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The coronavirus disease - 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystem illness associated with several metabolic derangements. Studies report that post-acute COVID-19 syndromes (PACs) continue to evolve, however, polyphagia is not uncommon. Herein, we report a rare occurrence of polyphagia in a patient following acute COVID-19 illness. A-41-year-old Ugandan female with a negative past medical history presented with complains of excessive appetite, eating large amounts of food, inability to feel satisfied, failure to control desire to eat, and weight gain 6 months following recovery from a mild episode of acute COVID-19 pneumonia. Her body mass index rose to 30 Kg/m2 from 22 Kg/m2 prior to suffering from COVID-19. There was no history of polyuria, polydipsia, pruritus, or prior eating disorder or related history. Investigation found that brain computed tomography scan was normal, fasting blood sugar to be 5.6 mmol/L (normal range, 3.9–7.0 mmol/L), adrenocorticotropin hormone level to be 8.763 pg/mL (normal range, 6–40 pg/mL), erythrocyte sedimentation rate to be 12 mm/hour (0–30 mm/hour), but there was an elevation in glycosylated hemoglobin level (HbA1c, 7.7%). She was commenced on psychotherapy and behavioral changes with good outcomes. Polyphagia may be one of the rare PACs, requiring further research.

Cushing’s syndrome is due to chronically increased levels of circulating glucocorticoid hormones, and manifests itself, as Cushing himself described it in 1932, as truncal obesity, amenorrhea, hirsutism, hypertension, abdominal striae, polyphagia, polydipsia, polycythaemia and susceptibility to infections.

Objectives To identify the possible role of natural killer (NK) cells in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) through studying the expression of the KLRC3 gene, which encodes the NK cell activating receptor (NKG2E). Methods This study was conducted at Alexandria University Children's Hospital from April to October 2015. The study was conducted with 30 newly diagnosed T1DM patients (15 males and 15 females), aged 7-13 years (10.6±1.8 years) and 20 non-diabetic subjects served as age- and sex-matched controls. The patients were further sub-divided into two groups; group I included patients who first presented with classical symptoms of DM (polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia) without diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) and group II included patients who first presented with DKA. The expression of the KLRC3 gene was measured in each group using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results KLRC3 gene expression was significantly downregulated in T1DM cases compared to healthy controls (p = 0.001). Expression was more downregulated in group I patients (p = 0.008). Moreover, there was higher mean value of glycated heamoglobin and lower C-peptide levels in group I than group II. Serum pancreatic amylase showed no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions KLRC3 gene expression was downregulated in patients with T1DM compared to healthy controls. Downregulation of expression was greater in DKA patients compared to those who presented with classical symptoms. Expression of KLRC3 in T1DM might play a role in the pathogenesis of T1DM and could be a predictor of its severity.

La diabetes mellitus (DM) es un trastorno crónico del metabolismo de los carbohidratos como consecuencia a una deficiencia relativa de insulina. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus en perros mayores a 7 años con sobrepeso. Un total de 250 perros que presentaron síntomas asociados a la enfermedad (poliuria, polidipsia, polifagia, letargia) fueron analizados para determinar los niveles de glucosa en sangre mediante el uso de un glucómetro. El porcentaje de animales hipoglucémicos fue de 26.8%; no se encontraron animales con niveles de glucosa que indiquen la presencia de la enfermedad. Los datos fueron analizados en un modelo lineal general mixto a través del PROC MIXED en el SAS vw 9.3 (2013), que utilizó la metodología de máxima verosimilitud restringida (REML) y procedimiento Satterth Wait para ajustar las medias de los grados de libertad, mediante el cual se determinó que no existe significancia entre la relación edad y niveles de glucemia (p>0.05). Sin embargo, los niveles de glucosa sí tienen correlación con la dieta y el tamaño de la raza. Los perros que consumieron alimento casero obtuvieron valores altos de glucosa, 67.66 mg dl-1, pero dentro de los rangos normales de glucemia. De igual manera, lo obtuvieron las razas grandes 70.55 mg dl-1. Síntomas de poliuria y polidipsia se presentaron en todos los animales; la polifagia y letargia se presentó en el 1.2% de animales. Se concluye que no existe prevalencia de diabetes mellitus en la población de perros estudiada en el cantón Cuenca, Ecuador.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the common problems in Pakistan; it is a disease that is extensively spreading within all age groups. It is a misconception that it suddenly affects a person’s metabolism and the next morning the patient becomes diabetic. Actually diabetes gives an intense era of time for recovery which is usually never identified. Aim and Objective: The aim of the study is to identify the time lap known as prediabetes which can also be taken as the prevention stage. Materials and methods: In this study 201 population sample data was collected on the basis of their age, gender, family history , life style and many other contribution factors and analyzed through SPSS. Results: It is concluded that majority of the population belonging to a different age groups are on the route that leads to diabetes and having principle symptoms of diabetes that is polyuria (increased urination), polyphagia (increased appetite), polydypsia (increased thirst), 55% of the individuals experience frequent urination, 58% of the population have been observed with increased appetite and 60% of the people have complains of increased thirst. Conclusion: It is a frightening situation as indicated by the WHO that by 2030 Pakistan will be the 4 th most diabetic populated country, so the study played an important role in investigating population lying in prevention stage. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(4) 2016 p.565-571 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

Diabetes is a complex disease characterized by hyperglycemia, together with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. While Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from genetic, environmental, or immune dysfunction factors leading to pancreatic ß-cell destruction depriving the organism from endogenous insulin, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance. Depending on the type of diabetes mellitus and drug mechanism to study, the animal model should be carefully selected among the wide variety of the currently available ones. This review discusses the most common animal models currently employed to study T1DM and T2DM. Moreover, an overview on the administration routes that could be used is also discussed., The authors acknowledge the financial support received from Portuguese Science and TechnologyFoundation (FCT/MCT) and from European Funds (PRODER/COMPETE) under the project referenceM-ERA-NET/0004/2015-PAIRED, co-financed by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT2020. The authors also acknowledge the support of the Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology under the project ART (2018)., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Summary Durvalumab, a human immunoglobulin G1 kappa monoclonal antibody that blocks the interaction of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) with the PD-1 and CD80 (B7.1) molecules, is increasingly used in advanced neoplasias. Durvalumab use is associated with increased immune-related adverse events. We report a case of a 55-year-old man who presented to our emergency room with hyperglycaemia after receiving durvalumab for urothelial high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. On presentation, he had polyuria, polyphagia, nausea and vomiting, and laboratory test revealed diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Other than durvalumab, no precipitating factors were identified. Pre-durvalumab blood glucose was normal. The patient responded to treatment with intravenous fluids, insulin and electrolyte replacement. Simultaneously, he presented a thyroid hormone pattern that evolved in 10 weeks from subclinical hyperthyroidism (initially attributed to iodinated contrast used in a previous computerised tomography) to overt hyperthyroidism and then to severe primary hypothyroidism (TSH: 34.40 µU/mL, free thyroxine (FT4): Learning points: Patients treated with anti-PD-L1 should be screened for the most common immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Glucose levels and thyroid function should be monitored before and during the treatment. Durvalumab is mainly associated with thyroid and endocrine pancreas dysfunction. In the patients with significant autoimmune background, risk–benefit balance of antineoplastic immunotherapy should be accurately assessed.

Case summary A 3.5-year-old domestic shorthair cat presented with a 6 month history of weight loss and polyphagia. Clinical examination revealed a markedly reduced body condition score (2/9) and a quiet demeanour. Laboratory abnormalities comprised a mild non-regenerative anaemia, stress leukogram, hypoproteinaemia due to hypoalbuminaemia, azotaemia, hypokalaemia, total hypocalcaemia and sub-maximally concentrated urine (specific gravity 1.020). Abdominal ultrasonography revealed marked thickening of the gastric mucosa within the fundus, body and pylorus; the most dorsal portion of the fundus was spared. The thickened mucosa contained multiple small, anechoic cyst-like structures. The gastric submucosa, muscularis and serosa appeared normal. Histopathology, performed on a full-thickness gastric biopsy, revealed mucosal hypertrophy and markedly dilated gastric glands in areas; not all gastric glands were affected, with some appearing normal or atrophic. Focal interstitial fibrosis was present in some areas. The findings of hypoproteinaemia, gastric ultrasonographic changes and histopathology results share several similarities to those reported with Ménétrier disease. Relevance and novel information Ménétrier disease is a rare condition of the stomach in humans. A similar condition, giant hypertrophic gastritis (or Ménétrier-like disease), has also been described rarely in dogs. To our knowledge, Ménétrier-like disease has not been previously described cats. This case shares features of Ménétrier-like disease, raising the suspicion of a similar aetiopathogenesis.

Type 2 diabetes is a disease with a high global prevalence, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, and changes in body weight. Animal models have been very useful for the study of this disease and to search for new therapeutic targets that delay, attenuate, or avoid diabetic complications. The purpose of this work was to establish a model of type 2 diabetes and exhibit the majority of the characteristics of the disease. Two-day-old male and female Wistar rats were treated once with streptozotocin (70 or 90 mg/kg body weight). After weaning, they were given a sucrose-sweetened beverage (SSB; sucrose at 10 or 30%) during 7 or 11 weeks; their body weight and food intake were measured daily. With the rats at 14 weeks of age, we determined the following: (a) fasting blood glucose, (b) oral glucose tolerance, and (c) insulin tolerance. We found that the supplementation of sucrose at 10% for 7 weeks in male rats which had previously been given streptozotocin (70 mg/kg) at neonatal stage leads to the appearance of the signs and symptoms of the characteristic of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. Its two primary forms are: type 1, in which no insulin is secreted by the pancreas, and type 2, in which the body can no longer normally produce or utilize insulin. Diabetes has been studied since the 5th century BC, though it was named in 1674, based on the sweetness of urine in diabetics. Both type 1 and 2 diabetes originate from autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. There are also other less common forms, including gestational diabetes, which develop during pregnancy. The three primary signs of diabetes are: polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria. Diabetes may cause many different conditions. These include diabetic foot and ketoacidosis, eye damage, heart disease, kidney and nerve damage, nonketotic hyperosmolarity, poor wound healing, and infections of various body tissues. Over time, excellent methods of diagnosis of diabetes have been developed. Unfortunately, prevalence of the disease has greatly increased in the United States, as well as in other countries. In the early 20th century, treatment for diabetes became more effective when insulin was first isolated. As a result, the lives of many diabetic patients are longer and more fulfilling than in previous years.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, episodic ketoacidosis, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, lipemia or dyslipidemia, sometimes xerostomia, unexplained weight loss, etc., which became epidemic and has a major impact, in terms of both health and socioeconomic status, requiring continuous medical care, due to its both acute and long-term complications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to implement interventions that prevent diabetes, enhance its early detection, and implement lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to prevent or delay its progression to complications. Nanotechnological approaches have a promising potential for improving the management of diabetic patients, concerning early diagnosis (e.g., glucose nanosensors and nanoparticles used as imaging contrast agents) and treatment (modulation of the immune response, challenging the problem of insulin injections, developing oral or transdermal delivery systems, and development of theranostic platforms). The purpose of this chapter is to review the state of the art of the scientific and technological progress recorded in nanomedicine in the last decade and the remaining challenges concerning the development of new generations of nanobased therapeutic and diagnosis strategies for the prevention, early diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diabetic patients.

Introduction:. Patients with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases. This is a rare case of a pediatric patient with DS with an initial clinical profile of diabetic ketoacidosis. Case presentation:. 6-year-old male patient with symptoms suggestive of diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) of 15 days of evolution (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and loss of 2 kilos of weight), who was admitted to the emergency department of the Hospital de San José, in Bogotá, Colombia, with uncontrollable vomiting and dehydration. The tests performed confirmed moderate ketoacidosis: glycometry: 592 mg/dL, pH: 7.19, HCO3: 10 mmol/L, PCO2: 45, PO2: 95 and lactic acid: 1.4 mmol/L. Management with isotonic fluids and intravenous insulin therapy was initiated and the patient was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit, where ketoacidosis was controlled in approximately 10 hours. Subcutaneous insulin schedule was initiated without complications. Discussion:. This case highlights the importance of monitoring possible autoimmune complications in patients with DS, since the risk of developing them is 4.2 times higher than in the general population. Conclusion:. This case calls on to contemplate autoimmune complications in patients with DS during clinical practice. Although they are not part of the most frequent reasons for consultation, they cannot be underestimated and should be suspected and treated in a timely manner. ntroducción. Los pacientes con síndrome de Down (SD) tienen mayor riesgo de enfermedades autoinmunes. A continuación, se presenta un caso inusual de un paciente pediátrico con SD quien debuta con un cuadro de cetoacidosis diabética. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 6 años con síntomas sugestivos de diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 1 de 15 días de evolución (poliuria, polidipsia, polifagia y pérdida de 2 kilos de peso), quien ingresa al servicio de urgencias del Hospital de San José, en Bogotá, Colombia, con vómito incoercible y deshidratación. Se realizan exámenes que confirman cuadro de cetoacidosis moderada, glucometría: 592 mg/dL, pH: 7.19, HCO3: 10 mmol/L, PCO2: 45, PO2: 95 y ácido láctico: 1.4 mmol/L. Se inicia manejo con líquidos isotónicos e insulinoterapia endovenosa y se traslada a la unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico, donde se controla la ce-toacidosis en un aproximado de 10 horas. Se da inicio de esquema de insulina subcutáneo sin complicaciones. Discusión. Este caso resalta la importancia del seguimiento de posibles complicaciones autoin-munes en pacientes con SD, ya que el riesgo de estas es 4.2 veces mayor en población con SD. Conclusiones. El presente caso invita a con-templar las complicaciones autoinmunes en pacientes con SD durante la práctica clínica. Si bien no hacen parte de los motivos de consulta más frecuentes, no se pueden subestimar, sino que deben sospecharse y tratarse oportunamente.

Background: The most frequent pancreatic tumours are derived from insulin-secreting β cells, commonly called insulinomas; these are characterised by high insulin secretion causing hypoglycaemia and clinical signs such as seizures, tremors, weakness, and polyphagia, among others. In dogs, this tumour represents 30 is indicative of insulinoma. Unfortunately, the specificity of the amended insulin:glucose ratio is poor. In the past, there has been confusion with respect to their biological nature, because, based on histological and electron microscopic evaluations, 60% of these neoplasms are carcinomas and 40% are adenomas. Nevertheless, these claims were not substantiated and most insulinomas are currently considered to be malignant (carcinomas). The objective of this paper was to present a rare case of a Boxer dog that had three β cell tumours of the pancreas, which produced hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia. Although this is not a malignant tumour, we demonstrated, as described in the literature, that regardless of the histopathological classification, insulin-producing tumours have a poor prognosis in dogs.

Objective: To determine the endocrine complications in multi-transfused thalassemia patients attending outpatient department (OPD) of Hussaini blood bank, Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Thalassemia Centre of Husaini blood bank, Karachi from September 2017 to December 2017. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect the information regarding the complications like visual, dental, renal, and hearing problems, dryness, muscles fatigue, shiny skin, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, and frequent infections. Results: A total of 40 thalassemia patients were included in the study. The most common endocrine complication was muscle fatigue (n=29, 72.5%) followed by weight loss (n=23, 57.5%), polydipsia (n= 22, 55%), frequent infection (n=19, 47.5%), polyphagia (n=18, 45%) and polyuria (n= 18, 45%). There were 20 non-diabetic and 20 diabetic patients. A signi_icantly higher association of diabetes was observed with age (p-value 0.002), weight (p-value 0.005), and FBS level (p-value 0.003) whereas complications like polydipsia (p-value 0.011), polyuria (p-value

The African snail Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), originally from Africa, was introduced in Brazil and since then became an important pest, because of its resistance to abiotic conditions, hermaphroditism, polyphagia and absence of natural enemies. Considered as one of the 100 worst pests in the world, with the record of establishment in almost all Brazilian states, it causes sanitary, ecological and economic losses. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the population dynamics and food preference of the giant snail in three areas of lettuce, located in Alagoas, Brazil. There was no statistical difference between food preference tests with and without choice among the varieties offered. To the fluctuation of the population of A. fulica, the Pearson correlation coefficients were negative only for temperature, and there was no correlation with precipitation and relative humidity.

Alstrom syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder first described in 1959. The syndrome with an estimated prevalence of less than 1 in 1 million has about 700 cases reported worldwide and only about 20 cases have been reported from India. The features of the syndrome include progressive retinal dystrophy and sensorineural deafness with phenotypic similarity to features of metabolic syndrome. Authors report a case of a 9-year-old boy referred to tertiary care hospital for evaluation of elevated blood glucose with polyuria, polydypsia and polyphagia. The child presented with blindness since childhood with delayed motor milestones. The child has normal intellect and noted to have central obesity, hypertension, acanthosis nigricans and micropenis with atrophic testes. Investigations revealed hyperglycemia with glycated haemoglobin of 10 %, hypertriglyceridemia and microalbuminuria. DNA sequence analysis showed a homozygous mutation detected in exon 10 of ALMS1 gene resulting in insertion of ‘T’ between 8150 and 8151 nucleotides of exon 10, thereby resulting in replacement of Ser by Phe at codon 2719 and development of Alstrom’s syndrome. The boy was treated with insulin and metformin for elevated blood glucose and fibrates for hypertriglyceridemia.

An 18-year-old female Bali mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi) was presented for polyphagia, weight loss, and incoordination. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed based on the history and clinical findings, including persistent hyperglycemia with concurrent hypoinsulinemia and glucosuria. A treatment protocol was developed that led to improvement of clinical signs and management of hyperglycemia over several months. Because of the advanced age of the animal, difficulty in maintaining euglycemia, and the stress of handling and treatment, euthanasia was elected 167 days after initial presentation. At postmortem examination, no pancreatic lesions were detected histologically that would account for the diabetes mellitus. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of diabetes mellitus and clinical management of this condition in a passerine species.

The article deals with the results of research into species composition of birds whose remains were discovered in Eagle-owl pellets in Ciscaucasia region. The materials collected in three locations of the region have very low similarity index which doesn't exceed 0,1 (Sørensen index). This fact indicates a high level of Eagle-owl polyphagia. During the research, the birds of prey (ex. Goshawk and a Rough-legged buzzard) as well as rare Tawny owl and Long-eared owl were identified. A part of birds in the nourishment of eagle-owls increases during autumnal migrations. The poultry is extremely rare found among Eagle-owl prey.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common non-communicable diseases in the world. The aim of our study was to assess the level of knowledge of the adult population of Porto-Novo on clinical manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus. Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted under STEP wise approach. It took place from June 1 to July 28, 2014. Results: A total of 240 subjects were included in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 46.07 years ± 12.63 years, ranging from 25 to 80 years. Subjects age between 35 - 45 years are the most represented. Women were mostly represented 162 against 78 men respectively 67.5% against 32.5% with sex ratio of 0.48. The majority of the subjects were scholar (73.3%). For clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus, 64.2% of subjects had quoted polyuria, asthenia 57.5%, 56.7% weight loss. Polydipsia and polyphagia were less familiar with, respectively, 27.5% and 23.3%. Regarding the complications of diabetes, diabetic foot and coma were the best known, respectively, 78.8% and 58.8%. Nephropathy (45.0%), 39.6% retinopathy and neuropathy (21.7%) were the least known. The prevalence of physical inactivity in this study population was 95.0%. It was 98.1% in women versus 88.5% for men. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus, whose prevalence is steadily increasing, is not yet well known in our population.

A 3 mo old, female, entire Labrador retriever presented with vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and stunted growth. Diagnostics revealed the presence of juvenile diabetes mellitus and concurrent exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Pancreatic histopathology showed severe pancreatic atrophy. Successful treatment was achieved with a combination of insulin and pancreatic enzymes. This report describes successful long-term treatment of juvenile diabetes mellitus and concurrent exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a dog.

Background and objectives : Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder.Type 2 diabetes accounts for the vast majority of around 92% of the population worldwide. Long term hyperglycemia leads to macro and microvascular complications. Oxy+ is a nutraceutical capsule which contains mainly Arthrospira (spirulina). Most of the diabetic people use it. Hence a clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Oxy + in Type 2 Diabetes. Material Methods : The study was designed as a single-blind pilot study; 10 eligible patients of type 2 diabetes were allocated. Oxy+ was given in capsule form; 2 capsules twice daily orally for 45 days after the meal. Test drug was evaluated on subjective parameters at 0th, 15th, 30th and 45th days whereas objective parameters were assessed before and after the treatment. The results of the intervention were analyzed using suitable statistical methods. Results and Observation : The study effects on subjective parameters like polyuria, tiredness, polyphagia, polydipsia, and Tingling Sensation were found significantly reduced. The objective parameters were assessed before and after as Mean ± SD for FBS (164.4±36.019 vs 111.1±25.075), PPBS (248.5±51.70 vs 170.1±45.148) and HbA1c (9.14±1.517 vs 6.95±1.224).The results were analyzed after using paired‘t’ test. Interpretation and Conclusion : The findings about both parameters (subjective and objective) that the ‘Oxy+’ is effective in type 2 diabetes and the cure was considerable. Safety parameters (SGOT, SGPT, Blood Urea, and Serum Creatinine) were remained unchanged. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ‘Oxy+’ would be safe and effective in the management of type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 96-100

BACKGROUND Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most harmful diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates. However, the underlying pathological mechanism of the disorder still remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of our study was to identify differentially expressed proteins associated with DCM. MATERIAL AND METHODS C57BLKS/J db/db (diabetes mellitus group - DM group) and db/m mice (normal control group - NC group) were acclimated in cages for 15 weeks. The general state was recorded. After 15 weeks, the heart tissues were used for histological examination. In addition, quantitative mass spectrometry using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in the heart tissues. SEQUEST software was used to identify proteins with data derived from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) spectra by searching ipi.MOUSE.v3.72.REVERSED. fasta database. Expert Protein Analysis System (ExPASy) was used to calculate the theoretical parameters. One upregulated protein (sorbin and SH3 domain containing 2 - Sorbs2) and 1 downregulated protein (myosin-3) was measured by western blot to validate the iTRAQ data. RESULTS The mice in the NC group were active and grew well, while the mice in the DM group presented with obvious polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria. The results of histological examination revealed that, compared to the NC group, the DM group showed significant myocardial hypertrophy and myofiber disarray accompanied by damaged nuclei. A total of 73 differentially expressed proteins were identified, including 44 upregulated and 29 downregulated proteins. Western blot analysis confirmed that the expression of Sorbs2 was significantly increased (p < 0.01), while the expression of myosin-3 was statistically decreased in the DM group compared to the NC group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DCM shows differences in its proteomics compared to normal controls. Our quantitative proteomic analysis may provide a new insight into the distinct molecular profile of DCM.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. There is no permanent correction of DM in modern science. OHAs are not adequate because the dosage keeps on increasing and sometimes patients get shifted to insulin. DM comes under the umbrella of ‘Prameha’ which is included under Ashtau Mahagada. It is cited as Santarpanottha vyadhi which requires shodhanottara shaman chikitsa. Objectives: to evaluate clinical efficacy of shodhanottara shaman chikitsa in type II Diabetes Mellitus Methodology: An exploratory interventional clinical study in which 5 patients suffering from type II diabetes mellitus (chronicity not more than one year) having Blood Sugar Levels – Fasting>150 and PP>250, HBA1C> 8 were selected for the study. After baseline investigations and clinical examination, the study subjects were given Mahatiktaka Ghrita in escalating dose of 20, 30 and 40 ml for three days for snehana followed by AragvadhaKapilaVati or AbhayadiModaka depending on koshtha on fourth day. This shodhana was repeated every fortnight for three months. After first cycle of shodhana, shamanachikitsa, i. e. Vasantakusumakara Rasa 125mg and Dhatrinisha Choorna (500+250mg) were given. Study subjects were advised to follow specific diet regimen and exercises like Suryanamaskara. During this period Blood Sugar Levels were monitored and accordingly dosage of OHAs was adjusted. Results: Shodhanottara shaman chikitsa was found to be effective in lowering Blood Sugar Levels as well as HBA1C levels. Significant improvement was observed in specific symptoms such as polyphagia, polydypsia, hastapadataladaha, polyuria and debility after three months of treatment. It reduced the OHA dependency of type II diabetic patients. Conclusion:Shodhanottara shaman chikitsa has significant role in management of DM as well as in reduction of OHA dependency of type II diabetic patients. Keywords: Shodhanottara shaman chikitsa, type II Diabetes Mellitus

Using the streptozotocin model of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats, we compared antidiabetic activity of anxiolytic Afobazole with that of metformin. Afobazole in a dose of 10 mg/kg reduced streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia and polyphagia and prevented accumulation of malonic dialdehyde, being not inferior to metformin in a dose of 300 mg/kg, and was even more effective than metformin in body weight recovery, elimination of polydipsia, and preservation of these effects after treatment withdrawal.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The symptoms of hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia, blurred vision and weight loss. Various diagnostic tests are used for the diagnosis of DM in patients, but the findings of these tests cannot be assumed to be completely valid. This study aimed at developing a novel scoring system to assess the patients suffering from DM. Method: We assessed the patients based on various diagnostic tests available for DM and prepared a single list of these tests. The tests were categorized and graded based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Further, we coverted the grades into numeric values for easy use. Results: NFS for diabetes is an 11-point scoring system that assesses the patient’s condition before and after therapy. To facilitate the conduct of probability based studies, we have converted the scores into numeric values in the range of (0, 1). Each symptom is graded as (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) that runs in BAD → GOOD direction. Conclusion: NFS is a beneficial scoring system that can be used worldwide to assess the patients with DM.

Hyperphagic short stature (HSS) is a specific syndrome of growth failure in association with hyperphagia without a clear underlying aetiology, seen in association with a stressful environment. Environmental stressors at home are not always immediately evident however these children characteristically demonstrate reversal of growth impairment when nurtured away from their stressful environment. This review describes the clinical phenotype, underlying endocrine dysfunction and strategies for the management of this complex condition.

Loss of white adipose tissue (WAT), associated with type 1 diabetes (DM1), contributes to increased chronic systemic inflammation.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of leucine supplementation and resistance training (RT) in attenuating WAT loss and improving inflammatory parameters and glucose metabolism in DM1 rats.Thirty-two male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: DA (sedentary and supplemented with non-essential amino acids (NEAA)), DL (sedentary and supplemented with leucine), DTA (submitted to RT and supplemented with NEAA) and DTL (submitted to RT and supplemented with leucine). DM1 was induced by streptozotocin (STZ). An 8-week period of RT consisted of climbing a ladder with a progressively increased load, and supplementation was offered in the feed.Glycemia, polyphagia and polydipsia were lower in DL, DTA and DTL groups compared with the DA group by approximately 20% ( p.0001), 28% ( p=.004) and 64% ( p.0001), respectively. Weight of total WAT and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT) were higher by approximately 21% ( p=.01) and 54% ( p=.0004), respectively, in DL, DTA and DTL groups compared with DA. However, gene expression of adiponectin and leptin in RPAT was only increased by RT (DTA and DTL) compared with DA and DL by approximately 93% ( p.0001) and 78% ( p=.0002), respectively. Similarly, the levels of adiponectin in the serum, tissue IL-10 (RPAT) and serum IL-10 were only increased in DTA and DTL compared with DA and DL by approximately 31% ( p=.03), 45% ( p=.0009) and 35% ( p=.003), respectively.Both interventions, isolated or together, reduced hyperglycemia and excessive loss of WAT, but RT was the main factor responsible for attenuating inflammation.

An otherwise healthy girl aged 4 years was observed because of a 6-month history of tachycardia, polyphagia, chronic cough and agitation. Physical examination revealed hiperhydrosis, exuberant exophthalmia (figure 1) and a palpable, elastic and painless goitre. Laboratory work up showed an increased FT4, low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and positive thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRABs) (figure 2), and thyroid ultrasonography demonstrated a diffusely heterogeneous, enlarged gland with no nodules, compatible with Graves' disease. The girl was initiated immediately to treatment with tiamazole (MTZ) and propranolol, and after few months, an euthyroid state was achieved and maintained until 2 years (figure 2). After this period, MTZ treatment was suspended and …

Hyperthyroidism is a common condition of senior and geriatric cats that is present in 6% of cats over the age of nine years old. Similarly chronic kidney disease is common in old cats, hence it is not uncommon for cats with CKD to have concurrent hyperthyroidism, and vice versa. This chapter includes sections on hyperthyroidism and chronic kidney disease in cats; systemic effects of hyperthyroidism; systemic effects of treatment of hyperthyroidism; effect of iatrogenic hypothyroidism on renal function; predictors of the development of azotaemia following treatment of hyperthyroid cats; and management of hyperthyroid cats with concurrent, or masked, CKD. Case examples: Cat with polydipsia, diarrhoea and weight loss; Cat with weight loss and polyphagia; Cat with polydipsia, polyphagia and diarrhoea

Objective Diabetes mellitus leads to damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart. The latency of occurence of hyperglycemia and diagnosis may be of long duration. This study was aimed to find out the mode of presetation of diabetes mellitus in diabetic patients attending out patients clinic of B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Associated complications and comorbid condition present at the time of presenation were also studied. Methods The diabetic patients attending the Diabetic Out Patient Clinic of B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences during June 2006 to June 2007 were included in this study.The patients details were collected from the predefined Proforma for diabetes patient from the database. This included demographic data, biochemical parameters and diabetic complications. For the purpose of study a total of 775 patients were randomly selected.The Data collected were entered and analysed using excel and SPSS(version 11.5) Results Out of 775 cases 436 (56.3%) were male and 339(43.7%) were female. Majority of patients 81.55% (n=632) had osmotic sympmtoms or symptoms related to complication of diabetes at the time of presentation to the clinic. Asymptomatic patient constituted 18.45% (n=143). The most common presenting complaints were polyuria (44.58%), followed by polydypsia (39.62%) and polyphagia (24.88%). About 54.97% (n=426) had symptoms of complications related to diabetes. Among them most common complication was neurological (39.67%), followed by renal (10.8%) metabolic (4.93%), cardiac(4.46%), autonomic neuropathy (4.93%) and peripheral vascular disease (3.99%). Conclusion Majority of the patients presenting in our OPD had osmotic symptoms or symptoms related to complication of diabetes. Access to diabetes care and lack of awareness of the disease and its complication might had contributed to this. Community awareness, program for early detection and managemnet may help proper diabetes care and prevention of complications. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2013, Vol-9, No-3, 25-30 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v9i3.10216 &nbsp

Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children under15 years of age. Cross sectional study conducted at Aseer Central Hospital Abha, South-western Saudi Arabia from June 2011 – May 2015.Patients and Methods: Study included 141 Saudi children, < 15 years old with newly diagnosed T1DM. The demographic and laboratory data were collected from file records. The patients were divided into younger (< 5 yr), middle (5 – 10 yr) and older (>10 – 15 yr) age groups. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 16.Results: Age of 141 children at onset of T1DM (mean ± SD) was 6.5 ± 3.2 years and majority 62 (44%) belonged to middle age group. Older 43 (30.5%) age group had female predominance (2:1) (p < 0.0001). Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (39%), obesity (11%) and male predominance (2.6:1) were found in younger 36 (25.5%) age group (p < 0.0001). Family history (F/Hx) of T1DM 29 (20.6%) and HbA1c (10.36 ± 1.8%) successively increased with advancing age of patients. Main presenting symptoms like polyuria (96%), polydipsia (85%), weight loss (62%), nocturia (47%), polyphagia (28%) and DKA (22%),were significantly more frequent in children with F/Hx of T1DM (p < 0.0001). Duration of symptoms at first presentation was 17.3 ± 10.7 days and daily insulin requirement was found 0.82 ± 0.2 units/ Kg.Conclusion: Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, noctu-ria and polyphagia were the main presenting symptoms and more frequent in middle age group children especially having F/Hx of T1DM. Under five years, obese and male children were found at higher risk for DKA development. Girls usually present late in adolescent age.

Objective—To investigate long-term outcomes and owner-perceived quality of life associated with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) in dogs. Design—Survey study. Animals—100 dogs with SARDS examined at 5 academic veterinary institutions from 2005 to 2010. Procedures—The diagnosis was based on documented acute vision loss, normal results of ophthalmic examinations, and evaluation of extinguished bright-flash electroretinograms. Primary owners of affected dogs completed a questionnaire addressing outcome measures including vision, systemic signs, and perceived quality of life for their dogs. Results—Age at diagnosis was significantly correlated with positive outcome measures; dogs in which SARDS was diagnosed at a younger age were more likely to have alleged partial vision and higher owner-perceived quality of life. Polyphagia was the only associated systemic sign found to increase in severity over time. Medical treatment was attempted in 22% of dogs; visual improvement was not detected in any. Thirty-seven percent of respondents reported an improved relationship with their dog after diagnosis, and 95% indicated they would discourage euthanasia of dogs with SARDS. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Blindness and concurrent systemic signs associated with SARDS appeared to persist indefinitely, but only polyphagia increased in severity over time. Most owners believed their pets had good quality of life and would discourage euthanasia of dogs with SARDS.

The objective of this prospective, multicentre, non-controlled, open-label study was to evaluate the effects of an iodine-restricted food on circulating total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations and clinical parameters in client-owned cats with hyperthyroidism. Two hundred and twenty-five cats were enrolled in the study and adapted to the iodine-restricted food. Data from physical examinations, questionnaires completed by veterinarians and owners, and circulating concentrations of TT4, urea and creatinine were recorded at weeks 0, 4 and 8. The study group included 136 female and 89 male cats (median age 15 years, range 4–21 years). Group 1 (n = 113) had been on previous anti-thyroid medication, while group 2 (n = 112) consisted of newly diagnosed cats. No differences were found between the two groups at any time point. Circulating TT4 concentrations had decreased ( P

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous disorder (1, 2) with retinal dystrophy, post-axial polydactyly, developmental delay, renal abnormalities, and obesity in 70–90% (1, 3, 4). Genes involved in formation, stability, and function of cilia are implicated as causes of BBS (5–7). The high penetrance of the obesity phenotype in patients suggests that ciliary proteins play an important role in body energy balance and weight regulation. Several mouse models of BBS recapitulate features of the human phenotype and have altered protein/vesicle trafficking in leptin-sensing hypothalamic neurons, possibly inducing leptin resistance and hyperphagia, consistent with the observation that BBS knockout mice consume 20–30% more energy than controls (8, 9). Human studies characterizing the obesity phenotype of patients with BBS are few (10–12) and do not provide definitive data for the contributions of increased energy intake, decreased physical activity or altered metabolism to their obesity. A study of energy homeostasis in 20 BBS overweight or obese subjects and 20 controls reported no differences in energy intake or resting energy expenditure, but found physical activity (by actigraphy) was slightly, but significantly, lower among patients with BBS (10). This study, however, used a self-report 7-day food diary for energy intake assessment that, given the cognitive impairment of patients with BBS, may need to be interpreted cautiously. There are several syndromes where obesity occurs together with cognitive dysfunction and the obesity is associated with hyperphagic symptoms (13–16). One example is the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) (13). Patients with PWS show defects in post-meal satiation and satiety in the laboratory setting (17, 18). They have many hyperphagic characteristics, in addition to overeating, that include preoccupation with food (hyperphagic drive), excessive food seeking such as waking up at night to seek food, foraging through trash, stealing and hiding food (hyperphagic behavior), and significant functional impairment and distress when denied food. To address the challenges of requiring intellectually-impaired participants to report their own behaviors, Dykens et al. (13) developed and validated in patients with PWS, a questionnaire that assesses hyperphagic symptoms by asking caregivers to report their observations. Given the convincing data for hyperphagia found in BBS mouse models (8, 9), we hypothesized that, if increased food intake was a cause of obesity in humans with BBS, the caregivers of patients with BBS would report greater hyperphagic symptoms than would caregivers of equally obese non-syndromic controls. We recruited a convenient sample of 13 patients diagnosed with BBS using clinical criteria (19) from among participants in an observational study of the genetic and clinical characteristics of patients with BBS (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00078091). Healthy control subjects (with no known syndrome associated with obesity or major illness affecting appetite) were selected from among participants in studies of eating behavior and metabolism (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00758108, http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00631644, and http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01237041). The studies were approved by the NICHD or NHGRI IRBs. Participants provided consent/assent for participation. The Hyperphagia Questionnaire (13) is a 13-item questionnaire with 11 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1= not a problem at all, to 5= extremely problematic) that produce a total hyperphagic score (range 11–55) and three sub-scales: hyperphagic behavior (range 5–25), hyperphagic drive (range 4–20), and hyperphagic severity (range 2–10) (13). Questions 12 and 13 seek information on the age when a child’s interest in food increased and on how much the child’s interest in food changes from day to day. The Hyperphagia Questionnaire was completed by the parent/guardian who spent the most time with the participant. Using analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), we compared Hyperphagia Questionnaire scale scores for BBS vs. the control group, adjusting for age, sex, race, and BMI-Z score. Chi-square test was used to compare the two groups for the additional questions; day-to-day variability in behavior is not reported because of many missing responses in the control group. Characteristics of study subjects are summarized in Table 1. The subjects in the two groups did not differ significantly in sex, age, race, or BMI-Z score, although height was significantly lower among BBS, which might be attributable to slower growth in adolescence (20). Among patients with BBS, genomic sequencing confirmed 1 case had mutations in BBS6, 1 in BBS7, and 6 in BBS10 (data not shown). In unadjusted comparisons, the total hyperphagia score (p=0.005), behavioral subscale (p=0.001), and drive subscale scores (p=0.040) were significantly greater in patients with BBS than controls (Figure 1). After adjustment for age, sex, race, and BMI-Z score, group differences remained significant for total hyperphagia score (p=0.032) and the behavioral subscale (p=0.003). Among those whose caregivers reported an age when they first observed increased interest in food, 91% (10/11) of patients with BBS, versus 42% (5/12) of controls reported increased interest in food before age 5 y (p=0.013). Each of the subscales and total hyperphagia score were highly correlated across the sample (r’s >0.85 for correlations between scores, all p

Aims: This study was embarked upon to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on food intake, water intake and body weight, and to ascertain the impact of treatment with crudeAloe veragel on diabetic animals. Methodology: The phyto-constituents and median lethal dose of crude Aloe veragel were determined before administration. 32 albino wistar rats were divided into four groups thus, control, diabetic untreated group (DM), diabetic gr oup treated with crude Aloe veragel (DMT) and crudeAloe veragel treated control group. Food intake, water intake, body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were measured during the research work. Results:Food intake, water intake, and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly (P

SummaryObjective: Leptin and ghrelin, two peptide hormones with antagonistic effects on satiety and energy balance, could be involved in the pathogenesis of weight loss and polyphagia in cats with hyperthyroidism. Leptin generally decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure, while ghrelin exerts the opposite effects. Materials and methods: Leptin and ghrelin were measured in 42 client owned hyperthyroid cats with a body condition score (BCS) 5/9 before (T0) and 4 weeks after radioactive iodine treatment (RAIT) (T1). Dependent on the serum total thyroxine concentration concentration at T1, cats were sub-classified as still hyperthyroid (ht-ht) (n = 4), euthyroid (ht-eu) (n = 10) or hypothyroid (ht-hypo) (n = 28). Results were compared to those of 22 healthy, euthyroid control cats with a comparable BCS ( 5/9) and age ( 8 years) to hyperthyroid cats. Results: At T0, there were no significant differences between hyperthyroid and control cats for leptin (p = 0.06) or ghrelin concentrations (p = 0.27). At T1, leptin significantly decreased in ht-hypo cats compared to T0 (p = 0.0008) despite a significantly increased body weight in this group (p = 0.0001). Serum ghrelin concentrations did not differ between hyperthyroid cats with a history of polyphagia compared to non-polyphagic cats (p = 0.42). After RAIT, ghrelin concentration significantly increased in all hyperthyroid cats (p < 0.0001), as well as in the subgroups ht-eu (p = 0.014) and ht-hypo (p < 0.0001) compared to their respective T0 baseline concentrations. Conclusion: Leptin and ghrelin fluctuations may be indicative of changes in metabolic functions in cats with thyroid dysfunction. Leptin fluctuations occurred independently of body weight in different states of thyroid dysfunction; increasing ghrelin concentrations after RAIT suggest a ghrelin-independent mechanism for polyphagia in hyperthyroid cats.

Diagnostic devices available in the market to measure blood glucose level which requires blood as diagnostic body fluid. Hence, necessity arises to find some non-invasive diagnostic mean to measure body glucose level frequently without any discomfort to the patient. The present study was aimed at estimation of blood and salivary glucose level in diabetic and non diabetic subjects. Saliva is one of the most abundant secretions in the human body and its collection is easy and noninvasive. The aim of this study was to find a medium that can be used to diagnose and monitor diabetes. In this, saliva could play a major role. To explain the role of saliva as a diagnostic tool, saliva samples were compared with blood glucose in healthy and diabetic subjects. 50 subjects were included in this study. The subjects were asked to come to the clinic in the early morning and after 2 hours fast. At that time, 5 mL of venous blood was collected in an ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA)-containing blood collection tube for estimation. Unstimulated saliva was collected from subjects. The saliva and plasma from the blood samples were subjected to glucose estimation by pre-derivatised RP-HPLC method. A correlation was observed between FSG and FPG of diabetic as well as non diabetic subjects. The correlation coefficients for non-diabetic and diabetic subjects were 0.9967, proving the correlation between fasting saliva glucose and fasting blood glucose values statistically. Values observed regarding blood and saliva glucose level were found distinctly different between normal and diabetic subjects suggesting that monitoring of saliva glucose level can be used as an index of diabetes mellitus.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a syndrome caused by an insufficient amount of pancreatic digestive enzymes in the small intestine. Clinical signs most commonly reported in cats with EPI are weight loss, loose and voluminous stools, steatorrhea, polyphagia, and in some cases a greasy soiling of the hair coat in the perianal region. Serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity concentration is the diagnostic test of choice for the diagnosis of affected cats. Treatment of cats with EPI consists of enzyme supplementation with either a powdered pancreatic extract or raw pancreas. Most cats with EPI also have severely decreased serum cobalamin concentrations and may require lifelong parenteral cobalamin supplementation. Most cats respond well to therapy and can have a normal life expectancy and quality of life.

The effects of oral administration of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) on food, water intake and weight changes in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Albino Wistar rats was studied. Eighteen rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 6 rats each for control, diabetic (DM) and diabetic-treated (DMT) groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the test groups (DM and DMT) by a single dose of STZ (65 mg/kg, i.p.). The extract was administered per oral to the DMT group at a dose of 1500 mg/k body weight daily for 28 days. All the groups were fed normal rat chow and al- lowed water freely. The fasting blood glucose levels in the DM and DMT groups were higher (P

Objective—To critically evaluate and summarize available information on the safety of potassium bromide in dogs. Design—Systematic review. Sample—111 references reporting safety information relevant to potassium bromide published between 1938 and 2011. Procedures—PubMed searches without date limitations were conducted with the terms “potassium bromide” and “sodium bromide” in December 2009 and October 2011. Additional articles were identified through examination of article reference lists and book chapters on seizures in dogs and pharmacology. Results—Reversible neurologic signs were the most consistently reported toxicoses and were generally associated with adjunctive potassium bromide treatment or high serum bromide concentrations. Dermatologic and respiratory abnormalities were rare in dogs. Insufficient information was available to assess the effects of potassium bromide on behavior or to determine the incidence of vomiting, weight gain, polyphagia, pancreatitis, polyuria, polydipsia, or reproductive abnormalities associated with potassium bromide administration. Evidence suggested that administration of potassium bromide with food may alleviate gastrointestinal irritation and that monitoring for polyphagia, thyroid hormone abnormalities, and high serum bromide concentrations may be beneficial. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that potassium bromide is not an appropriate choice for treatment of every dog with seizures and that practitioners should tailor therapeutic regimens and clinical monitoring to each dog. Abrupt dietary changes or fluid therapy may compromise seizure control or increase the likelihood of adverse events. Availability of an appropriately labeled, approved potassium bromide product could provide better assurance for veterinarians and their clients of the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the product for veterinary use.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T18:51:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:48:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:21:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1676-06032012000100024.pdf: 6131972 bytes, checksum: 3b869d687e949bea3b596103c919fd8e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:21:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1676-06032012000100024.pdf: 6131972 bytes, checksum: 3b869d687e949bea3b596103c919fd8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Spodoptera cosmioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)é uma espécie polífaga e alimenta-se de grande número de plantas cultivadas e espontâneas. No Brasil, as culturas do abacaxi, algodoeiro, arroz, berinjela, cebola, eucalipto, pimentão e tomateiro, entre outras hortaliças, são consideradas hospedeiras da praga. Entretanto, apesar da ampla gama de hospedeiros, sua ocorrência como praga é relatada relacionada a desequilíbrios provocados pelo uso excessivo de inseticidas de amplo espectro, o que vem causando a resistência da praga a inseticidas. Devido a essa complexidade, métodos alternativos de controle têm sido propostos, por exemplo, o controle biológico através da utilização de parasitóides. Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenptera: Eulophidae) é um parasitóide gregário pupal preferencialmente de espécies da ordem Lepidoptera. Este é o primeiro relato de T. diatraeae parasitando pupas de S. cosmioides, parasitóide que oferece novas perspectivas para os programas de controle biológico. Spodoptera cosmioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous species and feeds on many wild and cultivated plants. In Brazil, the crops of pineapple, cotton, rice, eggplant, onions, eucalyptus, bell pepper and tomato, among other vegetables, are considered to be host of the pest. However, despite the wide host range, its occurrence as a pest is reported related to imbalances caused by excessive use of broad-spectrum insecticides, which is causing pest resistance to insecticides. Because of this complexity, alternative control methods have been proposed, for example, biological control using parasitoids. Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious pupal parasitoid species, preferably from the order Lepidoptera. This is the first report of 7: diatraeae parasitizing pupae of S. cosmioides, parasitoid offers new prospects for biological control programs. Univ Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Protecao Plantas, BR-18603970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Protecao Plantas, BR-18603970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil

B/L symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss has long been associated with diabetes Mellitus. Microangiopathy associated with thickening of the basement membrane of small vessels has been implicated as a major source. This study was done to observe the predominant site of lesion whether cochlear or retrocochlear in patients of diabetic sensorineural hearing loss. This was a random study. Forty two patients with diabetic B/L symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss were selected in a tertiary referral centre. All the patients selected were of diabetic B/L symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss. The study was designed to show the predominant site of lesion whether cochlear or retrocochlear in patients of diabetes with or without noise exposure. The parameter for inferring blood sugar control was level of glycosylated haemoglobin (Hb1AC). The incidence of the classical symptoms of diabetes mellitus namely polyurea, polydypsia and polyphagia were seen in (40.8%) of patients. The present study was designed to show that even early diabetic patients without symptoms of hearing loss had mild bilaterally symmetrical purely sensorineural hearing loss (32.65%) signifying the diabetic hypoacusis is present significantly even in early aural symptomless diabetics. On follow up it was revealed that the hearing loss of these patients was irreversible. The predominant site of lesion was found to be cochlear by performing Chi Square test P

Diabetes mellitus is a growing public health concern and a chronic metabolic disease worldwide. The most common clinical manifestations at the onset of diabetes are blurry vision, weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Neurological symptoms are rare but have been reported to be associated with initial presentation of type 2 diabetes, especially hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). Hemichorea-hemiballism (HCHB) is a spectrum of involuntary, continuous, nonpatterned movements involving one side of the body that is usually caused by a variety of hereditary neurological diseases, metabolic disorders, post-rheumatic fever sequelae, strokes, and other vascular diseases. Herein, we report the case of a man with left-side arm hemichorea (HC) who presented with HHNS and had resolution of his symptoms when his blood glucose was back under control. This case report highlights the association between HC and HHNS and reinforces the need to recognize HHNS promptly, especially in elderly patients who present with a neurological complaint. A 72-year-old Caucasian man presented with a 2-week history of progressive writhing movements of his left arm, with occasional sudden amplitude excursions, associated …

To the Editors: In recent years, the life expectancy of patients with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) has increased, unveiling several cases of early-onset cancer and raising the question whether the condition predisposes to tumourigenesis. We encountered a unique occurrence of pulmonary atypical carcinoid in a young never-smoker with PWS. A 28-yr-old, morbidly obese male with PWS was admitted as a candidate for gastric bypass. He was a lifetime nonsmoker, and his height, weight and body mass index were 1.78 m, 175 kg, and 55.2 kg·m−2, respectively. Polyphagia, obesity and a failure to achieve psychosocial milestones became apparent at the age of 5 yrs, when PWS was diagnosed based on clinical findings and a de novo deletion of the proximal region of chromosome 15 (del(15)(q11–q13)). Type II diabetes mellitus was diagnosed at the age of 17 yrs, and dietary control along with administration of sulfonylurea was initiated. The remainder of the anamnesis included low levels of testosterone, which were treated with monthly intramuscular depot injections of testosterone enanthate (250 mg). On admission, the patient reported mild shortness of breath, nonproductive cough and malaise of indeterminate origin. A physical exam revealed markedly increased subcutaneous fat, picking scars, hypoplastic external genitalia and a polyphonic wheeze over the right hemithorax. Pulse was regular and of normal rate, diastolic blood pressure was elevated (98 mmHg) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation was 96% in room air. Electrocardiography was normal. Laboratory data, including blood cell counts, routine serum biochemistry and coagulation times, were within normal limits, except for fasting plasma glucose (178 mg·dL−1) and lipids (total cholesterol 233 mg·dL−1; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 32 mg·dL−1; triglycerides 322 mg·dL−1). A pre-operative chest radiograph, performed routinely but also prompted by the patient’s wheeze, showed a round, regular-shaped opacity of soft-tissue quality measuring …

because of life style, food habits, work environment, tension which are major causes of the diabetes at early stage. Prediabetes is the state that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. This stage may lead to diabetes stage if patient has not followed the proper diet and exercise. In the symptoms ontology for diabetes consists related terms for various types like type1, type 2, prediabetes, gestational diabetes etc. It is a complex disorder that has many possible indicators. These include unexplained weight loss, excessive hunger (polyphagia), thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), dehydration, leg pain when walking (claudication), fatigue, dizziness and itching (pruritus). Awareness of these signs and symptoms can keep people alert to potential onset of diabetes. The above information can be processed intelligently using ontology. The symptoms ontology has the explicit specification of concepts of symptoms and their attributes as causes, which helps to provide the entire scenario of the diabetes diagnosis. Mainly, three basic elements in ontology are concepts, relations, and axioms to formalize the definitions. Concepts represent the underlying domain knowledge and the relation represents the relationship between the concepts and relations should be concentrated while constructing it. The reasons for construction of ontology are [5]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease which affects many organs. Often in the oral cavity undergo changes that are associated with diabetes. Many dental practitioners are often not aware of the attendant oral manifestations in diabetic patients, which results in prescription of a non-accurate treatment. The aim of the review is to focus on main oral manifestations related to diabetes in order that the proper solution for treatment is to be taken. Untreated oral infections can adversely affect metabolic control. Patients may present with oral conditions that suggest undiagnosed diabetes: progressing severe periodontitis, enlarged gums which bleed easily, multiple periodontal abscesses. Diabetic patients with poor oral hygiene, a history of smoking, rare visits to dentists, high carbohydrate intake are more likely to present caries and periodontitis and to respond poorly to dental treatment. If the doctor suspects undiagnosed diabetes, the patient should be examined to reveal the history of polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss, and family history of diabetes.