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There has been much interest in the VWorld open platform with the addition of a variety of contents or services such as 2D map, 3D terrain, 3D buildings, and thematic map since 2012. However, the VWorld system architecture was not stable for the system overload. For example, the system was stopped due to the rapidly increasing user accesses when the 3D terrain service of the North Korea and the Baekdu mountain was launched at September 2012 and September 2013, respectively. It was because the system architect has just extended the server system and the network bandwidth whenever the rapid increase of user accesses occurs or new service starts. Therefore, this study proposes a new VWorld system architecture that can reliably serve the huge volume of National Spatial Data by applying the new technologies such as CDN, visualization and clustering. Finally, it is expected that the results of this study can be used as a basis for the next VWorld system architecture being capable of a huge volume of spatial data and users.

Big data systems are widely used to collect large-scale log data, so it is very important for these systems to operate with a high level of performance. However, the current Hadoop-based big data system architecture has a problem in that its performance is low as a result of redundant processing. This paper solves this problem by improving the design of the Hadoop system architecture. The proposed architecture uses the batch-based data collection of the existing architecture in combination with a single processing method. A high level of performance can be achieved by analyzing the collected data directly in memory to avoid redundant processing. The proposed architecture guarantees system expandability, which is an advantage of using the Hadoop architecture. This paper confirms that the proposed architecture is approximately 30% to 35% faster in analyzing and processing data than existing architectures and that it is also extendable.

Different architectures have been proposed for Data Warehouse. This paper gives a survey of the various architecture techniques used and justifies why there is still a need for optimized data warehouse architecture which overcomes the limitations or challenges of the existing techniques. Survey includes OLAM architecture (combination of Data mining and OLAP), complex Data Warehouse architecture, Real Time storage Architecture, Data Ware House Architecture through view point of information system and Model Driven approach for Data Warehouse. Ultimate goal of this paper is to propose an architecture which is fault tolerant, has less resource consumption and user friendly.

We can look at the whole historical development of theoretical physics as a progressive refining of the space-time models. One of the recurring questions in philosophy as well as in the most recent...

This paper suggests a multi-agent message transport architecture based on the message-oriented middleware ZeroMQ. Compared with the other middlewares such as CORBA, Ice, and Thrift, ZeroMQ receives a good score in the evaluation of performance, QoS (Quality of Service), patterns, user friendliness, and resources. The suggested message transfer architecture borrowed many basic concepts like agent platform, AMS (Agent Management System), and MTS (Message Transfer System) from FIPA (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents) standard multi-agent specifications, and the architecture inherited the strength of the architecture from the multi-agent framework SMAF (Smart Multi-Agent Framework). The architecture suggested in this paper is a novel peer-to-peer architecture which is not known to the ZeroMQ community. In the suggested architecture, every MTS agent uses only one ZeroMQ router socket to support peer-to-peer communication among MTS agents. The suggested architecture can support closely collaborating software areas such as intelligent robots as well as the traditional application areas of multi-agent architecture. The suggested architecture has interoperability and scalability with the ZeroMQ devices and patterns.

Currently, there is a trend to develop context-aware mobile distributed systems (MDS), such as systems that recommend places according to the location and the path of users. Some of the key challenges in the development of this type of systems are the following: acquisition, management and use of data context. In this paper, we propose two-level software architecture to obtain, use and provide context information in a MDS. From our point of view, the proposed architecture takes into account the requirements that emerge from data collection, use and management of context, as well as the own features of MDS. Based on our software architecture, a context-aware group communication system is implemented, which allows members to have four types of context: physical activity, logical activity, location and level of sound.

Noc architecture performs better comparing to bus based when the number of processors is small. On the other hand bus based performs better than noc when number of the processors is large. This leads to new architecture which is hybrid bus based architecture where each node is packet switched in a mesh network of noc architecture that contains bus based system with small number of processors. Few results showed that this hybrid architecture performs optimally better than either purely noc based or purely bus based architecture. Hybrid architecture contains a processor connected to the bus, the bus in turn connected to the router. Each processor contains a private Level 1 (L1) cache. When hybrid architecture is preferable, the optimal number of processors on each bus subsystem varies based on the application. Hence the proposed architecture allows scalable bus-based multiprocessor subsystems on each node in the NoC. This system provides a multi-bus execution environment where each processor is connected to a bus and the bus-based subsystems communicate via routers connected in a mesh-style configuration. The system can be reconfigured to vary the number of bus subsystems and the number of processors on each subsystem. This architecture provides reliability and adaptability and reduces the network delays. Implementing and presenting the details of architecture and experimental results using ns2 indicating the advantages of this architecture.

This article describes the software architecture, which can significantly reduce development time, provide an effective process of data exchange and control of mobile robots (or a group of mobile robots). This architecture is based on representation of a mobile robot as the composition of mechatronic devices connected in a hierarchical graph of software interactions (also known as middleware systems). This architecture provides high robustness, capacity and transmission frequency of control commands and data. Also, successful results have been achieved in providing dynamic reconfiguration of system components without stopping as well as automatic crash recovery (including complex interaction graphs) and auto-configuration.

The problems confronting multi-UAV systems when carrying out tasks are described from the perspective of architecture. According to the traits of multi-UAV systems and the needs when performing combat tasks, the functional requirements are analyzed. And a scheme of the system architecture for multi-UAV systems based on autonomous cooperation is put forward according to the thoughts of autonomous cooperative control. Meanwhile, the architecture reconstruction method of f multi-UAV system architecture under conditions of uncertainty is further studied. The design process showed that: the proposed architecture can meet the functional requirements and has good application prospects in future engineering practice.

A fundamental architecture element in transforming a traditional business environment and its business information system into an innovative automated and lean business platform is the role of the information system's building vision; that should be crafted in an applicable framework. This framework should include easy to integrate patterns. The proposed just-in-time framework can change the information system's architecture and its implementation outcomes. The atomic information system architecture's role and applied the patterns are of crucial importance for the implementation phase of the complex business transformation projects; where these patterns can be adapted in a just-in-time manner, using atomic building blocks1,2,26. There is also a need to govern (or control) the atomic information system architecture's patterns for business transformation projects; unfortunately an adaptable atomic information system architecture pattern for such projects is inexistent. An atomic information system architecture pattern can be also used in the enterprise's production activities which comes after the finalization of the implementation phase of business transformation project (business transformation project), to control and govern the resultant business system. The atomic information system architecture's pattern main component is the atomic building block that manages the implementation of autonomous business service transactions. In this article the author presents a set of atomic information system architecture recommendations in the form of reusable patterns to promote an optimal information system's architecture.

It is difficult to define products architecture for two main reasons: the high number of architecture alternatives and the lack of an evaluation criteria to these options. This article addresses the alternative architectures evaluation issue using a cost estimate approach. The purpose of this study is to describe a metric that assists the product architecture definition. The metric showed here is built over the relative estimates of the developing and assembly costs and was created as a tool to define a product family architecture; It uses the products cost estimates and functional descriptions. In addition to describing the metric that helps to define the product architecture, this article also illustrates its application to a family of four products sharing the same functional model. Finally, the metric presented is analyzed, as well as the potential to its use with computational algorithms to deal with complex problems.

This paper addresses the issue of designing the detailed architectures of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), which has a great impact on the overall performances of an FPGA in practice. Firstly, a novel FPGA architecture description model is proposed based on an easy-to-use file format known as YAML. This format permits the description of any detailed architecture of hard blocks and channels. Then a general algorithm of building FPGA resource graph is presented. The proposed model is scalable and capable of dealing with detailed architecture design and can be used in FPGA architecture evaluation system which is developed to enable detailed architecture design. Experimental results show that a maximum of 16.36% reduction in total wirelength and a maximum of 9.34% reduction in router effort can be obtained by making very little changes to detailed architectures, which verifies the necessity and effectiveness of the proposed model.

Reuse of software architecture is a relatively difficult problem in the practice of software engineering realm. For solving the problem, this paper presents an approach which is based on architecture reflection. For the reflection mechanism, the main idea is separating system architecture into two levels – meta-level and base-level. And what’s more, this paper presents a formalization model for the approach by using Pi calculus.

Requirements and architecture specifications are strongly related as the second provides a solution to a problem stated by the first. This coupling is typically realized by traceability links and maintaining such links becomes extremely difficult as both requirements and architecture specifications frequently evolve, and in particular when the architecture is refined providing an increasing level of details. In such case, not only the traceability must evolve but the requirements must be refined as well. We present a novel semi-automated approach to evolve non-functional requirements and their traceability links following system's architecture refinement in the context of design space exploration and automated code generation. The approach has been prototyped for AADL models refined with the RAMSES tool and for model transformations implemented as Story Diagrams.

As the complexity of high-tech systems continuously increases, engineers look for possibilities to reduce time and cost of the development of these systems. Architecture- based design enables a front-loaded design process with knowledge reuse. By enabling the automatic synthesis of simulation models, different configurations of an architecture can be realized and simulated efficiently. Current practices are found in the automotive and aerospace industry where architecture- based design is used for the automatic synthesis of multi-physics simulation models. In this way, different architecture options and simulation model variations can be efficiently investigated early in the development process. Multi-body simulations are also frequently used in the conceptual design of complex mechatronic systems. However a suitable methodology to synthesize their simulation models is lacking. This paper demonstrates that an architecture-based design approach can be used for the automatic synthesis of multi-body simulation models and a methodology is proposed to efficiently model and synthesize them. However, due to the geometric constraints, geometrical dependencies have been introduced between the sub-systems which requires a correct synthesis sequence that needs to be determined by solving a topological sorting problem. Subsequently, the methodology was evaluated with the conceptual design of an aircraft trailing-edge high-lift system. It was found that, concerning the time efficiency of the proposed approach, a trade-off needs to be made between the time that is saved by the automatic synthesis of simulation models and the time it takes to create the architectures and compatible subsystem models. Finally, the research suggests that an architecture-based design approach can be used for a diverse set of design problems involving different domain specific engineering tools. Therefore, the applicability is not limited to aerospace industry and it can as well bring advantages to other industries where the investigation of conceptual designs is an important but time-intensive activity.

Today, a lot of commercial and open source tools exist allowing to describe the intended architecture and to check architecture conformance automatically in order to detect and eventually minimize erosion. Unfortunately, those tools are restricted in terms of which architecture concepts can be used in order to describe the intended architecture. Additionally, those approaches lack an appropriate formal foundation in terms of a well-defined syntax and semantic. Nevertheless, this is a crucial requirement for automatic support in architecture conformance checking. In this paper, we propose a formal approach enabling a) the definition of an architecture concept language that allows to capture the most important architecture concepts and their related architecture rules, b) the validation of the consistency of this language, c) the mapping of architecture concepts to source code and capturing this mapping in an explicit language in order to d) check architecture conformance. We also present an evaluation of the approach using the Common Component Modeling Example (CoCoME) case study in order to demonstrate the applicability.

Due to the increasing amount of computation in embedded devices, there is a need for software and systems architecture approaches specifically tailored for the needs of the domain. We present in this paper a view framework for the design of embedded systems that has evolved during various projects with industry customers. Our approach is complemented by architecture modeling constraints that can be used to automatically check the completeness and consistency of the created architecture models. In this article, we present our approach together with a preliminary experience report of the application of our approach in different domains.

Complex software-intensive systems are more and more required as a solution for diverse critical application domains; at the same time, software architecture and also reference architecture have attracted attention as means to more adequately produce and evolve such systems. The main goal of this paper is to summarize our principal contributions in software architecture and reference architecture of software-intensive systems, including Systems-of-Systems. We intend this work can also inspire the opening of other related research lines towards founding the sustainability of such software-intensive systems.

By taking the advantages of both CPU and GPU as well as the shared DRAM and cache, the integrated CPU-GPU architecture has the potential to boost the performance for a variety of applications, including real-time applications as well. However, before being applied to the hard real-time and safety-critical applications, the time-predictability of the integrated CPU-GPU architecture needs to be studied and improved. In this work, we study the shared data Last Level Cache (LLC) in the integrated CPU-GPU architecture and propose to use an access interval based method to improve the time-predictability of the LLC. The results show that the proposed technique can effectively improve the accuracy of the miss rate estimation in the LLC. We also find that the improved LLC miss rate estimations can be used to further improve the WCET estimations of GPU kernels running on such an architecture.

This paper presents a new architecture for the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) algorithm targeting FPGA implementation. This new architecture offers higher efficiency and scalability in comparison to the existing methods. The proposed architecture is modeled and simulated using VHDL and is targeted at a Xilinx FPGA. Existing implementation architectures are also modeled and comparisons are drawn between them in terms of both performance and logic utilization. The results show that the new architecture offers a reduction in calculation cycles of around 50% in comparison to the architecture from which it's derived. This increase in calculation speed comes with only a modest increase in logic utilization, specifically a 2.5% increase in look-up table (LUT) usage and a 1.5% increase in flip-flop usage. The new architecture also eliminates scalability issues which can arise in the existing architectures when extra input members are required.

Nowadays, any kind of user-side applications such as enterprise, banking, game, and so forth are almost parts of or invoked through web and/or smart-device native applications. Each vender of the application has its own development environment to keep up with the market needs. The development environment is usually for a specific environment, which consists of platform (operating systems and/or middleware) dependent tools, representation, and languages. The variety of the environment is vast and is a cause of delayed delivery of a product. The software architecture choice is important for high-quality application development but is depend on the platforms. The architecture has many variations because of vast variety of platforms. The purpose of this research is to design the universal architecture for the application. Based on the architecture, we designed generator and meta-generator for development of the application. We have developed a large application in a practical use, and developed several generators for that application based on the universal architecture we designed. The outcomes of the research are: – The universal architecture eases to port a specific environment-dependent techniques and knowledge to another. – We could design and implemented generators and meta generators for the development based on the architecture.

The goal of this paper is to implement an efficient FPGA-based hardware architectures for the design of fast artificial vision systems. The proposed architecture is capable of performing classification operations of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in realtime. To show the effectiveness of the architecture, some design examples such as hand posture recognition, character recognition, and face recognition are provided. Experimental results show that the proposed architecture is well suited for embedded artificial computer vision systems requiring high portability, high computational speed, and accurate classification.

There are many open challenges and current / future research directions for self-aware systems. We have shown that self-modeling systems address many of them, but we have not yet seen many replicable experiments that allow methods and results to be shared. In this paper, we describe an architecture for self-modeling systems, and how we expect to use it for experiments in self-awareness. These experiments support a system development and verification process that extends from system conception / definition time through run time operation.Self-Modeling, like Self-Awareness, is an approach to reach a goal, not an end in itself. The goal is survivability in difficult environments, and as much operational competence as possible. We think that run-time models are a minimum necessity for significant self-awareness, and our architecture makes significant use of them throughout.The theme for this paper: this is a beginning description of a reference architecture for a software controlled system that allows / encourages infrastructure analysis and performance prediction. It facilitates the evaluation of design choices at system definition time, so we can then specialize it to the expected run-time environment and specified run-time behavior constraints without losing the capability to "re-specialize" the architecture when the environmental conditions change.

The unified program architecture of real time vision system (VS) with several fields of view construction is described. The offered architecture provides both onboard and stationary usage. In case of stationary usage, it provides determination of location and trajectory of objects movement in the ordered system of co-ordinates. Principles of open architecture, componential technology and use of standard network decisions allow reconstructing operatively the unified architecture for the decision of specific tasks. The mutual binding of fields of view is important at formation of distributed VS uniform information field. For real time mobile systems time necessary for a rebinding and calibration is principal. The special attention also is paid to this part of the software. Orientation to use COTS technology at configuration of the system hardware allows generated VS to remain within the limits of economic feasibility. Examples of configurations concrete VS, created on offered architecture and results of experiments with them are resulted.

Today the microservice architectural style is being adopted by many key technological players such as Netflix, Amazon, The Guardian. A microservice architecture is composed of a large set of small services, each running in its own process and communicating with lightweight mechanisms (often via REST APIs). If on one side having a large set of independently developed services helps in terms of developer productivity, scalability, maintainability, on the other side it is very difficult to have a clear understanding of the overall architecture of a microservice-based software system, specially when the deployment and operation of the involved microservices evolves at run-time. In this paper we present MicroART, an architecture recovery approach for microservice-based systems. By using Model-Driven Engineering techniques, we leverage a suitably defined domain-specific language for representing the key aspects of the architecture of a microservice-based system and provide a tool-chain for automatically extracting architecture models of the system. The only inputs of MicroART are: (i) a GitHub repository containing the source code of the system and (ii) a reference to the container engine managing it. We validated MicroART on a publicly available benchmark system, with promising results.

The journey towards the deployment of next generation networks has recently accelerated, driven by the joint effort of research and standards organisations. Some key innovative design concepts have been recently consolidating and are going to characterise the notable discontinuity between 4G and 5G systems. Among those, Architecture Modularisation, discussed in this paper, is regarded by the authors as the essential design principle to build a flexible network architecture natively supporting Network Slicing. According to this concept, conventional monolithic network functions, often corresponding to physical network elements in the existing systems, are to be split into basic building blocks defined with the proper granularity, allowing the definition of different logical architectures, tailored to 5G use cases. In this paper, a modularisation methodology is presented as a criterion to define the ‘right’ set of basic building blocks. Defined through this proposed methodology, the set of basic building blocks and the relating interfacing models are discussed. The paper concludes by proposing a candidate modular 5G network architecture, and comparing it with alternatives currently discussed within 3GPP standard working groups.

The fabric architecture, which can realize massive packet forwarding even with small switches/routers, has been widely used as a network infrastructure in data centers in order to achieve high scalability and low cost. In carrier networks, large scale routers have been adapted as core routers due to the requirement of high density for accommodating a large number of users. Furthermore, the redundant configuration of these routers can be used for high reliability. However, these traditional approaches result in a significant cost increase. The fabric architecture has the potential to solve this problem. In this paper, we propose a transformation from the router based architecture to the fabric based architecture. We also evaluate the reliability of these two architectures.

A huge upheaval emerges from the transition to autonomous vehicles in the domain of road vehicles, ongoing with a change in the vehicle architecture. Many sensors and Electronic Control Units are added to the current vehicle architecture and further safety requirements like reliability become even more necessary. In this paper we present a potential evolution of the Electrical/Electronic-Architecture, including a Zone Architecture, to enable future functionality. We reveal the impact on the communication network concerning these architectures and present a potential communication technology to facilitate such architectures.

Today's systems or devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications are more and more complex. Analytic facilities are typically deployed in these systems for Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) purposes. One of the main challenges for architecting such control and diagnostics systems is their restrictive performance requirements, which directly impact the architecture and subsequent detailed designs. This paper presents a case study on the conceptual architecture design in such an environment, and co-develops the architecture and the domain solution to improve prototyping rapidness. First, on applying systems thinking and technologies, during architecting, we include the tasks of meeting both functional and performance requirements especially with respect to analytics, in a single architecture description framework. Second, we study a domain-specific issue, where un-attempted methods must be researched, and provide a solution that re-uses existing system elements, through which the mutual impacts between the information from both architecture and domain solutions are shown. Practical and important issues including benefits, standards, and implementations are also explored as part of the required tasks for architecting. Results including architecture designs and empirical performance research are illustrated, to indicate a systematic design process for systems in a PHM environment.

To study wireless network, a network simulator always is an important tool for researchers to evaluate their theories. If a selected simulator inherently has poor architecture, the maintenance, will become more difficult in the future. To increase the flexibility of a simulator's architecture, the use of design patterns as the norms of system architecture design is suggested in this paper. We propose a network simulator architecture, named as CCGns, which is a discrete-event virtual network simulator and follows the IEEE 802.16-2009 standard. The main contribution of CCGns is to propose five aspects: a scalable MAC messages management and processing architecture, an applicable for multi-hop relay network architecture, a two-stage minimum variance bandwidth allocation algorithm, a comparable compound factors-based common scheduler operating interface architecture, and an exchangeable frame structure architecture for WiMAX and LTE. In the aspect of expanding module function, we show the simulation results of using uniform, random, or round-robin scheduling to allocate bandwidth resource. We try to replace the WiMAX frame structure with LTE frame structure, and demonstrate the system performance of the relay network architecture for WiMAX and LTE protocol. We hope this study will benefit researchers who need to implement their network simulators.

Over dozens of years, applying new IT technologies into organizations has always been a big concern for business. Big data certainly is a new concept exciting business. To be able to access more data and empower to analysis big data requires new big data platforms. However, there still remains limited reference architecture for big data systems. In this paper, based on existing reference architecture of big data systems, we propose new high level abstract reference architecture and related reference architecture notations, that better express the overall architecture. The new reference architecture is verified using one existing case and an additional new use case.

Application and/or data migration is a result of limitations in existing system architecture to handle new requirements and the availability of newer, more efficient technology. In any big data architecture, technology migration is staggered across multiple levels and poses functional (related to components of the architecture and underlying infrastructure) and non-functional (QoS) challenges such as availability, reliability and performance guarantees in the target architecture. In this paper, (1) we outline a big data architecture stack and identify research problems arising out of the technology migration in this scenario (2) we propose a smart rule engine system which facilitates the decision making process for the technology to be used at different layers in the architecture during migration.

To solve the problems of strong heterogeneity of equipment and platforms, and closure, tight coupling and weak extensibility of the platforms, we propose an architecture design of Internet of Things based on open source hardware. The architecture is designed in three domains, sensing domain based on open source hardware, network domain based on wired and wireless networks, and application domain based on database, web and server application. And three developing schemes of the sensing domain on Arduino, Raspberry Pi and combination of the two, are proposed and discussed in details respectively to satisfy different configuration and application requirement. At last, an application of humidity and temperature surveillance system based on this architecture is implemented, which verified the advantages of this architecture design: ubiquitous access for various sensors, ubiquity for network access, and good system extensibility, and was apt for fast development.

Customized Architecture is one of the technical road for exascale high performance computing. We will give an overview about FPGA customized architecture. Research experiences on deep learning algorithms accelerators for data analyzing, footprint and cipher algorithms accelerators for information processing, and matrix processing algorithms accelerators for scientific computing will be discussed.

The architecture of a system specifies how the system should be designed and built. However, shortcomings are identified in current architecture process frameworks concerning evolving domains like healthcare. We claim that an iterative architecture process is required, where the technical concerns are separated from the non-technical ones. Furthermore, a strong guiding vision is required. Based on our experiences from a biobank IT infrastructure process, we present an architecture process that is modular, interoperable, controlled and abstracted, thus being capable of handling complex systems with large uncertainties.

Redesigning the large and complex software systems requires very high costs time and money. Hence, automatic management and automatic adaptability with minimal human intervention is unavoidable. Self-management is the greatest level of self-adaptive which include all self-adaptive details. Scalability and dynamic analysis support in the face of change are the main challenges of self-management. Due to the fact that self-managing is relevance to the all details of self-adaptive, it is required to special type of software architecture which be able to respond to all requirements of self-adaptive aspects. In this case, dynamic architecture is the best option. Regarding to the dynamic architecture, there are diverse criteria. If software architecture be able to meet these criteria, it will know as a dynamic architecture and it has license to apply in the self-management architecture. Different types of applications can be imagined for the issue of self-management software systems, some of them are: semantic web and middle ware service, networking, load balancing in distributed systems, service communication in service oriented system, etc. In this paper self-managing dynamic architecture is discussed and evaluated and a dynamic architecture for improving the self-managing architecture is proposed.

This paper discusses the development process and evaluation of a reference software architecture within the field of mobile learning. The architecture implements the workflow of preparation – activity – analysis & reflection of (data collection) activities supported by mobile applications. A number of challenges, like portability, flexibility, or expandability are important to address in mobile learning. To overcome the mentioned challenges in this field, we are proposing a web-based architecture that is supposed to serve as a foundation for the development of software solutions in the field of mobile learning. We discuss scenario descriptions needed for the evaluation and present three implementations in this field that serve as candidate architectures. With the support of those candidates, the reference architecture is proposed. Important system quality attributes are identified and then applied for an evaluation of the architecture using the SAAM method. We conclude by discussing that the proposed architecture does not only fit the field of mobile learning but can also be adapted to a general solution regarding the workflow of: preparation – activity – analysis & reflection of mobile (data collection) applications.

Scalability is an important requirement in the development and the operation of applications in a cloud environment. To handling heavy concurrency in the input load, many design-related and operational factors should be considered. The microservice architecture patterns provide better means to increase the scalability than traditional software architecture patterns. However, certain aspects of applications such as the need to persist/maintain the application state require additional measures in the design and the supporting mechanism. We propose a scalable routing mechanism for applications designed according to the microservice architecture. In particular, a cloud infrastructure resource reservation application has been designed with some stateful services. The proposed approach maintains a good scalability, which provides a mean to achieve the efficient usage of the infrastructure resources.

Software architecture compliance is concerned with the alignment of implementation with its desired architecture and detecting potential inconsistencies. The work presented in this paper is specifically concerned with behavioral architecture compliance. That is, the focus is on semantic alignment of implementation and architecture. In particular, this paper evaluates three representative approaches for describing semantic constraints in terms of their understandability, namely natural language descriptions as used in many architecture documentations today, a structured language based on specification patterns that abstract underlying temporal logic formulas, and a structured cause-effect language that is based on Complex Event Processing. We conducted a controlled experiment with 190 participants using a simple randomized design with one alternative per experimental unit. Overall all approaches support a high level of correct understanding, and the statistical inference suggests that all tested approaches are equally well suited for describing semantic constraints for behavioral architecture compliance in terms of understandability. In consequence this indicates that it is possible to benefit from the tested structured languages with underlying formal representations for automated verification without having to suffer from decreased understandability. Vice versa, the results suggest that the use of natural language can be a suitable way to document architecture semantics when reliable automated support for formal verification is of minor importance.

The ability of a system to change its behavior at run-time is one of the foundations for engineering intelligent environments. The vision of computing systems that can manage themselves is fascinating, but to date, it presents many intellectual challenges to face. Run-time goal-model artifacts represent a typical approach to communicate requirements to the system and open new directions for dealing with self-adaptation. This paper presents a theoretical framework and a general architecture for engineering self-adaptive smart spaces by breaking out some design-time constraints between goals and tasks. The architecture supports software evolution because goals may be changed during the application lifecycle. The architecture is responsible for configuring its components as the result of a decision-making algorithm working at the knowledge level. The approach is specifically suitable for developing smart space systems, promoting scalability and reusability. The proposed architecture is evaluated through the execution of a set of randomized stress tests.

Not available services or service interruption could have different impact to our social life. Emails or messages which are not delivered in a proper time-frame could lead to omit a meeting or a discussion with colleagues. Interconnected CPS in different domains, like autonomous driving, smart grids, Industry 4.0, needs a guaranteed and safe delivery of information.

Data-intensive applications, such as three-dimensional (3D) virtual reality, typically involve a large amount of data interaction, so that the server becomes a system performance bottleneck, as users become larger. In order to overcome the shortcomings of existing service models, this paper proposes an information-centric architecture (ICA) for server clustering towards data intensive applications, which ensures transparent and effective access, and supports various types of services with different dynamic requirements of storage and bandwidth by quantitatively partitioning service functions and using the modular realization. Finally, a data-intensive 3D virtual reality project was tested and the results show that the proposed scheme has good scalability and efficiency.

This paper presents the specification of an architecture for self-organizing scheduling systems. The proposed architecture uses learning by observing the experts and interpretation of scheduling experience. The design of intelligent systems that learn with experts is a very hard and challenging domain because current systems are becoming more and more complex and subject to rapid changes. In this work, different areas as Intelligent and Adaptive Human-Machine Interfaces, Metacognition and Learning from Observation, Self-managed Systems, amongst others, are joint together resulting in a global fully integrated architecture for self-organizing scheduling systems.

In this paper, a novel hardware architecture of Controller Area Network (CAN) applications is proposed. Taking advantage of a highly integrated chip, which functions as a CAN controller as well as a CAN transceiver, the proposed architecture reduces the number of necessary external components, supports popular serial buses and thus facilitates application development. The architecture is applied in a CAN to Bluetooth bridge, whose design is described in this article. It is demonstrated that the proposed architecture is stable and practical.

Software defined network is a new type of network architecture, which decouples control plane and data plane of traditional network, has the feature of flexible configurations and is a direction of the next generation terrestrial Internet development. Satellite network is an important part of the space-ground integrated information network, while the traditional satellite network has the disadvantages of difficult network topology maintenance and slow configuration. The application of SDN technology in satellite network can solve these problems that traditional satellite network faces. At present, the research on the application of SDN technology in satellite network is still in the stage of preliminary study. In this paper, we start with introducing the SDN technology and satellite network architecture. Then we mainly introduce software defined satellite network architecture, as well as the comparison of different software defined satellite network architecture and satellite network virtualization. Finally, the present research status and development trend of SDN technology in satellite network are analyzed.