기로 형성된 피라미드 꼴 텍스쳐 구조는 0.3∼1.5 μm의 넓은 파장영역에서 빛의 반사율을 13.7%까지 감소시켰다.

The formation of textures in DNA films with LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, and CsCl salts has been studied. The films are prepared by evaporation of water solution with highly polymerized calf thymus DNA and excess salt of specific type. For DNA solution with 10 mM concentration of NaCl, KCl, and RbCl the films with dendritic textures have been obtained, whereas in case of CsCl the textures in the films appear only at 30 mM concentration of excess salt in the initial solution. In the solution with LiCl, the textures in DNA films have not been observed within the whole range of concentration of excess salt under consideration. The analysis of parameters of DNA films with different salts has showed that evaporation of solution leads to crystallization of salt ions on DNA macromolecule and formation of DNA-salt complexes. Electrostatic energy of the system of crystalline ordered ions and charges of DNA chains has been estimated to study the stability of DNA-salt complexes. The results obtained for different salts have been showed that the presence of DNA macromolecule enhances crystallization as compared with solution without DNA. The property of excess salt to form the crystalline structures has been found to decrease in the following order: KCl > NaCl > RbCl > CsCl > LiCl. The results of estimation are in good agreement with the experimentally observed dependence of texture formation on excess salt type.

The effect of friction on evolution of the microstructure and texture during hot rolling in the ferrite region was studied with secondary electromicroscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer, and FEM simulation. The friction between a roll and a steel sheet surface leads to the formation of notable through-thickness texture gradients. The finite element method (FEM) simulation shows that the large friction coefficient between a roll and sample results in a pronounced variation of (shear strain rate) and large e13/e11 value which accounts for strong {110} texture components and weak γ-fiber components at rolled sheet surface; whereas the friction condition do not exert notable effect on texture formation at the sheet center.

The texture formation in the single crystals of the Ti-48 at % Ni-2 at % Fe alloy rolled at a temperature of 350°C up to a strain of 80% in eleven different initial orientations is examined. There are three stable initial orientations that remain unchanged in rolling: {011}〈011〉, {111}〈011〉, and {111}〈112〉. The TiNi single crystals are shown to be deformed by means of a combined action of slip in systems {011}〈001〉 and twinning in systems {114}〈221〉 and {118}〈441〉. The types of formed rolling texture in the single crystals depend on their initial orientation and strain.