Search

En el contexto de la sociedad moderna cada vez más digitalizada, el desarrollo de la competencia digital (DC) desde la primera infancia es cada vez más esencial. Esta situación representa un desafío para las instituciones educativas de todos los niveles, ya que deben velar por el desarrollo de la CD de los estudiantes, así como formar al personal en competencia digital docente (CDD). Este estudio tiene como objetivo medir la autopercepción del DC y CDD del alumnado de una red de centros de educación primaria y secundaria de la Comunidad Valenciana como primer paso para la detección de posibles carencias y desigualdades que es necesario corregir. Los resultados muestran un alto nivel de DC autopercibido entre los estudiantes y un nivel medio-experto de CDD entre los profesores. Además, se encontraron diferencias en el nivel autoevaluado de DC y CDD entre las puntuaciones de las dimensiones individuales y tipos de alfabetización que componen estas competencias, y hubo diferencias significativas en la autoevaluación de los docentes en función de la edad y el nivel educativo. Estos hallazgos evidencian la necesidad de desarrollar programas de formación dirigidos a potenciar la CDD con el fin de reducir las desigualdades encontradas.

This is the raw data used for the analyses of the study. It includes all the variables analyzed in the manuscript. The file "Main data" corresponds to all variables relative to sociodemographic factors, health indicators, or cannabis-related items. The files "Preguntes_resposta_multiple" and "Resposta multiple_2" contain the variables and all answers of multiple option items. These are located in different files since their analysis requires a different organization of the dataset. (2023-02-14)

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSIC, Although irritability, headstrong/defiant behavior, and callous-unemotional traits (CU traits) often co-occur, the prospective associations between them are not well known. A general population sample of 622 children was followed up yearly from ages 3 to 12 years and assessed using dimensional measures of irritability, headstrong/defiant, and CU traits with teacher provided information. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model, accounting for all unmeasured time-invariant confounding using the children as their own controls, revealed cross-lagged reciprocal associations between increased headstrong/defiant and increased CU traits at all ages and a unidirectional association from headstrong/defiant to irritability. The findings are consistent with headstrong/defiant behavior and CU traits mutually influencing each other over time and headstrong/defiant behavior enhancing irritability. School-based intervention and prevention programs should take these findings into consideration. They also suggest that irritability acts as a distinct developmental dimension of headstrong/defiant and callous-unemotional behaviors and needs to be addressed independently.

open, Stereotypes represent a peculiar type of social knowledge that often provides a frame to interpret and form expectations about other people and regulate social interactions. The current work represents an investigation of the implicit neural processes and mechanisms underlying stereotype-based mental representations. The project considered racial implicit bias processes during language comprehension through three studies. Two studies have been conducted using EEG/ERPs to detect the activation of implicit stereotypical representations associated to non-Caucasian people and the modulation of such activation through the previous presentation of two types of documentaries. A third online investigation was conducted on the role of speech accent variations in evoking stereotype-based expectancies, influencing the listener’s way of interpreting the conversation, and forming impressions on the speaker. In Study 1, EEG/ERPs signals were recorded while 20 Italian Caucasian participants, unaware of the overall study’s purpose, were presented with 285 sentences that could either violate, reinforce (e.g., “the Roma girl was involved in a robbery”) or be neutral with regard to stereotypes concerning other-race people (e.g. Asians, Africans, Arabic, Roma). ERPs were time-locked to the terminal words and the results showed that words violating ethnic stereotypes elicited a greater anterior N400 response, reflecting a difficulty in integrating the information incongruent with pre-existing stereotypical knowledge. Moreover, the participant’s individual amplitude values of the N400-Difference Wave (Incongruent – Congruent), showed a direct correlation with the individual racism scores obtained at the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale. In Study 2, the same procedure of study 1 was applied to 40 participants after they had been exposed to either an experimental or a control 10 minutes’ video documentary. While the experimental group was presented with a video containing images that pic, Questo progetto considera il ruolo dei pregiudizi impliciti basati sull'etnia nei processi di comprensione del linguaggio attraverso tre studi. Sono stati condotti due studi utilizzando la tecnica EEG/ERP per rilevare l'attivazione implicita di rappresentazioni stereotipate associate a persone di etnie non caucasiche e la modulazione di tale attivazione attraverso la presentazione di documentari. È stata inoltre condotta una terza indagine online sul ruolo delle variazioni dell’accento parlato nell'evocare aspettative basate su stereotipi e nell'influenzare il modo in cui l'ascoltatore interpreta la conversazione e genera impressioni sull'oratore. Nello Studio 1, sono stati registrati i segnali EEG/ERP di 20 partecipanti italiani caucasici, ignari dello scopo generale dello studio, mentre gli venivano mostrate 285 frasi che potevano violare, rinforzare (es. "la ragazza rom è stata coinvolta in una rapina”) o essere neutrali rispetto ad una serie di stereotipi riguardanti altre etnie (es. asiatici, africani, arabi, rom). Le epoche ERP sono state sincronizzate alla comparsa della parola terminale. I risultati hanno mostrato che le parole che violavano gli stereotipi etnici suscitavano una risposta N400 anteriore maggiore, riflettendo una difficoltà nell'integrare le informazioni incongruenti con gli stereotipi preesistenti. Inoltre, i partecipanti hanno mostrato una correlazione lineare tra l’ampiezza della difference wave della risposta N400 (incongruente - congruente) e i punteggi ottenuti alla scala del pregiudizio. Nello studio 2, la stessa procedura dello studio 1 è stata applicata a 40 partecipanti dopo che erano stati esposti, a seconda del gruppo sperimentale, a un documentario sperimentale o di controllo di 10 minuti. Mentre al gruppo sperimentale è stato presentato un video contenente immagini che ritraevano personaggi di altre etnie coinvolti in attività contro-stereotipiche (ad esempio un neurochirurgo di colore che guida un'équipe chirurgica), al gruppo d, 0, open, Brusa, A

open, Visuospatial attention and its asymmetries have always attracted great interest: plenty of research has focused on lateralized attentional mechanisms in the healthy brain, the asymmetrical spatial biases following brain lesions (e.g., the neglect syndrome), and the possibility of modulating such asymmetries with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). In this direction, the study of eye movements can provide direct evidence regarding the way we shift our attention in the surrounding space, i.e., overt attentional processes. The Free Visual Exploration (FVE) task is a simple, ecological, eye-tracking task, shown to reliably detect visuospatial asymmetries both in healthy individuals and patients with neglect. However, compared to other experimental paradigms, the FVE has received little attention as to the factors influencing attentional asymmetries in this task, its relationship with other behavioral paradigms, and, importantly, whether spatial asymmetries during visual field exploration can be modulated by tDCS. The experiments of this doctoral thesis aimed at addressing these issues. Specifically, in Study 1, I investigated the temporal dynamics of FVE in a sample of 60 younger and older adults, showing that pseudoneglect, the typical leftward attentional asymmetry of healthy individuals, in the FVE task is significantly reduced with increasing age and correlates with the performance in a line bisection task, a task most commonly used to assess visuospatial biases. In the experiments of Study 2, I explored the effects of anodal tDCS on the temporal dynamics and exploration asymmetries of FVE, addressing some crucial aspects related to: the stimulation focality (by employing both conventional and High Definition tDCS), differential effects of parietal and frontal stimulations, as well as the state-dependency of the tDCS by considering the impact of baseline performance on tDCS after-effects. Taken together, L'attenzione visuospaziale e le sue asimmetrie hanno sempre suscitato un grande interesse scientifico. Molte ricerche si sono concentrate sull’indagine della lateralizzazione dell’attenzione spaziale nel cervello sano, sulle asimmetrie spaziali conseguenti a lesioni cerebrali (es. negligenza spaziale unilaterale o neglect) e sulla possibilità di modulare tali asimmetrie con tecniche di stimolazione cerebrale non invasive, come la stimolazione transcranica a corrente diretta (transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, tDCS). In tal senso, lo studio dei movimenti oculari può fornire prove dirette sul modo in cui orientiamo la nostra attenzione nello spazio circostante (i.e., attenzione esplicita). Il compito di esplorazione visiva libera (Free Visual Exploration, FVE) è un semplice compito che si avvale della registrazione dei movimenti oculari per rilevare, in condizioni ecologiche, asimmetrie visuospaziali sia negli individui sani che nei pazienti con neglect. Tuttavia, rispetto ad altri paradigmi sperimentali, è carente l’indagine dei fattori che modulano la prestazione al FVE, tra cui: l’influenza di variabili individuali (es. l’età) sulle asimmetrie esplorative, l’associazione con altri compiti comportamentali e, soprattutto, se tali asimmetrie possano essere modulate da stimolazioni transcraniche dei circuiti frontoparietali. Gli esperimenti di questa tesi di dottorato affrontano queste lacune attraverso l’analisi dei movimenti oculari e la modulazione delle relative asimmetrie visuospaziali mediante tDCS. Nello specifico, nello Studio 1, ho studiato le dinamiche temporali della FVE in un campione di 60 giovani adulti e anziani, dimostrando che lo pseudoneglect, la tipica asimmetria attentiva verso sinistra che presentano gli individui sani, è significativamente ridotto con l'aumentare dell'età e correla con la performance in un compito di bisezione di linee, un compito standard per misurare le asimmetrie spaziali. Gli esperimenti dello Studio 2 indagano gli effet, 0, open, Diana, L

open, Starting from birth, we daily observe and experience social interactions - i.e., eye contact, being held, or being smiled at. Frequently, infants are not directly involved in social interactions, but they observe the social interactions that populate their surrounding environment. Using neurophysiological (Event Related Potentials, ERP; electromyography, EMG), and behavioral measures (preferential looking procedure), we aimed to further investigate infants’ responses to observed social signals, examining: i) the infants’ neural electrical activity elicited by the observation of prosocial and antisocial actions (Chapter 1), ii) infants’ ability to extract emotional information from an observed touching gesture (Chapter 2), and iii) the modulation exerted by their mother touch on infants’ attention to emotional stimuli (Chapter 3). Our research results found that neural activity of 5-6 months old infants differentiate observed prosocial vs antisocial actions: the elicitation of specific ERP components showed that more allocation of attention was given to the antisocial action, while more cognitive resources were devoted to the processing of the prosocial action (Chapter 1). Additionally, 11-month-olds’ facial muscles activity was congruent to the observed positive tactile interactions (caress of an arm), as shown by increased activity of the ZM muscle (activated in smiling). Conversely, no differential facial responses to observed negative tactile interactions (scratch of an arm) emerged (Chapter 2). Lastly, we demonstrated that experiences of maternal touch modulate infants’ attention to emotional stimuli. Infants who received affective touch and had a greater frequency score of past touch experience had a diminished avoidance of the angry faces; conversely, those in the non-affective touch condition and a higher touch frequency score tended to avoid angry faces more (Chapter 3). Overall, these findings add insights to the topic of early social cognition, shedding ne, A partire dalla nascita, osserviamo e sperimentiamo quotidianamente le interazioni sociali, ad esempio il contatto visivo, l'essere abbracciati o il sorriso altrui. A volte, i bambini non sono direttamente coinvolti nelle interazioni sociali, ma osservano le interazioni sociali che popolano l'ambiente che li circonda. Utilizzando misure neurofisiologiche (potenziali evocati, ERP; elettromiografia, EMG) e comportamentali (preferenza visiva), ci siamo proposti di indagare le risposte dei bambini nel primo anno di vita ai segnali sociali osservati, esaminando: i) i correlati neurali elicitati dall'osservazione di azioni prosociali e azioni antisociali (Capitolo 1), ii) la capacità dei bambini di cogliere le informazioni emotive veicolate da un gesto che implica un contatto tattile (Capitolo 2) e iii) la modulazione esercitata dal tocco della madre sull'attenzione del bambino agli stimoli emotivi (Capitolo 3). I risultati delle nostre ricerche dimostrano che l'attività neurale dei bambini di 5-6 mesi differenzia le azioni prosociali rispetto a quelle antisociali: l'elicitazione di specifiche componenti ERP ha mostrato che i bambini prestano maggiore attenzione alle interazioni antisociali, dedicando invece maggiori risorse cognitive all’elaborazione delle interazioni prosociali (Capitolo 1). Inoltre, i nostri risultati indicano che, a 11 mesi di vita, l’attività dei muscoli facciali è congruente alle interazioni tattili positive osservate (carezze), poiché è stata riscontrata una attività più accentuata del muscolo zigomatico (ZM, che si attiva quando sorridiamo), ma nessuna attività differenziata dei muscoli facciali in risposta alle interazioni tattili negative osservate (graffio) (Capitolo 2). Infine, abbiamo dimostrato che l’esperienza del tocco materno è in grado di modulare l'attenzione dei bambini agli stimoli emotivi. I bambini che hanno ricevuto un tocco affettivo e hanno avuto una maggiore frequenza di esperienze tattili passate hanno mostrato in minor misura, 0, open, Licht, V

TURATI, CHIARA, open, Facial expressions, by conveying information on individuals’ internal state and intentions, play an important role in social interactions. The idea that faces alone convey all the necessary information about the expresser’s emotional state in an unambiguous manner and independently of contextual factors was prevalent in the past decades (Calder et al., 1996; Smith et al., 2005) and drove the majority of literature on emotion perception to examine faces in isolation. Nonetheless, facial expressions are very rarely encountered in isolation in real life, and many recent adult studies indicate that the context in which they occur plays an essential part in their perception (for a review, see Aviezer et al., 2017; Wieser et al., 2014). Specifically, various forms of emotional and social context (e.g., emotional bodies or visual scenes, intrinsic social factors or past social experiences) were shown to have a significant influence on adults’ recognition, evaluation, and neural processing of facial expressions (Aviezer et al., 2017; Iidaka et al., 2010; Jack et al., 2012; Pickett et al., 2004; Righart & De Gelder, 2006). However, research investigating the influence of context on the processing of emotional faces in developmental populations is extremely scarce, and although it suggests that contextual effects are also present in infancy and childhood, only a small subset of contextual cues have been examined so far. Therefore, this doctoral dissertation aimed at providing a more comprehensive view of the influence of context on the processing of facial emotions at different developmental stages, by examining the effects of different contextual cues on the perception, neural processing and recognition of facial expressions in infants and children. The first part of this thesis focused on contextual emotional signals. Results indicated that the surrounding facial emotional context (Chapter 1) as well as emotional kinematics cues (Chapter 2) influenced 12-month-olds’ attenti, Le espressioni facciali svolgono un ruolo importante nelle interazioni sociali, comunicando informazioni sullo stato d’animo e le intenzioni di chi le esprime. La maggioranza della letteratura sulla percezione delle emozioni ha preso in esame i volti emotivi isolandoli dal contesto, assumendo che essi siano di per sé sufficienti a veicolare, in maniera non ambigua ed indipendente dal contesto, le manifestazioni emotive (Calder et al., 1996; Smith et al., 2005) . Tuttavia, nella vita reale è assai raro osservare espressioni emotive isolate da un contesto e molti studi recenti che coinvolgono partecipanti adulti indicano che il contesto nel quale le espressioni emotive sono inserite svolge un ruolo essenziale nella loro percezione (Aviezer et al., 2017; Wieser et al., 2014). In particolare, negli adulti, è stato mostrato come varie forme di contesti emotivi e sociali (ad esempio, emozioni espresse tramite gestualità corporee e scene visive, fattori sociali intrinseci o precedenti esperienze sociali) modulano il riconoscimento, la valutazione e l’elaborazione neurale delle espressioni facciali (Aviezer et al., 2017; Iidaka et al., 2010; Jack et al., 2012; Pickett et al., 2004; Righart & De Gelder, 2006). Alcuni studi suggeriscono che anche nei primi anni di vita i fattori contestuali svolgano un ruolo nella percezione delle emozioni (citazioni). Tuttavia, la ricerca in questo ambito è estremamente scarsa e prende in esame una gamma di contesti fortemente limitata e selettiva. Questa tesi di dottorato ha quindi l’obiettivo di fornire un quadro più completo sull’influenza del contesto nell’elaborazione delle espressioni facciali nel corso dello sviluppo, esaminando gli effetti di diversi contesti sulla percezione, e sul riconoscimento delle espressioni facciali nei bambini in età infantile prescolare e scolare. La prima parte di questa tesi prende in esame i segnali emotivi contestuali, verificando come la presenza di altre emozioni nel contesto possa modulare la percezi, 0, open, Mermier, J

Listeners use linguistic cues to anticipate upcoming words, but bilingual speakers may sometimes be slower when tested in a second language (L2), and they may experience cross-linguistic influence from their native language (L1) (Kaan & Grüter, 2021; Pickering & Gambi, 2018). We know that monolingual children use predictive processing from a young age (Mani & Huettig, 2012), but to date very few studies have focused on bilingual children (Brouwer et al., 2017; Lemmerth & Hopp, 2019). This dissertation aims to fill this gap, by investigating to what extent linguistic prediction in different groups of bilingual children is influenced by language dominance, cross-linguistic influence and literacy. We created different visual world eye-tracking experiments to test whether children would anticipate nouns on the basis of preceding gender and number cues. Study 1 tested gender processing and cross-linguistic influence in German-Italian bilinguals with varying dominance profiles (N = 63, age 6-9), Study 2 tested L1 and L2 processing of number in Italian early L2 learners of English (N = 36, age 7-8), Study 3 tested the effect of linguistic differences on gender and number processing in Arabic- and Mandarin-Italian sequential bilinguals compared to monolingual controls (N = 78, age 8-12), and Study 4 explored the relation between reading and prediction in multilingual and monolingual Italian children (N = 70, age 8-12). Overall, our results show that bilingual children anticipate nouns on the basis of morphosyntactic cues, although in some cases they were slower than monolingual peers when tested in a non-native or non-dominant language. This was the case especially when children had to rely on a grammatical feature was absent in their L1, or when they experienced cross-linguistic influence due to gender incongruency. With respect to literacy, we found a relation between reading and prediction for monolingual children but not for multilingual children. A possible reason for, Mentre processiamo il linguaggio sfruttiamo indizi linguistici per anticipare le parole; tuttavia, i parlanti bilingui possono essere più lenti dei parlanti nativi nella loro seconda lingua (L2) ed essere soggetti all'influenza della loro prima lingua (L1) (Kaan & Grüter, 2021; Pickering & Gambi, 2018). Sappiamo che i bambini monolingui utilizzano l'elaborazione predittiva fin dalla giovane età (Mani & Huettig, 2012), ma ad oggi pochissimi studi si sono concentrati sui bambini bilingui (Brouwer et al., 2017; Lemmerth & Hopp, 2019). In questa tesi vogliamo colmare questa lacuna, indagando come l’elaborazione linguistica predittiva in diversi gruppi di bambini bilingui sia influenzata dalla dominanza linguistica, dall'influenza cross-linguistica e dall'alfabetizzazione dei parlanti. Il lavoro presenta diversi studi sperimentali condotti mediante la registrazione dei movimenti oculari in contesto visivo per verificare se i bambini bilingui sono in grado di anticipare il nome in una frase sfruttando gli indizi di genere e numero sull’articolo che lo precede. Lo studio 1 ha testato l'elaborazione dell’indizio morfosintattico di genere e l'influenza cross-linguistica nei bilingui tedesco-italiano con diversi livelli di competenza linguistica nelle due lingue (N = 63, età 6-9); lo studio 2 ha testato l'elaborazione dell’indizio di numero in italiano e in inglese in bambini italiani frequentanti una scuola bilingue italo-inglese (N = 36 , età 7-8); lo studio 3 ha testato l'effetto delle differenze linguistiche sull'elaborazione degli indizi di genere e numero nei bilingui sequenziali arabo-italiano e mandarino-italiano rispetto ai controlli monolingui (N = 78, età 8-12); infine, lo studio 4 ha esplorato la relazione tra lettura e predizione nei bambini italiani multilingui e monolingui (N = 70, età 8-12). Nel complesso, i nostri risultati mostrano che i bambini bilingui anticipano i nomi sulla base di indizi morfosintattici, sebbene in alcuni casi risultino più lenti dei co, 0, Bosch, J

LORUSSO, MARIA LUISA, In line with relevance and complexity of language and reading assessment in bilingual children, this work incorporates recommended language assessment of bilingual children’s first as well as their second language and making use of innovative technologies. Previous research relates to the suitability of tasks assessing language with language-specific clinical markers, and reading skills in the bilingual population across languages. Some of these tasks have been implemented as computerized tasks allowing for automatic administration and evaluation. However, these computerized tasks are restricted to the characteristics defined by developers and cannot be adapted for use in school or clinical settings. This manuscript includes a review of the scientific literature concerning language and reading screening approaches and six empirical studies on the construction, administration, suitability and useful-ness of computerized bilingual language and reading screenings. The first study concerns how Speech and Language Therapists assess bilingual children. In a survey with 300 Speech and Language Therapists it was investigated how far Speech and Language Therapists consider assessment of both languages spoken relevant and realizable with computerized screening tasks. Results suggest an imbalance between the knowledge of the specific requirements for assessment of multilingual children and their application at work. Speech and Language Therapists also indicated open-ness towards computerized solutions. The second study investigates the potential of reading assessment in both languages through automatic task administration and evaluation. The performance in standardized Italian reading tests of 33 Mandarin-speaking children living in Italy, attending grades 3 and 4 in primary school, is compared to task performance in computerized screening tasks, implemented on E-Prime 3.0, administered in presence of the examiner. Results suggest that computerized reading and language tests r, Considerando la rilevanza e complessità della valutazione del linguaggio e della lettura nei bambini bilingui, il presente lavoro raccomanda di valutare il linguaggio nella prima e nella seconda lingua e l’utilizzo di tecnologie innovative. Ricerche precedenti hanno indagato, in varie lingue, l'adeguatezza di prove che valutano il linguaggio utilizzando marcatori clinici lingua-specifici, e la lettura nella popolazione bilingue. Alcune di queste prove sono state implementate in forma computerizzata per la somministrazione e la valutazione automatizzate. Spesso queste prove computerizzati di screening sono limitate alle caratteristiche definite dagli sviluppatori e non possono essere adattate per un utilizzo in scuola o clinica. Il presente elaborato include una revisione della letteratura scientifica relativa agli strumenti di screening del linguaggio e della lettura e sei studi empirici riguardanti la costruzione, la somministrazione, la validità e l'utilità di screening computerizzati di linguaggio e lettura nei bambini bilingui. Il primo studio riguarda i metodi con cui i logopedisti valutano i bambini bilingui. Attraverso un questionario compilato da 300 logopedisti è stato indagato se loro considerano la valutazione di tutte le lingue parlate rilevante e realizzabile attraverso dei compiti computerizzati. I risultati suggeriscono uno squilibrio tra conoscenze delle prassi raccomandate e la loro effettiva applicazione. I logopedisti si dichiarano aperti alla possibilità di utilizzare delle procedure computerizzate. Il secondo studio indaga il potenziale della valutazione della lettura in entrambe le lingue attraverso procedure computerizzate. Confrontando le prestazioni di 33 bambini, parlanti mandarino-italiano e frequentando la terza e quarta elementare in Italia, in test standardizzati di lettura in italiano con quelle conseguite in compiti di screening computerizzati, implementati con E-Prime 3.0, somministrati in presenza, emerge che i test computerizzati v, 0, Eikerling, M

El aumento de la longevidad asociado a la soledad y el riesgo de aislamiento, especialmente en personas mayores, se ha convertido en un reto inexcusable de la sociedad actual. Todo ello se ha visto acrecentado por el estallido de la pandemia de la COVID-19 donde muchas personas han estado, se han sentido e, incluso, han fallecido en soledad. La espiritualidad es un posible factor protector de la soledad en la vejez. En este trabajo se ahonda en las percepciones de la espiritualidad de mujeres de tercera y cuarta edad consagradas en la vida religiosa, en los aspectos positivos de la vida terrenal durante el confinamiento de la COVID-19, así como en la espiritualidad como fuente de bienestar relacionada con la soledad en la vejez. Para ello se entrevistó a doce mujeres religiosas residentes en España. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con una estrategia de análisis de contenido que incluía la triangulación en su análisis. Los testimonios aportados por las entrevistadas sugieren aspectos positivos de la soledad al sentirse habitadas y acogidas por Dios. Esto les sirve de apertura y les afianza en su sentido de la vida, destacando la ausencia de un posible impacto de la pandemia producida por la COVID-19 en su propio bienestar. Palabras clave: COVID-19, envejecimiento, espiritualidad, metodología cualitativa, soledad., [EN] Increased longevity associated with loneliness and the risk of isolation, especially in the elderly, has become an unavoidable challenge of our current society. All this has been increased by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic where many people have been alone or felt lonely and, some of them have even died in solitude. Spirituality is a possible protective factor against loneliness in old age. This paper delves into the perceptions of spirituality of elder (third and fourth age) consecrated women in religious life, into the positive aspects of earthly life during the isolation of COVID-19, as well as into spirituality as a source of well-being related to the loneliness in old age. For this purpose, twelve religious women living in Spain were interviewed. A qualitative methodology was used with a strategy for its content analysis that included triangulation. The testimonies provided by the interviewees suggest positive aspects of loneliness when feeling inhabited and welcomed by God. This conveys an opening door for them and it reinforces their sense of life, underlying the absence of effect of the pandemic produced by COVID-19 on their own well-being.

[ES] Detrás de cada muerte por suicidio quedan personas marcadas de por vida, personas que pasarán a pertenecer al colectivo de supervivientes. El siguiente trabajo tiene como primer objetivo dar voz a este colectivo y resaltar cuales son los recursos o las asociaciones de las que disponemos a día de hoy en España. Para ello, realizaremos una revisión de los programas de posvención existentes a día de hoy y desempeñaremos una búsqueda para analizar los recursos de los que disponemos en España. A continuación, analizaremos la Asociación Biziraun, para ello expondremos cuales son sus objetivos, las acciones que llevan a cabo y las necesidades que se observan. El segundo objetivo será realizar una propuesta para Biziraun en diversos ámbitos. Plantearemos la propuesta en base a todo lo que hemos trabajado hasta el momento, en base a mi experiencia como alumna en prácticas en Biziraun y en base a una entrevista realizada a los dirigentes de la entidad. Con todo lo expuesto hasta el momento observamos que estamos ante una realidad muy amplia, una realidad rodeada de tabú y con lagunas en la evidencia científica a la hora de plantear intervenciones dirigidas a supervivientes.

[EU] Arreta gabezia eta hiperaktibitatea nahasmendua haurtzaro eta nerabezaroko neurogarapeneko nahasmendurik ohikoena da eta inplikazio esanguratsuak ditu, besteak beste, eskola testuinguruan. Hori dela eta, ezbairik gabe, hezkuntza-sistemaren erronketako bat da ikasle hauen beharrizanetara egokituz garapen akademiko eta pertsonalean izan ditzaketen zailtasunak bermez erantzutea. Jakintza aberastua duten irakasleek eraginkortasun handiagoz erantzuten dutela frogatu den aldetik, ondorengo lerroetan Lehen Hezkuntzako irakasleek nahasmenduaren inguruan dituzten ezagutzak hobetzearen garrantzia aldarrikatzen da. Lanaren ildoa hiru galdera eragileren baitan jorratu da. Zer dakigu arreta gabezia eta hiperaktibitatearen inguruan? galderarekin egun gaiaren literaturan biltzen diren nondiknorakoak aztertu eta nahasmendua ulertzeko ezinbesteko diren ezagutzen arakatzea burutu da. Zein inplikazio dute ezagutzek nahasmenduari erantzuterakoan? irakasleek dituzten ezagutzak zer-nolakoak diren eta hauek nahasmenduaren trataeran zer-nola eragiten duten aztertzen dira. Nola hobetu daitezke irakasleek AGHNren inguruan dituzten ezagutzak? galderaren inguruan hausnartu eta AGHNren inguruan dituzten ezagutzak, eta eskuarki, nahasmenduari eskola testuinguruan ematen zaion trataera hobetzeko esku-hartze xume bat aurkezten da.

[ES] La dermatitis atópica es una enfermedad dermatológica inflamatoria que está estrechamente relacionada con el estrés, fenómeno cada vez más habitual en la sociedad que genera diversos cambios psicológicos y fisiológicos en el organismo. El estrés, además de empeorar y provocar los brotes característicos de la dermatitis, es también comúnmente sufrido por los pacientes atópicos a raíz de los síntomas de la propia enfermedad. Estos pacientes presentan tanto un funcionamiento del sistema inmunitario desajustado como una respuesta del eje hipotalámico-pituitario-adrenal (HPA) alterada. Algunos de estos cambios como un predominio de las células de tipo TH2 del sistema inmune, una hiporrespuesta del eje HPA o una alteración del perfil de citocinas, contribuyen en la exacerbación inducida por el estrés, aumentando la inflamación y provocando el prurito. Este aumento de la inflamación junto con el malestar provocado por la misma atopía, convierte a las personas con dermatitis atópica en susceptibles a desarrollar un trastorno depresivo. Esta revisión, además de ayudar a comprender el mecanismo fisiológico mediante el cual la dermatitis atópica, el estrés y la depresión están relacionados, pretende justificar la relación de dichos factores para poder así desarrollar mejores tratamientos y programas preventivos, destacando la importancia de intervenir en los factores psicológicos.

[ES] Las nuevas tecnologías han proporcionado un conocimiento más extenso de los procesos cognitivos en desarrollo. De esta manera, el propósito de este artículo es estudiar las trayectorias del desarrollo entre la memoria episódica y las funciones ejecutivas (FE) en la adolescencia gracias al uso de la Realidad Virtual. Las investigaciones previas sugieren que el desarrollo de la memoria episódica estratégica, que se refiere a los procesos de control que contribuyen a la codificación y la recuperación de los recuerdos episódicos, está vinculada al desarrollo de las FE en la adolescencia; sin embargo el desarrollo de la memoria episódica asociativa, que se refiere a los mecanismos de integración de información que permiten crear representaciones episódicas coherentes, maduraría durante la niñez y por tanto no estaría vinculada al desarrollo de las FE. Los resultados de este estudio no consiguen evidenciar que las capacidades de FE predigan el desarrollo de ningún componente de la memoria episódica en el período de la adolescencia, pero han evidenciado que existen dos componentes de memoria episódica y que se comportan de manera diferencial en el período de la adolescencia. No obstante, es necesaria más investigación para replicar estos resultados conductualmente y con neuroimagen. Idioma: Español

[EU] Diziplina ezberdinetako hainbat ebidentziek adierazten dute abestea giza-eboluzioan zehar garatutako egokitzapen biologiko bat dela. Horrela, bi hipotesi gailentzen dira gizakion abesteko gaitasunaren eboluzioa azaltzeko, musikaren lotura sozialaren teoria (MLST) eta musikaren hautespen sexualaren teoria (MHST); baina oraindik bigarren hipotesi horren aldeko froga enpirikoak urriak dira. Ikerketa honetan erakarpen/interes pertzentil eskalak erabiliz, espainiar estatuko gazteek (N=185) balizko bikotekide baten inteligentzia, erakargarritasun fisiko eta abesteko gaitasunaren maila desberdinak zein neurritan sentitzen dituzten desiragarri neurtu dut. Emaitzak MHSTren aldekoak dira, ondo abesteak erakargarritasunean eragin handia duela aurkitu batitut. Generoaren araberako emaitzek iradokitzen dute aztertu ditudan ezaugarriei dagokienez gizonak selektiboagoak izan direla balizko bikotekide baten desiragarritasuna ebaluatzean eta, bestalde, ikusi da inteligentziarekin eta erakargarritasun fisikoarekin lotutako desiragarritasuna atalase batera iristen den bitartean, abesteko gaitasunarekin erlazionatutako desiragarritasunak ez duela asintotarik. Ondorio gisa, lan honetako emaitzek giza-eboluzioan zehar, musika sortu eta antzemateko gaitasuna garai desberdinetan eta prozesu desberdinen ondorioz garatu zela sostengatzen dute.

[ES] El exceso de peso ha sido relacionado con un mayor riesgo de sufrir un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la relación entre la obesidad o sobrepeso y los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria de tipo restrictivo, como la anorexia nerviosa y la anorexia nerviosa atípica. Esta revisión sistemática pretende examinar la prevalencia y características de estos casos, de cara a mejorar su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo y Scopus, y se seleccionaron 17 artículos. Los resultados señalan que entre personas con un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, una historia de sobrepeso u obesidad es más común en hombres que en mujeres, y en personas con Anorexia Nerviosa Atípica que con Anorexia Nerviosa. Estos casos se identifican con un peso mayor, pero su sintomatología, la amenorrea y sus consecuencias no son menos graves que quienes nunca han tenido sobrepeso u obesidad. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de tener en cuenta la historia de peso de los y las pacientes en la identificación de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Se discuten las limitaciones e implicaciones clínicas de esta revisión.

The balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters is essential for proper brain development. An imbalance between these two systems has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. On the other hand, literature also associates the massive use of pesticides with the increase of these disorders, with a particular focus on chlorpyrifos (CPF) a world-wide used organophosphate pesticide. This study was aimed at assessing social autistic-like behaviors on mice pre or postnatally exposed to CPF (0 or 1 mg/kg/day), in both sexes. In prenatal exposure, C57BL/6J pregnant mice were exposed to CPF through the diet, between gestational days (GD) 12 and 18, while a positive control group for some autistic behaviors was exposed to valproic acid (VPA) on GD 12 and 13. To assess postnatal exposure, C57BL/6J mice were orally exposed to the vehicle (corn oil) or CPF, from postnatal days (PND) 10–15. Social behavior and gene expression analysis were assessed on PND 45. Results showed social alterations only in males prenatally treated. GABA system was upregulated in CPF-treated females, whereas an increase in both systems was observed in both treated males. These findings suggest that males are more sensitive to prenatal CPF exposure, favoring the sex bias observed in ASD.

The Global Mental Health (GMH) movement aims to provide urgently needed treatment to those with mental illness, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Due to the complexity of providing mental health services to people from various cultures, there is much debate among GMH advocates regarding the best way to proceed. While biomedical interventions offer some degree of help, complementary approaches should focus on the social/community aspects. Many cultures conduct traditional rituals involving the communal use of psychoactive plants. We propose that these practices should be respected, protected, and promoted as valuable tools with regard to mental health care at the community level. The traditional use of psychoactive plants promotes community engagement and participation, and they are relatively affordable. Furthermore, the worldviews and meaning-making systems of local population are respected. The medical systems surrounding the use of psychoactive plants can be explained in biomedical terms, and many recently published clinical trials have demonstrated their therapeutic potential. Psychoactive plants and associated rituals offer potential benefits as complementary aspects of mental health services. They should be considered as such by international practitioners and advocates of the GMH movement.

Background: Despite the benefits that synthetic pesticides have provided in terms of pest and disease control, they cause serious long-term consequences for both the environment and living organisms. Interest in ecofriendly products has subsequently increased in recent years.Methods: This article briefly analyzes the available ethnobotanical evidence regarding the use of Cannabis sativa as a pesticide and offers a systematic review of experimental studies.Results: Our findings indicate that both ethnobotanical and experimental procedures support the use of C. sativa as a pesticide, as remarkable toxicity has been observed against pest organisms. The results included in the systematic review of experimental studies (n = 30) show a high degree of heterogeneity, but certain conclusions can be extracted to guide further research. For instance, promising pesticide properties were reported for most of the groups of species tested, especially Arachnida and Insecta; the efficacy of C. sativa as a pesticide can be derived from a wide variety of compounds that it contains and possible synergistic effects; it is crucial to standardize the phytochemical profile of C. sativa plants used as well as to obtain easily reproducible results; appropriate extraction methods should be explored; and upper inflorescences of the plant may be preferred for the production of the essential oil, but further studies should explore better other parts of the plant.Conclusion: In the coming years, as new findings are produced, the promising potential of C. sativa as a pesticide will be elucidated, and reviews such as the present one constitute useful basic tools to make these processes easier.

Aquest volum presenta dos textos pujolians sobre tipografia difícils de consultar. El primer és la introducció al text d'una conferència famosa de Beatrice Warde que es titulava «The crystal goblet, or Printing should be invisible», i el segon un article que va preparar per al llibre 10 artículos en Helvetica. Gràcies a la bona disposició de Montserrat Planas aquesta edició es veu enriquida amb fotografies de diverses etapes de la vida de Josep M. Pujol.

There is much controversy today about several factors involved in children’s education. The last decade has also seen a significant change in the way classes are imparted, with teachers giving greater visibility to subjects of current importance. One of these subjects is the issue of social movements. The present study aimed to identify possible communication strategies between primary school teachers and children and identify possible pedagogical strategies to explain, treat and discuss social movements in classrooms. To carry out the objectives, we used a Delphi method, and we drew on the experience of experts in several social and educational fields to identify the communication strategies. This interactive technique, comprising different phases and a range of questions, was used with experts in the psychology of education, media studies, primary education, and parents to reach a consensus on how best to approach social conflicts in the classroom and obtain predictions. The implications for primary education are discussed.

Clinical simulation as a teaching methodology allows the student to train and learn technical abilities and/or non-technical abilities. One of the key elements of this teaching methodology is the debriefing, which consists of a conversation between several people, in which the participants go over a real or simulated event in order to analyze their actions and reflect on the role that thought processes, psychomotor skills and emotional states can play in maintaining, or improving their performance in the future. The Debriefing Experience Scale allows the experience of students in debriefing to be measured. The objective of this study is to translate the Debriefing Experience Scale (DES) into Spanish and analyze its reliability and validity to measure the experience of nursing students during the debriefing. The study was developed in two phases: One: the adaption of the instrument to Spanish, two: a transversal study carried out in a sample of 290 nursing students. The psychometric properties were analyzed in terms of reliability and construct validity using confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA). Cronbach’s alpha was adequate for all the scales and for each one of the dimensions. The confirmatory factorial analysis showed that the 4-dimensional model is acceptable for both scales (experience and opinion). The Spanish version Debriefing Experience Scale questionnaire is useful, valid and reliable for use to measure the debriefing experience of university students in a simulation activity.

Background: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) play a key role in the gut microbiota-brain crosstalk regulating the main neurodevelopmental processes during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to investigate the longitudinal relationship between prenatal levels of the main SCFAs in maternal serum and infant cognitive development and temperament on day 40 postpartum after adjusting for several pre-, peri- and post-natal confounders. Methods: A sample of 357 healthy mother-infant pairs were followed from the beginning of pregnancy to 40 days after birth. Serum SCFA concentrations were assessed in the first and third trimester of pregnancy by LC-MS/MS; and socio-demographic, nutritional, and psychological variables were collected. At 40 days, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III and the Early Infancy Temperament Questionnaire were administered. Results: Lower serum levels of acetic, butyric and isobutyric acid, mainly during the first trimester, were related to better language and psychomotor development and, in the case of butyric acid, better intensity behavior in infants. Medium levels of propionic acid were related to better scores for development, mood and temperament. Conclusions: These findings suggest that in a community sample of healthy pregnant women from a Mediterranean region of northern Spain, lower serum levels of SCFAs, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy, seem to be related to better infant neurodevelopment

The research objective was to predict the impact of techno-creators and techno-inhibitors on the different manifestations of technostress in kindergarten directors in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and telework. The participants were INTEGRA Foundation kindergarten directors, from a sample of 567 kindergartens in Chile. To measure the technostress manifestations, the RED-TIC questionnaire was used as an instrument, and concerning techno-creators and techno-inhibitors, those established in previous research were considered. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) methodology was used, and the model estimation was performed using SmartPLS version 3.0 software. It was obtained that techno-creators correlate positively and significantly with the technostress manifestations. A negative correlation was found between techno-inhibitors and technostress manifestations and techno-creators, but not significant for skepticism and inefficacy manifestations. Therefore, it is concluded that techno-creators lead to technostress manifestations, however, techno-inhibitors did not show a significant effect in reducing these manifestations in the sample studied.

Psycholinguistic studies have shown that there are many variables implicated in language comprehension and production. At the lexical level, subjective age of acquisition (AoA), the estimate of the age at which a word is acquired, is key for stimuli selection in psycholinguistic studies. AoA databases in English are often used when testing a variety of phenomena in second language (L2) speakers of English. However, these have limitations, as the norms are not provided by the target population (L2 speakers of English) but by native English speakers. In this study, we asked native Spanish L2 speakers of English to provide subjective AoA ratings for 1604 English words, and investigated whether factors related to 14 lexico-semantic and affective variables, both in Spanish and English, and to the speakers' profile (i.e., sociolinguistic variables and L2 proficiency), were related to the L2 AoA ratings. We used boosted regression trees, an advanced form of regression analysis based on machine learning and boosting algorithms, to analyse the data. Our results showed that the model accounted for a relevant proportion of deviance (58.56%), with the English AoA provided by native English speakers being the strongest predictor for L2 AoA. Additionally, L2 AoA correlated with L2 reaction times. Our database is a useful tool for the research community running psycholinguistic studies in L2 speakers of English. It adds knowledge about which factors-linked to the characteristics of both the linguistic stimuli and the speakers-affect L2 subjective AoA. The database and the data can be downloaded from: https://osf.io/gr8xd/?view_only=73b01dccbedb4d7897c8d104d3d68c46 .© 2022. The Author(s).

Currently, most people who might need mental health care services do not receive them due to a number of reasons. Many of these reasons can be overcome by telepsychology, in other words, the use of ICT technologies for therapy (e.g., phone, videoconferencing, and apps); given that it facilitates access to specialized interventions. In fact, telepsychology is currently offered as an active service in many psychotherapy centers. However, its usage, how it is perceived, and who uses it are still largely unknown.The aim of this study was (1) to determine if any pattern exists in the usage of telepsychology and face-to-face psychology, (2) to clarify people's perception of telepsychology in terms of the advantages, barriers and efficacy of online psychotherapy, and (3) to examine usage patterns in terms of individual characteristics and identify patients' profiles.An online survey was conducted on a convenience sample of 514 subjects recluted by using an online advertisement. The inclusion criteria were: (1) to be older than 18 years old and (2) to answer completely the questionnaire. Cluster analysis, ANOVAs, and discriminant analysis were performed to test our research objectives.Three usage clusters were found: (1) face-to-face psychotherapy (57%; n = 292); (2) non-therapy (36.8%; n = 189); and (3) combined face-to-face psychotherapy and telepsychology (6.4%; n = 33). In addition, the perception of telepsychology varied among usage clusters, but a common perception emerged about the main telepsychology advantages, barriers and efficacy. Finally, the results showed that personal characteristics differentiated people in each of these clusters.The most common form of access to psychotherapy is the face-to-face form but the second way of delivery was a combination between fac

Background: Statistics anxiety is a common problem in students taking statistics courses in the social sciences. It is most widely measured by the statistical anxiety scale. The various adaptations of this instrument have shown certain problems in the replication of its factorial structure and do not have a system to control possible response bias effects. The objective of our study was to propose a short test to measure statistical anxiety that also includes a scale to control social desirability bias. Method: We developed a revised version of the statistical anxiety scale using procedures for controlling response biases and examined its factorial structure using exploratory and confirmatory analysis in a sample of 531 students. Results: The revised version showed a clear four-factor structure in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with the expected three content factors plus one social desirability factor. The scales showed no acquiescence effects and moderate social desirability effects, and had a clear relationship with academic success. Conclusions: The revised version of the statistical anxiety scale improves on the psychometric properties of the original version and may overcome the problems detected in some adaptations of the previous version.

Combining two thoughts into a compound mental representation is a central feature of our verbal and non-verbal logical abilities. We here approach this issue by focusing on the contingency that while natural languages have typically lexicalised only two of the possible 16 binary connectives from formal logic to express compound thoughts—namely, the coordinators and and or—some of the remainder appear to be entertainable in a non-verbal, conceptual representational system—a language of thought—and this suggests a theoretical split between the “lexicalisation” of the connectives and the “learnability” of invented words corresponding to unlexicalised connectives. In a visual world experiment aimed at tracking comprehension-related as well as reasoning-related aspects of the capacity to represent compound thoughts, we found that participants are capable of learning and interpreting a made-up word standing for logic's NAND operator, a result that indicates that unlexicalised logical connectives are not only conceptually available, but can also be mapped onto new function words, as in the case of coordinators, or connectives, a class of words that do not usually admit new coinages.