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The performance of lithium‐sulfur batteries is compromised by the loss of sulfur as dissolved polysulfides in the electrolyte and consequently the polysulfide redox shutting effect. Accelerating the conversion kinetics of polysulfide intermediates into sulfur or lithium sulfide through electrocatalysis has emerged as a root‐cause solution. Co−N−C composite electrocatalyst is commonly used for this purpose. It is illustrated here that how the effectiveness can be improved by modulating the coordination chemistry of Co−N−C catalytic sites through introducing Ru species (RuCo−NC). The well‐dispersed Ru in the Co−NC carbon matrix altered the total charge distribution over the Co−N−C catalytic sites and led to the formation of electron‐rich Co−N, which is highly active for the polysulfide conversion reactions. Using Ru to modulate the electronic structure in the Co−N−C configuration and the additional catalytic sites over the Ru−Nx species can manifest optimal adsorption behavior of polysulfides. Consequently, the sulfur cathode with RuCo−NC can reduce the capacity fade rate from 0.11 % per cycle without catalyst (initial capacity of 701 mAh g−1) to 0.054 % per cycle (initial capacity of 1074 mAh g−1) over 400 cycles at 0.2 C rate. The results of this study provide the evidence for a feasible catalyst modification strategy for the polysulfide electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Reaction of [Ru(H)2 (CO)(PPh3 )3 ] 1 with an equimolar amount of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (H2L1) leads to the homoleptic chelate derivative k2 (O,O)-[RuH(CO)(HL1 )(PPh3 )2 ] 2. Prolonged acetonitrile refluxing promotes an unusual k2 (O,O)- → k2 (N,O)- dynamic chelate conversion, forming a neutral, stable, air- and moisture- insensitive, solvento-species k2 (N,O)-[Ru(MeCN) (CO)(L1 )(PPh3 )2 ] 3. Analogously, reaction of 1 with the pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde (HL2) affords k2 (N,O)-[RuH(CO)(HL2 )(PPh3 )2 ] 4, 5, as a couple of functional isomers. Optimized reaction conditions such as temperature and solvent polarity allow the isolation of dominant configurations. Structure 5 is a pyrrolide Ru-carbaldehyde, obtained from cyclization of the pendant CHO function, whereas species 4 can be viewed as an ethanoyl-conjugated Ru-pyrrole. Derivatives 3–5 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, ESI-Ms, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, indicating distinct features for the Ru-bonded pyrrolyl groups. DFT computational results, coplanarity, bond equalization, and electron delocalization along the fused five-membered rings support aromatic features. In accordance with the antisymbiotic trans-influence, both the isolated isomers 4 and 5 disclose CO ligands opposite to N- or O-anionic groups. The quantitative Mayer bond order evidences a stabilizing backbonding effect. Antibacterial and antifungal trials on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and Candida albicans were further carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoinduced nitric oxide (NO) release for complexes [RuNO(L)2(NO2)2OH], where L=methyl isonicotinate (1), ethyl isonicotinate (2), methyl nicotinate (3) and ethyl nicotinate (4) was studied in DMSO, MeCN and water solutions (PBS, CTAB) using spectroscopic methods (UV‐vis, IR, EPR) and spectrometric techniques (ESI‐MS). Additionally, we present methodological evidence for improving the calculation of the quantum yield (QY) of NO release through the utilization of a combined IR‐UV‐vis‐spectroscopy flow‐through setup. According to DFT calculations, the production of nitric oxide occurs through the photoinduced cleavage of the Ru−NO bond, triggered by irradiation at 445 or 532 nm. This cleavage is a consequence of charge transfer from the orbitals of the Ru−OH group and the equatorial ligands (HOMO, HOMO‐1) to the Ru−NO antibonding orbital (LUMO). The cytotoxicity and photoinduced cytotoxicity of the investigated compounds were assessed against the breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF‐7. Moreover, the investigation of the lipophilic properties of compounds 1–4 unveiled a significant influence of their lipophilicity on cytotoxic behavior, allowing for the modification of cytotoxicity through changes in the ligand L or by light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic efficacy of ruthenium (Ru)-exchanged montmorillonite, a well-established heterogeneous catalyst, was systematically explored to synthesize diverse bis(indolyl)methanes. The developed methodology consistently yielded the desired products with satisfactory to excellent yields, while notable advantages of the proposed approach encompassed minimal reaction times and solvent-free conditions. Furthermore, the method was characterized by its procedural simplicity, facile catalyst synthesis, ready accessibility of the starting materials from commercial sources, and the potential for catalyst recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel cyclometalated ruthenium complexes, RC‐4 and RC‐5, featuring 1‐phenylisoquinoline and phenyl quinazoline as ancillary ligands, respectively, were synthesized to investigate their viability with the environmentally friendly copper (Cu) redox mediator, [Cu(bpye)2]2+/+. The modification of the ligand environment resulted in variations in the energetics, photophysical properties, and photovoltaic performance of RC‐4 and RC‐5 sensitizers. Despite RC‐5 sensitizer possessing a more positive ground state potential of 1.19 V versus the NHE, the RC‐4 sensitizer, with a lower HOMO level of 0.72 V versus NHE, exhibited superior photovoltaic performance along with the Cu electrolyte, attributed to its enhanced light harvesting ability, improved lifetime and reduced back electron transfer, contributing to higher Jsc, Voc, and PCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rh(III) and Ru(II) complexes, [RhCl2(κ4‐N2N'P‐L)][SbF6] (1) and [RuCl2(κ4‐N2N'P‐L)] (2), were synthesised using the tetradentate ligand L (L=N,N‐bis[(pyridin‐2‐yl)methyl]‐[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]methanamine). In each case only one diastereomer is detected, featuring cis‐disposed pyridine groups. The chloride ligand trans to pyridine can be selectively abstracted by AgSbF6, with the ruthenium complex (2) reacting more readily at room temperature compared to the rhodium complex (1) which requires elevated temperatures. Rhodium complexes avoid the second chloride abstraction, whereas ruthenium complexes can form the chiral bisacetonitrile complex [Ru(κ4‐N2N'P‐L)(NCMe)2][SbF6]2 (5) upon corresponding treatment with AgSbF6. The complex [RhCl2(κ4‐N2N'P‐L)][SbF6] (1) has also been used to synthesise polymetallic species, such as the tetrametallic complex [{RhCl2(κ4‐N2N'P‐L)}2(μ‐Ag)2][SbF6]4 (6) which was formed with complete diastereoselectivity and chiral molecular self‐recognition. In addition, a stable bimetallic mixed‐valence complex [{Rh(κ4‐N2N'P‐L)}{Rh(COD)}(μ‐Cl)2][SbF6]2 (7) (COD=cyclooctadiene) was synthesised. These results highlight the significant differences in chloride lability between Rh3+ and Ru2+ complexes and demonstrate the potential for complexes to act as catalyst precursors and ligands in further chemistry applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ruthenium‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) gives access to 1,5‐disubstitued triazoles in a single atom‐economical step and offers advantages compared to its copper‐catalyzed counterpart in that both terminal and internal alkynes can be employed. This review summarizes recent findings in this field during the last eight years, covering mechanistic investigations, synthetic developments, as well as applications in medicinal chemistry, polymer synthesis and physical organic chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the development, structure and activity of various metal complexes with anti-cancer activity. Chemical researchers continue to work on the development and synthesis of new molecules that could act as anti-tumor drugs to achieve more favorable therapies. It is therefore important to have information about the various chemotherapeutic substances and their mode of action. This review focuses on metallodrugs that contain a metal as a key structural fragment, with cisplatin paving the way for their chemotherapeutic application. The text also looks at ruthenium complexes, including the therapeutic applications of phosphorescent ruthenium(II) complexes, emphasizing their dual role in therapy and diagnostics. In addition, the antitumor activities of titanium and gold derivatives, their side effects, and ongoing research to improve their efficacy and reduce adverse effects are discussed. Metallization of host defense peptides (HDPs) with various metal ions is also highlighted as a strategy that significantly enhances their anticancer activity by broadening their mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method is proposed to synthesize ethylenediamine complex [RuNO(en)2OH]I2 from K2[RuNOCl5], which increases the target product yield to 76%. Subsequent treatment of nitrate salt [RuNO(en)2 OH](NO3)2 with concentrated HF with the precipitation of HClO4 gives [RuNO(en)2F](ClO4)2 with a quantitative yield. According to the single crystal XRD data, in the [RuNO(en)2F]2+ cationic moiety, nitrosyl and fluoride are in the trans-position relative to each other, and in the ruthenium coordination environment, the equatorial plane is composed of four nitrogen atoms from ethylenediamine ligands. The 450 nm light irradiation of the [RuNO(en)2F](ClO4)2 complex at 80 K results in the formation of metastable linkage isomer MS1 with nitrosyl group coordination through the oxygen atom. According to the IR spectroscopic data, the population of MS1 is about 1%, and the respective vibrational band disappears when heated in a temperature range of 280-310 K. The activation parameters of the MS1–GS (ground state) transition according to the DSC data are Ea = 107.1±6.8 kJ/mol, lnk0 = 36.1±2.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous catalysts xRu/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 (x = 1, 5 wt.%) are prepared by the sorption-hydrolytic precipitation. It is shown that these catalysts are active in the methanation of carbon dioxide. The composition and structural features of these compounds are studied by a complex of methods such as powder XRD, high-resolution electron microscopy, chemisorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is established that catalysts obtained by the sorption-hydrolytic method contain the active component in a highly dispersed state. The catalyst with 1 wt.% Ru contains ruthenium compounds in the form of atomic clusters, while that with 5 wt.% Ru contains, along with ultrafine forms, also crystallized ruthenium-containing particles. It is shown that the initial catalysts contain oxide ruthenium compounds that are reduced to the metallic state under the methanation reaction conditions. In situ studies by powder XRD, XPS studies, temperature-programmed reduction in the hydrogen atmosphere (H2-TPR) show that metal ruthenium particles, which were obtained by the activation treatment of the catalysts as a result of heating in a hydrogen-enriched flow, promote the process of the partial reduction of the support material particles due to the spillover effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes containing α‐diimine ligands, namely, carbonylhydrido(1,10‐phenanthroline‐κ2N,N)bis(triphenylphosphine‐κP)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate, [RuH(C12H8N2)(C18H15P)2(CO)]PF6, carbonylhydrido(2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline‐κ2N,N)bis(triphenylphosphine‐κP)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate, and carbonylhydrido(4,7‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline‐κ2N,N)bis(triphenylphosphine‐κP)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate, both [RuH(C14H12N2)(C18H15P)2(CO)]PF6, were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and X‐ray diffraction methods. In these complexes, the ruthenium(II) ion adopts a distorted octahedral geometry. There are no intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the crystal structures of the analysed complexes and Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the H...H contacts constitute a high percentage, close to 50%, of the intermolecular interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2022, Beller and coworkers achieved the reversible hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid using a Mn(I)–PN5P complex with excellent activity and reusability of the catalyst. To understand the detailed mechanism for the reversible hydrogen release–storage process, especially the effects of the transition metal center in this process, we employed DFT calculations according to which Ru(II) and Fe(II) are considered as two alternatives to the Mn(I) center. Our computational results showed that the production of formic acid from CO2 hydrogenation is not thermodynamically favorable. The reversible hydrogen release–storage process actually occurs between CO2/H2 and formate rather than formic acid. Moreover, Mn(I) might not be a unique active metal for the reversible hydrogenation of CO2 to formate; Ru(II) would be a better option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new metal complexes of ceftriaxone (cef), incorporating platinum(IV), gold(III), and ruthenium(III), were prepared. The complexes were prepared using a 1:2 molar ratio between ceftriaxone sodium salt (Na2cef) to AuCl3, PtCl4, and RuCl3 salts in methanol solvent. The as-synthesized complexes were characterized using microanalytical techniques for C, H, N, and S elements, magnetic and molar conductance measurements, as well as spectroscopic methods including FTIR, ¹ H NMR, and UV-Vis. The shape, morphology and size calculations have been examined using SEM, TEM, and X-ray diffraction data. The cef complexes were six-coordinate systems possessing a distorted octahedral geometry. Through the oxygen of both triazine and carboxylate moieties with the chemical formulae [Au(cef)2(Cl)(H2O)] (I), [Pt(cef)2(Cl)2] (II), and [Ru(cef)2(Cl)(H2O)] (III) the antibiotic cef acts as a bidentate ligand towards three metal ions. The newly created complexes demonstrated antibacterial activity showing efficacy in comparison to the cef sodium ligands. In vitro, antibacterial assays against specific microorganisms were evaluated to assess the antibacterial activities of the complexes. Cytotoxicity assays for cef complexes were conducted for HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell lines, representing human hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer, respectively. A value of 22.4 g and 26.2 g for 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), respectively, for HepG-2 and MCF-7 were obtained for [Ru(cef)2(Cl)(H2O)] (III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) nano-rods were synthesized in the presence of HNO3 and then ion-exchanged with Ru3+ to obtain Ru-modified scaffolds abbreviated as Ru-OMS-2. Various techniques including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and EDS mapping analysis were used to characterize the structure of the obtained product. Ru-OMS-2 was then used as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst in the selective oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds such as olanzapine and benzothiophene in an aqueous solution. Under mild reaction conditions, excellent yields of the desired products (10 examples, 55–99% yield) were obtained with high selectivity, and the catalyst retained activity for several consecutive cycles with a reasonable loss of activity (7.5% after 10 runs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large surface area of electrocatalyst plays significant role in achieving high performance of water splitting. In this work, palladium–ruthenium (PdRu) binary alloys have been prepared via liquid phase deposition technique at low temperature. PdRu alloy with two dimensional nanosheets has been prepared at the growth temperature of 42 °C. The alloy is crystalline with the existence of minor phase of PdRu. The EDS mapping verifies the presence of Pd and Ru element in the alloy. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the formation of PdRu. The sample tested in acidic solution yielded the highest current density and the lowest tafel slope value due to the lowest of charge transfer resistance with the value of 6 Ω. According to LSV measurement, the highest current density of 11.76 mA was yielded at the applied potential of 161 mV. The reduction current increases with the scanning rate with the highest reduction current of 1.8 mA cm−2 was obtained at the scanning rate of 10 mV/s. The electrocatalytic results of this work signify that PdRu nanosheets have potential to be utilized as efficient electrocatalyst for water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Catalysts composed of nanocluster and single-atom (SA) were extensively used to enhance electrocatalytic water splitting performance, whereas study of their photocatalytic hydrogen (H 2) evolution activity was limited. Herein, carbon nitride (CN) decorated by ruthenium (Ru) cocatalysts existed as SA + cluster, cluster + nanoparticles (NPs), and NPs were prepared by impregnation and calcination processes. The correlation between existential form, content of Ru cocatalyst and H 2 evolution rate were carefully discussed. It was found that Ru NPs were favor for water molecule adsorption, whereas Ru SAs and clusters facilitated H 2 desorption. Theoretical calculations revealed that Ru clusters + NPs cocatalyst were beneficial for H* intermediate formation. Water splitting tests found that 1.07 wt% Ru NPs + cluster modified CN showed the highest H 2 evolution rate of 13.64 mmol h−1 g−1, which was 266.4 and 1.5 times higher than those of CN and Ru NPs (2.33 wt%) decorated CN, respectively. This work deeply reveals the influences of existential form of Ru cocatalysts on photocatalytic water splitting of CN, and provides thought in designing new cocatalysts to largely enhance H 2 evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The B, N co-doped carbon matrix loaded with ultra-small Ru nanoparticles (Ru/BNC) is an excellent bifunctional catalyst capable of efficiently catalyzing ammonia borane hydrolysis and alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen evolution. [Display omitted] Developing a straightforward and general strategy to regulate the surface microenvironment of a carbon matrix enriched with N/B motifs for efficient atomic utilization and electronic state of metal sites in bifunctional hydrogen production via ammonia-borane hydrolysis (ABH) and water electrolysis is a persistent challenge. Herein, we present a simple, green, and universal approach to fabricate B/N co-doped porous carbons using ammonia-borane (AB) as a triple functional agent, eliminating the need for hazardous and explosive functional agents and complicated procedures. The pyrolysis of AB induces the regulation of the surface microenvironment of the carbon matrix, leading to the formation of abundant surface functional groups, defects, and pore structures. This regulation enhances the efficiency of atom utilization and the electronic state of the active component, resulting in improved bifunctional hydrogen evolution. Among the catalysts, B/N co-doped vulcan carbon (Ru/BNC) with 2.1 wt% Ru loading demonstrates the highest performance in catalytic hydrogen production from ABH, achieving an ultrahigh turnover frequency of 1854 min−1 (depending on the dispersion of Ru). Furthermore, this catalyst shows remarkable electrochemical activity for hydrogen evolution in alkaline water electrolysis with a low overpotential of 31 mV at 10 mA cm−2. The present study provides a simple, green, and universal method to regulate the surface microenvironment of various carbons with B/N modulators, thereby adjusting the atomic utilization and electronic state of active metals for enhanced bifunctional hydrogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach for the preparation of a variety of 3-arylated 2-furoic acid derivatives has been developed. The approach involves selective Ru-catalyzed C3-H arylation of the furan moiety of readily available 2-furoyl-1-methylimidazole (using imidazole as a removable N-donor directing group), subsequent N-methylation, and nucleophilic substitution of the imidazole moiety with N, O, S, and C nucleophiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There are many infectious diseases in the world caused by parasites. Among them, toxoplasmosis, American trypanosomiasis, African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, neosporosis and malaria are more common and contribute to a majority of the affected individuals. Main body Due to extensive use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistant strain of the parasites has developed. So, we need to develop a new metal ligand complexes which have many configurations, can overcome this drug resistance and also show significant results in elimination of the parasites. A series of anti-parasitic drugs have been formulated and tested for its activity. In this review, we have tried to see the interaction of different ruthenium drugs (arene ruthenium complex, ruthenium clotrimazole complex, etc.) on different parasites associated with the aforementioned diseases. Conclusion Combination of ruthenium to any organic ligand shows synergistic effects against parasite either by overcoming the drug resistance of the parasite or by binding with new targets due to the presence of ruthenium ion. The multiple modes of action generate an effective drug exhibiting anti-parasitic activity at low concentration. Graphical abstract

Highlights Heterostructure constructed via confining crystalline ruthenium nanodomains by hafnium dioxide matrix was fabricated through a two-step annealing method for overall water splitting. The synergistic effect of hafnium dioxide modification and small crystalline domain formation significantly alleviates the over-oxidation of ruthenium.

The ruthenium (Ru)-based functional structure has been well understood in catalytic performance due to its special particularity in structural fabrication. In this work, the controllable synthesis of core–shell Ru nanomaterials is first reported, which were not only realized via ice bath conditions with amorphous characterization but also showed a flexible design in the controllable synthesis of crystalline Ru after high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment. The achieved amorphous Ru particles (∼115 ± 3 nm) and crystalline Ru (∼5 ± 0.5 nm) exhibit hydrogen peroxide catalytic performance and can be considered as an electrochemical sensing platform. The Km value of core–shell Ru for 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was 0.221 mM, which exhibits higher affinity for TMB and prominent catalytic performance than horseradish peroxidase (HRP). For selectivity and sensitivity towards the detection of H2O2 molecules, it expressed a wide linear range from 0.5 to 100 mM with an H2O2 detection limit of 1.45 μM (S/N = 3) and a sensitivity of 2.07 μA μM−1. After HIFU treatment, the diameter of the achieved crystalline Ru was about one-twentieth that of the core–shell Ru structure. An enhancement in catalytic performance was observed as a sensor platform for detecting H2O2, its detection range was wider, from 0.5 to 110 mM, its limit of detection was 0.007 μM (S/N = 3), and it exhibited a higher sensitivity of 443 μA μM−1. Hence, this flexible design in the synthesis of Ru NMs (amorphous and crystalline in status) could provide a novel synthetic strategy and make achievements in catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel phosphine‐free ruthenium pincer complex based on an NNN pincer ligand has been prepared and fully characterized. The complex was subsequently employed as an efficient catalyst for the N‐methylation of amines and the direct N‐methylation of nitroarenes using methanol as a C1 source under mild reaction conditions following the borrowing‐hydrogen approach. Both of the catalytic transformations were performed with only catalytic amounts of base under closed air conditions without using any other additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating clean and sustainable hydrogen generation from water splitting requires cost‐effective and highly efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Ruthenium (Ru)‐based heterostructure catalysts have emerged as promising alternatives to precious Pt, offering significant potential to overcome current bottlenecks. Recent advancements in Ru‐based heterostructure catalysts have focused on achieving a balance between catalytic activity and stability. An overview of these developments provides insights into catalytic mechanisms and facilitates the development of novel catalysts. This review begins with an exploration of the enhanced activity of heterostructure catalysts, followed by a critical summary of synthetic strategies employed to fabricate these catalysts and their catalytic performances for HER. Attention is then directed to experimental endeavors aimed at enhancing the HER performance of Ru‐based heterostructure catalysts. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in developing heterostructure catalysts from the perspectives of material design and synthesis is discussed. Through these discussions, a comprehensive understanding of Ru‐based heterostructure catalysts and inspire future research directions is aim to provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late‐stage functionalization of active pharmaceutical ingredients is a key challenge in medicinal chemistry. Furthermore, N‐aryl triazoles and tetrazoles are important structural motifs with the potential to boost the activity of diverse drug molecules. Using easily accessible dibenzothiophenium salts for the ruthenium‐catalyzed C−H arylation, these scaffolds were introduced into a variety of bioactive compounds. Our methodology uses cost‐efficient ruthenium, KOAc as a mild base and gives access to a plethora of highly decorated triazole and tetrazole containing drug derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study on the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutical drugs using ruthenium-catalyzed C-H activation. The researchers focused on introducing N-Aryltriazoles and Tetrazoles into drug molecules, as these structures have the potential to enhance their activity. The method described in the article utilizes accessible dibenzothiophenium salts for the C-H arylation, allowing for the incorporation of these motifs into various bioactive compounds. The study demonstrates that the method is cost-effective, efficient, and compatible with complex dibenzothiophenium salts derived from pharmaceuticals and natural products. Mechanistic studies were conducted to understand the reaction mechanism, and the researchers proposed a catalytic cycle involving the formation of an active catalytic species. Overall, this study provides a mild and versatile method for the synthesis of medicinally relevant compounds. [Extracted from the article]

Small‐molecule ruthenium (Ru) complexes exhibit limitations in terms of nonspecific delivery, rapid metabolism, and low tumor accumulation. Their delivery can be improved through physical encapsulation into nanocarriers via hydrophobic forces, metallophilic interactions, or π–π stacking interactions. However, delivering Ru complexes for efficient therapy is substantially hindered by potential leakage of drugs, low drug‐loading capacity, or batch‐to‐batch variations. Moreover, current metalloprodrug‐based self‐delivery systems necessitate supramolecular interactions, which are unsuitable for Ru complexes because of their octahedral structures. Herein, two self‐assembled molecular Ru drugs, Ru‐3XOEG and Ru‐PEG, are reported. Ru‐3XOEG involves a three‐arm dendritic oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG), while Ru‐PEG involves a linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain. Furthermore, these drugs contain an anticancer Ru moiety and a planar pyrene moiety to render hydrophobic forces and π–π stacking supramolecular interactions. Ru‐3XOEG self‐assembles into large compound micelles. Ru‐PEG self‐assembles into vesicles. These Ru‐containing self‐delivered systems exhibit well‐defined structures, high Ru loading contents, and long circulation in blood without external nanocarriers. Red light irradiation induces the release of Ru‐H2O anticancer agents and the generation of 1O2 to inhibit tumor growth. The presented design of self‐assembled molecular Ru complexes opens avenues for the concept of self‐delivered metalloprodrugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chloride ions in seawater result in corrosion, low catalytic efficiency, and poor stability of the electrocatalysts in direct seawater electrolysis, which limits the use of large‐scale seawater electrolysis technology. Herein, a corrosion‐resistant Ag/NiFeRu layered double hydroxide (LDH) electrocatalyst for seawater electrolysis at industrial current density, in which Ru and Ag species in the catalyst can have a corrosion‐resistance of chloride ions from the anode surface and enhance its robustness in seawater is designed. The catalyst requires the overpotentials of 256 and 287 mV to obtain a current density of 1 A cm−2 in 1 m KOH and 1 m KOH + seawater, respectively. More importantly, it works stably for over 1000 h at 1 A cm−2 in alkaline seawater. Further quasi‐industrial conditions measurement (6 m KOH + seawater, 60 °C) shows a markedly low overpotential of 174 mV at 1 A cm−2 on Ag/NiFeRu LDH, obtaining over 140 h under harsh industrial conditions. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the Ru species can effectively regulate the local electronic structure of NiFe LDH, and enhance the intrinsic activity of NiFe LDH. The transformation of Ag2O from Ag during OER stabilizes the Fe site in NiFe LDH, which improves the overall stability of the electrocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The famous "light-switch" ruthenium complex [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)](PF6)2 (1) has been long known for its DNA binding properties in vitro. However, the biological utility of this compound has been hampered by its poor cellular uptake in living cells. Here we report a bioimaging application of 1 as cell viability probe in both 2D cells monolayer and 3D multi-cellular tumor spheroids of various human cancer cell lines (U87, HepG2, A549). When compared to propidium iodide, a routinely used cell viability probe, 1 was found to enhance the staining of dead cells in particular in tumor spheroids. 1 has high photostability, longer Stokes shift, and displays lower cytotoxicity compared to propidium iodide, which is a known carcinogenic. Finally, 1 was also found to displace the classical DNA binding dye Hoechst in dead cells, which makes it a promising dye for time-dependent imaging of dead cells in cell cultures, including multi-cellular tumor spheroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Room temperature reactions of [(η6-arene)Ru(μ-Cl)Cl]2 (arene = p-cymene) with three new bidentate (SS) organochalcogen ligands, 2a–c (2a: 1,1'-ethylenebis(3-ethyl-imidazole-2-thione), 2b: 1,1'-ethylenebis(3-propyl-imidazole-2-thione), 2c: 1,1'-methylenebis(3-ethyl-imidazole-2-thione)), and in situ anionic exchange with KPF6 afforded the corresponding new 18-electron half-sandwich [(η6-arene)RuLCl]PF6 complexes 3a–c (3a: L = 2a, 3b: L = 2b, 3c: L = 2c). The Ru(II) complexes and the organochalcogen ligands were fully characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Solid state single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 3a–c displayed the Ru(II) center in the expected piano stool geometry. The catalytic activities of the half-sandwich ruthenium complexes toward the transfer hydrogenation of ketones to their corresponding alcohols were investigated using 2-propanol as a hydrogen source and solvent. All three Ru(II) complexes exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the transfer hydrogenation of ketones in the order 3b > 3a > 3c at an appreciably low catalyst loading of 0.5 mol% under a minimal alkaline condition of 10 mol% KOH. The catalytic activities of the complexes are influenced by the length of the alkyl spacer and the steric bulk of the N-substituents on the chelating organochalcogen ligand framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) is widely utilized for synthesis and catalysis of numerous compounds in academia and industry and is utilized as a key molecule in a variety of compounds with medical applications. Interestingly, RuCl3 has been demonstrated to modulate human plasmatic coagulation and serves as a constituent of a compounded inorganic antivenom that neutralizes the coagulopathic effects of snake venom in vitro and in vivo. Using thrombelastography, this investigation sought to determine if RuCl3 inhibition of the fibrinogenolytic effects of Crotalus atrox venom could be modulated by vehicle composition in human plasma. Venom was exposed to RuCl3 in 0.9% NaCl, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or 0.9% NaCl containing 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). RuCl3 inhibited venom-mediated delay in the onset of thrombus formation, decreased clot growth velocity, and decreased clot strength. PBS and DMSO enhanced the effects of RuCl3. It is concluded that while a Ru-based cation is responsible for significant inhibition of venom activity, a combination of Ru-based ions containing phosphate and DMSO enhances RuCl3-mediated venom inhibition. Additional investigation is indicated to determine what specific Ru-containing molecules cause venom inhibition and what other combinations of inorganic/organic compounds may enhance the antivenom effects of RuCl3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) envenomation is a medical emergency encountered in the Southeastern United States. The venom contains a snake venom thrombin-like enzyme (SVTLE) that is defibrinogenating, causing coagulopathy without effects on platelets in humans. This investigation utilized thrombelastographic methods to document this coagulopathy kinetically on the molecular level in a rabbit model of envenomation via the analyses of whole blood samples without and with platelet inhibition. Subsequently, the administration of a novel ruthenium compound containing site-directed antivenom abrogated the coagulopathic effects of envenomation in whole blood without platelet inhibition and significantly diminished loss of coagulation in platelet-inhibited samples. This investigation provides coagulation kinetic insights into the molecular interactions and results of SVTLE on fibrinogen-dependent coagulation and confirmation of the efficacy of a ruthenium antivenom. These results serve as a rationale to investigate the coagulopathic effects of other venoms with this model and assess the efficacy of this site-directed antivenom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A simultaneous modified Ru3+ and CNTs enwrapped Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 /C system is synthesized. • Ru3+ doping ensures the feasibility of replacing V3+ to expand the migration channel of Na+ and stabilizes structure. • Ex-situ XRD analysis at different SOC reveals that the sodium storage mechanism of Ru3+ doped Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3. • Ex-situ XRD/SEM/CV/EIS after cycling indicate improved kinetic characteristics and enhanced structural stability. • The modified Na 3 V 1.96 Ru 0.04 (PO 4) 3 /C@CNTs reveals superior rate capability and ultralong cyclic performance. Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 (NVP) is an ideal cathode material for sodium ion battery due to its stable three-dimensional frame structure and high operating voltage. However, the low intrinsic conductivity and serious structural collapse limit its further application. In this work, a simultaneous optimized Na 3 V 1.96 Ru 0.04 (PO 4) 3 /C@CNTs cathode material is synthesized by a simple sol–gel method. Specifically, the ionic radius of Ru3+ is slightly larger than that of V3+ (0.68 Å vs 0.64 Å), which not only ensures the feasibility of Ru3+ replacing V3+ site, but also appropriately expands the migration channel of sodium ions in NVP and stabilizes the structure, effectively improving the diffusion efficiency of sodium ions. Moreover, CNTs construct a three-dimensional conductive network between the grains, reducing the impedance at the interface and effectively improving the electronic conductivity. Ex-situ XRD analysis at different SOC were performed to determine the change in the crystal structure of Ru3+doped Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 , and the refinement results simultaneously demonstrate the relatively low volume shrinkage value of less than 3 % during the de-intercalation process, further verifying the stabilized crystal construction after Ru3+ substitution. Furthermore, the ex-situ XRD/SEM/CV/EIS after cycling indicate the significantly improved kinetic characteristics and enhanced structural stability. Notably, the modified Na 3 V 1.96 Ru 0.04 (PO 4) 3 /C@CNTs reveals superior rate capability and ultralong cyclic performance. It submits high capacities of 82.3/80.9 mAh g−1 at 80/120C and maintains 71.3/59.6 mAh g−1 after 14800/6250 cycles, indicating excellent retention ratios of 86.6 % and 73.6 %, respectively. This work provides a multi-modification strategy for the realization of high-performance cathode materials, which can be widely applied in the optimization of various materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are many infectious diseases in the world caused by parasites. Among them, toxoplasmosis, American trypanosomiasis, African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, neosporosis and malaria are more common and contribute to a majority of the affected individuals. Main body: Due to extensive use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistant strain of the parasites has developed. So, we need to develop a new metal ligand complexes which have many configurations, can overcome this drug resistance and also show significant results in elimination of the parasites. A series of anti-parasitic drugs have been formulated and tested for its activity. In this review, we have tried to see the interaction of different ruthenium drugs (arene ruthenium complex, ruthenium clotrimazole complex, etc.) on different parasites associated with the aforementioned diseases. Conclusion: Combination of ruthenium to any organic ligand shows synergistic effects against parasite either by overcoming the drug resistance of the parasite or by binding with new targets due to the presence of ruthenium ion. The multiple modes of action generate an effective drug exhibiting anti-parasitic activity at low concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed synthesis of π‐conjugated fused imidazo[1,5‐a]quinolin‐2‐ium derivatives have been achieved via C−H activation of quinoline‐functionalized NHC (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene) and oxidative coupling with internal alkynes. The reaction occurred with high efficiency, broad substrate scope, tolerates a wide range of functional groups and utilized into a gram‐scale. Synthetic applications of the coupled product have been exemplified in the late‐stage derivatization of various highly functionalized scaffolds. Moreover, most of the annulated products exhibit intense fluorescence and have potential applications in optoelectronic devices. Mechanistic studies have provided insights into the spectroscopic characterization of key five‐membered ruthenacycle intermediate and Ru(0) sandwich species. Based on several control experiments, deuterium‐kinetic isotope effect, and thermodynamic activation parameters the mechanistic finding demonstrated that fused imidazo‐[1,5‐a]quinolin‐2‐ium C(2)−H bond cleavage is the rate‐determining step and ruling out the possibility of reductive elimination for controlling the rate of reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium (Ru) is a promising electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), despite suffering from low activity in non‐acidic conditions due to the high kinetic energy barrier of H2O dissociation. Herein, the synthesis of carbon nanosheet‐supported RuP/Ru heterostructures (RuP/Ru@CNS) from a natural polysaccharide is reported and demonstrates its behavior as an effective HER electrocatalyst in non‐acidic conditions. The RuP/Ru@CNS exhibits low overpotential (106 mV at 200 mA·cm−2) in alkaline electrolyte, exceeding most reported Ru‐based electrocatalysts. The electron shuttling between Ru atoms at the RuP/Ru interface results in a lowered energy barrier for H2O dissociation by electron‐deficient Ru atoms in the pure Ru phase, as well as optimized H* adsorption of electron‐gaining Ru atoms in the neighboring RuP. A low H* spillover energy barrier between Ru atoms at the RuP/Ru interface further boosts HER kinetics. This study demonstrates a sustainable method for the fabrication of efficient Ru‐based electrocatalysts and provides a more detailed understanding of interface effects in HER catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–support interaction (MSI) is witnessed as an essential manner to stabilize active metals and tune catalytic activity for heterogonous water splitting. Kinetically driving the water electrolysis (WE) appeals for a rational MSI system with the coupled electron‐donating/accepting (e‐D/A) characters for hydrogen/oxygen evolution reactions (HER/OER). However, the metal stabilization effect by MSI will in turn restrict the deblocking of e‐D/A properties and challenge the full electrocatalytic optimization. This study profiles a heterostructure featuring metastable Ru clusters on defective NiFe hydroxide (Ru/d‐NiFe LDH) support as a low‐precious (≈2 wt%) catalytic platform for efficient WE. It is indicated that the interfacial oxygen vacancies can deviate the stable Ru 4d5 orbit to a metastable Ru2+δ state, and regulate the metal d‐band center levels toward the facilitated HER/OER processes. Resultantly, the Ru/d‐NiFe LDH heterostructure attains the ultralow overpotentials at 10 mA cm−2 for Pt‐beyond alkaline HER (18 mV) and OER (220 mV) with fast kinetics and durability. The symmetrical water electrolyzer delivers a promising voltage of 1.49 V at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 m KOH and efficient seawater splitting performance. This work carries interesting opportunities in rationalizing sophisticated metal‐support electrocatalysts through metal‐site metastabilization engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbonyl cluster compound [GeRu6(CO)18HI] is unique in regard to its structure and bonding with a GeRu6 cluster core, a planar GeRu4HI unit, extensive multi‐center bonding, and an aromatic ring current similar to benzene (9‐10 nA T−1). The open‐shell cluster core is a Ge‐centered five‐membered Ru4(Ru2) ring with CO ligands and an additional H and I atom, each bridging two Ru atoms on opposite sides of the cluster core. The compound is prepared at 130 °C in a weakly‐coordinating ionic liquid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bis-(violurate)-based ruthenium(III) complex was synthesized in a pure form as nano-crystallites. Mass spectrum, elemental and thermal analysis, as well as molar conductance measurements, assigned the molecular formula [Ru(VA)2ClH2O]. FTIR, UV-vis, magnetic moment and ESR investigations suggested the structural formula as a distorted octahedron. Structural analysis by DFT calculations and processing of the PXRD data by the computer program Expo 2014 confirmed the proposed structure. Electronic and emission spectroscopy in addition to viscosity measurements displayed the greater binding capability of the [Ru(VA)2ClH2O] complex towards the studied biomolecules DNA and HSA as compared to uncomplexed violuric acid (VA). In vitro antiviral investigations against SARS-CoV-2 of violuric acid and the Ru(III) complex revealed greater activity in the case of the latter. Molecular docking studies reported that [Ru(VA)2ClH2O] binds more strongly to the spike protein of the tested virus cells (Vero-E6 cells), DNA, and HSA than the uncomplexed bis-(violurate) ligand system, consistent with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the method of reductive thermolysis of two-component precursors, a series of microdispersed alloys Ni1–xRux containing up to 10 at % ruthenium was obtained. The effect of ruthenium content in the alloy on its activity in the catalytic pyrolysis of a mixture of C2–C4 hydrocarbons to produce carbon nanofibers (CNF) was studied. Using the Ni0.98Ru0.02 sample as an example, the early stage of carbon erosion, leading to the disintegration of the alloy and to the formation of active particles, was studied in detail. The obtained alloys were used for the synthesis of metal-carbon nanocomposites Ni1–xRux@CNF, which are promising materials for solving applied problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium α-diimine complexes are widely known for their unique low-lying excited states and potent light absorption capabilities in the visible and NIR regions. A few specially constructed Ru α-diimine complexes have also shown enormous potential in the biomedical field. Several Ru-diimine complexes are well known for their catalytic activity. In this context, the simplest α-diimine system is 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene, abbreviated as (DAB/DAD), which received the greatest attention from the research communities. DAB ligands are redox-active. DAB ligands typically function as effective electron donors by employing lone pairs of nitrogen atoms and the π-electrons of the C=N bonds while coordinating the metal ion. The structural, electronic, and photophysical properties of the metal-mediated (DAB) complexes largely depend on the substitution of the ligand backbone as well as metal precursors. A versatile 'redox noninnocent' 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene motif can stabilise different oxidation states of ruthenium metal depending on the reaction conditions and the presence of co-ligands. The comparative studies of the structural and electrical characteristics of diverse ruthenium-DAB compounds are intriguing, which opens up a new route for researchers to utilise them in a variety of application domains. It is challenging and fascinating to determine the precise electronic structure of redox noninnocent diimine complexes in the presence of a 'redox active' metal like ruthenium. In this concise review, we provided a brief overview of the structural and electrical features of various Ru DAB complexes that solely comprise (–N=CH–CH=N–) fragments in the skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unusual direction of the C–H arylation of 2-(het)aryl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines with (het)aryl halides under catalysis by ruthenium(II) complexes has been revealed. The reaction involved activation of the C7–H bond rather than the Cα–H bond of the (het)aryl substituent at C2 of the triazolopyrimidine core. The arylation of 2-substituted [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines with (het)aryl bromides afforded a series of 7-(het)aryl derivatives in good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxides are used as catalysts in energy and environmental applications. For instance, ruthenium(IV) oxides are oxygen evolution reaction catalysts in water splitting that have been investigated under highly acidic or alkaline conditions. Still, their stability and activity are limited under such harsh conditions. High-valent ruthenium ligand (L) complexes RuIV-L and RuV-L have been extensively studied for oxygen evolution reaction in non-aqueous environments. The new approach used herein is the combination of two high-valent ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuIV) and iron(VI) (FeVIO42−, FeVI) that yielded efficient oxygen evolution reaction activity under mild alkaline aqueous conditions, at pH 8.2 and 9.0. The easily available ruthenium(III) ion (RuIII) reacted with FeVI at a molar ratio of 0.25 ([RuIII]:[FeVI]) to produce in situ RuIV and unconsumed FeVI mixture solution, which had an onset potential around 1.40 V with a shift in onset potential of 260 mV and 150 mV with respect to RuIII and FeVI alone, respectively. The unique mixed solution of RuIV-FeVI had less resistance to perform the catalytic reaction. Here, we show that combining high-valent ruthenium(IV) oxide and iron(VI) under mild alkaline aqueous conditions exhibits superior performance for oxygen evolution reaction, making it a potential candidate for water splitting reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of mononuclear ruthenium(II) tetra-tert-butyl-phthalocyaninates bearing axial N-donor ligands [tBu4PcRu]L2 (L = trimethylamine, pyrazine, 4,4′-bipyridine and N-methyl-4,4′-bipyridinium iodide) as well as the binuclear complex [tBu4PcRu]2(BiPy)3 were synthesized starting from the complex with axially coordinated carbonyl group [tBu4PcRu](CO). All compounds have been characterized by NMR, UV-Vis and cyclic voltammetry. The latter allowed the determination of oxidation and reduction potentials, HOMO-LUMO gaps and revealed the possibility of electropolymerization of BiPy-containing complexes in clear contrast to complexes containing another bidentate ligand – pyrazine. Comparative electrochemical studies of the mono- and binuclear complexes [tBu4PcRu](BiPy)2 and [tBu4PcRu]2(BiPy)3 revealed that the phthalocyanine rings are not conjugated in the binuclear species. The remarkable dependence of singlet oxygen generation from axial ligands in ruthenium phthalocyaninates was observed: the complexes with carbonyl group [tBu4PcRu](CO) and with pyrazine molecules [tBu4PcRu](Pyz)2 show higher 1O2 quantum yields, whereas the complex with axially coordinated molecules of trimethylamine [tBu4PcRu](NMe3)2 and quaternized BiPy ligands [tBu4PcRu](BiPy-Me+)2 have the lowest ability to generate singlet oxygen. The revealed influence of axial ligands on key physicochemical properties paves the way for the design of new ruthenium phthalocyaninates with potential optoelectronic and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of [Ru2(CO)4(µ-H)(µ-PtBu2)(µ-Ph2PCH2PPh2)] (1) with the diazonium salts [PhN2]BF4 and [p-BrC6H4N2]BF4 in dichloromethane at T = 273 K was investigated. The oxidative addition afforded the products [Ru2(CO)4(µ-H)(µ-PtBu2)(µ-Ph2PCH2PPh2)(µ-N2Ph)]BF4 (2a) and [Ru2(CO)4(µ-H)(µ-PtBu2)(µ-Ph2PCH2PPh2)(µ-N2C6H4-p-Br)]BF4 (2b) in good yields. The products have been characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and the molecular structure of 2a has been determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (monoclinic, space group P21/m, Z = 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-depth recognition of chemical processes that occur in Ru/CeO2 catalysts under realistic reaction conditions of C3H8 oxidation was studied using the near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique. The relevance of the proposed study is based on the wide use of ceria-based catalysts in industrially relevant red–ox reactions for reducing volatile organic compound emissions. Primary attention was paid to the effect of the exposed face of CeO2 support ((100) or (111)) on the formation of highly oxidized Ru species (volatile RuO4), which are decisively responsible for the Ru loss and thus deactivation of Ru-based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the mechanism of metal solidification holds both theoretical significance and practical importance. In this study, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the impact of cooling rates on the solidification of a melted ruthenium alloy using the embedded atom method (EAM) potential. The EAM potential is a widely employed interatomic potential for describing the metallic system, which can capture numerous crucial properties, including mechanical properties, the energy of competing crystal structure dynamics, defects, and liquid structures. Our simulations showed that upon quenching with different cooling rates, the system transformed into a supercooled liquid state at 1200 K, and a hexagonal close-packed cluster emerged as a dominant structure that remained stable even in the supercooled state. A critical cooling rate (1011 K/s) marked the transition from crystal to amorphous phase; this transition exhibited an upward trend as the superheating temperature increased until it reached the maximum achievable cooling rate. Our simulations also revealed that the optimal conditions for undercooling and superheating occur at ∼0.4396 and 1.2893 Tm, respectively, where Tm is the melting temperature. Our results provide comprehensive insights into the evolution of melt structures with changing temperatures during deep undercooling, the formation of homogeneous melt-free crystal regions, and the effect of the molten state on solidification phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core–shell magnetic adsorbent Fe3O4@MnO2 was prepared and successfully used to ruthenium adsorption from aqueous solutions with 98% efficiency. The adsorption isotherms, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for Ru(III) sorption onto Fe3O4@MnO2 were studied via a batch adsorption system. Adsorption isotherm models such as: Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were tested while the kinetic adsorption data were analyzed by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and Weber-Morris models. It has been found that the adsorption process of Ru(III) onto Fe3O4@MnO2 can be describe by a Freundlich model whereas mechanism of sorption is presented better by kinetic Weber–Morris model. Freundlich adsorption isotherm constant is equal Kf = 30.62 mg/g and heterogenity factor n = 3.58. Sorption rate constant is k3 = 0.288 mg/(g·min1/2) and intraparticle diffusion rate constant C = 0.174 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters such as free Gibb's energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°), entropy change (ΔS°) and energy activation Ea were determined. Calculated value of activation energy is equal 25.75 kJ/mol. The adsorption process of Ru(III) was found to be both spontaneous and thermodynamically preferable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the promoting effects of ruthenium, palladium, and copper on the performance of a 15%Co-1%K/SiO2 catalyst were evaluated during CO2 hydrogenation in a fixed-bed reactor. Reactions were carried out at atmospheric pressure and 270 °C with H2/CO2 ratio of 3. All catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). Ruthenium, palladium and copper facilitated the reduction of cobalt oxides and increased cobalt dispersion. In terms of catalyst's performance, ruthenium addition led to increased CO2 conversion and methane selectivity with a detrimental effect on C5+ hydrocarbons. Palladium also presented a similar pattern at lower loading but a drop in CO2 conversion and increased reverse water–gas shift activity were observed at 3 wt % Pd loading. Promoting with copper resulted in decreased activity, methane selectivity and C5+ hydrocarbons productivity with a much higher CO selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current space missions to Luna and Mars are considering to use the resources, which can be found on‐site at the destination. This strategy named in‐situ resource utilization (ISRU) saves valuable pay‐load capacities during the rocket launch from the earth surface. Specifically, in mars missions it is intended to produce the necessary rocket fuel CH4 for the back‐transit to earth via water electrolysis and subsequent CO2 methanation. The present study elaborates this concept and examines the question if polymeric reactors are feasible for heterogeneously catalyzed reactions in applications beyond earth. The study aims at providing a theoretical backbone for a proof‐of‐concept. The evaluation is conducted theoretically by design considerations and adds experimental results to show the general feasibility of polymeric reactors for applicable reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most challenging task for establishing a 103Ru/103mRh generator for Auger therapy, is to reach an effective separation between the two radionuclides because of the highly unpredictable, very complicated and poorly understood chemistry. In HCl, this work was able to evidence the formation of Ru colloids. It has been evidenced that the starting material of Ru, time and temperature have a strong influence on Ru speciation, but no polynuclear species of ruthenium–chloride was observed. This work has showed that it is fully possible to control the speciation of ruthenium, especially Ru(IV), within a mononuclear species; that is a huge step forward compared to literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]