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A literary criticism of Edwidge Danticat's novel "Breath, Eyes, Memory," discusses the portrayal of bulimia as postcolonial trauma. Topics include Sophie Caco's disordered eating behaviors in the U.S.; stemming from experiences of exile and sexual abuse; how Danticat presents bulimia as a symbol of transgenerational and colonial traumas; and the intersections of neocolonial violence, patriarchal oppression & the impact of historical events such as the Duvalier regime on Sophie's affliction.

The article discusses the annual Modern Language Association Convention, emphasizing scholarly exchanges in language and literature studies. It covers diverse session types such as forums, plenaries, and specialized sessions, outlining inclusive registration and policies for attendees. Additionally, it highlights the convention's structure, sessions available in-person and online, and the need for registration to access convention services and sessions.

In May 1987, the U.S. Attorney's Office filed a federal indictment naming 36 co-conspirators in the largest anabolic steroid trafficking ring in history. A two-year federal investigation revealed a $100 million black market operating in the continental United States, of which an alleged 70% was supplied by a rag-tag trio of would-be drug barons: David Jenkins, an Olympic silver medallist; Dan Duchaine, a successful author and renowned steroid authority; and William Dillon, an aeronautical engineer from the Midwest. Much like alcohol bootleggers in the Prohibition Era (1920–1933), the men capitalized on a void left in the market by increased government regulation. In the mid-1980s, a 20-year drug review campaign spearheaded by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration culminated in the removal all anabolic steroids from the pharmaceutical market; a host of widely-used substances excised in one fell swoop. Revelations of systemic drug use in the Olympic Movement begot a paradigm shift in anti-doping enforcement in the early 1980s; however, no such shifts occurred in the legislative agenda. It was only after the ring was dismantled that American policy makers began to take notice, commencing in earnest a war on steroids that continues to rage on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As 'legal' immigrants, Mexicans with U.S. lawful permanent resident status have the rare opportunity to petition for immigrant visas for certain eligible family members. This article draws on multi-sited ethnographic research carried out over six years in Guanajuato, Mexico and Connecticut, United States, to examine the experiences of transnational mixed-status families with access to the U.S family-based immigration system. For some families, legalisation is perceived as a crucial resource. For others, legalisation poses a threat to family and community ties. Legalisation is not an inevitable or natural outcome of access to the family-based immigration system. Rather, it entails a complex process of negotiation among family members with different degrees of influence, and divergent and shifting goals. Families often find that engagements with the family immigration system yield unintended repercussions for children's social mobility. Legalisation decisions have temporal dimensions, as intimate family decisions must be made according to a timeline imposed by U.S. immigration law. This transnational approach to mixed-status family experiences reveals that legality is a status worthy of study in its own right, and that legal statuses – while they may not be enforceable beyond the borders of the state that creates them – have power that shapes transnational family life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proponents of barring the children of undocumented immigrants from birthright citizenship allege that the United States ('US') Constitution's 14th Amendment was intended to give full citizenship to former slaves and their progeny, and not to benefit the children of foreign-born people. A real-world example that illustrates the dangers of so restricting birthright citizenship is the Dominican Republic, where legal measures have already excluded the children of out-of-status immigrants (who are mostly of Haitian ancestry) from eligibility for birthright citizenship. The effect of this has not been ethnically cleansing Haitian descendants from the Dominican Republic so much as confining them within the country as a stateless underclass of people. The Dominican case therefore shows that US opponents of birthright citizenship for the children of out-of-status noncitizens must answer to the danger that their proposal would create a legally approved hereditary underclass on US soil, more than a century after the abolition of chattel slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-eight million people worldwide are living with HIV, PWH, a major public health problem. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) revolutionized HIV treatment and significantly increased the lifespan of PWH. However, approximately 15-50% of PWH develop HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HIV-NCI), a spectrum of cognitive deficits, that negatively impact quality of life. Many PWH also have opioid use disorder (OUD), and studies in animal models of HIV infection as well as in PWH suggest that OUD can contribute to HIV-NCI. The synthetic opioid agonist, buprenorphine, treats OUD but its effects on HIV-NCI are unclear. We reported that human mature inflammatory monocytes express the opioid receptors MOR and KOR, and that buprenorphine reduces important steps in monocyte transmigration. Monocytes also serve as HIV reservoirs despite effective ART, enter the brain, and contribute to HIV brain disease. Using EcoHIV infected mice, an established model of HIV infection and HIV-NCI, we previously showed that pretreatment of mice prior to EcoHIV infection reduces mouse monocyte entry into the brain and prevents NCI. Here we show that buprenorphine treatment of EcoHIV infected mice with already established chronic NCI completely reverses the disease. Disease reversal was associated with a significant reduction in brain inflammatory monocytes and reversal of dendritic injury in the cortex and hippocampus. These results suggest that HIV-NCI persistence may require a continuing influx of inflammatory monocytes into the brain. Thus, we recommend buprenorphine as a potential therapy for mitigation of HIV brain disease in PWH with or without OUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the cumulative incidence, prevalence, and seroconversion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated factors among healthcare workers (HCWs) of a University Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. An ambispective cohort was established from March 2020 to February 2021. From November 2020 to February 2021, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured on two occasions 14–90 days apart to determine seroprevalence and seroconversion. We used multivariate log-binomial regression to evaluate factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among 2,597 HCWs, the cumulative incidence of infection was 35.7%, and seroprevalence was 21.5%. A reduced risk of infection was observed among those aged 35–44 and ≥45 years (adjusted relative risks [aRRs], 0.84 and 0.83, respectively), physicians (aRR, 0.77), those wearing N95 respirators (aRR, 0.82) and working remotely (aRR, 0.74). Being overweight (aRR, 1.18) or obese (aRR, 1.24); being a nurse or nurse assistant (aRR, 1.20); working in the emergency room (aRR, 1.45), general wards (aRR, 1.45), intensive care unit (aRR, 1.34), or COVID-19 areas (aRR, 1.17); and close contact with COVID-19 cases (aRR, 1.47) increased the risk of infection. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection found in this study reflects the dynamics of the first year of the pandemic in Bogotá. A high burden of infection calls for strengthening prevention and screening measures for HCWs, focusing especially on those at high risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominican-descended people are one of the most dynamic Caribbean and Latin American ethnic and cultural communities in the United States. Whether in the Dominican Republic or as members of a transnational community, the Dominican population has a long and rich history of challenging the powers that be, confronting unjust acts, and opposing oppressive laws within the communities they inhabit through their civic engagement. This paper addresses one question: As Dominican society and the world have evolved, what has been the role of U.S.-based online media in sustaining, disseminating, and rescuing the long tradition of civic involvement and struggle exemplified by Dominicans at home and abroad? To answer that question, we explore the role of the ongoing online Dominican-centric magazine ESENDOM to demonstrate how online journalism documents activism within the Dominican community. ESENDOM and similar media have filled gaps that the mainstream media has failed to fulfill, as there is a media blackout on the Dominican Republic and its people. This project is one about activism. This humanistic project documents some of the most important social movements to take place in the Dominican Republic and the United States in the past thirteen years (2009-2022), coinciding with the founding of ESENDOM in 2009. This project will present a timeline and an attempt to chart a chronology of political dissent and social struggles within Dominican communities in the United States and the Dominican Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HIV-NCI) persists in 15-40% of people with HIV (PWH) despite effective antiretroviral therapy. HIV-NCI significantly impacts quality of life, and there is currently no effective treatment for it. The development of HIV-NCI is complex and is mediated, in part, by the entry of HIV-infected mature monocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). Once in the CNS, these cells release inflammatory mediators that lead to neuroinflammation, and subsequent neuronal damage. Infected monocytes may infect other CNS cells as well as differentiate into macrophages, thus contributing to viral reservoirs and chronic neuroinflammation. Substance use disorders in PWH, including the use of methamphetamine (meth), can exacerbate HIV neuropathogenesis. We characterized the effects of meth on the transcriptional profile of HIVinfected mature monocytes using RNA-sequencing. We found that meth mediated an upregulation of gene transcripts related to viral infection, cell adhesion, cytoskeletal arrangement, and extracellular matrix remodeling. We also identified downregulation of several gene transcripts involved in pathogen recognition, antigen presentation, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. These transcriptomic changes suggest that meth increases the infiltration of mature monocytes that have a migratory phenotype into the CNS, contributing to dysregulated inflammatory responses and viral reservoir establishment and persistence, both of which contribute to neuronal damage. Overall, our results highlight potential molecules that may be targeted for therapy to limit the effects of meth on HIV neuropathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the current complicated situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to medical efforts on disease prevention and treatment, governments of countries also have to come up with solutions to deal with the negative impacts of the pandemic on the economy. This study aims to provide specific, comprehensive, and scientific estimates of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Vietnamese economy. By using the Bayesian method to estimate DSGE models, research results show that a shock increase by one standard deviation (about 1.49% increase in the probability of a COVID-19 outbreak) to the Covid status variable immediately reduces the output gap by 0.94%. However, this effect only lasts for one quarter, and the output gap widens again. Meanwhile, refinancing interest rates, inflation, and exchange rate changes also have an immediate decline in response to this shock, but the magnitude of the reduction is relatively small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a membrane protein that has been attributed a dual role in cancer, acting at early stages as a tumor suppressor and in later stages of the disease as a promoter of metastasis. In the latter case, enhanced expression of CAV1 favors the malignant phenotype and correlates with a poorer prognosis of the patients. Bearing in mind that the reprogramming of energy metabolism is required in cancer cells to meet both the bioenergetic and biosynthetic needs to sustain increased proliferation, migration, and invasion, we evaluated the metabolism of metastatic cells expressing or not CAV1. In this study, we show that the expression of CAV1 promotes in cancer cells a metabolic switch to an aerobic, glycolytic phenotype by blocking mitochondrial respiration. Cancer cells often display impaired mitochondrial function, reduced oxidative phosphorylation, and augmented aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) to fulfill their bioenergetic and biosynthetic needs. Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a scaffolding protein that promotes cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis in a manner dependent on CAV1 phosphorylation on tyrosine-14 (pY14). Here, we show that CAV1 expression increased glycolysis rates, while mitochondrial respiration was reduced by inhibition of the mitochondrial complex IV. These effects correlated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels that favored CAV1-induced migration and invasion. Interestingly, pY14-CAV1 promoted the metabolic switch associated with increased migration/invasion and augmented ROS-inhibited PTP1B, a phosphatase that controls pY14 levels. Finally, the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose reduced CAV1-enhanced migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo of murine melanoma cells. In conclusion, CAV1 promotes the Warburg effect and ROS production, which inhibits PTP1B to augment CAV1 phosphorylation on tyrosine-14, thereby increasing the metastatic potential of cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 type III effector HopAM1 suppresses plant immunity and contains a Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR) domain homologous to immunity‐related TIR domains of plant nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat receptors that hydrolyze nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and activate immunity. In vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to determine if HopAM1 hydrolyzes NAD+ and if the activity is essential for HopAM1's suppression of plant immunity and contribution to virulence.HPLC and LC‐MS were utilized to analyze metabolites produced from NAD+ by HopAM1 in vitro and in both yeast and plants. Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression and in planta inoculation assays were performed to determine HopAM1's intrinsic enzymatic activity and virulence contribution.HopAM1 is catalytically active and hydrolyzes NAD+ to produce nicotinamide and a novel cADPR variant (v2‐cADPR). Expression of HopAM1 triggers cell death in yeast and plants dependent on the putative catalytic residue glutamic acid 191 (E191) within the TIR domain. Furthermore, HopAM1's E191 residue is required to suppress both pattern‐triggered immunity and effector‐triggered immunity and promote P. syringae virulence.HopAM1 manipulates endogenous NAD+ to produce v2‐cADPR and promote pathogenesis. This work suggests that HopAM1's TIR domain possesses different catalytic specificity than other TIR domain‐containing NAD+ hydrolases and that pathogens exploit this activity to sabotage NAD+ metabolism for immune suppression and virulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have used experimental studies and DFT calculations to investigate the IrIII‐catalyzed isomerization of allylic alcohols into carbonyl compounds, and the regiospecific isomerization–chlorination of allylic alcohols into α‐chlorinated carbonyl compounds. The mechanism involves a hydride elimination followed by a migratory insertion step that may take place at Cβ but also at Cα with a small energy‐barrier difference of 1.8 kcal mol−1. After a protonation step, calculations show that the final tautomerization can take place both at the Ir center and outside the catalytic cycle. For the isomerization–chlorination reaction, calculations show that the chlorination step takes place outside the cycle with an energy barrier much lower than that for the tautomerization to yield the saturated ketone. All the energies in the proposed mechanism are plausible, and the cycle accounts for the experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a century filled with violations of human rights, a significant number of documentary films have appeared since the first decade of the current century that report these events. Traditionally this process is carried out from the victims' point of view. However, a new tendency has emerged in which the films deal with the perpetrators' perspective. It is easy to understand how establishing a relationship with a person who has committed atrocities may be problematic. So, why should we engage with perpetrators? The overarching purpose of this article is to attempt to offer some answers to this question. To this end, two methodological approaches are carried out in parallel: first, this article explores a sample of five documentary films and the filmmakers' considerations of what their engagement with the perpetrators was like. Second, this article reviews the related literature and the controversial reception of these films by some scholars. In doing so, I also posit a theory that 4Rs (remembrance, recognition, remorse, and redemption) are a necessary prerequisite for the fifth R, of reconciliation. The final elaboration of this schema is mainly based on an example of interpersonal reconciliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient method for the synthesis of α‐iodoketones from allylic alcohols and elemental iodine is reported. We show in this paper that the isomerization of allylic alcohols catalyzed by iridium(III) complexes can be combined with an aerobic oxidative iodination protocol, resulting in a straightforward method for the synthesis of a wide range of α‐iodoketones as single constitutional isomers and in high yields under mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is thought that workers under capitalism enjoy the freedom of changing employment at will, but studies show that unfree labor has historically existed alongside capitalist development. One explanation for the use of unfree labor under capitalism highlights the functional needs of production. However, the baoshengong , a form of bonded labor that was used in cotton mills in Shanghai from 1927 to 1937, problematizes this approach. Though the baoshengong system was not an efficient mode of labor control, it was put in place. Rejecting the functionalist account, I show that capitalist unfree labor is not necessarily spurred by production requirements. As the Shanghai case will demonstrate, unfree labor was used when the power dynamics in the larger socio-political context outside the immediate abode of production—namely, the conflict and collaboration between different forms of domination such as gang, patriarchal, capitalist, and state powers—superseded the functional considerations of the capitalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The first method to access unsymmetrical aliphatic acyloins is presented. The method relies on a fast 1,3‐hydride shift mediated by an IrIII complex in allylic alcohols followed by oxidation with TEMPO+. The direct conversion of allylic alcohols into acyloins is achieved in a one‐pot procedure. Further functionalization of the Cα′ of the α‐amino‐oxylated ketone products gives access to highly functionalized unsymmetrical aliphatic ketones, which further highlights the utility of this transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximising returns on one of the world’s most efficient solar converters, for over four centuries, the sugar industry on the island of Hispaniola has shaped the people, architecture, and landscapes of what is now the Dominican Republic. Drawing a through-line from the design of the sixteenth-century to early nineteenth-century slave ships and sugar mills to the development of modern sugar refineries and labour camps under North American occupation (1916–1924) and the dictatorship of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo (1930–1961), this article argues that slaves as well as modern Haitian and Dominican labourers were bonded to the architecture of sugarcane processing, as subordinate, interchangeable parts. At the same time, it proposes that as escaped slaves and later batey residents seized momentary openings on idle land to shape landscapes of resistance, these same communities pushed back against the drive of agrilogistics—an environmentally appropriative thought loop as old as humanity’s first agricultural gestures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,2-Diiodo-5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione is reported as a new electrophilic iodinating agent that selectively iodinates electron-rich aromatics. In contrast to other common electrophilic iodinating reagents, its mild nature allows it to be used for the selective synthesis of α-iodinated carbonyl compounds from allylic alcohols through a 1,3-hydrogen shift/iodination process catalyzed by iridium(iii) complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores anti-Haitian nationalism in the Dominican Republic. Particular focus is given to how this relates to paternalism and what the author describes as "deviant black motherhood." Additional topics discussed include the experiences of Haitian migrant women in the Dominican Republic, the notion of transnational hispaniola, and a historical overview of anti-Haitian racism. American involvement with the Dominican Republic is also discussed, including the U.S.'s occupation that took place between 1916 and 1924.

The authors comment on the need for creating a unified knowledge, via systematic reviews, of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Latin America (LATAM) amidst the disparities in the quantity of research that exist in region. Topics covered include the possible reasons behind the lower representation of the Latin American population, publications, and/or journals, the usefulness of population-based or national registries in CVD, and the benefits of developing local and regional research.

An essay is presented which contends that the performances of visual artist Scherezade Garcia and interdisciplinary artist Charo Oquet on and around the Dominican-Haitian borderland challenge historical ideas of Dominican racial identity that eschew blackness in favor of other racial designations.

Reproductive synchrony and the consequent clustering of births are hypothesized to be regulated by seasonal changes in rainfall and food availability. Such climate-related seasonality is, however, questionable in tropical populations occupying temporally invariant habitats year round. Using the long-term data of the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques from 1973 to 2013, this study distinguishes synchrony (a greater than chance clustering of births) from seasonality (a cluster of births during a period of the year when abiotic conditions are favorable) and shows that females are highly synchronized (>72% of births in a 3-month period) but the effects of environmental zeitgebers on reproduction are overridden by biological factors. Specifically, biotic and abiotic factors including (i) loss of immature offspring; (ii) population density; (iii) age at delivery; (iv) rainfall; and (v) changes in colony management were modeled in relation to the annual onset of births and the median birth date. Females experiencing loss of immature offspring had an interbirth interval of <365 days in average and the proportion of these females increased up to 48% due to changes in colony management overtime, although reproductive synchrony increased with increasing population density. A secular trend in both the onset of births and the median date of birth is documented and the model predicts that the median birth date will advance across all calendar-based seasons by 2050. The secular trend in reproduction appears to be triggered by changes in the age at delivery of females, the absence of physiological constraints from maternal investment due to offspring loss, shorter interbirth interval, and a higher degree of coordination due to increasing population density. This study challenges the reproductive phenology previously described for rhesus macaques highlighting the importance of long-term studies in addressing the ultimate causes of reproductive synchrony. Am. J. Primatol. 78:227-237, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]