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Abstract Background Bacterial species present in multispecies microbial communities often react to the same chemical signal but at vastly different concentrations. The existence of different response thresholds with respect to the same signal molecule has been well documented in quorum sensing which is one of the best studied inter-cellular signalling mechanisms in bacteria. The biological significance of this phenomenon is still poorly understood, and cannot be easily studied in nature or in laboratory models. The aim of this study is to establish the role of differential signal response thresholds in stabilizing microbial communities. Results We tested binary competition scenarios using an agent-based model in which competing bacteria had different response levels with respect to signals, cooperation factors or both, respectively. While in previous scenarios fitter species outcompete slower growing competitors, we found that stable equilibria could form if the fitter species responded to a higher chemical concentration level than the slower growing competitor. We also found that species secreting antibiotic could form a stable community with other competing species if antibiotic production started at higher response thresholds. Conclusions Microbial communities in nature rely on the stable coexistence of species that necessarily differ in their fitness. We found that differential response thresholds provide a simple and elegant way for keeping slower growing species within the community. High response thresholds can be considered as self-restraint of the fitter species that allows metabolically useful but slower growing species to remain within a community, and thereby the metabolic repertoire of the community will be maintained. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Michael Gromiha, Sebastian Maurer-Stroh, István Simon and L. Aravind.

This article describes and evaluates the effectiveness of a dance/movement therapy (DMT) programme to improve self-restraint skills, a predictive factor of recidivism, of adolescent males incarcerated in Non-Secure Placements (NSP). Three adolescent males participated in the study and received individual DMT sessions facilitated by the practitioner/researcher. The Weinberger Adjustment Inventory short form (WAI-SF) self-restraint scale was administered as the pre- and post-test, and participants' weekly behaviour ratings, given by NSP staff, were collected to measure changes in self-restraint over time. The practitioner/researcher created a movement observation sheet to complement the WAI-SF, based on Laban Movement Analysis and Chacian DMT theory, and recorded observations after every session. The data suggest the DMT programme appeared partially successful in its goal of improving participants' self-restraint. There is a need for more descriptions and evaluations of DMT programmes to better understand and document their benefits and advocate them to a wider range of clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, my aim is to consider under what circumstances, and for what reasons, individuals may freely choose not to speak hatefully about others. Even if not threatened with legal sanction, why might they decide not to say something which they think they have good reason to say? My suggestion will be that there are various pro tanto reasons for individuals to restrain themselves from saying what they wanted to say. To be specific, I shall argue that such reasons fall into three analytically distinct categories, which I shall describe as normative codes of civility, ethics and morality. Thus each of these codes may provide different sorts of reasons for not engaging in hate speech. My hope is that the results of this investigation may usefully inform a strategy which aims to combat such speech without resource to the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Concrete rings with various thickness tested for restrained shrinkage cracking. • Both top/bottom drying and outer circumference surface drying investigated. • Effects of ring geometry, thickness & drying conditions on cracking revealed. • Increasing ring thickness increases restraint to a circular concrete ring. • Rings exhibit different fracture behaviour under different drying conditions. The restrained shrinkage elliptical ring test has been established as an efficient method for assessing the cracking potential of concrete at early ages because an elliptical ring can provide a higher degree of restraint compared with a circular one. In this study, a series of circular and elliptical concrete rings restrained by steel rings with various thicknesses were tested under top & bottom surfaces drying or outer circumferential surface drying. By comparing concrete cracking age under different geometrical and drying conditions, the effects of ring geometry, restraining steel ring thickness and drying condition on the cracking process in concrete rings were revealed. Furthermore, numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the fracture mechanism for circular and elliptical rings by applying a fictitious temperature field to simulate the shrinkage effect of concrete. It is found that the increase of steel ring thickness can enhance the degree of restraint, therefore shorten the cracking age for both circular and elliptical rings. However, the improvement is more significant for circular rings. The fracture processes under the two drying conditions, i.e. top & bottom surfaces drying and outer circumferential surface drying are completely different: for drying from outer circumferential surface, the crack initiates at the outer surface and propagates towards the inner surface; for drying from top & bottom surfaces, the crack initiates partially along the height direction at the inner circumference of a concrete ring, and propagates along the radial direction, step by step, until the crack propagates throughout the whole ring wall. In both cases, the self-restraint caused by the non-uniform shrinkage of concrete and the external restraint from the inner steel ring contribute the driving effects for crack propagation. In general, compared with circular rings, the elliptical rings demonstrate the advantage of providing a higher degree of restraint. The elliptical ring test method can, therefore, supplement the traditional circular ring test method for assessing cracking tendency of concrete with higher cracking resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to reconstruct the sociological and socio-legal debate about modesty, focusing on those sociological analyses that consider it as a social norm or as a legal norm. Although within the sociological debate there are several studies dealing with modesty (or shame) as an inner feeling - which are closer to psychological and philosophical perspectives - the prevailing thought in the history of sociology conceives of modesty as a rule, offering numerous inputs for scrutinizing the normative aspects of the social relationships. In particular, the author of this article firstly focuses, among the classics, on Norbert Elias, Vilfredo Pareto and Michel Foucault. Then, he pays attention to what of their thought around modesty is taken up in the recent works of Marcela Jacub, Jean Claude Kaufmann and Tamar Pitch, trying to provide a possible interpretation of the spreading of this norm in modern and in contemporary societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attitude of the people towards surrounding events and phenomenon is different. Some people have a positive look, and some have negative attitudes. Therefore, each person strengthen or weaken one of two views based on his personality types. This article is about positive thinking principles of Prophet Yusuf and evaluates its feedbacks in his life using an analytical - descriptive approach. Findings showed that such criteria as faith, self-restraint, and charity are inherent in Prophet Yusuf personality through which he could properly manage to interpret and reread the symbols. He could develop not only his spiritual character but also his social status. Therefore, according to stories of the Quran, every person with a positive moral acquisition is able to raise their life skills face the possible challenges successfully.

The article examines practice of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia in assessing proportionality of restriction upon fundamental rights established in the field of tax law. The article argues that the Constitutional Court exercises self-restraint: the court does not examine, whether the measure chosen by the legislator is economically the most sound, whether the tax is necessary, whether other, alternative solutions that would be less burdensome for an individual exist (insofar as they are not confiscatory).

In Pakistan, The judiciary takes on the driving seat particularly in the last decade. The judiciary takes up all the cases of Public Interest litigation (PIL), ranges from the inconsequential cases of kite flying to the privatization of national institution and to the constitutional cases. This proactive role of judiciary has created apprehensions not only in Pakistan but at international leval too. The opponents of judicial activism hold that it cross its jurisdictional limits and interfere in the matters which are purely the prerogative of executive and legislature. The recurrent use of judicial powers by the Pakistan's apex court under the suo moto jurisdiction has taken up all the matters i.e. social, economic, political and constitutional. Pakistan has adopted the parliamentary democracy under the separation of power. The proactive role of judiciary violates the very principle of this theory by crossing its limits. The present research focuses on (i) The concept, origin and scope of judicial activism (ii) The impact of judicial activism in the political, constitutional and democratic process of Pakistan. The research will conclude that judiciary needs to adopt the policy of self-restraint rather than self-indulgent. Adherence to the democratic principle of separation of powers completely, Pakistan can build a strong democratic political system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article questions concepts of ‘democratic peace’ that presuppose an intrinsic relation between pacifism and democracy. This view lacks from both, empirical evidence and historical insight. Instead, pacifism as political and personal virtue can be better linked to the Deweyan idea of democracy as the basic way of life, that is, mutual cooperation and self-realisation. But not only pacifism but also warfare and aggressive conduct often are rooted and result in an ethos of solidarity and cooperation. Therefore, the task for any realistic concept of democratic pacifism is at least two-fold: finding ‘moral equivalents’ (W. James) to war and cultivating an ethos of self-criticism and self-restraint as already the Old Testament’s prophets have proclaimed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines practice of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia in assessing proportionality of restriction upon fundamental rights established in the field of tax law. The article argues that the Constitutional Court exercises self-restraint: the court does not examine, whether the measure chosen by the legislator is economically the most sound, whether the tax is necessary, whether other, alternative solutions that would be less burdensome for an individual exist (insofar as they are not confiscatory). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the various methods and tools for lasting and fair resolution of the issue of migration flows, flooded Europe.

Background: Bacterial species present in multispecies microbial communities often react to the same chemical signal but at vastly different concentrations. The existence of different response thresholds with respect to the same signal molecule has been well documented in quorum sensing which is one of the best studied inter-cellular signalling mechanisms in bacteria. The biological significance of this phenomenon is still poorly understood, and cannot be easily studied in nature or in laboratory models. The aim of this study is to establish the role of differential signal response thresholds in stabilizing microbial communities. Results: We tested binary competition scenarios using an agent-based model in which competing bacteria had different response levels with respect to signals, cooperation factors or both, respectively. While in previous scenarios fitter species outcompete slower growing competitors, we found that stable equilibria could form if the fitter species responded to a higher chemical concentration level than the slower growing competitor. We also found that species secreting antibiotic could form a stable community with other competing species if antibiotic production started at higher response thresholds. Conclusions: Microbial communities in nature rely on the stable coexistence of species that necessarily differ in their fitness. We found that differential response thresholds provide a simple and elegant way for keeping slower growing species within the community. High response thresholds can be considered as self-restraint of the fitter species that allows metabolically useful but slower growing species to remain within a community, and thereby the metabolic repertoire of the community will be maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-injury is common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however few studies have investigated correlates of self-injury or the putative associations with self-restraint. Questionnaire data on self-injury, self-restraint, health conditions, overactivity/impulsivity and repetitive/restricted behavior were collected on 208 children and 216 adults with ASD (mean age = 24.10, range 6-61). Self-injury and self-restraint were frequent and significantly associated in both children (45.7% and 40.9%, p < 0.001) and adults (49.1, and 42.6%, p < 0.001). Severe self-injury was predicted by lower ability, health conditions and overactivity/impulsivity in children (p < 0.001) and repetitive/restricted behavior and overactivity/impulsivity in adults (p < 0.001). These data provide preliminary support for a developmental model of self-injury and self-restraint in which painful health conditions and compromised behavioral control influence the presence and trajectory of self-injury in ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care workers have often to face suffering and death. Although nurses have been taught to prevent, care for and relieve pain, they are not always capable of tackling death and pain as components of life (Field 1984, GarcõÂa Aguilar et al. 1995).Stress in nurses is an endemic problem. It contributes to health problems in nurses and decreases their efficiency. Nurses who work in hospitals face heavy workloads, occupational stress, ethical dilemmas, and conflicting demands as part of their everyday life. Those may result in psychological stress, psychiatric morbidity. This study aimed to explore the distress, psychosomatic and self-restraint condition among staff nurses in four district of Kerala. A cross-sectional design with randomized sampling was used: 450 staff nurses were recruited from several government hospitals in Kerala. Data were collected using the questionnaires. The result revealed that there was no correlation between distress and self-restraint among staff nurses, there was positive correlation between distress and psychosomatic among staff nurses, there was negative correlation between self-restraint and psychosomatic among staff nurses, there was no significant difference between single staff nurses and married staff nurses on distress variable, there was no significant difference between single staff nurses and married staff nurses on psychosomatic variable and there was no significant difference between single staff nurses and married staff nurses on self-restraint variable. Recommendations: suitable strategy in health care organization to investigate stress and the psychological disease like distress, psychosomatic, depression and the other symptoms in health care settings is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In front of the modern understanding of the universe like process in evolution, Christians wonder about how to articulate the image of almighty God with the scientific developments. This article intents to answer it by proposing the divine kenosis as a starting point to talk about a humble, self-limited God; a God supportive with the suffering inherent to the evolution; so that his creator-action becomes compatible with the evolutionary process of the cosmos with respect to its own autonomy and making possible an experience of faith, by considering the scientific advances to discover the theological aspects involved within them. The last part of this article is about kenosis and gender perspective because it is important to recover the meaning of kenosis as donation and love but that it is not synonymous of a destructive self-sacrifice, especially from women. The Christological and Trinitarian kenosis are ways to approximate to the divine plan of salvation of recapitulating all things in Christ.

This essay is an attempt to show Fitzgerald's concern over the fate of the younger generation of the Twenties. Through Anthony's damnation in The Beautiful and Damned he tries to warn the younger generation against the danger of their hedonistic life. The values of hard work, investment, and self-restraint which used to be cherished no longer attract the youth's attention. On the contrary, they actualize their new-acquired freedom in parties, in drinking bootleg liquor, in their dancing mania, accompanied by the new rhythm of jazz music symbolizing their freedom.

In Descent of Man , Charles Darwin noted the impact of political institutions on natural selection. He thought that institutions such as asylums or hospitals may deter natural selection; however, he did not reach a decisive answer. Questions remain as to whether the selective impacts of political institutions, which in Darwin's terms may be referred to as "artificial selection," are compatible with natural selection, and if so, to what extent. This essay argues that currently there appears to be an essential mismatch between nature and political institutions. Unfitted institutions put exogenous and disproportionate pressures on living beings. This creates consequences for what is postulated as the condition of basic equivalence, which allows species and individuals to enjoy similar chances of survival under natural circumstances. Thus, contrary to Darwin's expectations, it is sustained that assumed natural selection is not discouraged but becomes exacerbated by political institutions. In such conditions, selection becomes primarily artificial and perhaps mainly political, with consequences for species' evolutionary future.

Since the late 1970s China has implemented sweeping economic reforms for almost 40 years. At the same time, it has not officially adjusted its previous moral code. As a result, the country is now faced with a widespread moral crisis characterized by greed and anomie. To offer a remedy for this crisis in his novel The Door of the Sheep (1999), Li Peifu, a noted writer from Henan Province, creates a village leader intent on maintaining his authoritative moral position as a shepherd by restraining his corporeal desires and exercising his authority on his flock and for his flock. In a subsequent novel entitled Gold House (2000), Li highlights the pervasive moral disorientation in a village where nobody assumes a pastoral position. The present article analyzes these two novels in connection with the sociopolitical environment of contemporary China. Special attention will be paid to Li's interpretation of human selfishness as the root cause of the moral crisis and his attempt to offer a politically feasible and morally effective solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When self-restraint and self-injurious behavior (SIB) co-occur, self-restraint might be maintained by negative reinforcement through the removal of SIB. The current study evaluated this possibility with an individual who exhibited hand-to-head SIB. Three functional analyses of SIB were conducted: (a) no consequences for self-restraint, (b) self-restraint blocked, and (c) hypothesized aversive effects of SIB blocked. The outcomes of the 3 analyses suggested that self-restraint was maintained by negative reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is one of the most culturally, philosophically and religiously diverse countries in the world. The roots, not only of these diversities but also of morally appropriate responses to them, i.e. to pluralism, go very deep. This presentation substantiates this claim by looking at the relevant edicts of Emperor Asoka who reigned in India in the 3rd century BCE. Asoka not only advises people with deeply divergent worldviews to live together face to face but also suggests what the basis for this coexistence could be. He claims that resources exist in all traditions to exercise self-restraints. These self-restraints are of two kinds: self-related and other-related. Everyone should exercise both these self-restraints, particularly in speech. This ‘control of tongue’ is crucial for morally legitimate and principled coexistence. In the article, I try to explicate the meaning of these edicts and flesh out this argument by providing a vivid, quasi-phenomenological account of what public life in Asokan times was like. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In book 7 of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle argues that vice, lack of self-restraint (akrasia), and brutishness are to be avoided. While the opposite of vice is virtue, the opposite of akrasia is self-restraint, and of brutishness a form of divinity. This article explores Aristotle's analysis of self-restraint and its lack, akrasia, focusing on the phenomenon of akrasia and its causes. Self-restraint is the experience of excessive and idiosyncratic desires that are nevertheless resisted. Like self-restraint, akrasia, or lack of self-restraint, involves the experience of excessive and idiosyncratic desires. However, those lacking in self-restraint give in to these desires; the unrestrained person knows the good but does the opposite nonetheless. Possible causes of akrasia are the overpowering of reason by desire among the young and the effeminacy of some women and womanly men. This article argues, however, that the most interesting cause of akrasia in Aristotle's account is theoretical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show why a systematic history of obsessive and compulsive symptoms (today called OCD) offers more than a special chapter in the history of psychiatry. It opens a window on the genesis of the Western individual by casting new light on the functions of self-restraint, self-control, and the self-monitoring of intentions and moral feelings (guilt, anxiety), as well as on the formation of a sense of individual autonomy and 'inferiority.' Such a project aligns with Norbert Elias's notion of the 'civilizing process,' but is distinct from Foucault's views on madness and normalcy. I finally consider contemporary cognitive and behavioral treatments of OCD in light of their participation in this historical process. The efficacy of such treatments might be explained, in large measure, as deriving from their reliance on, and implicit fostering of, contemporary cultural ideals of autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to create a theory of relations and balances ( RaB) in order to understand the systemic stability of democracy. It draws on Confucianism and compares Confucian self-restraint with liberal self-restraint. Empirical evidence suggests that on the one hand a Confucian constituency dislikes challenges to the authorities for the sake of systemic stability, but on the other it disapproves of authoritarian control in order to maintain a harmonious system. Evidence likewise suggests that if the systemic identity is weak, the constituency of RaB shows higher support for inclusive, not enforcive, leadership to restore governability. The RaB support for systemic inclusiveness can be mistaken as liberalism. Coupled with the idea of civic nationalism, contemporary constitutionalism of checks and balances neglects systemic stability and fails to explain the spread of illiberal democracy. The RaB theory provides an explanation on a systemic level of how a democracy can maintain or lose stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this essay I argue that Reinhold Niebuhr's ethics of self-restraint, though promising, is based on an incomplete and imprecise moral psychology. Although Niebuhr claims that reason cannot provide a sufficient grounding to motivate self-restraint, he does not disclose which human capacity might serve this purpose. I suggest that we can address this oversight by strengthening Niebuhr's tentative embrace of David Hume, and by developing a concept of the emotions in order to explain how human beings can cultivate a stable inclination to self-restraint. This project is informed by and in the service of feminist critiques of Niebuhr and social concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Filozofski Vestnik is the property of Scientific Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is building a people-oriented community in Southeast Asia and it has all the hallmarks of a Deutschian security community, with its emphasis on people-to-people contact and the involvement of civil society organisations in the community’s creation. In this article the argument is made that it is precisely the involvement of the masses that creates the peace inertia associated with security communities, and thus ASEAN’s plural turn is an essential first step in making ASEAN’s community a security community. Whether ASEAN can actually do this, and indeed whether the membership are united in this objective, is not the focus for this article. Instead, and contrary to the security community literature, which identifies ASEAN as a non-liberal security community and has emphasised the practice of self-restraint, this article argues that past ASEAN practice has prevented a security community forming in Southeast Asia, and using self-restraint as an explanation for why security communities create dependable expectations of peaceful change for members has resulted in the agency of ‘community’ being neglected. Hence, this article argues for the need to bring ‘community’ back. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Rates of aggressive offending among Justice-Involved Young Women (JIYW) have increased over the past few decades. Yet, there is little discourse, research, or intervention to address it among young women., Aims/hypotheses: This study hypothesized that a higher capacity for self-restraint measured on the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory (WAI) scale among 14-18-year-old JIYW would moderate the relationship between the exposure to violence and serious aggressive offending., Methods: The pathways to desistance project, a multi-site, longitudinal study, included a sample of JIYW aged 14-18 years old ( n  = 184). The baseline data were analyzed using linear multiple regression., Results: After controlling for two variables, race and neighborhood conditions, the overall model was significant ( F  = 8.31 ( df  = 7,176), p  = .001). The predictor variables (exposure to violence and self-restraint) explained 25% of the outcome variable (level of aggressive offending). The moderation result was significant such that higher self-restraint weakens the relationship between exposure to violence and aggressive offending ( B  = - 0.01, t (176) = -2.39, p  = .018)., Conclusions/implications: This study highlights the need to disrupt the trauma- to- prison pipeline by enhancing positive social skills in a trauma-responsive manner, which could mitigate the effect of exposure to violence among JIYW., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestThe authors declare they have no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

• A thermo-mechanical model for concrete with complex-shaped aggregates is presented. • A detailed parameter calibration procedure for mesoscopic model is carried out. • Self-restraint stress accounting for the time-dependent behavior is evaluated. • The effect of aggregate mesostructure on thermo-mechanical behavior is studied. Self-restraint stress produced in early age is a matter of interest associated with cracking of concrete. Mesoscopic modelling nowadays is one of the effective approaches to investigate internal stresses, deformation, damage of concrete at much smaller scale. However, grid discretization and mesoscopic properties calibration are still challenging issues that prevent fast pre-processing and require extremely dense meshes for accurate solutions. In this paper, a thermo-mechanical model required only regular-element discretization is proposed by developing a diffuse meshing technique to analyze the evolution of self-restraint stress. Cross-scale numerical validations are carried out to calibrate the mesoscopic parameters, along with verifying the feasibility of the proposed model. Furthermore, the effect of simplified aggregate mesostructure on the thermo-mechanical behavior of concrete is evaluated through comparisons with the results obtained by considering complex-shaped aggregate using the proposed diffuse element model. The results show the thermo-mechanical mismatch between different components is the main reason for producing the self-restraint stress, and aggregate meso -structure have nonnegligible influence on the global response or local behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of human flow has led to better control of COVID-19 infections. Japan's state of emergency, unlike other countries, is not legally binding but is rather a request for individual self-restraint; thus, factors must be identified that do not respond to self-restraint, and countermeasures considered for those factors to enhance its efficacy. We examined the relationship between sociodemographic factors and self-restraint toward social behaviors during a pandemic in Japan. This cross-sectional study used data for February 18-19, 2021, obtained from an internet survey; 19,560 participants aged 20-65 were included in the analysis. We identified five relevant behaviors: (1) taking a day trip; (2) eating out with five people or more; (3) gathering with friends and colleagues; (4) shopping for other than daily necessities; (5) shopping for daily necessities. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between sociodemographic factors and self-restraint for each of the behaviors. Results showed that for behaviors other than shopping for daily necessities, women, those aged 60-65, married people, highly educated people, high-income earners, desk workers and those who mainly work with interpersonal communication, and those with underlying disease reported more self-restraint. Older people had less self-restraint than younger people toward shopping for daily necessities; an underlying disease had no effect on the identified behavior. Specialized interventions for these groups that include recommendations for greater self-restraint may improve the efficacy of the implementing measures that request self-restraint., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Author(s).)