Search

フランス啓蒙主義時代の哲学者ドゥニ・ディドロは、その絵画批評のなかでたびたび、「絵画のなかに入り込み、歩き回る、あるいは旅をするという体裁で描写する」ことを行なっている。それは、読者の想像力と趣味（goût）を通して、情景を再構成せしめるための修辞法であった。本論文では、ディドロによる「サロン評」のうち、とりわけ風景画の記述における「絵の中に入り込」み、「絵の中を歩く」描写に着目し、分析と考察を行う。これを、18世紀のテクストと絵画経験における「散歩」や「歩行」というテーマ系の中に位置づけることが、ここでの目的である。 まず、ディドロ「サロン評」の風景画記述の総体を踏まえて、特徴的と思われる部分を抽出する。次に、「歩行」をめぐる同時代の特徴的なテクストとの比較を行う。エクフラシス（視覚芸術の言葉による描写）という修辞学的伝統をはみ出して、「テクスト内空間の想像的な歩行」を行うディドロの絵画批評がその特徴的な一例をなすような、18世紀の思想的基盤を明らかにするのが、本論文の目的にして意義である。

[ES] El proyecto pretende crear un espacio de descanso mental concebido especialmente para dar respuesta a dependencias relacionadas con la adicción digital. Abordando temas como la sobreexposición en redes sociales, uso abusivo de mensajería instantánea, y otras cuestiones relacionadas con la tecnología e Internet. Mediante actividades y talleres se fomentará la desconexión, la conciencia del ¿yo presente¿ y el contacto con la naturaleza como parte imprescindible de la terapia. Se buscará el diálogo con el lugar y su puesta en valor, tanto urbano como natural e interviniendo desde el respeto y la sensibilidad hacia el paisaje. Honestidad material, atemporalidad buscada y escala doméstica como búsqueda de espacios que ayuden a desconectar, fomenten la socialización y posibiliten una reconexión futura con modos de vida más saludables. El projecte pretén crear un espai de descans mental concebut especialment per a donar resposta a dependències relacionades amb l'addicció digital. Abordant temes com la sobreexposició en xarxes socials, ús abusiu de missatgeria instantània, i altres qüestions relacionades amb la tecnologia i Internet. Mitjançant activitats i tallers es fomentarà la desconnexió, la consciència del jo present i el contacte amb la naturalesa com a part imprescindible de la teràpia. Es buscarà el diàleg amb el lloc i la seua posada en valor, tant urbà com natural i intervenint des del respecte i la sensibilitat cap al paisatge. Honestedat material, atemporalitat buscada i escala domèstica com a cerca d'espais que ajuden a desconnectar, fomenten la socialització i possibiliten una reconexió futura amb maneres de vida més saludables., [EN] The project is looking for a creation of a center for mental health conceived to give support to digital addictions. Touching topics such as social media overexposure, abusive use of instant messaging, and others linked with technology and the Internet. Through activities and workshops which teaches digital disconnection, awareness of ¿present me¿ and contact with nature as an important part of the therapy. The intention is to connect with the place and to put it in a value, both- urban and natural - developed with respect and sensibility for the landscape. Material honesty, timelessness, and domestic scale as a way of spaces to help digital disconnection, promoting physical socialize to get a future reconnection in a healthier way of living.

À la fois physique par le contact direct avec le sol et mentale par la libération de la pensée qu’elle permet, l’activité de la marche est le meilleur moyen qui soit de connaître intimement un espace. Imprégnés de rousseauisme et influencés par une nouvelle approche sensorielle de la réalité, maints écrivains préromantiques et romantiques ont privilégié comme thème et pratique poétique l’activité piétonnière au sein de la nature ; la promenade s’autonomise en tant qu’expérience individuelle et genre littéraire. En analysant quelques extraits de récits de voyage des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles par Senancour, Hugo et Gautier, nous montrerons aussi comment l’écriture des randonnées au milieu du paysage montagneux, choisi comme décor spécifique de notre enquête, a suscité ses propres moyens stylistiques et génériques, destinés à restituer au lecteur la réalité factuelle, mais aussi la subjectivité et l’unicité du vécu. Walking, being both a physical and mental activity, is the best way to get to understand the spatial dimensions and the significance of any area. It allows, in fact, both the direct contact with the soil and the free circulation of thoughts. Many pre-romantic and romantic writers imbued with Rousseauism and influenced by a new “sensorial” approach to reality adopted walking outdoor both as a theme and a poetic practice. Hiking, thus, became an individual activity and a literary genre in itself. Through the analysis of texts by Senancour, Hugo and Gautier, I intend to show that writing about walking in mountain areas – the chosen setting for this paper – gave rise to very specific styles and genres, and that these were meant to convey the factual elements of walking, as well as the unique subjectivity of this experience.

[ES] El proyecto se sitúa en el barrio de Cremor, en la ciudad de Castellón de la plana. Se trata de un centro de innovación situado en una parcela junto a un barranco, la cual está acotada por un centro de formación en la zona este. Se ha llevado a cabo una remodelación urbanística del territorio consiguiendo dos niveles en el barranco que permite jugar con las cotas de nivel del proyecto. De esta manera, el proyecto, con cubiertas verdes, se desarrolla prácticamente en una sola planta en una cota semienterrada, generando una vista superior totalmente integrada en el entorno del parque o jardín lineal proyectado y así no competir contra el otro edificio cuya implantación en dura. Así pues, se generan dos volúmenes independientes con cubiertas inclinadas que permiten generar una calle peatonal que conecta los dos niveles que contempla el proyecto., [EN] The district of Cremor, in the city of Castellón de la Plana, is the one chosen to develop the project of a research and development center. It is a new type of building, which complements all the services offered by the Jaume I University of Castellón and at the same time the city itself.The neighborhood connects both areas of the city. The research and development center is focused on those recently graduated students who intend to develop a new business model starting little by little. They are thus provided with a work space in which they can develop any of the usual functions of a company, such as meetings or having access to a whole series of facilities that are needed. So, once these companies are consolidated, and after becoming Spinoff¿s, they still have a space of work of greater space due to the size of them. The project contemplates a series of diverse services that can benefit both employees of the center and the citizens of Castellón de la Plana, which are: Cafeteria, restaurant, exhibition rooms, outdoor pool... All this in a plot located in the south-west area of the Cremor neighborhood next to the ravine and a training center, which allows to benefit from the landscape and environment as well as the services of the permanent training center itself. In short, the project can be defined as a link between the city and the university area generating all activity that allows the regeneration of the Cremor neighborhood, which until now had no relevance.

Dès le XVIIIe siècle, le tourisme littoral expérimente en Grande-Bretagne des formes architecturales qui vont servir de référence, en particulier la jetée de plaisir qui permet des activités variées (promenade, pêche, danse, théâtre, restau­rant, attractions…). Au XIXe siècle, ces lieux de loisirs populaires connaissent une diffusion géographique rapide grâce notamment au chemin de fer et à l’émergence d’importants foyers de population. Très sensibles aux tempêtes, aux incendies, aux collisions et aux guerres, ces espaces du quotidien ont subi, surtout vis-à-vis de destinations lointaines désormais accessibles par avion, une forte désaffection à partir des années 1980. Néanmoins, face aux menaces de démolition, des résis­tances animées d’une forme de patriotisme local s’organisent bien aidées par la patrimonialisation des jetées et l’apport financier de la National Lottery. Depuis la fin des années 1990, un mouvement de régénération des stations balnéaires britanniques s’est enclenché qui, entre autres, misent alternativement sur l’authen­­ticité ou la réinterprétation moderne de leurs jetées. Finalement, la fierté populaire affichée lors de la réouverture après travaux par les résidents et les touristes montre que le sentiment d’appartenance à une pratique populaire du bord de mer britannique reste profondément ancré Since the 18th century, coastal tourism in Great Britain has experienced architectural forms that will serve as reference. Among them, the pleasure pier allows for varied activities (boardwalk, fishing, dance, theatre, restaurant, attrac­tions). During the 19th century, these popular leisure places were rapidly expanding geographically thanks to the railway and the emergence of major population centres. Very sensitive to storms, fires, collisions and wars, these areas of daily life have suffered strong disaffection from the 1980s, especially when competing with distant destinations now accessible by plane. Nevertheless, they still share a strong coastal identity: residents and tourists have formerly and profoundly appropriated these piers that structure many British seaside resorts. Visible from afar, the plea­sure pier welcomes regularly a large and varied audience. Faced with threats of demolition, mobilizations animated by a local patriotism are organized, well helped by piers heritagisation and the National Lottery’s financial contribution. Since the end of the 1990s, the regeneration of the British seaside resorts has begun, which relies alternately on the authenticity or modern reinterpretation of their piers. Finally, the popular pride displayed at the reopening after works shows that the feeling of belonging to a popular British seafront prac­tice remains deeply rooted.

Diderot’s Travels in Bourbonne and Langres, two small towns in his childhood’s countryside in the East of France, tell us about different matters he has to deal with in the summer of 1770: marry his daughter Angelique to a gentleman from Langres, make friends again with his brother, run a love affair in Bourbonne, a famous spa town. Unfortunately, nothing happens as he expected. Despite his efforts to write a scientific report from these two places, the encyclopedist fails to conceal his sorrow and lets his mood appear, in a near-Rousseauistic manner of writing., Les deux récits de Diderot intitulés Voyages à Bourbonne et à Langres (1770), deux petites villes de l’Est de la France dont il vient, narrent les projets qui furent les siennes à l’été 1770 : le mariage de sa fille à Langres, sa réconciliation avec son frère l’abbé Didier Diderot, une aventure galante à Bourbonne-les-Bains. Mais rien ne se passera comme prévu. Malgré tous ses efforts pour rédiger une relation de voyage à caractère scientifique, l’encyclopédiste échoue à nous cacher sa peine et exprime sa mélancolie dans cette écriture presque rousseauiste, proche de la promenade solitaire.

In this research, the importance of having quality public spaces in urban architecture and their significant impact on social capital has been discussed. Tehran city has been studied with an analytical approach and the reasons for the lack of good quality social places in Tehran have been stated. The cultural and historical potential of Iranian architecture and the existence of such spaces in Tehran have also been discussed. In the following, the promenade elements are explained and the method of urban acupuncture is studied and considered as a solution to solve the problem of urban architecture in Tehran and ''Niavaran'', one of the neighbourhoods of ​​Tehran is considered as a context for designing these social places of Promenade. This neighbourhood has been investigated in terms of urban architecture and the socio-cultural relations of its citizens. Using the architectural and cultural potential of Iran and considering the social needs of the city, a design including a promenade element for creation in the ''Niavaran'' neighbourhood of ​​Tehran has been presented. Efforts have been made to make this project a suitable example for use in urban acupuncture to create places of this type in Tehran.

[EN] Increasingly, storms are punishing our coasts, due to inadequate occupation of the coast, in which small coastal areas have been built and small buildings have been built a few meters from the sea. In Daimús, my hometown, the sea more and more often touches the promenade, a promenade that was built by removing the dune cordon that protects us from the waves of an increasingly high and furious sea with the human species. At the same time, recover a second coastline completely occupied by vehicles and some roads in very poor condition. I will study promenades and dune cords, both natural and artificial, to find a solution to the problem and I will look for ways to move the promenade to the second line of the beach, and be able to recover a pleasant space for people. [CA] Cada vegada amb més freqüència els temporals castiguen les nostres costes, degut a una inadequada ocupació del litoral, en el que s’ha construït massificant zones costeres menudes i les edificacions s’han fet a escassos metres del mar. A Daimús, el meu poble natal, la mar cada vegada més a sovint toca el passeig marítim, un passeig que es va construir eliminant el cordó dunar que ens protegeix de les onejades d’una mar cada vegada més alta i més enfurida amb la espècie humana. Al mateix temps, recuperar una segona línia de costa completament ocupada per vehicles i unes vies rodades en molt mal estat. Estudiaré passejos marítims i cordons dunars, tant naturals, com artificials per a buscar una solució al problema i buscaré la manera de desplaçar el passeig a segona línia de platja, i poder recuperar un espai agradable per a les persones.

With gradually development of people’s behavior patterns, people’s demand for markets has changed. Market is not only a place where people gather for commodity exchange, but a space for living and social interaction. The market has gradually become the center of daily life. However, most of China’s urban renewal has forgotten the essence of urban life, neglected the response to people’s ordinary life, weakened the inclusion of space of different nature. The main purpose of this paper is to take the market as the research object and reflect on the current marketplace. In this context, the hypothesis has been developed: the market is the mixed-use complex in the city, here people’s daily activities develop. By reflecting the phenomenon of the market transformation in China, this study explores how the market can be developed into a public space by promenade. In addition, promenade provides us with a way to think about architecture and city, which starts from people’s perception and creates new possibilities for the city in a local rather than a whole way. In this paper, I explore the role of the promenade street and how it can be applied to the market, taking special emphasis on how promenade can create a transition space for the contemporary life. Finally, This market project aims to create a market complex, which integrates people’s daily needs and combines different kinds of activities and space. Award-winning

Markthallen erleben gerade eine Renaissance. Dazu tragen verschiedenste Trends bei. Nachhaltigkeit, Regionalität und Bioprodukte sind für Konsumenten wieder wichtig geworden. Herkunft und Bezug zum Produzentenrücken neben dem Preis wieder in den Mittelpunkt. Auf einem Markt oder in einer Markthalle einzukaufen hat aber längst nicht nur mit Grundversorgung zu tun.Für viele ist der Einkauf in der Markthalle ein Teil ihres "Lifestyles" geworden. Sie kaufen bewusst ein und sind bereit einen höheren Preis dafür zu bezahlen. Sie möchten ein Vertrauensverhältnis zum Produzenten oder Händler aufbauen, flanieren und gustieren. Sehen und gesehen werden, ein Ritus der sich Woche für Woche wiederholt. Trends wie Design- und Kunstmärkte folgen dem Konzept des Lebensmittelmarktes. Die Erzeugersind persönlich hinter der Theke und stehen zum Gespräch bereit. Ein Spektakel umgarnt von Musik und kühlen Drinks.Die Markthalle Innsbruck zeigt einen architektonischen Tanz typischer Hallenarchitektur der 1910er und 1960er Jahre. Die unter Denkmalschutz stehendeGroßmarkthalle, geplant vom Innsbrucker Stadtplaner Fritz Konzert, und die neue Markthalle von Architekt Willi Stigler bilden zusammen die Markthalle Innsbruck.Viele Jahre war unklar ob die Halle behalten, oder das Grundstück anderweitig verwertet werden soll. Klar ist, dass das Ensemble, zusammen mit dem Marktplatz und der Inn-Promenade indie Jahre gekommen ist. Es entspricht weder stilistisch noch programmatisch einer Markthalle des 21. Jahrhunderts.In der folgenden Arbeit werde ich mich mit den Vor- und Nachteilen, als auch der Geschichte der Markthalle und des Stadtareals rund um den Marktplatz beschäftigen und einen Entwurf für die Markthalle Innsbruck anbieten, der sowohl die Bedürfnisse der verschiedenen Anbieter und Kunden entspricht, als auch dem Bestand seinen Raum lässt.Ein Design welches der Schönheit der Bestandsgebäude Raum gibt, aber auch dem heutigen Zeitgeist gerecht wird und so dem Planungsgebiet neues Leben einhaucht., Markets are heaving a renaissance these days. This refers to several trends. Sustainable and regional production as well as bio-certified products have again become more important for customers. Next to price and quality also the roots and connection to the producer of goods have come to focus. Buying at a market or in a market hall, is far more than getting groceries by now.For many visiting and shopping in a market hall has become part of their lifestyle. They shop responsible and are up to pay a higher price. Therefore they want to build up a personal connectionto producers and resellers. Promenade and experience new tastes. To see and be seen, a well known rite on a weekly basis.Trends like design- and art-markets are following the concept of the classic foodmarket. Guest find the producers directly behind the counter, open for conversation. A thrilling spectacle, accompanied with music and cool drinks.The markethall of Innsbruck shows an architectural dance between typical industrial hall architectuer of the 1910s and 1960s. The protected monument, known as Großmarkthallebuilt by Fritz Konzert, former city planner of Innsbruck, was connected with Neue Markthalle, by Architect Willi Stiegler, to form Markthalle Innsbruck as it is used today.Many years there‘s been uncertainty if the Building should be kept as it is today, or if it should be torn down to use the property in a financial more efficient way. What is certain, the ensemble together with the marketplace and the promenade along the Inn-river have come long in the tooth. This ensemble doesn‘t match the needs of the 21st century wether programmatically nor in therms of design.Within this thesis I will follow up with the pros and cons,as well as the history of Markthalle Innsbruck and the area around it. Afther this I am going to offer a new design for the area around the Markthalle Innsbruck, wich follows the wishes and needs of resellers, producers and costumers.A design which doesn‘t undermine the beauty of the building, but meets the actual Zeitgeist and therefore brings new life to the planning area.

Louis-Auguste Martin's Promenades poétiques et daguerriennes--Bellevue, a brochure length work that was published in 1850, was regarded at the time as the first publication in France to combine text with photographs. Martin was both author of the poem, which recounts a weekend trip to a village near Paris, and maker of the seven paper photographs inserted between the lines of the poem. His choice of title points to his intention to situate his work within the literary tradition of the Promenade. However, Bellevue is not only a promenade poétique, but also a promenade daguerrienne which signals that the images are not mere illustrations but participants in the narration of the Promenade. This essay argues that while adheres in many ways to the conventions of the Promenade, the insertion of photographs problematizes a key element of the genre, which is the tension between the immediacy of impressions as they are experienced during the activity of travel or walking, and the subsequent composition of these impressions. La courte brochure Promenades poétiques et daguerriennes—Bellevue de Louis-Auguste Martin, publiée en 1850, fut considérée en son temps comme le premier ouvrage en France mêlant texte et photographies. Martin était l’auteur du texte poétique, qui relate une sortie du dimanche aux environs de Paris, et l’auteur des sept photographies insérées dans le poème. Le choix du titre montre qu’il tenait à s’inscrire dans la tradition littéraire de la Promenade. Pourtant, Bellevue n’est pas qu’une promenade poétique, c’est aussi une promenade daguerrienne, qui témoigne que les images ne sont pas seulement des illustrations du texte mais participent pleinement au récit. Cet article avance que, tout en respectant à certains égards les conventions de la Promenade, le récit par l’inclusion des photographies exprime la tension inhérente à ce genre, à savoir celle qui a lieu entre l’immédiateté des impressions telles qu’elles sont ressenties lors de la marche ou du déplacement, et la recomposition de ces impressions par la suite.

En 1858 Alicante se convirtió en el primer puerto de mar comunicado por ferrocarril con la capital española, lo que favoreció el desarrollo de su arraigada actividad portuaria y, por ende, del conjunto de la ciudad. En esos años, el derribo de las murallas que siempre la habían protegido permitió que Alicante acometiera su natural proceso de Ensanche. Siguiendo las ideas higienistas decimonónicas, se urbanizó un paseo litoral arbolado, La Explanada, aprovechando su emplazamiento privilegiado junto al núcleo urbano histórico y la costa. Este sería el primer elemento de una fachada marítima urbana continua y monumental. Se transformó así el antiguo malecón en un espacio público de recreo, que pronto se convirtió en punto de encuentro y lugar de residencia de la burguesía local. El objetivo del análisis es dar a conocer en su contexto los orígenes del paseo litoral alicantino por excelencia, como caso de estudio paradigmático de materialización de las importantes transformaciones urbanas del siglo XIX. Para ello, a través del análisis de la bibliografía y documentación existentes, se identifican las diferentes etapas que configuran la generación y evolución del espacio público estudiado, hasta su conformación como paisaje urbano histórico consolidado. El interés radica en que las conclusiones extraidas son extrapolables a otras ciudades litorales españolas de similares condiciones. In 1858 Alicante became the first seaport connected by rail to the Spanish capital, which favored the development of its ingrained port activity and, therefore, of the whole city. In those years, the demolition of the walls, which had always protected it, allowed Alicante to undertake its natural enlargement process. Following the nineteenth-century hygienist ideas, a tree-lined coastal promenade, La Explanada, was urbanized, taking advantage of its privileged location next to the historic urban core and the coast. This would be the first element of a continuous and monumental urban maritime façade. The old boardwalk was thus transformed into a public recreational space, which soon became a meeting point and place of residence for the local bourgeoise. The objective of the analysis is to present in its context the origins of the Alicante coastal promenade par excellence, as a case of a paradigmatic study of the materialization of the important urban transformations of the nineteenth century. To this end, through the analysis of the existing literature and documentation, the different stages that shape the generation and evolution of the public space studied are identified, until its formation as a consolidated historical urban landscape. The interest is that the conclusions drawn can be extrapolated to other similar Spanish coastal cities.

[ES] El presente estudio de soluciones de la protección del frente litoral del tramo que se sitúa entre el Paseo del Mediterráneo y la Calle Sant Pere, tiene como objetivo analizar la situación actual en la que se encuentra debida a la fuerte regresión a lo largo de los años, quedando un tramo sin playa alguna y el oleaje incidiendo plenamente en el muro de contención del paseo. Esto se agrava aun mas cuando llegan los temporales y las olas sobrepasan el rompeolas o espigón longitudinal adjunto, invadiendo el camino peatonal, carril bici y la calzada, llegando incluso a inundar el parking del Paseo Mediterráneo. Con todo esto, el estudio de soluciones constará de una introducción con los antecedentes anteriormente citados, un estudio de la dinámica litoral y un análisis multicriterio de una serie de alternativas. Tras este, se concluye que la mejor opción para evitar la regresión del tramo objeto de estudio es demoler la actual protección longitudinal, ampliar el brazo sur del espigón en ''T'' con unos 50 metros mas y realizar una alimentación artificial de grava fina originando una playa seca de unos 50 metros de ancho. Así es que en los respectivos anejos se realiza los cálculos para obtener la cantidad de escollera necesaria para ejecutar la ampliación del brazo sur junto con las mediciones de material a reutilizar o llevar a vertedero y el aporte de grava fina para la alimentación artificial. Por último se lleva a cabo un presupuesto de estas actuaciones y un estudio de impacto ambiental que alberga tanto la fase de construcción como la de explotación y aplicando las medidas protectoras o correctoras necesarias., [EN] The present study of solutions for the protection of the coastal front of the section that is located between the Paseo del Mediterráneo and Calle Sant Pere, aims to analyze the current situation in which it is due to the strong regression over the years , leaving a section without any beach and the waves fully affecting the retaining wall of the promenade. This is further aggravated when the storms arrive and the waves surpass the attached breakwater or longitudinal jetty, invading the pedestrian path, bike lane and the roadway, even flooding the Paseo Mediterráneo parking lot. With all this, the study of solutions will consist of an introduction with the aforementioned background, a study of coastal dynamics and a multicriteria analysis of a series of alternatives. After this, it is concluded that the best option to avoid regression of the section under study is to demolish the current longitudinal protection, extend the southern arm of the '' T '' jetty by about 50 meters more and carry out an artificial feeding of fine gravel originating a dry beach about 50 meters wide. Thus, in the respective annexes, calculations are made to obtain the amount of breakwater necessary to carry out the expansion of the southern arm, along with the measurements of material to be reused or taken to landfill and the contribution of fine gravel for artificial feeding. Lastly, a budget for these actions and an environmental impact study are carried out that include both the construction and the exploitation phases and applying the necessary protective or corrective measures.

Due to ongoing climate change, overtopping risk is increasing. In order to have effective countermeasures, it is useful to understand overtopping processes in details. In this study overtopping flow on a dike with gentle and shallow foreshores are investigated using a non-hydrostatic wave-flow model, SWASH (an acronym of Simulating WAves till SHore). The SWASH model in 2DV (i.e., flume like configuration) is first validated using the data of long crested wave cases with second order wave generation in the physical model test conducted. After that it is used to produce overtopping flow in different wave conditions and bathymetries. The results indicated that the overtopping risk is better characterized by the time dependent h (overtopping flow depth) and u (overtopping flow velocity) instead of hmax (maximum overtopping flow depth) and umax (maximum overtopping flow velocity), which led to overestimation of the risk. The time dependent u and h are strongly influenced by the dike configuration, namely by the promenade width and the existence of a vertical wall on the promenade: the simulation shows that the vertical wall induces seaward velocity on the dike which might be an extra risk during extreme events. This research was part of the CREST (Climate REsilient CoaST) project (http://www.crestproject.be/en), funded by the Flemish Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology, grant number 150028. Corrado Altomare acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No.: 792370.

This research is about strategies of architectural actions on urban “food space” that aim to provide a new sustainable vitality way of diet for re-feeding the city. The subject of the study is located in Badalona on the northern edge area of Barcelona. The development and construction of this area started late, with low population density and lack of urban vitality and diversity. It is worth noting that the commercial model of food in this area, sales and catering, are monotonous and its service radiation range is small. Food, closely related to people ’s daily lives, in whole or in part, has a “reprogramming” effect on certain spaces in the city. From the perspective of architecture, this thesis proposes the core idea “refeeding city” throuth new food space, creating a sustainable city full of healthy food, diverse food consumption spaces, and ecological public spaces. The research includes theoretical research on food space and the specific strategies of the project. The chapter one about food space involves a research on the relationship between food and urban space, and research on the future development trend of food space. And then in the chapter two, studying how to carry out specific urban and architectural space design strategies to provide the city with fresh food, new eating spaces and new vibrant urban spaces. As a result, this study attempts to establish the relationship between food and physical space through different spatial strategies to achieve the purpose of reshaping urban space, providing a new sustainable way of feeding city, and stimulating urban development.

« Suivre la nature », tel est le précepte de Rousseau exprimé par l’héroïne du roman, Julie, dans une forme énonciative qui permet sa réalisation par la possibilité offerte de débattre dans la cordialité et la simplicité : l’entretien. Si le genre répond aux attentes de Rousseau en matière de réflexion, la place accordée à l’illusion exprime la difficulté de la transparence des cœurs rêvée par l’auteur. Mais l’illusion devient un moyen de parvenir à la vérité et à la réalisation de ses idéaux.

International audience; Since the 18th century, coastal tourism in Great Britain has experienced architectural forms that will serve as reference. Among them, the pleasure pier allows for varied activities (boardwalk, fishing, dance, theatre, restaurant, attrac­tions). During the 19th century, these popular leisure places were rapidly expanding geographically thanks to the railway and the emergence of major population centres. Very sensitive to storms, fires, collisions and wars, these areas of daily life have suffered strong disaffection from the 1980s, especially when competing with distant destinations now accessible by plane. Nevertheless, they still share a strong coastal identity: residents and tourists have formerly and profoundly appropriated these piers that structure many British seaside resorts. Visible from afar, the plea­sure pier welcomes regularly a large and varied audience. Faced with threats of demolition, mobilizations animated by a local patriotism are organized, well helped by piers heritagisation and the National Lottery’s financial contribution. Since the end of the 1990s, the regeneration of the British seaside resorts has begun, which relies alternately on the authenticity or modern reinterpretation of their piers. Finally, the popular pride displayed at the reopening after works shows that the feeling of belonging to a popular British seafront prac­tice remains deeply rooted.; Dès le XVIIIe siècle, le tourisme littoral expérimente en Grande-Bretagne des formes architecturales qui vont servir de référence, en particulier la jetée de plaisir qui permet des activités variées (promenade, pêche, danse, théâtre, restau­rant, attractions…). Au XIXe siècle, ces lieux de loisirs populaires connaissent une diffusion géographique rapide grâce notamment au chemin de fer et à l’émergence d’importants foyers de population. Très sensibles aux tempêtes, aux incendies, aux collisions et aux guerres, ces espaces du quotidien ont subi, surtout vis-à-vis de destinations lointaines désormais accessibles par avion, une forte désaffection à partir des années 1980. Néanmoins, face aux menaces de démolition, des résis­tances animées d’une forme de patriotisme local s’organisent bien aidées par la patrimonialisation des jetées et l’apport financier de la National Lottery. Depuis la fin des années 1990, un mouvement de régénération des stations balnéaires britanniques s’est enclenché qui, entre autres, misent alternativement sur l’authen­­ticité ou la réinterprétation moderne de leurs jetées. Finalement, la fierté populaire affichée lors de la réouverture après travaux par les résidents et les touristes montre que le sentiment d’appartenance à une pratique populaire du bord de mer britannique reste profondément ancré

La definición, secuencial y estructurada, de las diferentes circunstancias que han dado lugar a los paseos que conforman hoy la fachada marítima de la ciudad de Alicante es el objetivo principal de este artículo. Si bien los paseos litorales son hoy los puntos de referencia de nuestras ciudades costeras, eminentemente turísticas, la bibliografía al respecto es escasa. Los resultados de este estudio contribuirán al entendimiento del fenómeno de su génesis, como fragmentos urbanos en relación con la historia y desarrollo del resto de la urbe, así como aportarán un mayor conocimiento de la problemática de su vertebración y del importante papel que juegan en el futuro inmediato de la ciudad. Para entender el proceso de conformación de los paseos litorales es necesario estudiar la evolución del frente marítimo y su entorno, así como los acontecimientos históricos, sociales, culturales y políticos que han influido en su devenir. Se trata de una investigación en la que, mediante el estudio pormenorizado de cada uno de los elementos que conforman la fachada costera, se analizan los cambios morfológicos experimentados por ésta, de acuerdo con la variable función que ha desempeñado a lo largo del tiempo. El rol predominante de la fachada marítima alicantina durante siglos fue el defensivo, sirviendo simultáneamente de marco al puerto. En el siglo XIX, con la llegada del ferrocarril, el auge de los baños de mar y el derribo de las murallas, la función de defensa fue sustituida por la lúdico-representativa que, aunque con modificaciones, permanecerá hasta nuestros días. La definició, seqüencial i estructurada, de les diferents circumstàncies que han donat lloc a les passejades que conformen avui la façana marítima de la ciutat d'Alacant és l'objectiu principal d'aquest article. Si bé els passeigs litorals són avui els punts de referència de les nostres ciutats costaneres, eminentment turístiques, la bibliografia al respecte és escassa. Els resultats d'aquest estudi contribuiran a l'enteniment del fenomen de la seva gènesi, com fragments urbans en relació amb la història i desenvolupament de la resta de la urbs, així com aportaran un major coneixement de la problemàtica de la seva vertebració i de l'important paper que juguen en el futur immediat de la ciutat. Per entendre el procés de conformació dels passejos litorals cal estudiar l'evolució del front marítim i el seu entorn, així com els esdeveniments històrics, socials, culturals i polítics que han influït en el seu esdevenir. Es tracta d'una investigació en la qual, mitjançant l'estudi detallat de cada un dels elements que conformen la façana costanera, s'analitzen els canvis morfològics experimentats per aquesta, d'acord amb la variable funció que ha exercit al llarg de el temps. El paper predominant de la façana marítima alacantina durant segles va ser el defensiu, servint simultàniament de marc a port. Al segle XIX, amb l'arribada del ferrocarril, l'auge dels banys de mar i l'enderrocament de les muralles, la funció de defensa va ser substituïda per la lúdic-representativa que, encara que amb modificacions, romandrà fins als nostres dies. The definition, sequential and structured, of the different circumstances that have given rise to the promenades that today shape the urban maritime façade of Alicante is the main objective of this article. Although seafronts are today the reference landmarks of our coastal cities, eminently tourist, the literature in this regard is scarce. The results of this study will contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon of its genesis, as urban fragments in relation to the history and development of the rest of the city, as well as contribute a greater knowledge of the problems of its structuring and the important role they play in the immediate future of the city. In order to understand the process of shaping littoral promenades, it is necessary to study the evolution of the seafront and its environment, as well as the historical, social, cultural and political events that have influenced its transformation. This is an investigation in which, through the detailed study of each of the elements that make up the coastal façade, the morphological changes experienced by it are analysed, according to the variable function that it has played over time. The predominant role of the Alicante maritime façade for centuries was defensive, simultaneously serving as a frame to the port. In the nineteenth century, with the arrival of the railway, the rise of the sea baths and the demolition of the walls, the defence function was replaced by the playful-representative one that, although with modifications, remains to this day.

Eine der größten Plattenbausiedlungen Europas liegt nur eine Autostunde von Wien entfernt. Sie heißt Petržalka und ist einer der Bezirke der slowakischen Hauptstadt Bratislava.Es gibt zahlreiche vielversprechende Projekte, die für diesen Bezirk in der nahen Zukunft geplant sind. Die Stadt und die Bauunternehmer versuchen, neue Wohngebäude zu bauen und die umliegenden Gebiete wieder aufzubauen, um den Bezirk vor allem zu vergrößern. Leider schlägt keines dieser Projekte ein bestimmtes städtisches Konzept vor. Sie zielen nur darauf ab, jeweils eines der gegenwärtigen Probleme zu lösen. Meistens ist das zusätzliche Wohnkapazitäten zu schaffen, um dem exponentiellen Anstieg der Einwohner in den letzten Jahrzehnten gerecht zu werden. Es gibt jedoch andere Probleme wie die Zunahme des öffentlichen Verkehrs, die zu häufigeren Verkehrseinbrüchen führen, unzureichende Parkkapazitäten, große ungenutzte Grünflächen und eine schwache Verbindung zum Hauptzentrum von Bratislava, die ungelöst bleiben. Dieses Projekt schlägt ein neues komplexes Stadtkonzept vor, das eine neue Straßenbahnlinie einführt, die sowohl die Unterzentren innerhalb des Bezirks verbindet, als auch eine direkte Verbindung zum Hauptzentrum von Bratislava bietet. Dieses Konzept ist vom Ring im Zentrum von Wien inspiriert und ähnelt auch der kreisförmigen Zugverbindung von Unterzentren in der Stadt Tokio. Der zweite Teil dieses Projekts stellt die Idee der Synchronisation des Bezirks vor. Synchronisa-tion ist der Vorgang, bei dem Dinge gleichzeitig geschehen, was bedeutet, dass bei einer Änderung notwendigerweise andere Änderungen folgen müssen, damit sich andere Elemente an die neue Situation anpassen können. In diesem speziellen Fall handelt es sich um eine städtische Anpassung der Gebiete, die von der neuen Straßenbahnlinie betroffen sind. Mit diesem Konzept wird eine neue Straßenbahnhaltestelle geschaffen, die Umgebung neu gestaltet, um den Bedürfnissen der Bewohner bestmöglich gerecht zu werden, und gleichzeitig versucht, die Hauptprobleme von Petržalka zu lösen., One of the largest panel-house districts in Europe is located only 1-hour car ride from Vienna. It is called Petržalka and it is one of the districts of Slovakia’s capital, Bratislava. Number of promising projects are planned for this district in the near future. The city and developers are trying to build new residential buildings and rebuild the areas around them in order to expand the district in size. Unfortunately, none of these projects propose any particular urban concept. They only aim to solve one of the present problems at the time, which is usually providing additional housing capacities in order to answer the exponential increase of residents recorded in the last decades. However, there are other problems such as increasing public traffic resulting in more frequent traffic collapses, insufficient parking capacities, large unused green areas and weak connection with the main centre of Bratislava, which remain unresolved.This project is proposing a new complex urban concept, which introduces a new tram line connecting the subcentres within the district and also provides direct connection with the main centre of Bratislava. This concept is inspired by the Ring in the centre of Vienna and is also similar to the circular train connection of subcenters in the city of Tokyo. The second part of this project introduces the idea of synchronisation of the district. Synchronisation is the act of making things happen at the same time which means – when one change occurs, other changes necessarily have to follow in order to let other elements adapt to the new situation. In this particular case, we are talking about urban adaptation of the areas which are affected by the new tram line. This concept is creating a new tram station and redesigning the surrounding area to fit the needs of the residents in the best possible way and trying to solve the main issues of Petržalka at the same time.