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Zahtjevi u pogledu ekološke prihvatljivosti materijala povećali su nužnost razvoja polimera na biološkoj bazi poput poli(mliječne kiseline), odnosno PLA. PLA polimeri su prepoznati prikladnom alternativom, polimernim materijalima na bazi fosilnih izvora. Također imaju manji utjecaj na okoliš od konvencionalne plastike. PLA je alifatski poliester, obično proizveden industrijskom polikondenzacijom mliječne kiseline ili polimerizacijom laktida otvaranjem prstena. Proizvodi se od biomase i spada u biorazgradive materijale. Po mehaničkim svojstvima i mogućnostima prerade sličan je klasičnim poliesterima dobivenim iz fosilnih goriva. Prerada polimerne taljevine je osnovna tehnika koja se koristi u proizvodnji PLA proizvoda, odnosno ambalaže u ambalažnoj, medicinskoj, tekstilnoj, te ostalim industrijskim granama. Današnje tehnologije obrade PLA, prije ostalog uključuju injekcijsko prešanje, vruće prešanje, predenje, puhanje, proizvodnju pjena, elektropredenje, 3D tisak i ostale tehnologije. Razvoj postupaka prerade PLA polimera važan je preduvjet za širenje mogućnosti primjene PLA polimera.

The hydrophilicity of fibers is directly related to the comfort of a fabric and represents one of the most important aspects of a textile. Therefore, polyester (PES) modification has focused on an increase in moisture content and a subsequent improvement of the user’s experience. Based on the glycerol hygroscopic properties, the main objective has been the enhancement of the hydrophilicity of polyester by glycerol treatments. Furthermore, microwave irradiation and alkaline treatment have been applied, in order to increase glycerol adhesion. Treated PES samples were characterized by performing moisture content, negative ion, water diffusion and water vapor resistance analyses. The effect of different treatment conditions such as bath ratio (1/10 or 1/15), temperature (40, 60 or 100 °C), time (2 or 5 min) and microwave radiation intensity (300 or 500 W) was evaluated. The moisture content of treated PES results indicated that by decreasing the bath ratio and increasing the time and temperature the moisture gain can reach almost 14%, which can be easily related to increases in the weight of the fiber. The treatment with alkali was done and led to the highest moisture increase. Treatment with 500 W microwave irradiation led to higher glycerol retention after rinsing. Different experimental conditions were applied to the glycerol-treated PES fabrics, and a clear improvement in moisture content was obtained increasing the comfort. The results were compared with the ones obtained for cotton and wool, where the moisture is higher than non treated PES., The authors wish to thank the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (RTI2018-094014-B-100 Project), for financial support.

El uso indiscriminado de plástico ocasiona problemas ambientales; se estima que el proceso de degradación requiere por lo menos de 500 años. Las estrategias para su reciclado requieren del desarrollo de tecnología y concientización de los usuarios. Las alternativas para su reemplazo con materias primas elaboradas mediante métodos biotecnológicos no son sostenibles, debido al elevado costo de producción comparado con los derivados del petróleo. Los polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) son poliésteres clasificados en función de la longitud de cadena de los ácidos grasos, y sintetizados por microorganismos con propiedades similares al polipropileno. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el potencial que poseen las cepas de Scenedesmus acuminatus para producir PHA. Se estableció una cinética de crecimiento con 30 tubos de ensayo que contenían 20 mL de medio de cultivo Bold y 5 mL de cepa. Se monitoreó con una frecuencia de 72 hla producción de ácidos grasos extracelulares y la biomasa celular. La determinación de ácidos grasos se realizó con la tinción negro sudan y microscopio compuesto con objetivo de 40X. A partir de los 15 días de cultivo se observaron ácidos grasos en el sobrenadante celular. La producción de ácidos grasos fue directamente proporcional a los días de incubación y de acuerdo con la literatura los PHA´s se producen en condiciones de estrés celular, cuando hay deficiencia de macronutrientes en el medio de cultivo y alta disponibilidad de fuente de carbono. Scenedesmus tiene la capacidad de emplear CO2 como fuente de carbono, lo cual reduce los costos de operación., The indiscriminate use of plastic causes environmental problems; is estimated that around 500 year are required for its total degradation. The strategies for its recycle require the technology development and the users’ conscience. The alternatives which are made by biotechnological methods are not sustainable, due to the elevated cost compared with oil derivate. The polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) are polyesters classified on function of the length of the acid fats chain and synthetized by microorganism with proprieties similar to the polypropylene. The present study objective is to evaluate the potential of the Scenedesmus acuminatus strains on the PHA production. A growing kinetics on 30 test tubes with 20 ml as Bold cultivate mean and 5 ml of strain. We monitored it a 72 hla frequency of extracellular acid fats production and cellular biomass. The acid fats presences were determinate with black sudan ink and composed microscopy at 40 X objective. From the day fifth teen on acid fats on the cellular supernatant can be seen. The acid fats were proportional to the incubation days and according to the PHA literature they are produced on cellular stress, when there is a lack of macronutrients in cultivate and high quantity of carbon. Scenedesmus has the capacity to use the CO2 as a carbon source, which reduce the operation cost.

El presente artículo tiene el objetivo de presentar la elaboración de un hormigón polimérico para el cual se utilizaron los siguientes materiales de la región: resina de poliéster (con sus respectivos aditivos), agregados pétreos de la cantera de Pifo y residuo de trituración de placas electrónicas, como reemplazo parcial de la resina y también para disminuir la contaminación generada por este subproducto. Para lograrlo, se realizaron cinco diseños de mezcla por el método de densidad óptima en los cuales, se mantenía fija la proporción de agregado pétreo mientras se variaban las masas de resina (con sus aditivos) y residuo PCB, este residuo era incrementado en un 0 (estándar), 5, 10, 15 y 20% en sustitución de la resina. Probetas de cada mezcla fueron ensayadas a compresión a 1, 3 y 7 días y otras probetas fueron ensayadas a flexión. Se concluye que el mejor desempeño se obtuvo en la mezcla en la cual el 5% de la resina era sustituida por residuo PCB, pues se alcanzaron casi 100 MPa de resistencia a compresión y 23.4 MPa de resistencia a flexión. The aim of this research is to describe the manufacturing of a polymeric concrete using regional materials such as: polyester resin (and its chemical admixtures), stone aggregates from Pifo´s quarry, shredded electronic boards waste, this last one as partial replacement of resin and also for reducing the environmental impact of this waste. In order to accomplish it, five polymeric concrete mixtures were developed by the optimal density method, in which proportion of stone aggregates were fixed while resin mass (with its chemical admixtures) and PCB waste were changed by increasing in 0 (std), 5, 10, 15 and 20% of PCB waste in replacement of resin. Cylindrical samples were tested for compressive strength at ages of 1, 3 and 7 days and other prismatic samples of polymeric concrete were tested for flexural strength. In conclusion, the best mechanical performance was reached by the mixture with 5% of waste replacing resin, which developed almost 100 MPa of compressive strength and 23.4 MPa of flexural strength.

Bu tez çalışması Pamukkale Üniversitesi BAP tarafından 2020FEBE026 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir. Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte kullanılan ürünlerin fonksiyonelleştirilmesi için her geçen gün yapılan araştırma ve geliştirme çalışmaları artarak devam etmektedir. Günümüzde sentetik liflerin kullanım alanları ciddi bir şekilde artış göstermektedir. Sentetik lifler içerisinde en büyük kullanım payına sahip olan poliesterde bu gelişmelerin merkezinde kullanım alanını artırmaktadır. Poliester liflerinin özelliklerinin fonksiyonelleştirilmesine yönelik çalışmalar teknoloji ve bilimle beraber büyük bir aşama kaydetmiştir. Bu gelişmelerle birlikte son yıllarda nanoteknoloji ve nanomalzemeler bilimindeki gelişmeler sayesinde tekstil alanında işlevselleştirme çalışmaları ön plana çıkmaktadır. Nano malzemeler ve nano sistemler kullanılarak tekstil liflerinin kullanım özellikleri ve fonksiyonları geliştirilebilmektedir.Yapılan çalışmada farklı oranlarda nano boyutta zeolit katkılı poliester iplik üretim ve fonksiyonel özellik kazandırma konusunda bilimsel çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üretilen ipliklerde ve bu ipliklerden dokunan kumaşlarda nano boyuttaki zeolit maddesinin çeşitli iplik ve kumaş özellikleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada üretilen ipliklerin mekanik özelliklerinin yanında karakterizasyon testleri ve morfolojik özellikleri, üretilen kumaşların ise UV koruma, ses yutum katsayısı, güç tutuşurluk ve ısıl iletkenlik değerleri incelenmiştir. UV koruma ve ses yutum katsayısının artış gösterdiği, ısıl iletkenlik değerinin azaldığı görülmüştür. Güç tutuşurluk özelliklerinin ise değişmediği görülmüştür. With the development of technology, research and development studies are increasingly continuing every day to functionalize the products used. Today, the usage areas of synthetic fibers are increasing significantly. Polyester, which has the largest usage share among synthetic fibers, increases its usage area at the center of these developments.Studies on the functionalization of polyester fibers have made a great progress with technology and science. With these developments, thanks to the developments in nanotechnology and nanomaterials science in recent years, functionalization studies in the field of textile come to the fore. Using nano materials and nano systems, the usage properties and functions of textile fibers can be improved.In the study, scientific studies were carried out on the production methods of nano-sized zeolite-added in diffrent ratio polyester yarn and to gain functional properties. The effects of nano-sized zeolite on yarn and fabric in the yarns produced and the fabrics woven from these yarns were investigated. In this thesis study, besides the mechanical properties of the produced yarns, characterization tests, morphological properties, UV protection and sound absorption coefficient increased, thermal conductivity value decreased. It was observed that the flammability properties didn't change.

[ES] Esta memoria de tesis presenta una contribución al estudio de los materiales textiles en el campo de la absorción sonora. En concreto, se ha trabajado con la asociación de una capa absorbente fibrosa constituida por una estructura laminar no tejida cuya composición es poliéster y una capa resistiva a base de tejido de calada también compuesta de poliéster. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en evaluar las variaciones que provocan los cambios en distintos parámetros de construcción de la capa resistiva, sobre el comportamiento del conjunto ante el sonido. Para abordar el problema se emplean distintos tejidos de calada, tales como telas simples, múltiples, acolchadas y rizo, con diferentes parámetros de construcción. Se mide el coeficiente de absorción de sonido al aplicarlas a diferentes espesores de estructura no tejida de poliéster, empleando el tubo de ondas estacionarias. Tras analizar los resultados obtenidos, se observan diferencias en los coeficientes de absorción de sonido alcanzados, las cuales se explican atendiendo al espesor del no tejido, pero también se observa la influencia de las características constructivas de los tejidos empleados. Finalmente, se emplea el diseño de experimentos para obtener la combinación óptima de parámetros que proporciona el mayor coeficiente de absorción de sonido para un tipo de tejido dado en todas las frecuencias estudiadas. Se concluye que, la modificación en la absorción de sonido de una estructura no tejida al aplicar una capa resistiva de tejido de calada, es lo suficientemente significativa como para ser tenida en cuenta a la hora de diseñar productos textiles para acondicionamiento acústico y que el diseño de experimentos constituye una herramienta de gran utilidad a este fin., [CAT] Aquesta memòria de tesi presenta una contribució a l'estudi dels materials tèxtils en el camp de l'absorció sonora. En concret, s'hi ha treballat amb l'associació d'una capa absorbent fibrosa constituïda per un no teixit de polièster i una capa resistiva a base de teixit de calada de composició polièster. L'objectiu d'aquest treball consisteix a avaluar les variacions que provoquen els canvis en diferents paràmetres de construcció de la capa resistiva, sobre el comportament del conjunt davant el so. Per a abordar el problema s'empren diferents teixits de calada, com ara teles simples, múltiples, encoixinats i ris, amb diferents paràmetres de construcció. Es mesura el coeficient d'absorció en aplicarles a diferents grossàries de no teixit de polièster, emprant el tub d'ones estacionàries. S'observen diferències en els coeficients d'absorció de so obtinguts, les quals s'expliquen atenent la grossària del no teixit, però també a les característiques constructives dels teixits emprats. Finalment, s'empra el disseny d'experiments per a obtenir la combinació òptima de paràmetres que proporciona el major coeficient d'absorció de so per a un tipus de teixit donat en totes les freqüències estudiades. Es conclou que la modificació en l'absorció de so d'un no teixit en aplicar una capa resistiva de teixit de calada és prou significativa per a ser tinguda en compte a l'hora de dissenyar productes tèxtils per a condicionament acústic i que el disseny d'experiments constitueix una eina de gran utilitat a aquest efecte., [EN] This thesis report presents a contribution to the study of textile materials in the field of sound absorption. Specifically, we have worked with the association of a fibrous absorbent layer consisting of a polyester nonwoven and a resistive layer based on openwork fabric. The objective of this work is to evaluate the variations that cause the changes in different construction parameters of the resistive layer, on the behaviour of the whole before the sound. To address the problem, different openwork fabrics are used, such as single, multiple, quilted and curl fabrics, with different construction parameters. The absorption coefficient is measured when applied to different thicknesses of polyester nonwoven, using the standing wave tube. Differences are observed in the sound absorption coefficients obtained, which are explained according to the thickness of the nonwoven, but also to the constructive characteristics of the fabrics used. Finally, the design of experiments is used to obtain the optimal combination of parameters that provides the highest sound absorption coefficient for a given type of tissue at all frequencies studied. It is concluded that the modification in the sound absorption of a nonwoven when applying a resistive layer of openwork fabric is significant enough to be taken into account when designing textual products for acoustic conditioning and that the design of experiments constitutes a very useful tool for this purpose., Al departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera y a la unidad docente de Alcoy del departamento de Mecánica de los Medios Continuos y Teoría de Estructuras, por facilitarme los medios necesarios para realizar todas las actividades que han sido necesarias. A Jaime Ramis Soriano, por recibirme en el laboratorio de Grupo de Acústica Aplicada del IUFACyT de la Universidad de Alicante.

The most tension resistant, nonmetallic, surgical suture is 5 polyester. Comparing it’s resistance to those of the dogs’ cranial cruciate ligament and the canine gastrocnemius tendon’s up until they rupture, it’s possible to detect a considerably inferior resistance on the implant’s part. With the goal of achieving high mechanical resistances from sutures, these were grouped and twisted, resulting in a surgical rope that is adjustable to the patients needs. We analyzed manufacturing methodology, final conformation and tension resistance, based on three sutures models: “A” (1 polyglactin 910), “B” (1 polyester) and “C” (5 polyester). Considering averages of thickness and final load, the “B” implants obtained lower values than “A”, indicating that polyglactin 910 ropes are more resistant than those of polyester. Moreover, the “C” implants resulted in the highest values of load and thickness, indicating that final thickness is predictive towards tension resistance. Size 1 Polyester was the only one to generate linear regression for supported load, ensuring the 25,34 Newtons (N) increment to every suture added to the implant, which suggests its use for the creation of non absorbable ropes. The use of 1 polyglatctin 910 promotes load averages superior to 1 polyester;therefore, it is indicated for making absorbable surgical ropes. RESUMO: O fio cirúrgico não metálico com maior resistência à tração é o poliéster nº 5. Comparando a sua resistência com a do ligamento cruzado cranial de cães e do tendão gastrocnêmico canino até suas rupturas, é possível perceber uma resistência consideravelmente inferior da parte do implante. Com objetivo de alcançar grandes resistências mecânicas a partir de fios de sutura, estes foram agrupados e torcidos, resultando em uma corda cirúrgica ajustável de acordo com a necessidade do paciente. Foram analisadas a metodologia de confecção, a conformação final e a resistência à tração, baseados em três modelos de fios: “A” (poliglactina 910 nº 1), “B” (poliéster nº 1) e “C” (poliéster nº 5). Considerando as médias de espessura e carga final, os implantes “B” obtiveram menores valores do que “A”, indicando que cordas de poliglactina 910 são mais resistentes que as de poliéster. Ademais, os implantes “C” resultaram nos maiores valores de carga e espessura, indicando que a espessura final é preditiva para resistência à tração. O poliéster nº 1 foi o único a gerar regressão linear para carga suportada, garantindo o incremento de 25,34 Newtons (N) a cada fio acrescido ao implante, o que sugere seu uso para criação de cordas não absorvíveis. A utilização da poliglactina 910 nº 1 promove médias de carga superiores ao poliéster nº 1, portanto, é indicada para confecção de cordas cirúrgicas absorvíveis.

[EN] The food packaging industry faces the current challenge of developing biodegradable packaging materials and reducing the use of conventional slow-degrading plastics. Likewise, the use of synthetic preservatives in food products must be reduced to respond to consumer demands for healthier and safer foods. In this sense, it is interesting to develop new biodegradable packaging materials that incorporate active compounds of natural origin such as phenolic acids. To produce such materials, biodegradable polyesters obtained from natural resources such as poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) could be used. To improve the functional properties of PLA and PHBV, in previous studies films mixtures of these polyesters and a plasticizer have been obtained. In addition, to increase the shelf-life and maintain the quality of the foods packaged with these materials, active compounds with proven antibacterial activity, such as phenolic acids, could be incorporated into the polyester blend., [ES] La industria de fabricación de materiales para el envasado de alimentos se enfrenta al desafío actual de desarrollar envases biodegradables y disminuir el uso de plásticos convencionales de degradación lenta. Asimismo, el uso de conservantes sintéticos en productos alimentarios debe reducirse para responder a las demandas de los consumidores de alimentos más sanos y seguros. En este sentido, es interesante desarrollar nuevos materiales biodegradables de envasado que incorporen compuestos activos de origen natural como los ácidos fenólicos. Para producir dichos materiales se podrían utilizar poliésteres biodegradables obtenidos a partir de recursos naturales como el poli (ácido láctico) (PLA) y el poli (3-hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato) (PHBV). Para mejorar las propiedades funcionales de PLA y PHBV, en estudios previos se han obtenido films formados por mezclas de dichos poliésteres y un plastificante. Además, para aumentar la vida útil y mantener la calidad de conservación de los alimentos envasados con estos materiales, se podrían incorporar a la mezcla de poliésteres compuestos activos con actividad antibacteriana demostrada, como es el caso de los ácidos fenólicos. En este trabajo se han obtenido films a partir de mezclas de PLA-PHBV que incorporaron ácidos fenólicos (ácido ferúlico, ácido p-cumárico y ácido protocatecuico) mediante mezclado en fundido y moldeo por compresión. Los films se evaluaron en cuanto a la cinética de liberación de los ácidos fenólicos en diferentes simulantes alimentarios. Se obtuvo la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) de estos ácidos fenólicos frente a Listeria innocua así como la actividad antibacteriana de los films en ensayos in vitro en medio de cultivo. En los dos simulantes evaluados (A: solución acuosa de etanol al 10% y D: solución acuosa de etanol al 50%), se obtuvo la mayor velocidad de liberación y la mayor proporción de activo liberado para el ácido ferúlico, mientras que el ácido protocatecuico mostró la menor velocidad de liberación y menor proporción de activo liberado. En general, tanto la velocidad como la proporción de activo liberada aumentaron cuando disminuyó la polaridad del simulante. Los tres ácidos fenólicos exhibieron actividad antibacteriana contra Listeria innocua, con valores de CMI que oscilaron entre 700 y 900 mg / L, siendo el valor de CMI más alto el obtenido para el ácido p-cumárico. La eficacia antilisteria de los tres ácidos fenólicos cuando se incorporaron en los films de poliésteres fue significativa, pero la inhibición del crecimiento con respecto al control (films sin ácido fenólico) fue inferior a 2 logaritmos. Este escaso efecto antibacteriano de los films podría atribuirse a la baja velocidad de liberación inicial y la baja cantidad total de activo liberada, especialmente en sistemas polares como el medio de cultivo utilizado.

In this work, the properties of polyester filaments with different cross-sectional shapes were investigated. Trilobal,flat and hollow shaped polyester filaments, having the same count, were produced by following the same routeand production parameters. Properties, such as tensile strength, elongation, breaking load, unevenness etc., wereinvestigated. Comparative evaluations of the test results with regard to the cross-sectional shapes were carried out.The results showed that cross‐sectional shape of the filaments directly affected the yarn properties and trilobalfilament containing polyester yarns showed better properties as compared to yarns containing filaments with across-sectional shape of hollow and flat.

Poliester (PES) diğer bir deyişle polietilen tereftalat (PET) tekstil sektöründe önemli yere sahip olansentetik polimerlerden biridir. Poliester iplik ve kumaşlar, gerilmeye karşı yüksek dayanım, bakterilere veısıya karşı direnç, elastiklik, bakım kolaylığı ve yıkama sonrası çabuk kuruma gibi üstün özellikleresahiptir. Bu çalışmada, aynı iplik numaralarına sahip (167/48 dtex/filament) tam çekimli (fully drawn yarn)(FDY) ve tekstüre kısmen çekilmiş poliester iplikler (partially oriented) (POY), hava ile kaplama (aircovering) yöntemiyle farklı punta sayılarında (8, 29, 54, 75, 85 adet/metre) birleştirilerek filament şeklindeüretilmiştir. Daha sonra bu filamentler kullanılarak örme kumaş yüzeyleri oluşturulmuş ve boyamayapılmıştır. Punta sayısının, poliester iplik ve kumaş üzerine etkileri, görsel ve fiziksel performansözellikleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Farklı punta sayısına sahip ipliklerde, en yüksek ve en düşükmukavemet değeri, sırasıyla 29 punta (3,41 cN/ dtex) ve 8 punta (3,23 cN/ dtex ) sayısına sahip ipliklerdeelde edilmiştir. Genel olarak, boyalı kumaşlarda punta sayısının artması sonucunda kumaş kalınlığıartarken hava geçirgenliğinin azaldığı gözlenmiştir. Polyester (PES), in other words, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the synthetic polymers that have an important position in the textile industry. Polyester yarns and fabrics have superior properties such as high strength to stress, resistance to bacteria and heat, flexibility, maintainability, and quick drying after washing. In this study, fully drawn yarn (FDY) and textured partially drawn polyester (POY) yarn which have the same yarn counts (167/48 dtex/filament) were produced as filaments by combining them in different number of nips (8, 29, 54, 75, 85 number/meter) with the air covering method. Then knitted fabric surfaces were created and dyed using these filaments. The effects of number of nips on polyester yarn and fabric were evaluated with their visual and physical performance characteristics. Maximum and minimum strength values for yarns with different different number of nips were measured as 3.41 and 3.23 cN / dtex for yarns with 29 and 8 number of nips, respectively. It was observed that the air permeability decreases while the fabric thickness increases with the increasing number of nips in dyed fabrics

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Visando diminuir o impacto ambiental causado por resíduos sólidos, aproveitar melhor os recursos naturais utilizados e considerando o fator econômico envolvido, torna-se cada vez mais importante a busca por alternativas para o reaproveitamento de resíduos gerados nos processos industriais. A região do Vale dos Sinos no Rio Grande do Sul é um grande polo industrial calçadista, gerando grandes volumes de resíduos sólidos compósito por diversos tipos de materiais, incluindo retalhos de tecidos de algodão e poliéster, laminados sintéticos de poliuretano, aparas de borracha, EVA, retalhos de couro, entre outros. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo desenvolver um material compósito para palmilha de montagem utilizando resíduos de tecido de poliéster gerados no processo de fabricação de calçados. Como matriz foi utilizada a resina de poliacetato de vinila (PVAc). A metodologia utilizada envolveu moagem em moinho de facas dos resíduos de tecido de poliéster, elaboração das formulações, deságue, moldagem, secagem e prensagem em hot-press. Foram realizadas avaliações adicionando 5%, 10% 15% ou 20% de resíduos de tecido de poliéster nas formulações, cujos resultados foram comparados aos obtidos para uma formulação padrão sem adição de resíduos. As amostras foram caracterizadas em ensaios físico-químicos (teor de umidade, densidade aparente, crescimento/encolhimento a 35ºC), mecânicos (quebra, tração e rasgo seco e úmido) e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados obtidos indicam a viabilidade técnica da reutilização dos resíduos de tecido de PES, uma vez que as amostras PES 5% e PES 10% geraram resultados satisfatórios em todas as análises físico-químicas e ensaios mecânicos realizados. No ensaio de resistência à tração as amostras PES 5% e PES 10% resultaram em 9,99 e 9,09 MPa, respectivamente, sendo o valor mínimo aceitável de 5 MPa. No teste de resistência ao rasgo seco as amostras PES 5% e PES 10% apresentaram valores de 1,13 e 1,07 N/mm, respectivamente, para este teste a especificação mínima é de 1,0 N/mm. Estas amostras apresentaram os maiores valores de resistência mecânica, justificados pela menor tendência de formar aglomerados de resíduos no material durante as etapas de moldagem e compactação do material. Estas amostras atenderam as especificações estabelecidas de placas para palmilhas de montagem comparadas a materiais comerciais comumente utilizados para este fim. In order to reduce environmental impact caused by solid waste, make better use of the natural resources used and considering the economic factor, the search for alternatives to reuse the waste from industrial processes becomes increasingly important. The Vale dos Sinos region in Rio Grande do Sul is a big footwear industrial center which generates large volumes of solid waste composite by various kinds of materials, including cotton and polyester fabric waste, synthetic polyurethane laminates, rubber shavings, EVA, leather waste, among others. This study has the objective to develop a composite material for shoe insole using polyester fabric waste from shoes manufacturing processes. The resin used was polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). The methodology used involved grinding the polyester fabric waste in a knife mill, elaborating formulations, water draining, casting, drying and hot-press pressing. Tests were carried out by adding 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% of polyester fabric waste in the formulations, and the results were compared to those obtained from a standard formulation without the addition of waste. The samples were characterized in physical-chemical tests (moisture, density, growth/shrinkageat 35ºC), mechanical (breaking, tensile strength and dry and wet tear) and by scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained indicate the technical viability of reusing PES fabric waste, since the PES 5% and PES 10% samples had satisfactory results in all physical-chemical analyzes and mechanical tests which were carried out. With the tensile strength test the PES 5% and PES 10% samples resulted in 9,99 and 9,09 MPa, respectively, the minimum acceptablevalue being 5 MPa. With the dry tear resistance test the PES 5% and PES 10% samples showedvalues of 1,13 e 1,07 N/mm, respectively, and for this test the minimum specification is 1,0 N/mm. These samples showed the highest mechanical resistance values, because there was a lower tendency to form waste clusters in the material during the casting and compacting the material stages. These samples comply with the specifications for shoe insoles compared to other materials commonly used for this purpose.

[ES] Los tejidos de poliéster (PES) son fáciles de cuidar y se secan rápidamente, pero no transpiran, aunque se promueva la sudoración mucho más que el algodón. Conociendo las propiedades higroscópicas del glicerol, el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido aumentar la retención de humedad por parte de tejidos de PES sometidos a tratamientos con glicerol (GL). Además, se ha aplicado la irradiación de microondas y el tratamiento alcalino para aumentar la fijación del GL a los tejidos de PES. Las muestras de PES tratadas se caracterizaron realizando análisis de contenido de humedad, generación de iones negativos, difusión de agua y resistencia al vapor de agua. Disminuyendo la proporción del baño y aumentando el tiempo y la temperatura, la retención de humedad puede llegar casi al 14%, siendo el tratamiento con álcali el que dio un mayor incremento de humedad. El tratamiento con irradiación de microondas a 500W dio lugar a la mayor retención de humedad tras el aclarado. También se compararon las principales propiedades de las fibras tratadas con GL con las de las fibras naturales de algodón y lana. La humedad de las fibras de PES tratadas con GL aumentó significativamente y fue superior a la del algodón e incluso a la de la lana, aunque disminuyó tras varios aclarados. Los resultados obtenidos implican claramente que el tratamiento del tejido de PES con GL da lugar a una clara mejora de la capacidad de retención de la humedad y, en consecuencia, fomenta el confort del tejido, como demostraron los análisis de iones negativos y de resistencia al vapor de agua., [EN] Polyester (PES) fabrics are easy to care for and dry quickly, but do not perspire, even promote sweating much more than cotton. Knowing the glycerol hygroscopic properties our main aim is to promote hydrophilicity to polyester submitted to glycerol (GL) treatments. Furthermore, microwave irradiation and alkaline treatment have been applied to increase GL fixation to PES fabrics. Treated PES samples were characterized by performing moisture content, negative ion, water diffusion and water vapour resistance analyses. By decreasing the bath ratio and increasing the time and temperature the moisture gain can reach almost to 14%, being the treatment with alkali the one which led to the highest moisture increase. Treatment with 500W microwave irradiation led to the highest moisture retention after rinsing. The main properties of the GL-treated fibers were also compared with those of the natural fibers cotton and wool. The moisture in the PES fibers treated with GL significantly increased and was higher than that of cotton and even wool, although this humidity decreased after several rinses. The results obtained clearly imply that treating PES fabric with GL resulted in a clear improvement in the moisture retention capacity and consequently promoted the comfort properties, as demonstrated by the Ret and negative ion analyses., Los autores desean agradecer al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España (Proyecto CTQ2018-094014-B-100) por el apoyo financiero

[ES] La funcionalización de productos textiles con el objetivo de incrementar o incorporar nuevas propiedades a los mismos y que permitan mejorar la salud y la calidad de vida de las personas, agrupa numerosos estudios, entre los cuales destaca la implantación de diferentes partículas con propiedades de interés. En este contexto se encuentran los silicatos, partículas de origen mineral y una estructura tridimensional en la que predominan los tetraedros de silicio y oxígeno. Gracias a ella tienen la capacidad de liberar iones negativos, los cuales han sido estudiados por sus propiedades beneficiosas para la salud, como la reducción del estrés o la ansiedad, o reduciendo los efectos de la contaminación sobre los seres vivos. Este proyecto se centra en el estudio de la aplicación de silicatos sobre tejidos de poliéster para generar productos textiles capaces de liberar este tipo de iones y ofreciendo sus propiedades a los usuarios. Para la adición de estas partículas se ha estudiado el comportamiento de diferentes tipos de ligantes, químicos y naturales, y como influyen en la generación de iones negativos y en la prolongación de los efectos de los silicatos sobre los textiles durante su uso y mantenimiento., [EN] The functionalization of textile products with the aim of increasing or incorporating new properties to them and that allow to improve the health and the quality of life of the people, groups numerous studies, among which the implantation of different particles with properties of interest stands out. In this context we find silicates, particles of mineral origin and a threedimensional structure in which silicon and oxygen tetrahedrons predominate. Thanks to it they have the capacity to release negative ions, which have been studied for their beneficial properties for health, such as reducing stress or anxiety, or reducing the effects of pollution on living beings. This project focuses on the study of the application of silicates on polyester fabrics to generate textile products capable of releasing this type of ions and offering their properties to users. For the addition of these particles, the behaviour of different types of binders, chemical and natural, and how they influence the generation of negative ions has been studied.

Z dodajanjem različnih deležev poliestra iz utekočinjenega lesa (PUL) melamin-urea-formaldehidnemu (MUF) lepilu smo želeli raziskati, koliko PUL lahko dodamo lepilu, da le to še izpolnjuje zahteve standarda EN 12765. Po tem standardu so lepila za nekonstrukcijsko uporabo razvrščena v 4 trajnostne razrede (C1, C2, C3, C4). MUF lepilu smo dodali 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 % PUL. S pomočjo visoke frekvence smo zlepili bukove lamele, ki smo jih po lepljenju razžagali v strižne preizkušance, kot to predpisuje standard EN 205. Testiranje smo opravili na univerzalnem testirnem stroju ZWICK/Z005. Lepilnim mešanicam smo izmerili tudi dielektrične lastnosti. Ugotovili smo, da najvišje strižne trdnosti dosegajo tisti preizkušanci, ki so bili 7 dni po lepljenju izpostavljeni standardni klimi. Vrednosti pri teh preizkušancih so se gibale nad 10 N/mm2. Pri ocenjevanju loma po lesu smo zasledili, da manjše količine dodanega PUL lahko prispevajo k boljši trdnosti lepilnega spoja. Preizkušanci, ki smo jih tekom raziskave izpostavili vodi, so dosegali nižje strižne trdnosti. Preizkušanci, zlepljeni z lepilnimi mešanicami z več dodanega PUL ter za 3 ure izpostavljeni vodi (100 % 2°C) pa so razpadli By adding different shares of liquefied wood (PUL) to melamine-urea formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive we researched the quantity of PUL to be added to the MUF glue to meet the requirements of standard EN 12765. Under this standard, adhesives for non-structural application are grouped into 4 durability classes (C1, C2, C3, C4). 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % of the PUL was added to the MUF adhesive. Using high frequency two beech lamellas were bonded together with mixtures of MUF adhesive and PUL. Then the specimens were sawn according to the standard EN 205, and tested on the universal testing machine ZWICK Z005. Before gluing the dielectric properties of the mixtures were measured. The higher shear strength was reached in the specimens exposed to standard atmosphere for 7 days after bonding it ranged above 10 N/mm2. We observed that a small quantity of added PUL could contribute to higher strength adhesive bond. The specimens exposed to water achieved lower shear strength. The specimens glued together with adhesive mixture, having higher quantity of PUL, and exposed to water for 3 hours (100 % 2°C) collapsed.

Programa doutoral em Engenharia Têxtil, O mercado de roupas de banho tem apresentado um intenso crescimento, devido principalmente ao aumento da realização de atividades físicas motivado pela preocupação da população com a saúde e o bem-estar. Por esse motivo, procura-se o desenvolvimento de produtos que tenham alta durabilidade, principalmente em relação à deterioração das caraterísticas físico-químicas e propriedades causada por agentes desinfetantes, temperatura, radiação solar e ciclos de uso. Por conseguinte, a cada dia, as malhas utilizadas para a fabricação de roupas de banho são aprimoradas, com propriedades inovadoras, a fim de garantir ao utilizador conforto, segurança e durabilidade, como por exemplo através de composições diferenciadas de polímeros, que se baseiam em poliamidas, poliésteres e elastómeros. Assim, neste trabalho foram avaliadas malhas utilizadas para a fabricação de roupas de banho, compostas por poli(tereftalato de etileno), poliamida 6 e a combinação dessas com poliuretano. As malhas em estudo foram submetidas a ensaios que simularam as características reais de uma piscina. Para a avaliação dos fatores temperatura da água, concentração de agente desinfetante, tempo de exposição à água e efeito da presença de poliuretano nas malhas, foi desenvolvido um planeamento fatorial 24 completo. Foram realizadas análises de calorimetria diferencial de varrimento, degradação térmica, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, determinação de massa molecular média, ensaios de tensão x deformação e microscopia eletrónica de varrimento. Com o intuito de se determinar os fatores significativos e os efeitos de tais fatores nas respostas obtidas, foram realizadas análises de variância de acordo com o planeamento fatorial proposto. Foi observado que a presença de poliuretano juntamente com o poliéster ou a poliamida ocasiona diferenças significativas, tais como diminuição da cristalinidade e da resistência à tensão. Os fatores avaliados (temperatura da água, concentração de desinfetante e tempo de exposição a estes) influenciaram de forma diferente as malhas estudadas. Mas, de forma geral, observa-se que as malhas originais, não submetidas aos ensaios propostos no planeamento fatorial, quando comparadas com as amostras que foram expostas aos fatores estudados, apresentaram alterações físico-químicas pertinentes, como a ocorrência de reações de degradação por hidrólise, resultando em cadeias poliméricas das fibras constituintes das malhas de menor massa molecular média, assim como na diminuição da cristalinidade e da resistência à tensão., The swimwear market has shown intense growth, mainly due to the increase in physical activities practices motivated by the population's concern with health and well-being. In order to do this, increases the seek for products that have high durability, mainly because of the deterioration of the physicochemical and characteristics relation to disinfectants, temperature, solar rays and cycles of use. Therefore, every day, the knits used for making swimsuits are improved with innovative properties in order to guarantee the user comfort, safety and durability of such clothes, for example with differentiated compositions of polymers, which are based on polyamides, polyesters and elastomers. Thus, this work evaluated knits used for making swimwear, composed of poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyamide 6 and the combination of these with polyurethane. The meshes of these materials were submitted to tests that simulated real characteristics of a pool. A factorial planning (complete 24 ) was performed for evaluating the factors batch temperature, disinfectant concentration, time of exposure to aqueous-disinfectant environment and effect of the presence of polyurethane in the meshes. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermal degradation, infrared spectroscopy, molecular mass determination, stress vs strain tests and scanning electron microscopy were performed. In order to determine the significant factors and the effects of such factors on the obtained responses, variance analysis was performed according to the proposed factorial planning. Then, it was observed that the presence polyurethane with polyester or polyamide causes significant differences in decrease in crystallinity and tensile strength. On the other hand, the evaluated factors (water temperature, disinfectant concentration and time of exposure) influenced differently for the different evaluated meshes, but in general, it was observed that in relation to the samples that were not submitted to the tests proposed in the factorial planning, the samples that were exposed to the studied factors presented pertinent physicochemical alterations with the occurrence of degradation reactions mainly by hydrolysis, resulting in lower molar mass polymeric chains, as well as decrease of the crystallinity and the tensile strength.

[ES] Un material absorbente de sonido de tipo fibroso como la guata de poliéster se puede cubrir con una lámina de tejido para su protección y decoración, mejorando sus características de absorción acústica. En este trabajo se mide el coeficiente de absorción de sonido de un material textil multicapa formado por una capa de 45 mm de no tejido de poliéster y una capa de tejido acolchado empleando el tubo de impedancia. Se emplea el diseño de experimentos para optimizar dos características del tejido como son la densidad de trama y el empleo de tramas de relleno de forma que se obtenga el mayor coeficiente de absorción de sonido en todas las frecuencias estudiadas. Los resultados proporcionan la combinación de los factores estudiados que maximiza la absorción acústica., [EN] A fibrous sound absorbing material, such as a polyester nonwoven, can be covered with a layer of fabric for its protection and decoration, with an improvement of its sound absorption characteristics. In this work, the sound absorption coefficient of a multilayer textile material composed by a 45mm polyester nonwoven and a layer of stuffed fabric, is measured using an impedance tube. Design of experiments is used to optimize two characteristics of the fabric like weft density and use of stuffing picks, so the highest sound absorption coefficient is obtained in all the studied frequencies. Results show the combination of the studied factors that maximizes sound absorption.

Warp knitting technology combines the twoproperties of dimensional stability and elasticity which are provided from wovenand knitted fabrics separately. These fabrics consist of several threads (warp)which are formed as loops via needles and run through the fabric mainly in avertical direction. These fabrics may be produced on a flat or a circular warpknitting machines. This study aims to investigate the influence of washingcycles (1, 5 and 20) on stretching (%) and air permeability properties of thepolyester warp knitted fabrics of different weight. In order to analyze the effect of washing process on stretchingratios (%) and air permeability of the samples; Fyrma fabric extensometer and SDL Atlas M021A modelAir Permeability Tester devices were used respectively. Additionally, thechanges in fabric weight according to washing cycles of 1, 5 and 20 were alsoevaluated. According to test results; the stretching properties and air permeabilityvalues of the polyester warp knitted fabrics produced in different weightsvaried according to the laundering cycle which emphasized that caring processesshould also be considered during the evaluation of mechanical properties (suchas stretching, air permeability properties) of polyester warp knitted fabrics., Dokumave örme kumaşlardan ayrı ayrı sağlanan boyutsal stabilite ve elastikiyetözellikleri çözgülü örme teknolojisinde bir araya getirilmektedir. Bu kumaşlardikey doğrultuda kumaş boyunca uzanan, iğneler vasıtasıyla ilmekleroluşturabilen çözgü ipliklerinden oluşmaktadır. Çözgülü örme kumaşlar düz ya dadairesel çözgülü örme makinelerinde üretilebilmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamındayıkama işleminin (1, 5 ve 20 tekrar sayısında) farklı ağırlıklarda üretilenpoliester çözgülü örme kumaşların uzama ve hava geçirgenlik özelliklerine etkisiniincelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bunun için sırasıyla, Fyrma kumaşekstensiyometresi ve SDL Atlas M021A model hava geçirgenliği ölçüm cihazlarıkullanılmıştır. Ayrıca 1, 5 ve 20 yıkama sayısı ile kumaş ağırlıklarındakideğişim değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan testlere göre farklı ağırlıklarda üretilenpoliester çözgülü örme kumaşlar, uzama ve hava geçirgenliği özellikleribakımından yıkama tekrar sayısına göre değişiklik göstermiştir. Bu sonuç isepoliester çözgülü örme kumaşların mekanik özellikleri değerlendirilirken bakımişlemlerinin de göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır.