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Consideration should be given to the use of industrial waste as sources of fertilizers to soil and plants. The objective of this work was to study nitrogen rate as a function of filter cake doses in the initial development of pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings. The was design completely randomized in a 4x3 factorial scheme, with 4 doses of filter cake and 3 doses of N, with 4 replicates. The variety used was CTC 9003. The evaluations occurred with 76 DAT (days after transplantation): number of tillers, height of plants, mass humid of the part aerial, total dry mass and root/shoot relationship. The use of filter cake at doses of up to 60 ton ha-1 combined with 100 kg ha-1 of N improves the initial development of sugarcane, being a viable alternative for the destination of this residue in the soil.

Alfafa cultivation and high production capacity increase of intensive systems has been more widespread in the Brazilian states, being a very limited crop susceptible to soil acidity. The aim of this work was evaluate the base saturation levels with and without gypsum in soil sandy texture. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design used with factorial (2x4) with different levels of base saturation (48%, 70%, 90% and 120%), four replications, with and without gypsum. The lime and gypsum improved the development and production of this crop, with gypsum used plus base saturation 70%, a positive response was increased. The treatments without gypsum didn’t great importance until V% 90. In sandy soils type, the use of gypsum, decrease the level base saturation applied for alfafa production

The objective of this work was to evaluate the development of tifton-85 forage in function of N doses with and without gypsum applied as a source of sulfur. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in a 2 x 4 factorial: four doses of N (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 N) as urea by two treatments (with and without gypsum), with four replicates. One hundred and thirty days after planting, were measured plant height, dry matter mass and N use efficiency (EUN). Without gypsum applied, the N use efficiency and dry matter mass of plants increased in 120 kg N ha-¹. The gypsum application improves the development of Tifton grass, increasing dry mass production in relation to the amount of N applying up to 180 kg N ha-1 and possibly higher doses.

Although leaf-cutter ants of the genus Atta are polyphagous, they discriminate between food plant species. Ferns represent the second largest group of vascular plants and are especially abundant in tropical forest understories, but seem to be avoided as food plants. We studied the leaf damage caused by leaf-cutter ants and its relation with water content, trichome density, alkaloids, triterpenoids, and total phenol and nitrogen content of nine fern species occurring in close vicinity to Atta cephalotes (L.) nests from rainforests in Brazil. Meniscium serratum Cav. presented the highest leaf damage with 32.3%, three other species had a leaf damage of less than 5%, and the remaining five species were undamaged. Food preferences of leaf-cutter ants were related with higher water content (> 70%), but independent of any other measured variables. Additional observations from Mexico and Costa Rica provided evidence that a larger number of ferns are attacked by leaf-cutter ants. We suggest that highly damaged fern species might serve them as an occasional, short-term, alternative diet when growing close to ant nests, whereas less damaged fern species might have some chemical components harmful for the fungus and detected a posteriori, because they were rejected after initial harvesting by leaf-cutter ants.

— Ferns adapt their phenological characteristics such as leaf production, leaf fertility and leaf mortality to the habitat conditions optimizing their opportunities to grow, reproduce, and disperse. The leaf phenology of the herbaceous, dimorphic fern Danaea geniculata was studied in a Brazilian submontane tropical forest and compared with several other fern species worldwide. Plants of D. geniculata held an average of 8.11 ± 2.16 leaves that were produced and died at similar rates of 4.44 ± 2.16 leaves y−1 and 4.20 ± 2.28 leaves y−1, respectively. Leaf lifespan was 24.7 ± 7.5 mo for sterile leaves and 5.6 ± 0.6 mo for fertile leaves. Leaf production and fertility increased with rainfall, but decreased with temperature, because of the local climate, which is characterized by higher rainfall during the colder winter months. On the other hand, leaf mortality increased during drier and hotter months. Leaf production and fertility of other species were fit into three categories and compared with D. g...

We analyzed floristic variations in fern’s metacommunity at the local scale and their relationship with abiotic factors in an Atlantic Forest remnant of northeastern Brazil. Floristic and environmental variations were accessed on ten plots of 10 × 20 m. We performed cluster analyses, based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index to establish the floristic relationship. The influence of abiotic factors: luminosity, temperature, relative air humidity and relative soil moisture was evaluated from a redundancy analysis. We found 24 species belonging to 20 genera and 12 families. The fern’s flora showed high floristic heterogeneity (>75% for most of the plot’s associations). The fern’s metacommunity was structured along an abiotic gradient modulated by temperature, luminosity, and relative soil moisture. Resumo Analisamos as variações florísticas na metacomunidade de samambaias em escala local e sua relação com fatores abióticos em um remanescente de Floresta Atlântica no Nordeste do Brasil. Variações florísticas e ambientais foram acessadas a partir de dez parcelas de 10 × 20 m. Realizamos análises de cluster, baseado no índice de similaridade de Bray-Curtis para estabelecer relações florísticas. A influência de fatores abióticos: luminosidade, temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e umidade relativa do solo foram avaliadas a partir da análise de redundância. Encontramos 24 espécies pertencentes a 20 gêneros e 12 famílias. A flora de samambaias exibiu uma elevada heterogeneidade florística (>75% para a maioria das associações entre plots). Observou-se que a metacomunidade de samambaias estava estruturada ao longo de um gradiente abiótico modulado pela temperatura, luminosidade e umidade relativa do solo.

The original version of this Article contained an error in Table 2, where the number of individuals in the “All Amazonia” row was reported as 11,6431 instead of 116,431. Also, the original version of this Article contained an error in the Methods, where the R2 for the proportion of broken/uprooted dead trees increase per year was reported as 0.12, the correct value being 0.06. The original version of this Article contained errors in the author affiliations. The affiliation of Gerardo A. Aymard C. with UNELLEZGuanare, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela Compensation International Progress S.A. Ciprogress–Greenlife.

his study aimed to determine the population structure of Cyathea praecincta (Kunze) Domin in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Northeastern Brazil. Individuals of C. praecincta were recorded inside 1800 m2 of interior forest area. Caudex height was measured in order to classify specimens into length classes and relate this variable with fertility of individuals. Ninety-eight individuals were sampled, featuring a low population density (5.4 individuals per 100 m-2) when compared to other tree fern populations. The spatial distribution was clustered (Ia = 2.12; p = 0.0002) and the length class distribution followed an exponential or reverse J-shaped pattern. The high number of individuals classifi ed in the smaller length class (0 to 0.25 m) may be an indication that the studied population is under expansion. This endorses the need for conservation of the study area and for reducing the risk of local extinction by disturbances.

Cell competition in the thymus is a homeostatic process that drives turnover. If the process is impaired, thymopoiesis can be autonomously maintained for several weeks, but this causes leukemia. We aimed to understand the effect of cell competition on thymopoiesis, identify the cells involved, and determine how the process is regulated. Using thymus transplantation experiments, we found that cell competition occurs within the double-negative 2 (DN2) and 3 early (DN3e) thymocytes and inhibits thymus autonomy. Furthermore, the expansion of DN2b is regulated by a negative feedback loop that is imposed by double-positive thymocytes and determines the kinetics of thymopoiesis. This feedback loop affects the cell cycle duration of DN2b, in a response controlled by interleukin 7 availability. Altogether, we show that thymocytes do not merely follow a pre-determined path if provided with the correct signals. Instead, thymopoiesis dynamically integrates cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous aspects that fine-tune normal thymus function.

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (-9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth's climate., Our plot monitoring networks havebeen supported by multiple grants from a large number of funding bodies: European Research Council; Natural Environment Research Council; European Union’s Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Framework Programme; Royal Society, Leverhulme Trust; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP); National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq); Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Conservation International; Missouri Botanical Garden; Smithsonian Institution; Wildlife Conservation Society; National Geographic Society; Centre for International Forestry; and Gabon’s National Park Agency.

The carbon sink capacity of tropical forests is substantially affected by tree mortality. However, the main drivers of tropical tree death remain largely unknown. Here we present a pan-Amazonian assessment of how and why trees die, analysing over 120,000 trees representing > 3800 species from 189 long-term RAINFOR forest plots. While tree mortality rates vary greatly Amazon-wide, on average trees are as likely to die standing as they are broken or uprooted—modes of death with different ecological consequences. Species-level growth rate is the single most important predictor of tree death in Amazonia, with faster-growing species being at higher risk. Within species, however, the slowest-growing trees are at greatest risk while the effect of tree size varies across the basin. In the driest Amazonian region species-level bioclimatic distributional patterns also predict the risk of death, suggesting that these forests are experiencing climatic conditions beyond their adaptative limits. These results provide not only a holistic pan-Amazonian picture of tree death but large-scale evidence for the overarching importance of the growth–survival trade-off in driving tropical tree mortality., Tree mortality has been shown to be the dominant control on carbon storage in Amazon forests, but little is known of how and why Amazon forest trees die. Here the authors analyse a large Amazon-wide dataset, finding that fast-growing species face greater mortality risk, but that slower-growing individuals within a species are more likely to die, regardless of size.

SUMMARYCell competition in the thymus is a homeostatic process that drives turnover. If the process is impaired, thymopoiesis can be autonomously maintained for several weeks, but this causes leukemia. We aimed to understand the impact of cell competition on thymopoiesis, identify the cells involved and determine how the process is regulated. Using thymus transplantation experiments we found that cell competition occurs within the double negative 2 (DN2) and 3 early (DN3e) thymocytes and inhibits thymus autonomy. Furthermore, the expansion of DN2b is regulated by a negative feedback loop imposed by double positive thymocytes and determines the kinetics of thymopoiesis. This feedback loop impacts on cell cycle duration of DN2b, in a response controlled by interleukin 7 availability. Altogether, we show that thymocytes do not merely follow a pre-determined path if provided with the correct signals. Instead, thymopoiesis dynamically integrates cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous aspects that fine-tune normal thymus function.

A single loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for specific detection of both pathogens that cause bacterial blight in common bean

Higher levels of taxonomic and evolutionary diversity are expected to maximize ecosystem function, yet their relative importance in driving variation in ecosystem function at large scales in diverse forests is unknown. Using 90 inventory plots across intact, lowland, terra firme, Amazonian forests and a new phylogeny including 526 angiosperm genera, we investigated the association between taxonomic and evolutionary metrics of diversity and two key measures of ecosystem function: aboveground wood productivity and biomass storage. While taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity were not important predictors of variation in biomass, both emerged as independent predictors of wood productivity. Amazon forests that contain greater evolutionary diversity and a higher proportion of rare species have higher productivity. While climatic and edaphic variables are together the strongest predictors of productivity, our results show that the evolutionary diversity of tree species in diverse forest stands also influences productivity. As our models accounted for wood density and tree size, they also suggest that additional, unstudied, evolutionarily correlated traits have significant effects on ecosystem function in tropical forests. Overall, our pan-Amazonian analysis shows that greater phylogenetic diversity translates into higher levels of ecosystem function: tropical forest communities with more distantly related taxa have greater wood productivity.

Deforestation is currently the major threat to Amazonian tree species but climate change may surpass it in just a few decades. Here, we show that climate and deforestation combined could cause a decline of up to 58% in Amazon tree species richness, whilst deforestation alone may cause 19–36% and climate change 31–37% by 2050. Quantification is achieved by overlaying species distribution models for current and future climate change scenarios with historical and projected deforestation. Species may lose an average of 65% of their original environmentally suitable area, and a total of 53% may be threatened according to IUCN Red List criteria; however, Amazonian protected area networks reduce these impacts. The worst-case combined scenario—assuming no substantial climate or deforestation policy progress—suggests that by 2050 the Amazonian lowland rainforest may be cut into two blocks: one continuous block with 53% of the original area and another severely fragmented block. This outlook urges rapid progress to zero deforestation, which would help to mitigate climate change and foster biodiversity conservation.

A lama residual de concreto (LRC) é um resíduo cimentício proveniente do tratamento da água residuária gerada durante o processo de lavagem de pátios e caminhões betoneira em usinas dosadoras. Este resíduo é composto basicamente por água, agregados, pasta de cimento e aditivos utilizados para produção de concreto. Devido as suas características como, por exemplo, elevado pH e alto teor de sólidos suspensos, há de se ter um manejo adequado deste material, visto que, conforme a Resolução CONAMA nº 430, o lançamento de efluentes em solo não poderá representar riscos de poluição às águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Nota-se que nos últimos anos, tanto a academia, quanto a indústria, têm buscado encontrar soluções reduzam o impacto de algumas atividades produtivas sobre o meio ambiente. Assim sendo, este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um panorama das pesquisas relacionadas com a incorporação da lama residual de concreto em produtos cimentícios. Para tanto, foi realizado um mapeamento sistemático da literatura através da base de dados Periódicos CAPES utilizando as strings de busca “concrete sludge” e “fresh concrete waste”, de forma a encontrar os principais estudos relacionados com a vertente estudada. Assim, através do mapeamento realizado foi possível perceber que, quando comparada com outros tipos de resíduos, o estudo da lama residual de concreto (LRC) ainda é recente e os impactos da sua utilização ainda não foram completamente esclarecidos, ressaltando assim a necessidade de novas pesquisas na área.

Bauxite mining has caused serious damage on local ecosystems and landscapes in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Considering these issues, the objectives of this study were to determine key species and their ecological characteristics that can contribute to forest restoration after bauxite mining. Key species are those with high frequency and abundance in different stages of vegetation succession. Data were obtained from forest inventories before forest slash down to extract bauxite and later subjected to factor analysis. The Phytosociological and Socioeconomic Index (PSI) was calculated with the following variables: abundance, frequency, dominance, live aerial biomass, commercial value of wood, and non-timber forest products of each species. The data comprised 24,600 individuals distributed in 462 species, 224 genera, and 62 families. Seventeen species, selected by PSI, were the most representative to restore areas after bauxite mining in the Eastern Amazon. The families with the highest richness were Lecytidaceae, Sapotaceae, and Fabaceae, representing 64.70% of the key species. Regarding abundance, the families Lecytidaceae, Urticaceae, and Fabaceae accounted for more than 75% of the individuals belonging to the key species. The 17 selected species belonged to the following ecological groups: late secondary (10), climax (5), initial secondary (1), and pioneer (1). The ecological knowledge of the selected species is important to plan and establish forest restoration projects, since ecological processes and functions can evolve n a more rapid and effective way.

Species richness estimation is one of the most widely used analyses carried out by ecologists, and nonparametric estimators are probably the most used techniques to carry out such estimations. We tested the assumptions and results of nonparametric estimators and those of a logseries approach to species richness estimation for simulated tropical forests and five data sets from the field. We conclude that nonparametric estimators are not suitable to estimate species richness in tropical forests, where sampling intensity is usually low and richness is high, because the assumptions of the methods do not meet the sampling strategy used in most studies. The logseries, while also requiring substantial sampling, is much more effective in estimating species richness than commonly used nonparametric estimators, and its assumptions better match the way field data is being collected.

The Amazon Basin has experienced more variable climate over the last decade, with a severe and widespread drought in 2005 causing large basin-wide losses of biomass. A drought of similar climatological magnitude occurred again in 2010; however, there has been no basin-wide ground-based evaluation of effects on vegetation. We examine to what extent the 2010 drought affected forest dynamics using ground-based observations of mortality and growth from an extensive forest plot network. We find that during the 2010 drought interval, forests did not gain biomass (net change: −0.43 Mg ha−1, confidence interval (CI): −1.11, 0.19, n = 97), regardless of whether forests experienced precipitation deficit anomalies. This contrasted with a long-term biomass sink during the baseline pre-2010 drought period (1998 to pre-2010) of 1.33 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (CI: 0.90, 1.74, p

A evasão escolar é uma problemática que deve ser combatida em toda instituição de ensino, pois, além do aluno evadido causar perda do investimento público feito nele, a comunidade perde um aluno que poderia contribuir profissionalmente com sua formação. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo geral: desenvolver um processo gerencial capaz de reduzir a evasão, e como objetivos específicos: compreender os fatores que contribuem para a evasão escolar; conhecer o planejamento estratégico do IFPI (PDI) e os objetivos da instituição relacionados a evasão, verificar como a instituição tem lidado com o problema da evasão e identificar soluções para reduzir a evasão por meio de processos gerenciais. Para atender esses objetivos, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa em outubro de 2018, por meio de um estudo de caso com 10 servidores que exercem diferentes cargos na gestão do campus Parnaíba do Instituto Federal do Piauí (IFPI). A abordagem da pesquisa é qualitativa e a mesma classifica-se também como pesquisa-ação. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram 11 principais motivos do aluno evadir, destacando-se principalmente a falta de transporte, devido a localização do campus, também foi sugerido um processo de ligação entre os setores, controle acadêmico, setor pedagógico, e outros, com supervisão da coordenação.

To provide an empirical foundation for estimates of the Amazonian tree diversity, we recently published a checklist of 11,675 tree species recorded to date in the region (ter Steege H, et al. (2016) The discovery of the Amazonian tree flora with an updated checklist of all known tree taxa. Scientific Reports 6:29549). From this total of plant records compiled from public databases and literature, widely used in studies on the Amazonian plant diversity, only 6,727 tree species belong to the first taxonomically-vetted checklist published for the region (Cardoso D, et al. (2017) Amazon plant diversity revealed by a taxonomically verified species list. PNAS 114:10695-10700). The striking difference in these two numbers spurred us to evaluate both lists, in order to release an improved Amazonian tree list; to discuss species inclusion criteria; and to highlight the ecological importance of verifying the occurrence of “non-Amazonian” trees in the region through the localization and identification of specimens. A number of species in the 2016 checklist that are not trees, non-native, synonyms, or misspellings were removed and corresponded to about 23% of the names. Species not included in the taxonomically-vetted checklist but verified by taxonomists to occur in Amazonia as trees were retained. Further, the inclusion of recently recorded/new species (after 2016), and recent taxonomic changes added up to an updated checklist including 10,071 species recorded for the Amazon region and shows the dynamic nature of establishing an authoritative checklist of Amazonian tree species. Completing and improving this list is a long-term, high-value commitment that will require a collaborative approach involving ecologists, taxonomists, and practitioners.

Reforestation and forest restoration are recognized as an effective means of halting biodiversity loss and increasing the performance of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and the protection and maintenance of water resources. The objective of this review is to describe the main challenges and opportunities for large-scale forest restoration and reforestation using native species in the Amazon, focusing on Para state and the Itacaiunas watershed. Large-scale forest restoration and reforestation in the Eastern Amazon may contribute to meeting national and global restoration commitments and reducing/eliminating the actual forest deficit caused by noncompliance with the Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law, concomitantly mitigating impacts on climate change, enhancing ecosystem services (e.g., protection of water resources and reduction of soil erosion) and maintaining biodiversity. The selection of active and passive reforestation approaches depends on land-use history, landscape context and reforestation targets, and the promotion of natural regeneration reduces implementation costs. To measure the ecological and socioeconomic success of forest restoration and reforestation, a large number of on-the-ground and remote indicators are available, and the use of a combination of both methods can reduce the monitoring cost. The socioeconomic benefits of reforestation include financial gains from restoration and carbon programs; furthermore, the commercialization of timber and non-timber products and their use for subsistence may improve livelihoods and farm incomes. Nevertheless, implementation of large-scale reforestation in the Eastern Amazon requires research regarding the selection and the nutritional demands of native species and the development of adequate soil management strategies that promote the growth of native species and yields. The insufficient availability of seeds and seedlings is a major bottleneck for large-scale forest restoration and reforestation with native species. Thus, increasing the availability, diversity and quality of seedlings and seeds of native species to supply the demand for planting activities, as well as the registration of producers in the National Register of Seeds and Seedlings, is necessary to achieve compliance with national legislation and international commitments. Competition between reforestation and the expansion of agricultural and cattle ranching frontiers combined with a lack of markets for commercial products from restored areas constrains the socioeconomic viability of large-scale reforestation. To outweigh deforestation incentives, regulation and effective implementation of markets and programs such as REDD+, CDM and PES is thus paramount. To enhance the integration of human well-being, socioeconomic enhancements and ecological functionality, forest and landscape restoration concepts offer promising tools for the region.

Atuando como professor de Educação Básica no interior de Minas Gerais, encontrei muita dificuldade para ilustrar conteúdos e abordar situações distantes da realidade dos estudantes camponeses. Foi desta dificuldade que surgiu meu interesse em desenvolver a presente pesquisa, que tem por objetivo criar - e posteriormente analisar o emprego de - um jogo de tabuleiro como estratégia metodológica de iniciação ao cinema. Todo meu esforço e dedicação para o desenvolvimento deste projeto está alicerçado nas contribuições de autores como: Alvarenga (2004, 2011, 2017), Antunes (1996), Bergala (2008), Costa (2017), Carelli (1996), Fresquet (2013), Guimarães (2015), Lopes (2013), Machado (1997), Martins (2010), Martin (2011), Migliorin (2014, 2016) e Sadoul (1983). A ideia do jogo surge como resposta a rara existência de literaturas sobre o cinema nas escolas do campo e também surge ainda da necessidade de apresentar o cinema para os estudantes não como uma sala escura e um filme projetado longe dali, mas o cinema enquanto dispositivo complexo e tecnológico, tão importante e eficiente nos processos de ensino/aprendizagem como são o computador, a internet, o GPS, os jogos virtuais ou de tabuleiro, o microscópio, a bússola, os mapas, os livros e tudo que é utilizado e valorizado como material de apoio nas escolas deste século XXI. Ao longo da pesquisa apresento minha trajetória enquanto educador, o contato com o cinema e sua história, meu encontro com o campo e com o movimento da Educação do Campo. São abordados conceitos que nortearam minha proposta, sobretudo o conceito de comunidade de cinema (GUIMARÃES, 2015), que me motivou a prosseguir com este trabalho, valorizando as diferenças e a subjetividade de cada aluno. Para tanto, descreverei o processo de construção do jogo e os resultados de sua aplicação na Escola Estadual Coronel Clemente Luiz, situada no município de Itaipé, em Minas Gerais. Actuando como profesor de Educación Básica en el interior de Minas Gerais, encontré mucha dificultad para ilustrar contenidos y abordar situaciones distantes de la realidad de los estudiantes campesinos. Fue de esta dificultad que surgió mi interés en desarrollar la presente investigación, que tiene por objetivo crear -y posteriormente analizar el empleo de un juego de tablero como estrategia metodológica de iniciación al cine. Todo mi esfuerzo y dedicación para el desarrollo de este proyecto está basado en las contribuciones de autores como: Alvarenga (2004, 2011, 2017), Antunes (1996), Bergala (2008), Costa (2017), Carelli (1996), Fresquet (2013), Guimarães (2015), Lopes (2013), Machado (1997), Martins (2010), Martin (2011), Migliorin (2014, 2016) e Sadoul (1983). La idea del juego surge como respuesta a la rara existencia de literaturas sobre el cine en las escuelas del campo y también surge de la necesidad de presentar el cine para los estudiantes no como una sala oscura y una película proyectada lejos de allí, pero el cine como dispositivo complejo y tecnológico, tan importante y eficiente en los procesos de enseñanza / aprendizaje como son el ordenador, la Internet, el GPS, los juegos virtuales o de tablero, el microscopio, la brújula, los mapas, los libros y todo que es utilizado y valorado como material de apoyo en las escuelas de este siglo XXI. A lo largo de la investigación presento mi trayectoria como educador, el contacto con el cine y su historia, mi encuentro con el campo y con el movimiento de la Educación del Campo. Se abordan conceptos que guiaron mi propuesta, sobre todo el concepto de comunidad de cine (GUIMARÃES, 2015), que me motivó a proseguir con este trabajo, valorando las diferencias y la subjetividad de cada alumno. Para ello, describiré el proceso de construcción del juego y los resultados de su aplicación en la Escuela Estatal Coronel Clemente Luis, situada en el municipio de Itaipé, en Minas Gerais.

Loss of large trees due to indiscriminate timber cutting and opening of new areas for human use is a global problem. Brazil is well known for tree species richness within its extensive forested areas composed of various biomes. Giant trees are “key” to recognize the original forest structure. Decline of their populations in Brazil may be estimated by comparing data of the National Forest Inventory (NFI) with those of regional data and other surveys. In fact, Santa Catarina is the first state in Brazil to have currently completed its forest inventory. However, only few large trees were sampled systematically. Recognition of the maximum tree growth is important for their ecological management and tourism potential. Public policies for cataloging and management of these resources must be developed before it is too late.

We thank Dr Nuno Alves (Cardiology Department, CHUC‐HG) who performed the collection of human blood samples and Doctor Francisco Caramelo (iCBR/FMUC) for helping with the statistical analysis. This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Operational Program for Competitiveness Factors (COMPETE) [under the projects PAC “NETDIAMOND” POCI‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐016385; HealthyAging2020 CENTRO‐01‐0145‐ FEDER‐000012‐N2323; POCI‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐007440, CENTRO‐01‐ 0145‐FEDER‐032179, CENTRO‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐032414 and FCT‐ UID/NEU/04539/2013 to CNC.IBILI]. TMM was supported by PD/ BD/106043/2015 and TRR by PD/BD/52294/2013 from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT). JS was supported by Horizon2020 ERC‐2016‐COG EVICARE (725229). Myocardial ischaemia is associated with an exacerbated inflammatory response, as well as with a deregulation of intercellular communication systems. Macrophages have been implicated in the maintenance of heart homeostasis and in the progression and resolution of the ischaemic injury. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between cardiomyocytes and macrophages remain largely underexplored. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players of cell-cell communication in cardiac health and disease. Hence, the main objective of this study was to characterize the impact of cardiomyocyte-derived EVs upon macrophage activation. Results obtained demonstrate that EVs released by H9c2 cells induced a pro-inflammatory profile in macrophages, via p38MAPK activation and increased expression of iNOS, IL-1β and IL-6, being these effects less pronounced with ischaemic EVs. EVs derived from neonatal cardiomyocytes, maintained either in control or ischaemia, induced a similar pattern of p38MAPK activation, expression of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNFα. Importantly, adhesion of macrophages to fibronectin was enhanced by EVs released by cardiomyocytes under ischaemia, whereas phagocytic capacity and adhesion to cardiomyocytes were higher in macrophages incubated with control EVs. Additionally, serum-circulating EVs isolated from human controls or acute myocardial infarction patients induce macrophage activation. According to our model, in basal conditions, cardiomyocyte-derived EVs maintain a macrophage profile that ensure heart homeostasis, whereas during ischaemia, this crosstalk is affected, likely impacting healing and post-infarction remodelling. publishersversion published

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:17:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação Ministério da Educação Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used in ecology and conservation. Presence-only SDMs such as MaxEnt frequently use natural history collections (NHCs) as occurrence data, given their huge numbers and accessibility. NHCs are often spatially biased which may generate inaccuracies in SDMs. Here, we test how the distribution of NHCs and MaxEnt predictions relates to a spatial abundance model, based on a large plot dataset for Amazonian tree species, using inverse distance weighting (IDW). We also propose a new pipeline to deal with inconsistencies in NHCs and to limit the area of occupancy of the species. We found a significant but weak positive relationship between the distribution of NHCs and IDW for 66% of the species. The relationship between SDMs and IDW was also significant but weakly positive for 95% of the species, and sensitivity for both analyses was high. Furthermore, the pipeline removed half of the NHCs records. Presence-only SDM applications should consider this limitation, especially for large biodiversity assessments projects, when they are automatically generated without subsequent checking. Our pipeline provides a conservative estimate of a species' area of occupancy, within an area slightly larger than its extent of occurrence, compatible to e.g. IUCN red list assessments. Coordenação de Botânica Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambientais Universidade Federal Do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01 Biodiversity Dynamics Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517 Marine and Coastal Management, Deltares, Boussinesqweg 1 Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 EMBRAPA Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174 km 8, Distrito Industrial Herbario Amazónico Colombiano Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44 Department of Integrative Biology University of California Universidad San Francisco de Quito Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 School of Geography University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane Department of Wetland Ecology Institute of Geography and Geoecology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr 1 Biogeochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1 Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas Do Amapá - IEPA Campus Do IEPA da Fazendinha, Rodovia JK Km 10 AMAP IRD Cirad CNRS INRA Université de Montpellier, TA A-51/PS2, Bd. de la Lironde Science and Education Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 Jardín Botánico de Missouri Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Instituto de Biociências - IB, Av. 24 A 1515 Centro de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho 3000 Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto - DSR Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, Av. dos Astronautas 1758 Herbario Vargas Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733 Departamento de Geografia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Extas - IGCe Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9.5 Center for Tropical Conservation Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - PPG-Bionorte Universidade Federal de Rondônia Campus Porto Velho, Km 9.5 Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal Santa Cruz, Av. 6 agosto 28 Km 14,Doble via La Guardia Casilla, 6204 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Do Estado de Mato Grosso Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana - IIAP, Av. A. Quiñones km 2.5 Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65 Agteca-Amazonica Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno Santa Cruz Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia Embrapa Recursos Genéticos Biotecnologia Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane Fiocruz, Rua Terezina 476 Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Saúde Instituto Oswaldo Cruz IOC/FIOCRUZ Pav. Arthur Neiva, Térreo Av. Brasil 4365 Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904 Programa de Ciencias Del Agro y El Mar Herbario Universitario (PORT) UNELLEZ-Guanare Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd MAUA Working Group Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 Inventory and Monitoring Program National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane Center for Conservation Education Sustainability Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123 Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109 Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936 Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, P.O. Box 47 Natural Capital and Plant Health Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Ecosistemas Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral) Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno Santa Cruz, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Postal 2489 Centro de Biociências Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte Campus Universitário Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Coral Instituto de Biociências Dept. Ecologia Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321 Diretoria de Pesquisas Científicas Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico Do Rio de Janeiro Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes Universidad Central, Ap. Postal 17.01.2177 International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243 Grupo de Ecología de Ecosistemas Terrestres Tropicales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonía Institute of Biological and Health Sciences Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n Museu Universitário Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Federal Do Acre Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Km 7 via Muyuna Cirad UMR Ecofog AgrosParisTech CNRS INRA Univ Guyane Campus Agronomique Iwokrama International Programme for Rainforest Conservation Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Jr. Independencia 405 Herbario Nacional de Bolivia Universitario UMSA, Casilla 10077 Correo Central Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299 School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS Université Paul Sabatier UMR 5174 EDB Department of Forestry Management Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina, Avenido La Molina, Apdo. 456 School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh, 201 Crew Building, King's Buildings Biology Department Center for Energy Environment and Sustainability Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin, SAC 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200 Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program Madre de Dios Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201 Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales-COCIBA Galapagos Institute for the Arts and Sciences-GAIAS Universidad San Francisco de Quito-USFQ Department of Wildlife Ecology Conservation University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall Fundación Estación de Biología, Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201 Embrapa Amazônia Oriental Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro S/no Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado, 7945 Amazon Conservation Team, Doekhieweg Oost #24 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambiente Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, Jirón San Martín 451 Laboratory of Human Ecology Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632 Departement EV Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 16 rue Buffon Instituto de Ciência Agrárias Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501 PROTERRA Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. A. Quiñones km 2 5 ACEER Foundation, Jirón Cusco No 370 Universidad Autónoma Del Beni José Ballivián Campus Universitario Final, Av. Ejercito Regional Norte Amazónico Centro de Investigación y Promoción Del Campesinado, C/Nicanor Gonzalo Salvatierra No 362 Environmental Change Institute Oxford University Centre for the Environment Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road School of Agriculture and Food Sciences ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions CEED University of Queensland Instituto de Investigaciones para El Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR) Universidad de Los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101 School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington University of Nottingham, University Park Geography and the Environment University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, CLA building Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000 Department of Biology University of Maryland GeoIS, El Día 369 y El Telégrafo, 3o Piso Environmental Science and Policy Northern Arizona University FOMABO Manejo Forestal en Las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR) Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS) Agricultural Services Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security Agricultural Services Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security Mauritius Herbarium Department of Bioscience Aarhus University, Building 1540 Ny Munkegade Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10 Medio Ambiente PLUSPRETOL Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability Smithsonian's National Zoo Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave Tropenbos International, Lawickse Allee 11 PO Box 232 Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta Universidade Federal Do Oeste Do Pará Campus Tapajós, Rua Vera Paz Department of Biology University of Missouri Facultad de Biologia Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent, Marlowe Building Herbario Nacional Del Ecuador Universidad Técnica Del Norte Ecology and Biodiversity Group Utrecht University, Padualaan 8 Systems Ecology Free University, De Boelelaan 1087 Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Instituto de Biociências - IB, Av. 24 A 1515 Departamento de Geografia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Extas - IGCe CAPES: 407232/2013-3-PVE CNPq: 407232/2013-3-PVE Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação: 407232/2013-3-PVE Ministério da Educação: 407232/2013-3-PVE

Este trabalho, realiza uma revisão da metodologia tradicional, de representação dos limites de geração de potência reativa, na solução do problema de fluxo de potência, em coordenadas polares, pelo método de Newton-Raphson. Apresenta uma nova modelagem para o tratamento destes limites, baseada em uma formulação full Newton do problema. Para tanto, utiliza-se um conjunto de chaves sigmoides, que incorporam novas equações à matriz Jacobiana, de acordo com a geração de potência reativa da barra. De forma a tornar o sistema possível e determinado, a geração de potência reativa, é tratada como uma nova variável de estado do problema, corrigida a cada iteração do método de Newton. A formulação proposta, utiliza duas chaves sigmoides para o tratamento dos limites de geração de potência reativa, em barras PV e, duas chaves, que consideram o procedimento de retomada do controle (conhecido como estratégia de backoff ), das barras que atingiram limites, caso necessário. Dessa forma, não há uma mudança explícita no tipo da barra, como na metodologia tradicional, e a dimensão da matriz Jacobiana é mantida constante. Neste trabalho, todo o equacionamento e formulação, foi desenvolvido através do programa Matlab, e os resultados foram validados, utilizando-se o programa de análise de redes – ANAREDE, versão acadêmica, disponibilizada pelo Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica (CEPEL). São avaliados alguns sistemas benchmark IEEE e os resultados obtidos, demonstram a eficácia das formulações propostas. This work, presents a review of the traditional methodology, of representing the limits of reactive power generation, in the solution of the power flow problem, in polar coordinates, by the Newton-Raphson method. Presents a new modeling for the treatment of these limits, based on a formulation full Newton of the problem. For this purpose, a set of sigmoid switches is used, to incorporate new equations to the Jacobian matrix, according to the generation of reactive power of the bus. In order to produce a system possible and determined, reactive power generation, is treated as a new problem state variable, corrected at each iteration of the Newton’s method. The proposed formulation, use two sigmoid switches for the tratment of reactive power generation limits, in PV buses and also, two switches, that consider the procedure of resumption of control (procedure known as backoff strategy), of the buses that reached some limit, if necessary. Thus, there is no explicit change in the bus type, as in traditional methodology, and the Jacobian matrix dimension is kept constant. In this work, all equation and formulation, were developed through Matlab software, and the results were checked, using the network analysis program – ANAREDE, academic version provided by Electrical Energy Research Center (CEPEL). Some IEEE benchmark systems are evaluated, and the results obtained, demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed formulations.

CNPq Interações entre herbívoros e plantas é um dos temas centrais da Ecologia. Diversas pesquisas têm reportado novas interações e buscado o entendimento do papel de traços defensivos na seleção de plantas hospedeiras, bem como as explicações para os padrões de ataque dos herbívoros. Informações das interações entre herbívoros e samambaias são limitadas, desde as questões básicas como número e identidade de herbívoros até as mais complexas, como padrões de seleção e expressão de defesas antiherbivoria do grupo. O presente trabalho apresenta novas interações entre samambaias e herbívoros, realiza insights ecológicos para compreender como herbívoros selecionam samambaias, analisa a variação intraespecífica da herbivoria, e por fim analisa a expressão de traços de defesas do grupo. A partir da delimitação de 22 parcelas retangulares de 10 x 20 m (200 m2) em três áreas de Floresta Atlântica no Nordeste do Brasil, 34 espécies de samambaias foram amostradas. Herbívoros coletados foram identificados por especialistas. Espécies tiveram seus níveis de herbivoria estimados visualmente. Folhas de cada espécie foram coletadas para mensuração dos traços de defesas: área específica foliar, conteúdo de água, densidade de tricomas, defesas químicas (alcaloides, compostos fenólicos, saponinas, taninos, terpenoides), fósforo, nitrogênio e potássio. Registrou-se pela primeira vez galhas na samambaia arborescente Cyathea phalerata (Cyatheaceae). As galhas ocorrem nas folhas, são globoides, com uma câmara larval, glabras, isoladas ou agrupadas e induzidas por Cecidomyiidae. Cyathea phalerata sofre danos herbívoros simultâneos a partir de galhadores e lagartas (Lepidoptera). Danos de ambas as guildas são relacionados positivamente ao tamanho foliar, corroborando a Hipótese de Vigor de Plantas. Uma alta porcentagem (87%) das folhas galhadas foram consumidas por lagartas, que evitaram consumir a estrutura da galha, partes lignificadas, suberizadas e com alta concentração de fenóis. Portanto, herbívoros de vida livre não evitam folhas galhadas, mas não afetam diretamente larvas e/ou parasitas do sistema. Também reportamos que formigas cortadeiras podem causar danos em samambaias, em alguns casos de modo intenso. O ataque de formigas cortadeiras esteve relacionado positivamente ao conteúdo de água foliar. Apresenta-se que algumas samambaias constitui uma dieta alternativa, ocasional e de curta duração para formigas. Por outro lado, aquelas pouco consumidas devem ser bem defendidas, uma vez que são logo rejeitas pelas formigas. As análises para avaliar a combinação de traços de defesas em samambaias demonstraram que a maioria das espécies possui síndrome do tipo nutrição e defesa (i.e. elevada qualidade nutricional e vários traços de defesas, químicos e físicos). Em oposição, poucas espécies exibem síndrome do tipo baixa qualidade nutricional e defesas. Esses estudos demonstraram a potencialidade das samambaias como elementos chaves nas interações com herbívoros, como insetos galhadores, larvas e/ou formigas cortadeiras. Em adição, demonstrou-se que a predominante estratégia de defesa das samambaias é a partir de traços químicos. Plant-herbivore interactions is a central topic of ecology. Several studies have reported new interactions and looking for understand the role of defensive traits in selection of host plants, as well as explanations for herbivorous attack patterns. Information about fern-herbivore interactions is limited, since basic questions such as number and identify of herbivores until complex questions, like patterns of selection and expression of the antiherbivore defenses. The present study presents new interactions between ferns and herbivores, performs ecological insights to understand how herbivores select ferns, investigate the intraspecific variation on herbivory, and finally analyzes the expression of defensive traits for the group. From the delimitation of 22 rectangular plots of 10 x 20 m (200 m2) in three areas of Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil, 34 fern species were sampled. Herbivores collected were identified by experts. Species had their herbivory levels estimated visually. Leaves of each species were collected to measure the defensive traits: specific leaf area, water content, trichrome density, chemical defenses (alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, terpenoids), phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. Galls were first recorded in arborescent fern Cyathea phalerata (Cyatheaceae). Galls occurred in leaves, are globoid, with one larval chamber, glabrous, isolated or grouped and induced by Cecidomyiidae. Cyathea phalerata suffers simultaneous herbivorous damage from galling and caterpillars (Lepidoptera). Damage from both guilds is positively related with leaf size, corroborating the Plant Vigor Hypothesis. A high percentage (87%) of galled leaves were consumed by caterpillars, which avoided consuming the structure of the gall, lignified parts, suberized and with high concentration of phenols. Therefore, freeliving herbivores do not avoid galled leaves, but not affect directly larvae and/or parasites in system. We also report that leaf-cutter ants caused damage to ferns, in some cases intense. The attack of leaf-cutter ants was positively related with leaf water content. Some ferns may constitute an alternative, occasional and short-lived diet for ants. Conversely, species with low damage should be well defended, because the ants soon reject them. Analyzes to evaluate the combination of fern defense traits revealed that the most species shows nutrition and defense syndrome (i.e. high nutritional quality, chemical and physical defense traits). In contrast, few species exhibit the low-nutritional quality syndrome. These studies demonstrated the potentiality of ferns as elements kew in herbivore interactions, such as galling insects, larvae and /or leaf-cutter ants. In addition, it has been shown that the predominant defense strategy of ferns is from chemical traits.

Exame público realizado em 14 de março de 2019, às 16h00 Dissertação de mestrado em Arquitectura. Resumo: Os centros históricos tendem a enfrentar problemas que exigem uma análise crítica e, consequentemente, uma intervenção que vise a sua reintegração na cidade. Dada a sua importância no contexto das mesmas, o principal objectivo deste estudo passa pela verificação dos problemas, sociais e físicos, que lhes são intrínsecos e que conduzem à sua degradação e declínio, procurando delinear estratégias, por meio de uma “Acupunctura” Urbana de intervenção, que possam contribuir para a inversão das tendências negativas que se observam nestes núcleos urbanos. Deste modo, realizou-se um exercício prático de Reabilitação e Revitalização sobre três edifícios devolutos de um quarteirão da cidade de Amarante, assente nos ideais e pressupostos teóricos dos autores estudados, referidos e citados ao longo deste estudo. Esse processo, resultante na proposta interventiva mencionada, desenvolveu-se em três fases. Investigação e análise teórica, através de arquivos, bibliotecas e publicações, investigação e análise prática, através de projectos de referência prósperos na resolução de problemas similares ao centro histórico de Amarante, e, por fim, na elaboração da proposta de intervenção em si, tendo como resultado principal a dinamização e revitalização de áreas degradadas nestes núcleos através de intervenções pontuais coordenadas que procuram produzir um estímulo global. Abstract:. Historical centres tend to face problems that require a critical analysis and consequently an intervention aimed to their reintegration back into the city. Given their importance in the cities’ context, the main purpose of this study is to verify the social and physical issues that are intrinsic to them and lead to their degradation and decline, seeking to outline strategies through the means of an Urban “Acupuncture” intervention, which may contribute to the reversal of the negative tendencies observed in these urban centres. In that way, a practical exercise of Rehabilitation and Revitalization was carried out on three vacant buildings at one block in the city of Amarante, Portugal, based on the ideals and theoretical assumptions of the studied authors, referenced and cited throughout this work. That process, resulting from the above mentioned proposal intervention, was developed in three phases. Research and theoretical analysis, through archives, libraries and publications, research and practical analysis, through successful referenced projects in the resolution of similar problems as the ones in Amarante’s historical center, and, finally, in the essay of the intervention proposal itself, having as main result the dynamization and revitalization of degraded areas in these centres through coordinated point interventions that seek to produce a global result.

Funding Information: Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Grant/Award Number: NE/ N004655/1; NERC Consortium Grants “AMAZONICA”; BIO‐RED; European Research Council (ERC); The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; European Union's Seventh Framework Programme, Grant/ Award Number: 282664; Royal Society, Grant/Award Number: CH160091; Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in the tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate-induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether the floristic and functional composition of intact lowland Amazonian forests have been changing by evaluating records from 106 long-term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that have been hypothesized to respond to different environmental drivers (increase in moisture stress and atmospheric CO2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water-deficit affiliation and wood density. Tree communities have become increasingly dominated by large-statured taxa, but to date there has been no detectable change in mean wood density or water deficit affiliation at the community level, despite most forest plots having experienced an intensification of the dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry-affiliated genera have become more abundant, while the mortality of wet-affiliated genera has increased in those plots where the dry season has intensified most. Thus, a slow shift to a more dry-affiliated Amazonia is underway, with changes in compositional dynamics (recruits and mortality) consistent with climate-change drivers, but yet to significantly impact whole-community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is driving a shift within tree communities to large-statured species and that climate changes to date will impact forest composition, but long generation times of tropical trees mean that biodiversity change is lagging behind climate change. Publisher PDF

The Northeastern Atlantic Forest (NAF) has a historic of intense habitat loss and fragmentation. In this context, knowledge of the species from forest remnants is urgently needed and represents a key tool for future studies and conservation strategies. Here, we present the floristic inventory of ferns and lycophytes from the Private Natural Heritage Reserve - RPPN Pedra D'Antas, located in a NAF area. The study area associated with the RPPN Frei Caneca is the Serra do Urubu, which is a hotspot for the diversity of several biological groups in the NAF. We recorded 74 fern species, distributed in 17 families and 46 genera. The most diverse families were Pteridaceae (17 species), Polypodiaceae (14 spp.), Dryopteridaceae (nine spp.) and Thelypteridaceae (seven spp.). Lycophytes were represented by four species, two families and two genera. A new record for the Northeast of Brazil, Serpocaulon hirsutulum, is presented in this study. The area has a large number of species, some of which are restricted to the NAF (e.g. Megalastrum umbrinum). Based on the richness of the study area associated with another inventory held at the RPPN Frei Caneca (138 spp.), the Serra do Urubu is corroborated as a hot-spot for the diversity of ferns and lycophytes in the NAF. Resumo A Floresta Atlântica Nordestina (FAN) possui um histórico de intensa perda e fragmentação de hábitats. Neste contexto, o conhecimento das espécies a partir das áreas ainda remanescentes é urgentemente requerido, constituindo a ferramenta básica para estudos futuros e estratégias conservacionistas. Aqui, apresentamos o inventário de samambaias e licófitas a partir da Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural - RPPN Pedra D’Antas, situada em área da FAN. A área de estudo associada a RPPN Frei Caneca constitui a Serra do Urubu, conhecida como um hot-spots de diversidade para diversos grupos biológicos na FAN. Registramos 74 espécies de samambaias, distribuídas em 17 famílias e 46 gêneros. As famílias mais diversas foram Pteridaceae (17 espécies), Polypodiaceae (14 spp.), Dryopteridaceae (nove spp.) e Thelypteridaceae (sete spp.). As licófitas foram representadas por quarto espécies, duas famílias e dois gêneros. Apresentamos um novo registro para o Nordeste brasileiro, Serpocaulon hirsutulum. A área possui um número expressivo de espécies, algumas das quais com destruição restrita a FAN (e.g. Megalastrum umbrinum). A partir da riqueza da área de estudo associada a outro inventário realizado na RPPN Frei Caneca (138 spp.), corroboramos a Serra do Urubu como um hot-spot de diversidade para as samambaias e licófitas na FAN.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estimar o valor econômico da vegetação de canga da Flona de Carajás, que inclui espécies raras e endêmicas. Utilizou-se uma abordagem econômica e ecológica na escolha das variáveis explanatórias do modelo integrado de avaliação contingente (MIAC), especificado pelas equações de disposição a pagar (DAP), pela preservação de disposição a receber (DAR) e pela indenização da canga. Os valores médios da DAP e da DAR foram, respectivamente, de R$ 4.073,84/ha e R$ 4.415,56/ha. A diferença entre esses valores médios foi de apenas 8,39% em função do esclarecimento feito aos entrevistados sobre as características e as potencialidades econômicas e ecológicas da canga. Os valores da DAP e da DAR foram compostos pelas dimensões econômica de 52,1% e de 59,5%, sociodemográfica de 11,7% e 10,2%, de serviços ecossistêmicos de 20,05% e 16,8% e a tácita de 15,7% e 13,6%.

Th e phenology of the herbaceous fern Didymochlaena truncatula in a Brazilian submontane tropical rainforest is described. A total of 23 individuals were observed over 18 months (May 2012 to October 2013). Th e number of live leaves, leaf production, leaf mortality, leaf growth, and fertility were recorded monthly and correlated with local rainfall and temperature. Th e D . truncatula plants remained evergreen with a monthly mean of 6.49 0.75 leaves that were produced almost continuously at a rate of 6.13 1.46 leaves plant 1 year 1 . Th is rate was higher than the leaf mortality rate, which was 4.61 1.27 leaves plant 1 year 1 . Monthly leaf growth of the population was correlated with rainfall. Leaf expansion was fastest in the fi rst month after emergence (1.31 1.03 cm day 1 ). Fertility and leaf production intensity were not correlated with climate factors or seasonal variations. However, leaf mortality was negatively correlated with rainfall, causing variations in the number of leaves throughout the year. Th ese results show that the phenological rhythms of D . truncatula were not equally infl uenced by climate variations. Th e phenology of D . truncatula corresponds to the phenology of a small number of aseasonal tropical ferns.

Bertholletia excelsa é uma espécie com ampla distribuição na Amazônia, testada e recomendada na recuperação de áreas degradadas pela atividade minerária. Em 1984, em uma área de restauração florestal da Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, implantou-se um reflorestamento em 19,4 ha, com mudas de castanheira e outras 66 espécies. Foi monitorado o crescimento em diâmetro de 416 castanheiras em um período de dez anos. Os diâmetros médios encontrados foram de 19,2 ± 10,0 cm, 21,1 ± 10,7 cm, 23,2 ± 11,4 cm, 24,9 ± 11,9 cm e 28,2 ± 12,7 cm, respectivamente aos 20, 22, 24, 26 e 30 anos de idade. Os incrementos do crescimento foram significativos em todos os períodos analisados. A altura média aos 20 anos foi de 15,6 ± 4,8 m (0,78 m ano-1). O incremento médio anual do diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) foi praticamente constante em todos os períodos monitorados (0,96 cm ano-1). Foi proposto um modelo de tendência de crescimento do diâmetro em função do tempo (R² = 0,99). Aos 30 anos de idade, foram selecionadas 18 árvores, que deveriam servir como porta-sementes para produção de mudas e plantio nas áreas anuais de restauração florestal, em função de apresentarem incremento do DAP superior a 2 cm ano-1. Bertholletia excelsa is a species widely distributed across Amazonia tested and recommended in the recovery of areas degraded by mining activity. In 1984, in an area under forest restoration within the Saracá-Taquera National Forest, a 19.4 ha reforestation patch was implemented with Brazil nuts seedlings planted along with those of 66 other species. We monitored the diameter growth of 416 Brazil nut trees over a ten-year period. The mean diameters observed for each time period were 19.2 ± 10.0 cm, 21.1 ± 10.7 cm, 23.2 ± 11.4 cm, 24.9 ± 11.9 cm and 28.2 ± 12.7 cm at 20, 22, 24, 26 and 30 years of age respectively. Growth increments were significant analyzed time periods. Mean height at 20 years was 15.6 ± 4.8 m (0.78 m yr-1). The Mean Annual Increment (MAI) of the diameter at breast height (DBH) was almost constant in all monitored periods (0.96 cm yr-1). A geometric growth rate model for diameter growth was proposed (R² = 0.99). Eighteen trees of 30 years of age were selected to serve as seed-producing trees for seedling production and for annual forest restoration areas planting as they show an annual increment of 2 cm in DBH.

Understanding how local environmental factors affect communities and compositional patterns are crucial to biodiversity conservation, especially in environments that were severally affected by anthropic actions. We analyzed the effects of fine-scale local environmental conditions on alpha and beta diversity of fern communities in three Atlantic forest areas and investigated the mechanisms underlying fern community responses. We sampled ferns and collected local environmental variables in 22 plots in three Atlantic forest areas and used multi-model inferences to identify the relationship between community diversity and composition and local environmental factors. We also applied multivariate analyses to verify whether community composition is constrained by local environmental factors. Finally, we analyzed beta-diversity (dissimilarity in species composition) patterns between and within forest areas and identified the contribution of turnover and nestedness to observed beta-diversity patterns. At the local scale, fern diversity was positively and strongly affected by fine-scale variations in nutrient availability and negatively influenced by soil acidity. Meanwhile, changes in community composition were also related to fine-scale variations in nutrient availability and soil rock coverage. Beta-diversity within forest areas (local scale) was as high as between forest areas (regional scale), a pattern that was virtually driven by species turnover at both scales of analysis. Our results highlight a prominent role of environmental filtering in regulating fine-scale local fern community diversity and composition, to such an extent that fine-scale local variation in species composition is as high as between spatially and climatically distant forest areas.