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Copyright of Law / Teise is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses Clement of Alexandria’s Pedagogue, a moral treatise written as a guide for the Christian community of Alexandria, whose wealthy population grew considerably in the second century. The treatise is a rich source of information about the customs of the Greek-Roman society around the end of the second century AD. The author described, listed, and exemplified negative behaviours that Christians had to renounce or avoid. The analysis focuses on the private and social life of Greek–Roman society and especially on the perception of women and their clothing, cosmetics and intimate practices. According to Clement, woman possesses most “bad habits”, and these can turn her into a vicious woman with the ability to corrupt those around her. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass vaccination and its controversial assessments have become key issues under the COVID-19 pandemic. Outbreaks of diseases and popularity of anti-vaccination movements require a study of legal foundations for medical interventions and freedom restrictions which are considered as the result of serious risks to health and sanitary-epidemiological well-being of the population. The question is what should be prioritized - paternalistic powers of the state or individual rights and freedoms to decide what risks to take. In terms of responsibility distribution, people often consider vaccines as more dangerous than infectious diseases, which makes compulsory vaccination a legal phenomenon of particular importance. In the contemporary legislation, there are various national approaches to the individual autonomy and freedoms. In some countries, vaccination is directly linked to the possibility to study (USA), in others it is associated with public health (Australia), financial sanctions (Poland) or freedoms limitations (Pakistan). In terms of public health ethics, vaccination is similar to the use of seat-belts in cars, and compulsory vaccination policy is ethically justified by the same reasons as mandatory seat-belt laws: at first, they were met with great opposition; later the use of seat belts acquired the significance of not only a legal but also a social norm precisely because it was made mandatory. The similar approach is applicable to vaccination: the policy of compulsory vaccination can make it a social norm. However, in the legal perspective, compulsory vaccination is a compulsory medical intervention which raises the question about whether it is possible to limit individual rights and freedoms in the name of public health safety. The article considers contradictory issues in the state policy of compulsory vaccination and its legal support. The author presents a definition of compulsory vaccination, identifies its types, describes the specifics of its national legal regulation and sanctions for the refusal to be vaccinated, and explains its social necessity and expediency as a public good.

Respect for the right to privacy is an imperative in a democratic society, which is imposed on both individuals and state authorities. The rule is to respect the right to private life, and the infringment of this right is the exception. Such an exception is also the possibility to take biological samples from certain persons, in order to determine the genetic profile, provided by Law 76/2008 on the organization and functioning of the National Judicial Genetic Data System. Like any infringement of the exercise of a fundamental right or freedom, the possibility of taking biological samples must be strictly framed. This frame is achieved through the conditions deriving from art. 53 of the Romanian Constitution and art. 8 par. 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The most important conditions for such a restriction are necessity and proportionality. The task of verifying compliance with these two conditions is shared. On the one hand, the task lies with the legislator, who, when adopting or amending the law providing for the possibility of taking biological samples, will make an abstract assessment of the two conditions. On the other hand, the task belongs to the judicial bodies (judge or criminal investigation body) that order the taking of evidence. They shall carry out a concrete analysis in the light of the circumstances of the case and determine whether the measure is necessary and proportionate.

The current study seeks to highlight the most important pillars on which the prior licensing system is based; which was mentioned by the Algerian legislator in Law No.18-07 related to the Protection of natural persons in the field of data processing of a personal nature, as it became necessary to provide the maximum possible protection for the rights of the rights of the person concerned by activating.

En el presente artículo se presenta una interpretación de la lectura agambeniana del asunto de la “vida privada” de Guy Debord tal como es considerada en el último volumen de la saga Homo Sacer a partir de su contextualización dentro de la obra tardía del Agamben. En primer lugar, se analiza la mención de "Guy" en Autorretrato en el estudio, la curiosa autoheterografía del filósofo publicada luego del abandono de la saga. Luego, a través de un recorrido por los tópicos debordianos que Agamben retomara en diversos escritos, y apelando a la noción de détournement así como a la valoración agambeniana de la comedia, se evalúa el semblante que el filósofo romano traza de su amigo en el contexto de sus reflexiones en torno a la forma-de-vida. De esta manera, se aborda la caracterización de Debord en el "Prólogo" de El uso de los cuerpos a partir de dos ejes que permitirían dimensionar su importancia para el desarrollo del libro: por un lado, la cuestión de la necesaria ridiculez de toda documentación de la vida privada y por el otro, la forma de vida debordiana como una contribución fundamental a la definición de la escurridiza idea de forma-de-vida que, como dirá más adelante es "algo que no existe todavía en su plenitud y puede atestiguarse sólo en lugares necesariamente no edificantes". // This paper offers an interpretation of Agamben's reading of Guy Debord's “private life” within the framework of the last volume of the Homo Sacer saga, as well as Agamben's recent work. In the first place, we analyze the mention of "Guy" in Self-portrait in the study, the strange autoheterography the philosopher published after he abandoned the saga. Secondly, we assess the biographical sketch/profile the Roman philosopher presents of his friend in the context of his reflections on the form-of-life through a review of the Debordian topics Agamben has taken up in many of his writings, and resorting to the notion of détournement as well as to the Agambenian considerations about comedy. In this way, the characterization of Debord is approached in the "Prologue" of The use of bodies from two axes that could allow to measure its importance for the development of that book: on the one hand, the question of the necessary ridiculousness of all documentation of private life; and on the other, the Debordian way of life as a fundamental contribution to the definition of the elusive idea of form-of-life that, as he will say later, is "something that does not yet exist in its fullness and can be witnessed only in places not necessarily edifying".

Copyright of Amman Arab University Journal is the property of Amman Arab University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Codrul Cosminului is the property of Codrul Cosminului and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The guarantee of the inviolability of the home (art. 18.2 SC) according to the Constitutional Court and Europen Court of Human Rights doctrine suggests a weak relationship between home and its natural aim, the development of privacy. It does have effects on the more extensive protection of the right and legal certainty. To that, one must add the progressive increase of the flexibility in the releatioship between the home and its holder in the case law and legislation ¿ natural or legal person¿. The inviolability of the home has traditionaly a clear reactional structure. Nonetheless, the European Court of Human Rights, with support in art. 8.1 of the European Convention of Human Rights has eventualy included contents as a healthy environment or an effective living. This is indeed forcing elements of the fundamental right as it is embraced by our Constitution.

Positive experience in legal regulation of non-interference in private (personal and family) life of a person in criminal proceedings has been studied. The normative prescriptions of international legal acts have been analyzed, which guarantee non-interference in the private (personal and family) life of a person, and provide for cases of lawful restriction of this right. It has been determined that for a long period of time there have been intensive scientific discussions in democratic countries about the extent to which state interference in a person's private life can be allowed, i.e. considered legitimate. The urgency and importance of this issue is due to the fact that the intensification of social and political processes, which began to be connected to the world at the beginning of this century, have significantly influenced the reform of national legislation of Ukraine. The adoption of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine in 2012 was a significant event in this direction, as among the general principles of criminal proceedings, lawmakers provided for non-interference in private life. This is important for participants in criminal proceedings, as the content and form of criminal proceedings must comply with general principles. At the same time, the practice of implementing the provisions of the CPC of Ukraine does not always ensure the rights and freedoms of the individual, in particular non-interference in private life. The current legislation is not able to fully guarantee the successful resolution of certain problems that arise from time to time in the field of criminal justice. All this leads to a growing need of citizens to clearly define the limits of law enforcement intervention in private life. The international community, in particular the European Court of Human Rights, has repeatedly stressed that the rules of law of a restrictive nature must be of high quality, i.e. without ambiguity in their interpretation and application. Otherwise, it violates the right to non-interference in the private life.

Mass vaccination and its controversial assessments have become key issues under the covid-19 pandemic. Outbreaks of diseases and popularity of anti-vaccination movements require a study of legal foundations for medical interventions and freedom restrictions which are considered as the result of serious risks to health and sanitary-epidemiological well-being of the population. The question is what should be prioritized - paternalistic powers of the state or individual rights and freedoms to decide what risks to take. In terms of responsibility distribution, people often consider vaccines as more dangerous than infectious diseases [17], which makes compulsory vaccination a legal phenomenon of particular importance. In the contemporary legislation, there are various national approaches to the individual autonomy and freedoms. In some countries, vaccination is directly linked to the possibility to study (USA), in others it is associated with public health (Australia), financial sanctions (Poland) or freedoms limitations (Pakistan). In terms of public health ethics, vaccination is similar to the use of seat-belts in cars, and compulsory vaccination policy is ethically justified by the same reasons as mandatory seat-belt laws [8]: at first, they were met with great opposition; later the use of seat belts acquired the significance of not only a legal but also a social norm precisely because it was made mandatory [1]. The similar approach is applicable to vaccination: the policy of compulsory vaccination can make it a social norm. However, in the legal perspective, compulsory vaccination is a compulsory medical intervention which raises the question about whether it is possible to limit individual rights and freedoms in the name of public health safety. The article considers contradictory issues in the state policy of compulsory vaccination and its legal support. The author presents a definition of compulsory vaccination, identifies its types, describes the specifics of its national legal regulation and sanctions for the refusal to be vaccinated, and explains its social necessity and expediency as a public good.

The use of technology is widespread in labour relations due to the undoubted advantages offered, but, correlatively this implies an increase in the possibilities of business access to facets of the personal life of employees, which must be limited in order to avoid incurring a «virtual over-control». This article raises the assumptions, alternatives and jurisprudential solutions to this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the one hand, the European Court recalls that the principle of presumption of innocence enshrined in paragraph 2 of art. 6 requires that no representative of the state may make a statement that a person is guilty of a crime before his guilt has been established by a court. Immediate access to a lawyer is part of the procedural guarantees to which the Court will draw special attention when examining whether the procedure has resulted in the extinction of the essence of the privilege against self-incrimination. On the other had, the Constitutional Court of Romania ruled, in its jurisprudence, that the right to defense is in the service of the effectiveness of the enforcement of the constitutional right of citizens to turn to justice for the defense of their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests. This right implies participation in court hearings, the use of evidence and raising exceptions provided for by the criminal procedural law. This right implies participation in court hearings, the use of evidence and raising exceptions provided for by the criminal procedural law. The main point is that the right to defense may not be exercised either personally or through a representative, as long as there is no full information regarding the concrete accusation in criminal matters. The violation of some essential rights of the accused during the criminal investigation phase is directly related to the order to initiate the criminal action. The indictment is issued in the present case as a consequence of the criminal investigation activities carried out since the beginning of the criminal investigation. By violating the legal provisions, the said D.N. suffered an injury to his essential rights in the criminal trial, an injury that can only be remedied by abolishing the indictment, and returning the criminal trial to the criminal prosecution phase for the purpose of hearing the suspect with compliance with all legal requirements. The European Court states that a certain distinction between a judgement that reflects the feeling that the person in question is guilty and the one that is limited to describing a state of suspicion must be made. The first one violates the presumption of innocence, while the other type has been considered more than once to comply with the spirit of art. 6 of the Convention. According to domestic law, the court that considers that the legal classification given to the facts by the indictment should be changed must request the parties to present their observations on this subject and convey to the defendant the aspect that he has the right to request the examination of the case at the end of the hearing or the postponement of the hearing in order to prepare his defense. According to domestic law, the court that considers that the legal classification given to the facts by the indictment should be changed must request the parties to present their observations on this subject and convey to the defendant the aspect that he has the right to request the examination of the case at the end of the hearing or the postponement of the hearing in order to prepare his defense. Only by ordering the change in the legal classification of the facts, through a judicial judgement that does not solve the merits of the case, after the parties have discussed the new legal classification, but before the resolution of the case, is ensured the fairness of the trial. To continue with, the European Court must examine whether the procedure, including the manner in which the evidence was obtained, was fair as a whole. The questions which must be asked in particular are whether the right to defense has been respected and what is the importance of all the main elements that constitute coordinates of this right. The Constitutional Court appreciates that the protection of classified information cannot have priority over the accused's right to information and over the guarantees of the right to a fair trial of all parties in the criminal trial, except under definite and limiting conditions provided by law. Another essential aspect is the privilege against self-incrimination. It is closely related to the presumption of innocence, which is why it is necessary for the prosecution to build its accusation in the matter of the criminal case without using evidence obtained as a result of coercive or oppressive means. Regarding the way the Constitutional Court relates to domestic law we note that the Court finds that a person summoned as a witness, who tells the truth, can incriminate himself, and if he does not tell the truth, avoiding self-incrimination, he commits the crime of perjury. The Court notices that the "right" of the witness not to accuse himself, as it appears from the marginal name of the text of art. 118 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, represents, de facto, a positive obligation to collaborate with the judicial bodies, having the correlative obligation of the latter not to use the statement against him. At the same time, in order to effectively respect the presumption of innocence, a person presumed to be innocent cannot be compelled, determined to produce proof of his guilt. The national judge of the preliminary chamber notes that, according to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, in certain cases, a person who is heard as a witness in the criminal trial can be considered the subject of a charge in criminal matters, thus becoming incidental to the rights of the person heard as a witness to keep silent and not to contribute to his own incrimination. From our point of view, there has been a real evolution regarding the protection of the participants' rights in the criminal trial, both at the level of substantive law and from a procedural point of view. At the same time, the guarantees stipulated both by the European and the Constitutional Court are carefully implemented by judges in specific cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection of the environment and, implicitly, the right to a healthy environment are topical issues, since it is obvious that worldwide economic and social developments must be linked to the consequences of human activity on the natural environment. Climate change, human intervention or lack thereof, are transforming the planet, exacerbating existing problems and affecting fundamental human rights, such as the right to life and the right to privacy and family life. The right to a healthy environment is enshrined among fundamental human rights, with the European Court of Human Rights playing an important role in adding it to the rights covered by Articles 2 and 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It is thus recognised that the fulfillment of fundamental rights cannot be conceived without the existence of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, imposing a positive obligation on States to take reasonable and appropriate measures in order to protect people's right to respect for private and family life, to enjoy their right to life and, in more general terms, to benefit from a healthy and protected environment. Although it is recognised in international documents that all of the planet's inhabitants have the right to a healthy and clean environment, many of the measures necessary in order to achieve this goal need to also be firmly taken up by national authorities. Domestic regulations recognise the need to ensure the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment for everyone, without discrimination, but recent studies show that there are a number of vulnerable groups who are deprived of this right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tyragetia is the property of National Museum of History of Moldova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The person's private life is most often associated with the privacy of the home, the space where the person spends his personal life, which is connected to family life and the right to the confidentiality of correspondence. The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights has extended the concept of domicile to the space where a person carries out a professional activity. However, the Court, in its relevant case law, has outlined a concept which does not overlap with the acceptance of the domestic law of each Member State, as is the case with the concept of home in English law, which has a wider meaning than in continental law. We are therefore in the presence of an autonomous notion, within the meaning of Article 8 of the Convention, which is the subject of an extensive interpretation due to the identification of an emotional connection that a person may have with such a good. Therefore, if an extensive interpretation within the meaning of Article 8 of the Convention has led to the broadening of the notion of domicile and the professional sphere of a legal person, then one can also discuss a commercial private life.

Given the development of the technical means that allow the utilization by any person of different methods of supervision of another, criminal law tries its best to keep up, offering protection to an important value in the modern society, private life. However, this value does not develops in any spaces, or, to be more precise, criminal law does not protect private life of everywhere, through article 226 of the Criminal Code, but only in connection with certain spaces, expressly defined. Also, the protection foreseen in article 226 Criminal Code does not punish all the means in which private life could be affected.

Analyzing art. 8 CEDO, “Every individual has the right to preserve his private and family life, in the place of residence and correspondence”. The second part of the statement refers to the a person’s private life in a household. Considering this, it is mandatory to offer special attention to this right. Therefore to assure that the private life of the individual is secure, it is needed to make a non invasive environment in the area that the person is active and is developing morally. The Moldavian legislator asserted a particular interest for assuring that the art. 29 Constitution, not only by some subjects of law, but also by incriminating it to a category of subjects of law whose duties include the observance of the rule of law by introducing in art. 179 par. (3) lit a) Criminal Code of the aggravating circumstance “Using the service situation”.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2021 6(1), 441-471 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. A new framework for the collection of electronic evidence in cross-border cases. - II. Preliminary considerations. - III. Privacy at risk? - IV. Towards a re-allocation of protective functions? - V. Conclusion. | (Abstract) In April 2018, the Commission adopted a proposal for the collection of electronic evidence in criminal matters (the so-called e-Evidence Proposal). This proposal pursues the ambition to create an EU-wide legal framework for the collection of electronic evidence in the field of criminal procedure and establishes a new criminal justice paradigm at the EU level: direct cooperation between judicial authorities and service providers. This new type of cross-border cooperation raises important issues, two of which will be addressed in this Article. The first issue concerns the impact of this new criminal justice paradigm on the right to protection of personal data and the right to respect for private life. This Article will provide an assessment of the options presented by the EU institutions (Commission, Council and European Parliament) to safeguard these rights. The second issue relates to the role of private actors, i.e., service providers. This Article will discuss the protective functions assigned to service providers in the Commission's proposal and highlight some of the problematic aspects related to it.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 crisis has radically changed the way people live and work. While most studies have focused on prevailing negative consequences, potential positive shifts in everyday life have received less attention. Thus, we examined the actual and perceived overall impact of the COVID-19 crisis on work and private life, and the consequences for mental well-being (MWB), and self-rated health (SRH) in German and Swiss employees. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected via an online questionnaire from 2118 German and Swiss employees recruited through an online panel service (18–65 years, working at least 20 h/week, various occupations). The sample provides a good representation of the working population in both countries. Using logistic regression, we analyzed how sociodemographic factors and self-reported changes in work and private life routines were associated with participants’ perceived overall impact of the COVID-19 crisis on work and private life. Moreover, we explored how the perceived impact and self-reported changes were associated with MWB and SRH. Results About 30% of employees reported that their work and private life had worsened, whereas about 10% reported improvements in work and 13% in private life. Mandatory short-time work was strongly associated with perceived negative impact on work life, while work from home, particularly if experienced for the first time, was strongly associated with a perceived positive impact on work life. Concerning private life, younger age, living alone, reduction in leisure time, and changes in quantity of caring duties were strongly associated with perceived negative impact. In contrast, living with a partner or family, short-time work, and increases in leisure time and caring duties were associated with perceived positive impact on private life. Perceived negative impact of the crisis on work and private life and mandatory short-time work were associated with lower MWB and SRH. Moreover, perceived positive impact on private life and an increase in leisure time were associated with higher MWB. Conclusion The results of this study show the differential impact of the COVID-19 crisis on people’s work and private life as well as the consequences for MWB and SRH. This may inform target groups and situation-specific interventions to ameliorate the crisis.

Privacy and data protection (or information privacy) have been configured and characterized differently in different legal traditions. In the United States, the right to privacy has been progressively constructed as a constitutional right through the various pronouncements of the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS). In Europe, the right to privacy (private life) has had a different evolution. In Germany, the right to privacy (Privatsphäre) has been developed by the German Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG), with pronouncements that have had great influence on the European tradition. In Spain, for its part, the right to privacy (intimidad) has had its own evolution, by the Spanish Constitutional Court, although it is possible to find a clear influence of the German tradition. All this has influenced, in turn, on data protection or information privacy, which has also been given a different configuration in these legal traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved understanding of the impact of skin cancer on patients’ daily life may optimize disease management. This questionnaire survey of adult patients in real-world settings aimed to assess patient perception of the diagnosis announcement, and the impact of the diagnosis on the patients’ professional and personal life. Data from 355 patients with melanoma and 320 patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were analysed. Melanoma significantly impacted the couple, and sexual relationships, as well as family and social life, and reduced the patient’s libido more significantly than did BCC (all p

In the 17th and 18th centuries, many travellers visited the principal centres of European power. Their accounts help us to decipher networks, localise objects, recreate opinions and trace the genesis of models, and perhaps even to establish a court culture ‘best of’. However, in the present article, we will focus above all on the question of whether these travellers’ accounts tell us anything about the perception of so-called ‘private’ and ‘public’ spaces. With the appropriate caution dictated by the delicate interpretation of the concept of ‘private life’, we will attempt to see if (and in what way) the various cultural and social influences on travellers also conditioned their perception of spaces and, in the process, had an impact on their perception of art and architecture. At any rate, it should be borne in mind that in the châteaux and residences of the Holy Roman Empire a form of restriction was part of the mise en scène, while in French châteaux – in particular that of Versailles – it was opening up that played a key role in the representational strategy.

An improved understanding of the impact of skin cancer on patients' daily life may optimize disease management. This questionnaire survey of adult patients in real-world settings aimed to assess patient perception of the diagnosis announcement, and the impact of the diagnosis on the patients' professional and personal life. Data from 355 patients with melanoma and 320 patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were analysed. Melanoma significantly impacted the couple, and sexual relationships, as well as family and social life, and reduced the patient's libido more significantly than did BCC (all p < 0.05). Melanoma and BCC significantly impacted the patients' professional and personal lives. The word "cancer" used for a BCC announcement has a high anxiety-producing meaning for the patient. The announcement of each skin cancer should be made during a dedicated consultation, with more time devoted to the patient and with specific empathy, in order to improve reassurance of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary navigates the oeuvre of Ariés' writings on childhood, family, private life and death, with a focus on interrogating 'who is a child?' Departing from the intellectual history prevalent at the time, Ariés deployed the psychogenic approach to study the cultural history of childhood and family. He examines the quotidian experience of aesthetics and other documents of culture to reveal 'what was thought about' viz. the mentalities' of childhood and family spanning a vast canvas from the eleventh to the nineteenth centuries. Ariés provocatively proposes that childhood is a modern construct, highlighting that children were not always seen as precious, dependent and in need of adult protection. The magnitude of his intellectual adventure continues to be debated, particularly in childhood studies. The commentary includes an analysis of Ariés' methods and insights about childhood that unsettle the narrow prisms that refract how we see, understand and educate children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The publication of the epistolary of the Ukrainian noble families helps to understand correlation between mental stereotypes and individual strategies in the activities of this state. The Galagan family archive allows to analyse both epistolary complexes and individual letters. The aim of the article is to publish Kateryna Yu. Galagan’s letter, before marriage — Daragan, niece of Oleksii Hryhorovych and Kyryl Hryhorovych Rozumovskyi, to grandchildren Petro and Pavlo, descendants, by paternal line, of Pryluky colonel Hnat I. Galagan. The content of the letter illustrates the situation of the family’s everyday life, when K. Yu. Galagan blamed her grandchildren for, in her opinion, inappropriate behaviour during their stay in St. Petersburg. Such a private, casual situation helps to examine collective through the individual one. The letter illustrates the patterns of life of the noble community in the early 19th century. It highlights the conflict between two generations of Ukrainian nobility. The older generation still retained a more moderate tradition of Cossack officers, and the younger inherited from the imperial nobility a habit of aristocratic luxury. This conflict is revealed in the letter through the worldview of Kateryna Yu. Galagan, a person of strict temperament. Due to this, the history of family life is psychologically motivated. The oral language of the author of the text is reproduced in writing by another person (scribe). This enables historical and linguistic researches. High informative letter makes it a valuable resource in the field of the history of everyday life, historical anthropology, historical biography.

The article investigates one of the fundamental principles of family law aimed at clarifying the boundaries between legal and arbitrary interference of the state and third parties in the affairs of the family. The Author argues that acts committed in accordance with the law and contrary to the principle of proportionality and proportionality do not constitute arbitrary interference in the affairs of the family. It is noted that at the moment the normative implementation of the principle of prohibition of voluntary interference in family affairs is controversial. On the one hand, the decriminalization of family violence is decreasing interference of state and society in the family business, on the other hand, we see the strengthening of the role of the juvenile justice system, which means the increase of state intervention in the affairs of the family.

Private life, family life, home and correspondence represent some of the most intimate and significant aspects of human life. The focus of this paper is an analysis of the right to respect for private life, family life, home and correspondence, as the elements of the protection of the Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The analysis was primarily conducted through research and interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights recent case law, whereby, some of the cases of the highest importance as well as the case of the Republic of Serbia as a respondent state, were specially observed.

This article seeks to defend the emergent consensus that suspects should be entitled to anonymity until charge and that the tort of misuse of private information ('MPI') is the appropriate action to protect this right. It systematically addresses Nicole Moreham's argument, in this journal, that breach of confidence, rather than MPI, should ground such claims, and that the case law to date risks awarding damages for harm to an undeserved reputation. The authors argue that multiple sources of law and theoretical accounts of privacy confirm this information is properly treated as private. In contrast, breach of confidence would provide an inadequate remedy. In response to the concerns on reputational harm, it argues that, in practical terms, the tort of defamation need not be undermined, as claimed. It further contends that the presumption of innocence can act as a guiding light in resolving the problems raised at the level of principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Zhang first recounts his personal journey from being a "sent-down" youth to a returned researcher endeavoring to understand the logic and social fabric of the Chinese countryside during the collective era. He then demonstrates the interplay between internal and external forces that shaped and ultimately doomed the commune system. Finally, Zhang describes how he unexpectedly stumbled upon a large volume of personal letters soon after he founded the Center in 2011. Since then, with deliberate and unwavering effort, the Center has gathered a sizable collection of primary materials that provide invaluable insights into social life in China.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bringing into harmony the private life, above all motherhood, care of children, home, and numerous other obligations, and professional life which includes education, employment, further training and dedication to work, pose extremely complex demands on employed women. Women today are doubly or triply burdened. Often they are faced with a choice between private and professional life and challenges that are not typical for men. Some of the consequences are that women take a minimum maternity leave and then have to delegate the care for children, family and home to other persons or to institutions just to keep their job, have time for professional development and achieve promotion at work. The constant pressures both in their private and professional life may lead to certain disorders and conditions that can affect their mental health. The current legislature in Bosnia and Herzegovina offer minimum of rights, quite insufficient for attaining a satisfactory balance between private and professional life of employed women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article explores the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on the employee’s privacy protection. The cases where the States in response to European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) judgments adopted changes into their national labour law are considered as direct impact of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), while the mechanisms elaborated by the ECtHR for the adjudication of cases involving employee’s privacy as well as the set of positive obligations deduced from Article 8 are examined as the sources of indirect impact. We argue that the Court’s approach to the matters of employee’s testing and surveillance are applicable for the estimation of new challenges to privacy such as keylogging, screenshotting, geolocation and polygraph testing. This research permits us to affirm that Article 8 of the ECHR has great potential in the field of employment law.

The aim of the article is to present the results of a study addressing the issue of the positive and negative influence of appearance in the context of private and professional life. The publication is based on qualitative research on attitudes towards the appearance of women and men of different ages. The way of thinking about appearance depends on the conditions of the gendered age – i.e. the gender and age of the respondents. For women, appearance plays an important role in both the public and private spheres, while men have placed greater importance on it in the public sphere. While women still seem to attribute a greater role to physical appearance, more and more men are beginning to see this as a key aspect in interpersonal relationships. On the basis of the research we can observe the coexistence of two models of “femininity” and “masculinity”: patriarchal and androgynous. Sometimes in the same generation there are contradictory internal attitudes towards appearance. In the youngest generation, the process of unifying attitudes towards appearance is noticeable – attractive appearance is perceived by young men and women as one of the key human capital resources.

The study seeks to highlight the most important legal guarantees provided by the law 18-07 on the protection of natural persons in the field of processing personal data, which stand out the gravity of the means of modern information technology of private life when the process of collection and storage of nominal data and operation and also when extracting this information from the memory of the intelligent system and its delivery to others, regardless of whether it is handled by a public or private person or even a natural person. It is therefore necessary to protect the rights of the person concerned with the treatment and to strengthen them with the legal guarantees that prevent the possibility of being attacked by the responsible for the processing or sub-processor or even by others as a violation of the privacy of natural persons in the scope of electronic information society.