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57. Erforschung von Erkrankungen in der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie: die wichtigsten gesundheitlichen Endpunkte und ihre Erfassung [The investigation of health outcomes in the German National Cohort: the most relevant endpoints and their assessment]

Author

Ahrens, W., Greiser, K.H., Linseisen, J., Pischon, T., and Pigeot, I.

Subjects
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
Abstract

The focus of the German National Cohort, the largest population-based cohort study in Germany to date, is the investigation of the most important widespread diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and frequent respiratory and infectious diseases. This cohort will answer questions on the development of these diseases and on the impact of genetic, environmental and lifestyle-related risk factors. Another focus is on the identification of early, subclinical markers of emerging diseases. To answer these questions, a comprehensive assessment of these health outcomes as well as of all potential determinants and precursors is mandatory.This paper describes the various health outcomes that are assessed in the German National Cohort, as well as the examination modules that are applied for deep phenotyping of study participants. Repeated collection of biosamples as well as functional measurements and application of modern imaging techniques at various time points allow for assessing the dynamics of physiological changes related to the individuals' health status. The prognostic value of these changes for disease development will be explored and translated to novel approaches for prevention and personalised medicine. Incident diseases are being assessed through self-reports by study participants and through record linkage with data from health insurances and cancer registries. Additional information about clinical diagnoses is obtained from the treating physicians to ensure the highest possible validity.

Published
2020

59. Die Basiserhebung der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie: Teilnahme an den Untersuchungsmodulen, Qualitätssicherung und Nutzung von Sekundärdaten [The baseline assessment of the German National Cohort (NAKO Gesundheitsstudie): participation in the examination modules, quality assurance, and the use of secondary data]

Author

Schipf, S., Schöne, G., Schmidt, B., Günther, K., Stübs, G., Greiser, K.H., Bamberg, F., Meinke-Franze, C., Becher, H., Berger, K., Brenner, H., Castell, S., Damms-Machado, A., Fischer, B., Franzke, C.W., Fricke, J., Gastell, S., Günther, M., Hoffmann, W., Holleczek, B., Jaeschke, L., Jagodzinski, A., Jöckel, K.H., Kaaks, R., Kauczor, H.U., Kemmling, Y., Kluttig, A., Krist, L., Kurth, B., Kuß, O., Legath, N., Leitzmann, M., Lieb, W., Linseisen, J., Löffler, M., Michels, K.B., Mikolajczyk, R., Pigeot, I., Mueller, U., Peters, A., Rach, S., Schikowski, T., Schulze, M.B., Stallmann, C., Stang, A., Swart, E., Waniek, S., Wirkner, K., Völzke, H., Pischon, T., and Ahrens, W.

Subjects
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The German National Cohort (NAKO) is an interdisciplinary health study aimed at elucidating causes for common chronic diseases and detecting their preclinical stages. This article provides an overview of design, methods, participation in the examinations, and their quality assurance based on the midterm baseline dataset (MBD) of the recruitment. METHODS: More than 200,000 women and men aged 20-69 years derived from random samples of the German general population were recruited in 18 study centers (2014-2019). The data collection comprised physical examinations, standardized interviews and questionnaires, and the collection of biomedical samples for all participants (level 1). At least 20% of all participants received additional in-depth examinations (level 2), and 30,000 received whole-body magnet resonance imaging (MRI). Additional information will be collected through secondary data sources such as medical registries, health insurances, and pension funds. This overview is based on the MBD, which included 101,839 participants, of whom 11,371 received an MRI. RESULTS: The mean response proportion was 18%. The participation in the examinations was high with most of the modules performed by over 95%. Among MRI participants, 96% completed all 12 MRI sequences. More than 90% of the participants agreed to the use of complementary secondary and registry data. DISCUSSION: Individuals selected for the NAKO were willing to participate in all examinations despite the time-consuming program. The NAKO provides a central resource for population-based epidemiologic research and will contribute to developing innovative strategies for prevention, screening and prediction of chronic diseases.

Published
2020

60. Like me, like you-relative importance of peers and siblings on children's fast food consumption and screen time but not sports club participation depends on age

Author

Bogl, L.H., Mehlig, K., Ahrens, W., Gwozdz, W., De Henauw, S., Molnár, D., Moreno, L., Pigeot, I., Russo, P., Solea, A., Veidebaum, T., Kaprio, J., Lissner, L., and Hebestreit, A.

Subjects
Sibling pairs, Fast food, Physical activity, Adolescents, Children, Screen time
Abstract

Background: Lifestyle interventions to prevent paediatric obesity often target family and peer settings; their success is likely to depend on the influence that peers and families exert on children''s lifestyle behaviors at different developmental stages. Objective: First, to determine whether children''s lifestyle behavior more closely resembles their peers'' or siblings'' behaviors. Secondly, to investigate longitudinally whether children''s behavioral change is predicted by that of their peers or their siblings as they grow older. Methods: The European prospective IDEFICS/I.Family cohort (baseline survey: 2007/2008, first follow-up: 2009/2010, and second follow-up: 2013/2014) aims at investigating risk factors for overweight and related behaviors during childhood and adolescence. The present investigation includes 2694 observations of children and their siblings aged 2 to 18 years. Peers were defined as same-sex, same-age children in the same community and identified from the full cohort. The longitudinal analysis (mean follow-up time: 3.7 years) includes 525 sibling pairs. Children''s lifestyle behaviors including fast food consumption (frequency/week), screen time (hours/week) and sports club participation (hours/week) were assessed by questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multilevel linear models. Results: Children''s lifestyle behavior was associated with the respective behavior of their peers and sibling for all 3 behaviors. For fast food consumption, the peer resemblance was more than 6-fold higher than the sibling resemblance and the peer resemblance surpassed the sibling resemblance by the age of 9-10 years. The similarities with peers for fast food consumption and screen time steadily increased, while the similarities with siblings steadily decreased with increasing age of the children (P interaction < 0.001). In contrast, the relative importance of peers and siblings on sports club duration did not vary by the age of the children. Longitudinal results showed that children''s changes in fast food consumption were more strongly associated with those in their peer group than their sibling, in particular if the age gap between siblings was large. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results support the implementation of multi-setting interventions for improving lifestyle behaviors in children. Our findings might also guide future intervention studies in the choice of timing and setting in which interventions are likely to be most effective. From the ages of 9-10 years onwards, family-or home-based interventions targeting children''s fast food intake and screen time behavior may become less effective than school-or community-based interventions aimed at peer groups.

Published
2020
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61. Die Basiserhebung der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie

Author

Schipf, S., Schöne, G., Schmidt, B., Günther, K., Stübs, G., Greiser, K.H., Bamberg, F., Meinke-Franze, C., Becher, H., Berger, K., Brenner, H., Castell, S., Damms-Machado, A., Fischer, B., Franzke, C.-W., Fricke, J., Gastell, S., Günther, M., Hoffmann, W., Holleczek, B., Jaeschke, L., Jagodzinski, A., Jöckel, K.-H., Kaaks, R., Kauczor, H.-U., Kemmling, Y., Kluttig, A., Krist, L., Kurth, B., Kuß, O., Legath, N., Leitzmann, M., Lieb, W., Linseisen, J., Löffler, M., Michels, K.B., Mikolajczyk, R., Pigeot, I., Mueller, U., Peters, A., Rach, S., Schikowski, T., Schulze, M.B., Stallmann, C., Stang, A., Swart, E., Waniek, S., Wirkner, K., Völzke, H., Pischon, T., Ahrens, W., and Publica

Abstract

Hintergrund: Die NAKO Gesundheitsstudie ist ein bundesweites interdisziplinäres Forschungsvorhaben mit dem Ziel, die Ursachen für chronische Krankheiten und deren vorklinische Stadien zu untersuchen. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über das Studiendesign, die Methoden, die Teilnahme an den Untersuchungen und ihre Qualitätssicherung zur Halbzeit der Basiserhebung. Methoden: Für die Basiserhebung wurden mehr als 200.000 Frauen und Männer im Alter von 20-69 Jahren aus Zufallsstichproben der Allgemeinbevölkerung in 18 Studienzentren rekrutiert (2014-2019). Die Basiserhebung beinhaltet Untersuchungen, Befragungen und Biomaterialien für alle Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer (Level 1), ein erweitertes Programm für mindestens 20 % (Level 2) und eine Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) für 30.000 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer. Sekundär- und Registerdaten werden über Krankheitsregister, Kranken- und Rentenversicherungen erhoben. Die Auswertung bezieht die Datenbasis zur Halbzeit der Basiserhebung mit 101.839 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern ein, davon 11.371 mit einer MRT-Untersuchung. Ergebnisse: Die mittlere Responsequote zur Halbzeit betrug insgesamt 18 %. Die Teilnahme an den Untersuchungen lag überwiegend bei mehr als 95 %. Bei 96 % der MRT-Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer konnten alle 12 MRT-Sequenzen vollständig durchgeführt werden. Der Erschließung und wissenschaftlichen Nutzung ergänzender Sekundär- und Registerdaten stimmten mehr als 90 % der Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer zu. Diskussion: Die Bereitschaft, möglichst alle Untersuchungsmodule durchzuführen, war trotz des zeitlichen Aufwandes außerordentlich hoch. Dadurch wird die NAKO zu einer zentralen Ressource für die epidemiologische Forschung in Deutschland. Sie wird es ermöglichen, neue Strategien zur Früherkennung, Vorhersage und Primärprävention chronischer Krankheiten zu entwickeln.

Published
2020

62. National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio:a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries

Author

Taddei, C. (Cristina), Jackson, R. (Rod), Zhou, B. (Bin), Bixby, H. (Honor), Danaei, G. (Goodarz), Di Cesare, M. (Mariachiara), Kuulasmaa, K. (Kari), Hajifathalian, K. (Kaveh), Bentham, J. (James), Bennett, J. E. (James E.), Aekplakorn, W. (Wichai), Cifkova, R. (Renata), Dallongeville, J. (Jean), DeBacquer, D. (Dirk), Giampaoli, S. (Simona), Gudnason, V. (Vilmundur), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Laatikainen, T. (Tiina), Mann, J. I. (Jim, I), Marques-Vidal, P. (Pedro), Mensah, G. A. (George A.), Mueller-Nurasyid, M. (Martina), Ninomiya, T. (Toshiharu), Petkeviciene, J. (Janina), Rodriguez-Artalejo, F. (Fernando), Servais, J. (Jennifer), Soderberg, S. (Stefan), Stavreski, B. (Bill), Wilsgaard, T. (Tom), Zdrojewski, T. (Tomasz), Zhao, D. (Dong), Stevens, G. A. (Gretchen A.), Savin, S. (Stefan), Cowan, M. J. (Melanie J.), Riley, L. M. (Leanne M.), Ezzati, M. (Majid), Adams, R. J. (Robert J.), Ahrens, W. (Wolfgang), Amouyel, P. (Philippe), Amuzu, A. (Antoinette), Anderssen, S. A. (Sigmund A.), Ariansen, I. (Inger), Arveiler, D. (Dominique), Aspelund, T. (Thor), Auvinen, J. (Juha), Avdicova, M. (Maria), Banach, M. (Maciej), Bandosz, P. (Piotr), Banegas, J. R. (Jose R.), Barbagallo, C. M. (Carlo M.), Bata, I. (Iqbal), Baur, L. A. (Louise A.), Beaglehole, R. (Robert), Bernotiene, G. (Gailute), Bi, Y. (Yufang), Bienek, A. (Asako), Bjorkelund, C. (Cecilia), Bo, S. (Simona), Boehm, B. O. (Bernhard O.), Bonaccio, M. (Marialaura), Bongard, V. (Vanina), Borchini, R. (Rossana), Borghs, H. (Herman), Breckenkamp, J. (Juergen), Brenner, H. (Hermann), Bruno, G. (Graziella), Busch, M. A. (Markus A.), Cabrera de Leon, A. (Antonio), Capuano, V. (Vincenzo), Casanueva, F. F. (Felipe F.), Casas, J.-P. (Juan-Pablo), Caserta, C. A. (Carmelo A.), Censi, L. (Laura), Chen, F. (Fangfang), Chen, S. (Shuohua), Chirlaque, M.-D. (Maria-Dolores), Cho, B. (Belong), Cho, Y. (Yumi), Chudek, J. (Jerzy), Claessens, F. (Frank), Clarke, J. (Janine), Clays, E. (Els), Cooper, C. (Cyrus), Costanzo, S. (Simona), Cottel, D. (Dominique), Cowell, C. (Chris), Crujeiras, A. B. (Ana B.), Cui, L. (Liufu), D'Arrigo, G. (Graziella), Dauchet, L. (Luc), De Backer, G. (Guy), De Bacquer, D. (Dirk), de Gaetano, G. (Giovanni), De Henauw, S. (Stefaan), De Smedt, D. (Delphine), Dennison, E. (Elaine), Deschamps, V. (Valerie), Di Castelnuovo, A. (Augusto), Dobson, A. J. (Annette J.), Donfrancesco, C. (Chiara), Doering, A. (Angela), Drygas, W. (Wojciech), Du, Y. (Yong), Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E. (Elzbieta), Eggertsen, R. (Robert), Ekelund, U. (Ulf), Elosua, R. (Roberto), Eriksson, J. G. (Johan G.), Evans, A. (Alun), Faeh, D. (David), Felix-Redondo, F. J. (Francisco J.), Fernandez-Berges, D. (Daniel), Ferrari, M. (Marika), Ferrieres, J. (Jean), Finn, J. D. (Joseph D.), Forslund, A.-S. (Ann-Sofie), Forsner, M. (Maria), Frontera, G. (Guillermo), Fujita, Y. (Yuki), Gaciong, Z. (Zbigniew), Galvano, F. (Fabio), Gao, J. (Jingli), Garcia-de-la-Hera, M. (Manoli), Garnett, S. P. (Sarah P.), Gaspoz, J.-M. (Jean-Michel), Gasull, M. (Magda), Gates, L. (Louise), Gianfagna, F. (Francesco), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Giovannelli, J. (Jonathan), Giwercman, A. (Aleksander), Goltzman, D. (David), Gonzalez Gross, M. (Marcela), Gottrand, F. (Frederic), Graff-Iversen, S. (Sidsel), Grafnetter, D. (Dusan), Gregor, R. D. (Ronald D.), Grodzicki, T. (Tomasz), Grosso, G. (Giuseppe), Gruden, G. (Grabriella), Gu, D. (Dongfeng), Guallar-Castillon, P. (Pilar), Gudmundsson, E. F. (Elias F.), Guessous, I. (Idris), Gunnlaugsdottir, J. (Johanna), Gutzwiller, F. (Felix), Hardy, R. (Rebecca), Hata, J. (Jun), Haugsgjerd, T. (Teresa), Hayes, A. J. (Alison J.), He, J. (Jiang), He, Y. (Yuna), Herrala, S. (Sauli), Hihtaniemi, I. T. (Ilpo Tapani), Hobbs, M. (Michael), Hopman, W. M. (Wilma M.), Maria Huerta, J. (Josi), Huybrechts, I. (Inge), Iacoviello, L. (Licia), Iannone, A. G. (Anna G.), Ikeda, N. (Nayu), Iwasaki, M. (Masanori), Jamrozik, K. (Konrad), Janszky, I. (Imre), Jarvelin, M.-R. (Marjo-Riitta), Jasienska, G. (Grazyna), Jennings, G. (Garry), Jeong, S.-L. (Seung-Lyeal), Jiang, C. Q. (Chao Qiang), Joffres, M. (Michel), Jokelainen, J. J. (Jari J.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. (Jacek), Kajantie, E. O. (Eero O.), Kauhanen, J. (Jussi), Keil, U. (Ulrich), Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. (Sirkka), Kersting, M. (Mathilde), Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U. (Ursula), Kiechl, S. (Stefan), Kim, J. (Jeongseon), Kim, Y.-Y. (Yeon-Yong), Klumbiene, J. (Jurate), Knoflach, M. (Michael), Ko, S. (Stephanie), Kolle, E. (Elin), Korpelainen, R. (Raija), Koskinen, S. (Seppo), Kouda, K. (Katsuyasu), Kratzer, W. (Wolfgang), Kriemler, S. (Susi), Krokstad, S. (Steinar), Kujala, U. M. (Urho M.), Kurjata, P. (Pawel), Lam, T. H. (Tai Hing), Lanska, V. (Vera), Lappas, G. (Georg), Laugsand, L. E. (Lars E.), Lee, J. (Jeonghee), Lehtimaki, T. (Terho), Li, Y. (Yanping), Lilly, C. L. (Christa L.), Lin, X. (Xu), Lind, L. (Lars), Lissner, L. (Lauren), Liu, J. (Jing), Lopez-Garcia, E. (Esther), Lorbeer, R. (Roberto), Eugenio Lozano, J. (Jose), Luksiene, D. (Dalia), Lundqvist, A. (Annamari), Lundqvist, R. (Robert), Lytsy, P. (Per), Ma, G. (Guansheng), Machi, S. (Suka), Maggi, S. (Stefania), Magliano, D. J. (Dianna J.), Manzato, E. (Enzo), Mathiesen, E. B. (Ellisiv B.), McLachlan, S. (Stela), McLean, R. M. (Rachael M.), McLean, S. B. (Scott B.), Meirhaeghe, A. (Aline), Meisinger, C. (Christa), Metcalf, P. (Patricia), Mi, J. (Jie), Miller, J. C. (Jody C.), Moreno, L. A. (Luis A.), Morin, S. N. (Suzanne N.), Mossakowska, M. (Malgorzata), Muiesan, M. L. (Maria L.), Mursu, J. (Jaakko), Nakamura, H. (Harunobu), Namesna, J. (Jana), Nauck, M. (Matthias), Maria Navarrete-Munoz, E. (Eva), Neal, W. A. (William A.), Nenko, I. (Ilona), Niiranen, T. J. (Teemu J.), Ning, G. (Guang), Noale, M. (Marianna), Norie, S. (Sawada), Noto, D. (Davide), O'Neill, T. (Terence), O'Reilly, D. (Dermot), Oh, K. (Kyungwon), Olafsson, O. (Orn), Paccaud, F. M. (Fred Michel), Pajak, A. (Andrzej), Palmieri, L. (Luigi), Panza, F. (Francesco), Parnell, W. R. (Winsome R.), Peltonen, M. (Markku), Peters, A. (Annette), Petersmann, A. (Astrid), Pigeot, I. (Iris), Pilotto, L. (Lorenza), Piwonska, A. (Aleksandra), Plans-Rubio, P. (Pedro), Porta, M. (Miquel), Price, J. F. (Jacqueline F.), Puder, J. J. (Jardena J.), Puhakka, S. E. (Soile E.), Radisauskas, R. (Ricardas), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Ramos, R. (Rafel), Redon, J. (Josep), Rigo, F. (Fernando), del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, M. (Maria), Romaguera, D. (Dora), Ronkainen, K. (Kimmo), Rosengren, A. (Annika), Roy, J. G. (Joel G. R.), Ruidavets, J.-B. (Jean-Bernard), Rutkowski, M. (Marcin), Salanave, B. (Benoit), Salmeron, D. (Diego), Salomaa, V. (Veikko), Salonen, J. T. (Jukka T.), Salvetti, M. (Massimo), Sans, S. (Susana), Saramies, J. L. (Jouko L.), Saum, K.-U. (Kai-Uwe), Scheidt-Nave, C. (Christa), Schienkiewitz, A. (Anja), Schipf, S. (Sabine), Schmidt, C. O. (Carsten O.), Schoettker, B. (Ben), Sebert, S. (Sylvain), Sen, A. (Abhijit), Shaw, J. E. (Jonathan E.), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shin, D. W. (Dong Wook), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Simons, J. (Judith), Simons, L. A. (Leon A.), Sjostrom, M. (Michael), Slowikowska-Hilczer, J. (Jolanta), Slusarczyk, P. (Przemyslaw), Solfrizzi, V. (Vincenzo), Sonestedt, E. (Emily), Soumare, A. (Aicha), Staessen, J. A. (Jan A.), Stathopoulou, M. G. (Maria G.), Steene-Johannessen, J. (Jostein), Stehle, P. (Peter), Stieber, J. (Jutta), Stoeckl, D. (Doris), Stokwiszewski, J. (Jakub), Sundstrom, J. (Johan), Suriyawongpaisal, P. (Paibul), Tamosiunas, A. (Abdonas), Tan, E. J. (Eng Joo), Taylor, A. (Anne), Tell, G. (Grethe), Thijs, L. (Lutgarde), Tolonen, H. K. (Hanna K.), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Jose Tormo, M. (Maria), Torrent, M. (Maties), Tsugane, S. (Shoichiro), Tuomainen, T.-P. (Tomi-Pekka), Tuomilehto, J. (Jaakko), Tzourio, C. (Christophe), Uusitalo, H. M. (Hannu M. T.), Van Herck, K. (Koen), Vanderschueren, D. (Dirk), Vanuzzo, D. (Diego), Vatten, L. (Lars), Vega, T. (Tomas), Veronesi, G. (Giovanni), Vioque, J. (Jesus), Virtanen, J. K. (Jyrki K.), Visvikis-Siest, S. (Sophie), Vollenweider, P. (Peter), Voutilainen, S. (Sari), Vrijheid, M. (Martine), Wagner, A. (Aline), Wagner, A. (Anne), Wang, M.-D. (Ming-Dong), Wang, Q. (Qian), Wang, Y. X. (Ya Xing), Wannamethee, S. G. (S. Goya), Wei, W. (Wenbin), Whincup, P. H. (Peter H.), Wiecek, A. (Andrzej), Willeit, J. (Johann), Willeit, P. (Peter), Wojtyniak, B. (Bogdan), Wong, A. (Andrew), Woodward, M. (Mark), Wu, F. C. (Frederick C.), Wu, S. (Shouling), Xu, H. (Haiquan), Xu, L. (Liang), Yan, W. (Weili), Yang, X. (Xiaoguang), Ye, X. (Xingwang), Yoshihara, A. (Akihiro), Zambon, S. (Sabina), and Zhao, W. (Wenhua)

Subjects
blood lipids, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, nutritional and metabolic diseases, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), multi-country study
Abstract

Background: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries. Methods: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group. Results: Since ∼1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at ∼0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as ∼0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to ∼26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China. Conclusions: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.

Published
2020

65. Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

Author

Taddei, C. (Cristina), Zhou, B. (Bin), Bixby, H. (Honor), Carrillo-Larco, R.M. (Rodrigo M.), Danaei, G. (Goodarz), Jackson, R.T. (Rod T.), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Sophiea, M.K. (Marisa K.), Di Cesare, M. (Mariachiara), Iurilli, M.L.C. (Maria Laura Caminia), Martinez, A.R. (Andrea Rodriguez), Asghari, G. (Golaleh), Dhana, K. (Klodian), Gulayin, P. (Pablo), Kakarmath, S. (Sujay), Santero, M. (Marilina), Voortman, R.G. (Trudy), Riley, L.M. (Leanne M.), Cowan, M.J. (Melanie J.), Savin, S. (Stefan), Bennett, J.E. (James E.), Stevens, G.A. (Gretchen A.), Paciorek, C.J. (Christopher J.), Aekplakorn, W. (Wichai), Cifkova, R. (Renata), Giampaoli, S. (Simona), Kengne, A.P. (Andre Pascal), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Kuulasmaa, K. (Kari), Laxmaiah, A. (Avula), Margozzini, P. (Paula), Mathur, P. (Prashant), Nordestgaard, B.G. (Børge), Zhao, D. (Dong), Aadahl, M. (Mette), Abarca-Gómez, L. (Leandra), Rahim, H.A. (Hanan Abdul), Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. (Niveen M.), Acosta-Cazares, B. (Benjamin), Adams, R.J. (Robert J.), Agdeppa, I.A. (Imelda A.), Aghazadeh-Attari, J. (Javad), Aguilar-Salinas, C.A. (Carlos A.), Agyemang, C.O. (Charles), Ahluwalia, T.S. (Tarunveer Singh), Ahmad, N.A. (Noor Ani), Ahmadi, A. (Ali), Ahmadi, N. (Naser), Ahmed, S.H. (Soheir H.), Ahrens, W. (W.), Ajlouni, K. (Kamel), Alarouj, M. (Monira), AlBuhairan, F. (Fadia), AlDhukair, S. (Shahla), Ali, M.M. (Mohamed M.), Alkandari, A. (Abdullah), Alkerwi, A. (Ala’a), Aly, E. (Eman), Amarapurkar, D.N. (Deepak N.), Amouyel, P. (Philippe), Andersen, L.B. (Lars Bo), Anderssen, S.A. (Sigmund A.), Anjana, R.M. (Ranjit Mohan), Ansari-Moghaddam, A. (Alireza), Aounallah-Skhiri, H. (Hajer), Araújo, J. (Joana), Ariansen, I. (Inger), Aris, T. (Tahir), Arku, R.E. (Raphael E.), Arlappa, N. (Nimmathota), Aryal, K.K. (Krishna K.), Aspelund, T. (Thor), Assunção, M.C.F. (Maria Cecília F.), Auvinen, J. (Juha), Avdicová, M. (Mária), Azevedo, A. (Ana), Azizi, J. (Joshan), Azmin, M. (Mehrdad), Balakrishna, N. (Nagalla), Bamoshmoosh, M. (Mohamed), Banach, M. (Maciej), Bandosz, P. (Piotr), Banegas, J.R. (José R.), Barbagallo, C.M. (Carlo M.), Barceló, A. (Alberto), Barkat, A. (Amina), Bata, I. (Iqbal), Batieha, A.M. (Anwar M.), Batyrbek, A. (Assembekov), Baur, L.A. (Louise A.), Beaglehole, R. (Robert), Belavendra, A. (Antonisamy), Ben Romdhane, H. (Habiba), Benet, M. (Mikhail), Benn, M. (Marianne), Berkinbayev, S. (Salim), Bernabe-Ortiz, A. (Antonio), Bernotiene, G. (Gailute), Bettiol, H. (Heloisa), Bhargava, S.K. (Santosh K.), Bi, Y. (Yufang), Bienek, A. (Asako), Bikbov, M. (Mukharram), Bista, B. (Bihungum), Bjerregaard, P. (Peter), Bjertness, E. (Espen), Bjertness, M.B. (Marius B.), Björkelund, C. (Cecilia), Bloch, K.V. (Katia V.), Blokstra, A. (Anneke), Bo, S. (Simona), Boehm, B.O. (Bernhard O.), Boggia, J.G. (Jose G.), Boissonnet, C.P. (Carlos P.), Bonaccio, M. (Marialaura), Bongard, V. (Vanina), Borchini, R. (Rossana), Borghs, H. (Herman), Bovet, P. (Pascal), Brajkovich, I. (Imperia), Breckenkamp, J. (Juergen), Brenner, H. (Hermann), Brewster, L.M. (Lizzy), Bruno, G. (Graziella), Bugge, A. (Anna), Busch, M.A. (Markus A.), de León, A.C. (Antonio Cabrera), Cacciottolo, J. (Joseph), Can, G. (Günay), Cândido, A.P.C. (Ana Paula C.), Capanzana, M.V. (Mario V.), Capuano, E. (Eduardo), Capuano, V. (Vincenzo), Cardoso, V.C. (Viviane C.), Carvalho, J. (Joana), Casanueva, F.F., Censi, L. (Laura), Chadjigeorgiou, C.A. (Charalambos A.), Chamukuttan, S. (Snehalatha), Chaturvedi, N. (Nish), Chen, C.-J. (Chien-Jen), Chen, F. (Fangfang), Chen, S. (Shuohua), Cheng, C.-Y. (Ching-Yu), Cheraghian, B. (Bahman), Chetrit, A. (Angela), Chiou, S.-T. (Shu-Ti), Chirlaque, M.D. (M.), Cho, B. (Belong), Cho, Y. (Yumi), Chudek, J. (Jerzy), Claessens, F. (Frank), Clarke, J. (Janine), Clays, E. (Els), Concin, H. (Hans), Confortin, S.C. (Susana C.), Cooper, C. (Charles), Costanzo, S. (Simona), Cottel, D. (Dominique), Cowell, C. (Chris), Crujeiras, A.B. (Ana B.), Csilla, S. (Semánová), Cui, L. (Liufu), Cureau, F.V. (Felipe V.), D’Arrigo, G. (Graziella), d’Orsi, E. (Eleonora), Dallongeville, J., Damasceno, A. (Albertino), Dankner, R. (Rachel), Dantoft, T.M. (Thomas M.), Dauchet, L. (Luc), Davletov, K. (Kairat), Backer, G. (Guy) de, Bacquer, D. (Dirk) de, de Gaetano, G. (Giovanni), De Henauw, S. (Stefaan), de Oliveira, P.D. (Paula Duarte), De Ridder, D. (David), De Smedt, D. (Delphine), Deepa, M. (Mohan), Deev, A.D. (Alexander D.), Dehghan, A. (Abbas), Delisle, H. (Hélène), Dennison, E.M. (Elaine), Deschamps, V. (Valérie), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Di Castelnuovo, A.F. (Augusto F.), Dika, Z. (Zivka), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Dobson, A.J. (Annette J.), Donfrancesco, C. (Chiara), Donoso, S.P. (Silvana P.), Döring, A. (Angela), Dorobantu, M. (Maria), Dragano, N. (Nico), Drygas, W. (Wojciech), Du, Y. (Yong), Duante, C.A. (Charmaine A.), Duda, R.B. (Rosemary B.), Dzerve, V. (Vilnis), Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E. (Elzbieta), Eddie, R. (Ricky), Eftekhar, E. (Ebrahim), Eggertsen, R. (Robert), Eghtesad, S. (Sareh), Eiben, G. (Gabriele), Ekelund, U. (Ulf), El Ati, J. (Jalila), Eldemire-Shearer, D. (Denise), Eliasen, M. (Marie), Elosua, R. (Roberto), Erasmus, R.T. (Rajiv T.), Erbel, R. (Raimund), Erem, C. (Cihangir), Eriksen, L. (Louise), Hagen, K. (Knut), Escobedo-de la Peña, J. (Jorge), Eslami, S. (Saeid), Esmaeili, A. (Ali), Evans, A. (Alun), Faeh, D. (David), Fall, C.H. (Caroline H.), Faramarzi, E. (Elnaz), Farjam, M. (Mojtaba), Fattahi, M.R. (Mohammad Reza), Felix-Redondo, F.J. (Francisco J.), Ferguson, T.S. (Trevor S.), Fernández-Bergés, D. (Daniel), Ferrante, D. (Daniel), Ferrari, M. (Marika), Ferreccio, C. (Catterina), Ferrieres, J. (Jean), Föger, B. (Bernhard), Foo, L.H. (Leng Huat), Forslund, A.-S. (Ann-Sofie), Forsner, M. (Maria), Fouad, H.M. (Heba M.), Francis, D.K. (Damian K.), do Carmo Franco, M. (Maria), Franco, O.H. (Oscar H.), Frontera, G. (Guillermo), Fujita, Y. (Yuki), Fumihiko, M. (Matsuda), Furusawa, T. (Takuro), Gaciong, Z. (Zbigniew), Galvano, F. (Fabio), Gao, J. (Jingli), Garcia-de-la-Hera, M. (Manoli), Garnett, S.P. (Sarah P.), Gaspoz, J.-M. (Jean-Michel), Gasull, M. (Magda), Gazzinelli, A. (Andrea), Geleijnse, J.M. (Marianne), Ghanbari, A. (Ali), Ghasemi, E. (Erfan), Gheorghe-Fronea, O.-F. (Oana-Florentina), Ghimire, A. (Anup), Gianfagna, F. (Francesco), Gill, T.K. (Tiffany K.), Giovannelli, J. (Jonathan), Gironella, G. (Glen), Giwercman, A. (Aleksander), Goltzman, D. (David), Gonçalves, H. (Helen), Gonzalez-Chica, D.A. (David A.), Gonzalez-Gross, M. (Marcela), González-Rivas, J.P. (Juan P.), González-Villalpando, C. (Clicerio), González-Villalpando, M.E. (María Elena), Gonzalez, A.R. (Angel R.), Gottrand, F., Graff-Iversen, S. (Sidsel), Grafnetter, D. (Dušan), Gregor, R.D. (Ronald D.), Grodzicki, T. (Tomasz), Grøntved, A. (Anders), Grosso, G. (Giuseppe), Gruden, G. (Gabriella), Gu, D. (Dongfeng), Guallar-castillón, P. (Pilar), Guan, O.P. (Ong Peng), Gudmundsson, E.F. (Elias F.), Gudnason, V. (Vilmundur), Guerrero, R. (Ramiro), Guessous, I. (Idris), Gunnlaugsdottir, J. (Johanna), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gutierrez, L. (Laura), Gutzwiller, F. (Felix), Ha, S. (Seongjun), Hadaegh, F. (Farzad), Haghshenas, R. (Rosa), Hakimi, H. (Hamid), Hambleton, I.R. (Ian R.), Hamzeh, B. (Behrooz), Hantunen, S. (Sari), Kumar, R.H. (Rachakulla Hari), Hashemi-Shahri, S.M. (Seyed Mohammad), Hata, J. (Jun), Haugsgjerd, T. (Teresa), Hayes, A.J. (Alison J.), He, J. (Jiang), He, Y. (Yong), Hendriks, M.E. (Marleen), Henriques, A. (Ana), Herrala, S. (Sauli), Heshmat, R. (Ramin), Hill, A.G. (Allan G.), Ho, S.Y. (Sai Yin), Ho, S.C. (Suzanne C.), Hobbs, M. (Michael), Hofman, A. (Albert), Homayounfar, R. (Reza), Hopman, W.M. (Wilma M.), Horimoto, A.R.V.R. (Andrea R. V. R.), Hormiga, C.M. (Claudia M.), Horta, B.L. (Bernardo L.), Houti, L. (Leila), Howitt, C. (Christina), Htay, T.T. (Thein Thein), Htet, A.S. (Aung Soe), Htike, M.M.T. (Maung Maung Than), Huerta, J.M. (José María), Huhtaniemi, I.T. (I.), Huisman, M. (Martijn), Hunsberger, M.L. (Monica L.), Husseini, A. (Abdullatif), Huybrechts, I. (Inge), Hwalla, N. (Nahla), Iacoviello, L. (Licia), Iannone, A.G. (Anna G.), Ibrahim, M.M. (Mohsen), Wong, N.I. (Norazizah Ibrahim), Iglesia, I. (Iris), Ikeda, N. (Nayu), Ikram, M.A. (Arfan), Iotova, V. (Violeta), Irazola, V.E. (Vilma E.), Ishida, T. (Takafumi), Islam, M. (Muhammad), al-Safi Ismail, A. (Aziz), Iwasaki, M. (Masanori), Jacobs, J.M. (Jeremy M.), Jaddou, H.Y. (Hashem Y.), Jafar, T.H. (Tazeen), James, K. (Kenneth), Jamrozik, K., Janszky, I. (Imre), Janus, E. (Edward), Jarvelin, M.-R. (Marjo-Riitta), Jasienska, G. (Grazyna), Jelakovic, A. (Ana), Jelakovic, B. (Bojan), Jennings, G. (Garry), Jensen, G.B. (Gorm), Jeong, S.-L. (Seung-lyeal), Jha, A.K. (Anjani Kumar), Jiang, C.Q. (Chao Qiang), Jimenez, R.O. (Ramon O.), JöCkel, K.-H. (Karl-Heinz), Joffres, M. (Michel), Jokelainen, J.J. (Jari J.), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jorgensen, T. (Torben), Joshi, P. (Pradeep), Joukar, F. (Farahnaz), Józwiak, J. (Jacek), Juolevi, A. (Anne), Kafatos, A. (Anthony), Kajantie, E. (Eero), Kalter-Leibovici, O. (Ofra), Kamaruddin, N.A. (Nor Azmi), Kamstrup, P.R. (Pia R.), Karki, K.B. (Khem B.), Katz, J. (Joanne), Kauhanen, J. (Jussi), Kaur, P. (Prabhdeep), Kavousi, M. (Maryam), Kazakbaeva, G. (Gyulli), Keil, M. (Mark), Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. (Sirkka), Kelishadi, R. (Roya), Keramati, M. (Maryam), Kerimkulova, A. (Alina), Kersting, M. (Mathilde), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khalili, D. (Davood), Khateeb, M. (Mohammad), Kheradmand, M. (Motahareh), Khosravi, A. (Alireza), Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U. (Ursula), Kiechl, S. (Stefan), Killewo, J. (Japhet), Kim, H.C. (Hyeon Chang), Kim, J. (Jeongseon), Kim, Y.-Y. (Yeon-Yong), Klumbiene, J. (Jurate), Knoflach, M. (Michael), Ko, S. (Stephanie), Kohler, H.-P. (Hans-Peter), Kohler, I.V. (Iliana V.), Kolle, E. (Elin), Kolsteren, P. (Patrick), König, J. (Jürgen), Korpelainen, R. (Raija), Korrovits, P. (Paul), Kos, J. (Jelena), Koskinen, S. (Seppo), Kouda, K. (Katsuyasu), Kowlessur, S. (Sudhir), Kratzer, W. (Wolfgang), Kriemler, S. (Susi), Kristensen, P.L. (Peter Lund), Krokstad, S. (Steiner), Kromhout, D. (Daan), Kujala, U.M. (Urho), Kurjata, P. (Pawel), Kyobutungi, C. (Catherine), Laamiri, F.Z. (Fatima Zahra), Laatikainen, T. (Tiina), Lachat, C. (Carl), Laid, Y. (Youcef), Lam, T.H. (Tai Hing), Lambrinou, C.-P. (Christina-Paulina), Lanska, V. (Vera), Lappas, G. (Georg), Larijani, B. (Bagher), Latt, T.S. (Tint Swe), Laugsand, L.E. (Lars E.), Lazo-Porras, M. (Maria), Lee, J. (Jeannette), Lee, J. (Jeonghee), Lehmann, N. (Nils), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Levitt, N.S. (Naomi S.), Li, Y. (Yanping), Lilly, C.L. (Christa L.), Lim, W.-Y. (Wei-Yen), Lima-Costa, M.F. (Maria Fernanda), Lin, H.-H. (Hsien-Ho), Lin, X. (Xu), Lin, Y.-T. (Yi-Ting), Kao, W.H.L. (Wen), Linneberg, A. (Allan), Lissner, L. (Lauren), Liu, J. (Jing), Loit, H.-M. (Helle-Mai), Lopez-Garcia, E. (Esther), Lopez, T. (Tania), Lotufo, P.A. (Paulo A), Lozano, J.E. (José Eugenio), Luksiene, D. (Dalia), Lundqvist, A. (Annamari), Lundqvist, R. (Robert), Lunet, N. (Nuno), Ma, G. (Guansheng), Machado-Coelho, G.L.L. (George L. L.), Machado-Rodrigues, A.M. (Aristides M.), Machi, S. (Suka), Madar, A.A. (Ahmed A.), Maggi, S. (Stefania), Magliano, D.J., Magriplis, E. (Emmanuella), Mahasampath, G. (Gowri), Maire, B. (Bernard), Makdisse, M. (Marcia), Malekzadeh, F. (Fatemeh), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Rao, K.M. (Kodavanti Mallikharjuna), Manios, Y., Mann, J.I. (Jim I.), Mansour-Ghanaei, F. (Fariborz), Manzato, E. (Enzo), Marques-Vidal, P. (Pedro), Martorell, R. (Reynaldo), Mascarenhas, L.P. (Luis P.), Mathiesen, E.B. (Ellisiv), Matsha, T.E. (Tandi E.), Mavrogianni, C. (Christina), McFarlane, S.R. (Shelly R.), McGarvey, S.T. (Stephen T.), McLachlan, S. (Stela), McLean, R.M. (Rachael M.), McLean, S.B. (Scott B.), McNulty, B.A. (Breige A.), Mediene-Benchekor, S. (Sounnia), Mehdipour, P. (Parinaz), Mehlig, K. (Kirsten), Mehrparvar, A.H. (Amir Houshang), Meirhaeghe, A. (Aline), Meisinger, C. (Christa), Menezes, A.M.B. (Ana M.B.), Menon, G.R. (Geetha R.), Merat, S. (Shahin), Mereke, A. (Alibek), Meshram, I.I. (Indrapal I.), Metcalf, P. (Patricia), Meyer, H.E. (Haakon E.), Mi, J. (Jie), Michels, N. (Nathalie), Miller, J.C. (Jody C.), Minderico, C.S. (Cláudia S.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Miquel, J.F. (Juan Francisco), Miranda, J.J. (J. Jaime), Mirjalili, M.R. (Mohammad Reza), Mirrakhimov, E. (Erkin), Modesti, P.A. (Pietro A.), Moghaddam, S.S. (Sahar Saeedi), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohamed, M.K. (Mostafa K.), Mohammad, K. (Kazem), Mohammadi, Z. (Zahra), Mohammadifard, N. (Noushin), Mohammadpourhodki, R. (Reza), Mohan, V. (Viswanathan), Mohanna, S. (Salim), Yusoff, M.F.M. (Muhammad Fadhli Mohd), Mohebbi, I. (Iraj), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Moitry, M. (Marie), Møllehave, L.T. (Line T.), Møller, N.C. (Niels C.), Molnár, D. (Dénes), Momenan, A. (Amirabbas), Mondo, C.K. (Charles K.), Monterrubio-Flores, E. (Eric), Moosazadeh, M. (Mahmood), Morejon, A. (Alain), Moreno, L. (Luis), Morgan, K. (Karen), Morin, S.N. (Suzanne N.), Moschonis, G. (George), Mossakowska, M. (Malgorzata), Mostafa, A. (Aya), Mota, J. (Jorge), Motlagh, M.E. (Mohammad Esmaeel), Motta, J. (Jorge), Msyamboza, K.P. (Kelias P.), Muiesan, M.L. (Maria Lorenza), Müller-Nurasyid, M. (Martina), Mursu, J. (Jaakko), Mustafa, N. (Norlaila), Nabipour, I. (Iraj), Naderimagham, S. (Shohreh), Nagel, G. (Gabriele), Naidu, B.M. (Balkish M.), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nakamura, H. (Harunobu), Námešná, J. (Jana), Nang, E.E.K. (Ei Ei K.), Nangia, V.B. (Vinay B.), Nauck, M. (Matthias), Neal, W.A. (William A.), Nejatizadeh, A. (Azim), Nenko, I. (Ilona), Nervi, F. (Flavio), Nguyen, N.D. (Nguyen D.), Nguyen, Q.N. (Quang Ngoc), Nieto-Martínez, R.E. (Ramfis E.), Nihal, T. (Thomas), Niiranen, T.J. (Teemu J.), Ning, G. (Guang), Ninomiya, T. (Toshiharu), Noale, M. (Marianna), Noboa, O.A. (Oscar A.), Noto, D. (Davide), Nsour, M.A. (Mohannad Al), Nuhoğlu, I. (Irfan), O’Neill, T.W. (Terence W.), O’Reilly, D. (Dermot), Ochoa-Avilés, A.M. (Angélica M.), Oh, K. (Kyungwon), Ohtsuka, R. (Ryutaro), Olafsson, Ö. (Örn), Olié, V. (Valérie), Oliveira, I.O. (Isabel O.), Omar, M.A. (Mohd Azahadi), Onat, A. (Altan), Ong, S.K. (Sok King), Ordunez, P. (Pedro), Ornelas, R. (Rui), Ortiz, P.J. (Pedro J.), Osmond, C. (Clive), Ostojic, S.M. (Sergej M.), Ostovar, A. (Afshin), Otero, J.A. (Johanna A.), Owusu-Dabo, E. (Ellis), Paccaud, F.M. (Fred Michel), Pahomova, E. (Elena), Pajak, A. (Andrzej), Palmieri, L. (Luigi), Pan, W.-H. (Wen-Harn), Panda-Jonas, S. (Songhomitra), Panza, F. (Francesco), Parnell, W.R. (Winsome R.), Patel, N.D. (Nikhil D.), Peer, N. (Nasheeta), Peixoto, S.V. (Sergio Viana), Peltonen, M. (Markku), Pereira, A. (A.), Peters, A. (Annette), Petersmann, A. (Astrid), Petkeviciene, J. (Janina), Peykari, N. (Niloofar), Pham, S.T. (Son Thai), Pichardo, R.N. (Rafael N.), Pigeot, I. (Iris), Pilav, A. (Aida), Pilotto, A. (Alberto), Piwonska, A. (Aleksandra), Pizarro, A.N. (Andreia N.), Plans-Rubió, P. (Pedro), Plata, S. (Silvia), Pohlabeln, H. (Hermann), Porta, M. (Miquel), Portegies, M.L.P. (Marileen), Poudyal, A. (Anil), Pourfarzi, F. (Farhad), Poustchi, H. (Hossein), Pradeepa, R. (Rajendra), Price, J.F. (Jacqueline F.), Providencia, R. (Rui), Puder, J.J. (Jardena J.), Puhakka, S.E. (Soile E.), Punab, M. (Margus), Qorbani, M. (Mostafa), Bao, T.Q. (Tran Quoc), Radisauskas, R. (Ricardas), Rahimikazerooni, S. (Salar), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Rao, S.R. (Sudha Ramachandra), Ramachandran, A. (Ambady), Ramos, E. (Elisabete), Ramos, R. (Rafel), Rampal, L. (Lekhraj), Rampal, S. (Sanjay), Redón, J. (Josep), Reganit, P.F.M. (Paul Ferdinand M.), Revilla, L. (Luis), Rezaianzadeh, A. (Abbas), Ribeiro, R. (Robespierre), Richter, A. (Adrian), Rigo, F. (Fernando), Rinke de Wit, T.F. (Tobias), Rodríguez Artalejo, F. (Fernando), del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, M. (María), Rodríguez-Villamizar, L.A. (Laura A.), Roggenbuck, U. (Ulla), Rojas-Martinez, R. (Rosalba), Romaguera, D. (Dora), Romeo, E.L. (Elisabetta L.), Rosengren, A. (Annika), Roy, J.G.R. (Joel G. R.), Rubinstein, A. (Adolfo), Ruidavets, J.-B. (Jean-Bernard), Ruiz-Betancourt, B.S. (Blanca Sandra), Russo, P. (Paola), Rust, P. (Petra), Rutkowski, M. (Marcin), Sabanayagam, C. (Charumathi), Sachdev, H.S. (Harshpal S.), Sadjadi, A. (Alireza), Safarpour, A.R. (Ali Reza), Safiri, S. (Saeid), Saidi, O. (Olfa), Saki, N. (Nader), Salanave, B. (Benoit), Salmerón, D. (Diego), Salomaa, V. (Veikko), Salonen, J.T. (Jukka T.), Salvetti, M. (Massimo), Sánchez-Abanto, J. (Jose), Sans, S. (Susana), Santaliestra-Pasías, A.M. (Alba M.), Santos, D.A. (Diana A.), Santos, M.P. (Maria Paula), Santos, R. (Rute), Saramies, J.L. (Jouko L.), Sardinha, L.B. (Luis B.), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Saum, K.-U. (Kai-Uwe), Savva, S., Sawada, N. (Norie), Sbaraini, M. (Mariana), Scazufca, M. (Marcia), Schaan, B.D. (Beatriz D.), Schargrodsky, H. (Herman), Scheidt-Nave, C. (C.), Schienkiewitz, A. (Anja), Schipf, S. (Sabine), Schmidt, C.O. (Carsten O.), Schöttker, B. (Ben), Schramm, S. (Sara), Sebert, S. (Sylvain), Sein, A.A. (Aye Aye), Sen, A. (Abhijit), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Servais, J. (Jennifer), Shakeri, R. (Ramin), Shalnova, S.A. (Svetlana A.), Shamah-Levy, T. (Teresa), Sharafkhah, M. (Maryam), Sharma, S.K. (Sanjib K.), Shaw, J.E., Shayanrad, A. (Amaneh), Shi, Z. (Zumin), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shimizu-Furusawa, H. (Hana), Shin, D.W. (Dong Wook), Shin, Y. (Youchan), Shirani, M. (Majid), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shrestha, N. (Namuna), Si-Ramlee, K. (Khairil), Siani, A. (Alfonso), Siantar, R. (Rosalynn), Sibai, A.M. (Abla M.), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Simon, M. (Mary), Simons, J. (Judith), Simons, L.A. (Leon A.), Sjöström, M. (Michael), Skaaby, T. (Tea), Slowikowska-Hilczer, J. (Jolanta), Slusarczyk, P. (Przemyslaw), Smeeth, L. (Liam), Snijder, M.B. (Marieke), Söderberg, S. (Stefan), Soemantri, A. (Augustinus), Sofat, R. (Reecha), Solfrizzi, V. (Vincenzo), Somi, M.H. (Mohammad Hossein), Sonestedt, E. (Emily), Sørensen, T.I.A. (Thorkild), Jérome, C.S. (Charles Sossa), Soumaré, A. (Aicha), Sozmen, K. (Kaan), Sparrenberger, K. (Karen), Staessen, J.A. (Jan), Stathopoulou, M.G. (Maria G), Stavreski, B. (Bill), Steene-Johannessen, J. (Jostein), Stehle, P. (Peter), Stein, A.D. (Aryeh D.), Stessman, J. (Jochanan), Stevanović, R. (Ranko), Stieber, J. (Jutta), Stöckl, D. (Doris), Stokwiszewski, J. (Jakub), Stronks, K. (Karien), Strufaldi, M.W. (Maria Wany), Suárez-Medina, R. (Ramón), Sun, C.-A. (Chien-An), Sundström, J. (Johan), Suriyawongpaisal, P. (Paibul), Sy, R.G. (Rody G.), Sylva, R.C. (René Charles), Szklo, M. (Moyses), Tai, E.S. (Shyong), Tamosiunas, A. (Abdonas), Tan, E.J. (Eng Joo), Tarawneh, M.R. (Mohammed Rasoul), Tarqui-Mamani, C.B. (Carolina B.), Taylor, A. (Anne), Taylor, J. (Julie), Tell, G.S. (Grethe S.), Tello, T. (Tania), Thankappan, K.R. (K. R.), Thijs, L. (Lutgarde), Thuesen, B.H. (Betina H.), Toft, U. (Ulla), Tolonen, H.K. (Hanna K.), Tolstrup, J.S. (Janne), Topbas, M. (Murat), Topór-Madry, R. (Roman), Tormo, M.J., Tornaritis, M.J. (Michael J.), Torrent, M. (Maties), Torres-Collado, L. (Laura), Traissac, P. (Pierre), Trinh, O.T.H. (Oanh T. H.), Truthmann, J. (Julia), Tsugane, S. (Shoichiro), Tulloch-Reid, M.K. (Marshall K.), Tuomainen, T.-P. (Tomi-Pekka), Tuomilehto, J. (Jaakko), Tybjaerg-Hansen, A. (Anne), Tzourio, C. (Christophe), Ueda, P. (Peter), Ugel, E. (Eunice), Ulmer, H. (Hanno), Unal, B. (Belgin), Uusitalo, H., Valdivia, G. (Gonzalo), Valvi, D. (Damaskini), Dam, R.M. (Rob) van, Schouw, Y.T. (Yvonne) van der, Van Herck, K. (Koen), Van Minh, H. (Hoang), Rossem, L. (Lenie) van, Schoor, N.M. (Natasja) van, Valkengoed, I. (Irene) van, Vanderschueren, D. (Dirk), Vanuzzo, D. (Diego), Varbo, A. (Anette), Varona-Pérez, P. (Patricia), Vasan, S.K. (Senthil K.), Vatten, L. (Lars), Vega, T. (Tomas), Veidebaum, T. (Toomas), Velasquez-Melendez, G. (Gustavo), Venero-Fernández, S.J. (Silvia J.), Veronesi, G. (Giovanni), Verschuren, W.M.M. (W. M. Monique), Victora, C.G. (Cesar G.), Vidiawati, D. (Dhanasari), Viet, L. (Lucie), Villalpando, S. (Salvador), Vioque, J. (Jesus), Virtanen, J.K. (Jyrki K.), Visvikis-Siest, S. (Sophie), Viswanathan, B. (Bharathi), Vlasoff, T. (Tiina), Vollenweider, P. (Peter), Voutilainen, A. (Ari), Wade, A.N. (Alisha N.), Wagner, A. (Aline), Walton, J. (Janette), Bebakar, W.M.W. (Wan Mohamad Wan), Mohamud, W.N.W. (Wan Nazaimoon Wan), Wang, M.-D. (Ming-Dong), Wang, N. (Ningli), Wang, Q. (Qian), Wang, Y.X. (Ya Xing), Wang, Y.-W. (Ying-Wei), Wannamethee, S.G. (Goya), Wedderkopp, N. (Niels), Wei, W. (Wenbin), Whincup, P.H. (Peter), Widhalm, K. (Kurt), Widyahening, I.S. (Indah S.), Wiecek, A. (Andrzej), Wijga, A.H. (Alet), Wilks, R.J. (Rainford J.), Willeit, J. (Johann), Willeit, P. (Peter), Wilsgaard, T. (Tom), Wojtyniak, B. (Bogdan), Wong-McClure, R.A. (Roy A.), Wong, A. (Andrew), Wong, T.Y. (Tien Yin), Woo, J. (Jean), Woodward, M. (Mark), Wu, F.C. (Frederick C.), Wu, S. (Shouling), Xu, H. (Haiquan), Xu, L. (Liang), Yan, W. (Weili), Yang, X. (Xiaoguang), Yasuharu, T. (Tabara), Ye, X. (Xingwang), Yeow, T.P. (Toh Peng), Yiallouros, P.K. (P.), Yoosefi, M. (Moein), Yoshihara, A. (Akihiro), You, S.-L. (San-Lin), Younger-Coleman, N.O. (Novie O.), Yusoff, A.F. (Ahmad Faudzi), Zainuddin, A.A. (Ahmad A.), Zakavi, S.R. (Seyed Rasoul), Zali, M.R. (Mohammad Reza), Zamani, F. (Farhad), Zambon, S. (Sabina), Zampelas, A. (Antonis), Zaw, K.K. (Ko Ko), Zdrojewski, T. (T.), Vrkic, T.Z. (Tajana Zeljkovic), Zhang, Z.-Y. (Zhen-Yu), Zhao, W. (Wenhua), Zhen, S. (Shiqi), Zheng, Y. (Yingfeng), Zholdin, B. (Bekbolat), Zhussupov, B. (Baurzhan), Zoghlami, N. (Nada), Cisneros, J.Z. (Julio Zuñiga), Gregg, E.W. (Edward W.), Ezzati, M. (Majid), Taddei, C. (Cristina), Zhou, B. (Bin), Bixby, H. (Honor), Carrillo-Larco, R.M. (Rodrigo M.), Danaei, G. (Goodarz), Jackson, R.T. (Rod T.), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Sophiea, M.K. (Marisa K.), Di Cesare, M. (Mariachiara), Iurilli, M.L.C. (Maria Laura Caminia), Martinez, A.R. (Andrea Rodriguez), Asghari, G. (Golaleh), Dhana, K. (Klodian), Gulayin, P. (Pablo), Kakarmath, S. (Sujay), Santero, M. (Marilina), Voortman, R.G. (Trudy), Riley, L.M. (Leanne M.), Cowan, M.J. (Melanie J.), Savin, S. (Stefan), Bennett, J.E. (James E.), Stevens, G.A. (Gretchen A.), Paciorek, C.J. (Christopher J.), Aekplakorn, W. (Wichai), Cifkova, R. (Renata), Giampaoli, S. (Simona), Kengne, A.P. (Andre Pascal), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Kuulasmaa, K. (Kari), Laxmaiah, A. (Avula), Margozzini, P. (Paula), Mathur, P. (Prashant), Nordestgaard, B.G. (Børge), Zhao, D. (Dong), Aadahl, M. (Mette), Abarca-Gómez, L. (Leandra), Rahim, H.A. (Hanan Abdul), Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. (Niveen M.), Acosta-Cazares, B. (Benjamin), Adams, R.J. (Robert J.), Agdeppa, I.A. (Imelda A.), Aghazadeh-Attari, J. (Javad), Aguilar-Salinas, C.A. (Carlos A.), Agyemang, C.O. (Charles), Ahluwalia, T.S. (Tarunveer Singh), Ahmad, N.A. (Noor Ani), Ahmadi, A. (Ali), Ahmadi, N. (Naser), Ahmed, S.H. (Soheir H.), Ahrens, W. (W.), Ajlouni, K. (Kamel), Alarouj, M. (Monira), AlBuhairan, F. (Fadia), AlDhukair, S. (Shahla), Ali, M.M. (Mohamed M.), Alkandari, A. (Abdullah), Alkerwi, A. (Ala’a), Aly, E. (Eman), Amarapurkar, D.N. (Deepak N.), Amouyel, P. (Philippe), Andersen, L.B. (Lars Bo), Anderssen, S.A. (Sigmund A.), Anjana, R.M. (Ranjit Mohan), Ansari-Moghaddam, A. (Alireza), Aounallah-Skhiri, H. (Hajer), Araújo, J. (Joana), Ariansen, I. (Inger), Aris, T. (Tahir), Arku, R.E. (Raphael E.), Arlappa, N. (Nimmathota), Aryal, K.K. (Krishna K.), Aspelund, T. (Thor), Assunção, M.C.F. (Maria Cecília F.), Auvinen, J. (Juha), Avdicová, M. (Mária), Azevedo, A. (Ana), Azizi, J. (Joshan), Azmin, M. (Mehrdad), Balakrishna, N. (Nagalla), Bamoshmoosh, M. (Mohamed), Banach, M. (Maciej), Bandosz, P. (Piotr), Banegas, J.R. (José R.), Barbagallo, C.M. (Carlo M.), Barceló, A. (Alberto), Barkat, A. (Amina), Bata, I. (Iqbal), Batieha, A.M. (Anwar M.), Batyrbek, A. (Assembekov), Baur, L.A. (Louise A.), Beaglehole, R. (Robert), Belavendra, A. (Antonisamy), Ben Romdhane, H. (Habiba), Benet, M. (Mikhail), Benn, M. (Marianne), Berkinbayev, S. (Salim), Bernabe-Ortiz, A. (Antonio), Bernotiene, G. (Gailute), Bettiol, H. (Heloisa), Bhargava, S.K. (Santosh K.), Bi, Y. (Yufang), Bienek, A. (Asako), Bikbov, M. (Mukharram), Bista, B. (Bihungum), Bjerregaard, P. (Peter), Bjertness, E. (Espen), Bjertness, M.B. (Marius B.), Björkelund, C. (Cecilia), Bloch, K.V. (Katia V.), Blokstra, A. (Anneke), Bo, S. (Simona), Boehm, B.O. (Bernhard O.), Boggia, J.G. (Jose G.), Boissonnet, C.P. (Carlos P.), Bonaccio, M. (Marialaura), Bongard, V. (Vanina), Borchini, R. (Rossana), Borghs, H. (Herman), Bovet, P. (Pascal), Brajkovich, I. (Imperia), Breckenkamp, J. (Juergen), Brenner, H. (Hermann), Brewster, L.M. (Lizzy), Bruno, G. (Graziella), Bugge, A. (Anna), Busch, M.A. (Markus A.), de León, A.C. (Antonio Cabrera), Cacciottolo, J. (Joseph), Can, G. (Günay), Cândido, A.P.C. (Ana Paula C.), Capanzana, M.V. (Mario V.), Capuano, E. (Eduardo), Capuano, V. (Vincenzo), Cardoso, V.C. (Viviane C.), Carvalho, J. (Joana), Casanueva, F.F., Censi, L. (Laura), Chadjigeorgiou, C.A. (Charalambos A.), Chamukuttan, S. (Snehalatha), Chaturvedi, N. (Nish), Chen, C.-J. (Chien-Jen), Chen, F. (Fangfang), Chen, S. (Shuohua), Cheng, C.-Y. (Ching-Yu), Cheraghian, B. (Bahman), Chetrit, A. (Angela), Chiou, S.-T. (Shu-Ti), Chirlaque, M.D. (M.), Cho, B. (Belong), Cho, Y. (Yumi), Chudek, J. (Jerzy), Claessens, F. (Frank), Clarke, J. (Janine), Clays, E. (Els), Concin, H. (Hans), Confortin, S.C. (Susana C.), Cooper, C. (Charles), Costanzo, S. (Simona), Cottel, D. (Dominique), Cowell, C. (Chris), Crujeiras, A.B. (Ana B.), Csilla, S. (Semánová), Cui, L. (Liufu), Cureau, F.V. (Felipe V.), D’Arrigo, G. (Graziella), d’Orsi, E. (Eleonora), Dallongeville, J., Damasceno, A. (Albertino), Dankner, R. (Rachel), Dantoft, T.M. (Thomas M.), Dauchet, L. (Luc), Davletov, K. (Kairat), Backer, G. (Guy) de, Bacquer, D. (Dirk) de, de Gaetano, G. (Giovanni), De Henauw, S. (Stefaan), de Oliveira, P.D. (Paula Duarte), De Ridder, D. (David), De Smedt, D. (Delphine), Deepa, M. (Mohan), Deev, A.D. (Alexander D.), Dehghan, A. (Abbas), Delisle, H. (Hélène), Dennison, E.M. (Elaine), Deschamps, V. (Valérie), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Di Castelnuovo, A.F. (Augusto F.), Dika, Z. (Zivka), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Dobson, A.J. (Annette J.), Donfrancesco, C. (Chiara), Donoso, S.P. (Silvana P.), Döring, A. (Angela), Dorobantu, M. (Maria), Dragano, N. (Nico), Drygas, W. (Wojciech), Du, Y. (Yong), Duante, C.A. (Charmaine A.), Duda, R.B. (Rosemary B.), Dzerve, V. (Vilnis), Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E. (Elzbieta), Eddie, R. (Ricky), Eftekhar, E. (Ebrahim), Eggertsen, R. (Robert), Eghtesad, S. (Sareh), Eiben, G. (Gabriele), Ekelund, U. (Ulf), El Ati, J. (Jalila), Eldemire-Shearer, D. (Denise), Eliasen, M. (Marie), Elosua, R. (Roberto), Erasmus, R.T. (Rajiv T.), Erbel, R. (Raimund), Erem, C. (Cihangir), Eriksen, L. (Louise), Hagen, K. (Knut), Escobedo-de la Peña, J. (Jorge), Eslami, S. (Saeid), Esmaeili, A. (Ali), Evans, A. (Alun), Faeh, D. (David), Fall, C.H. (Caroline H.), Faramarzi, E. (Elnaz), Farjam, M. (Mojtaba), Fattahi, M.R. (Mohammad Reza), Felix-Redondo, F.J. (Francisco J.), Ferguson, T.S. (Trevor S.), Fernández-Bergés, D. (Daniel), Ferrante, D. (Daniel), Ferrari, M. (Marika), Ferreccio, C. (Catterina), Ferrieres, J. (Jean), Föger, B. (Bernhard), Foo, L.H. (Leng Huat), Forslund, A.-S. (Ann-Sofie), Forsner, M. (Maria), Fouad, H.M. (Heba M.), Francis, D.K. (Damian K.), do Carmo Franco, M. (Maria), Franco, O.H. (Oscar H.), Frontera, G. (Guillermo), Fujita, Y. (Yuki), Fumihiko, M. (Matsuda), Furusawa, T. (Takuro), Gaciong, Z. (Zbigniew), Galvano, F. (Fabio), Gao, J. (Jingli), Garcia-de-la-Hera, M. (Manoli), Garnett, S.P. (Sarah P.), Gaspoz, J.-M. (Jean-Michel), Gasull, M. (Magda), Gazzinelli, A. (Andrea), Geleijnse, J.M. (Marianne), Ghanbari, A. (Ali), Ghasemi, E. (Erfan), Gheorghe-Fronea, O.-F. (Oana-Florentina), Ghimire, A. (Anup), Gianfagna, F. (Francesco), Gill, T.K. (Tiffany K.), Giovannelli, J. (Jonathan), Gironella, G. (Glen), Giwercman, A. (Aleksander), Goltzman, D. (David), Gonçalves, H. (Helen), Gonzalez-Chica, D.A. (David A.), Gonzalez-Gross, M. (Marcela), González-Rivas, J.P. (Juan P.), González-Villalpando, C. (Clicerio), González-Villalpando, M.E. (María Elena), Gonzalez, A.R. (Angel R.), Gottrand, F., Graff-Iversen, S. (Sidsel), Grafnetter, D. (Dušan), Gregor, R.D. (Ronald D.), Grodzicki, T. (Tomasz), Grøntved, A. (Anders), Grosso, G. (Giuseppe), Gruden, G. (Gabriella), Gu, D. (Dongfeng), Guallar-castillón, P. (Pilar), Guan, O.P. (Ong Peng), Gudmundsson, E.F. (Elias F.), Gudnason, V. (Vilmundur), Guerrero, R. (Ramiro), Guessous, I. (Idris), Gunnlaugsdottir, J. (Johanna), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gutierrez, L. (Laura), Gutzwiller, F. (Felix), Ha, S. (Seongjun), Hadaegh, F. (Farzad), Haghshenas, R. (Rosa), Hakimi, H. (Hamid), Hambleton, I.R. (Ian R.), Hamzeh, B. (Behrooz), Hantunen, S. (Sari), Kumar, R.H. (Rachakulla Hari), Hashemi-Shahri, S.M. (Seyed Mohammad), Hata, J. (Jun), Haugsgjerd, T. (Teresa), Hayes, A.J. (Alison J.), He, J. (Jiang), He, Y. (Yong), Hendriks, M.E. (Marleen), Henriques, A. (Ana), Herrala, S. (Sauli), Heshmat, R. (Ramin), Hill, A.G. (Allan G.), Ho, S.Y. (Sai Yin), Ho, S.C. (Suzanne C.), Hobbs, M. (Michael), Hofman, A. (Albert), Homayounfar, R. (Reza), Hopman, W.M. (Wilma M.), Horimoto, A.R.V.R. (Andrea R. V. R.), Hormiga, C.M. (Claudia M.), Horta, B.L. (Bernardo L.), Houti, L. (Leila), Howitt, C. (Christina), Htay, T.T. (Thein Thein), Htet, A.S. (Aung Soe), Htike, M.M.T. (Maung Maung Than), Huerta, J.M. (José María), Huhtaniemi, I.T. (I.), Huisman, M. (Martijn), Hunsberger, M.L. (Monica L.), Husseini, A. (Abdullatif), Huybrechts, I. (Inge), Hwalla, N. (Nahla), Iacoviello, L. (Licia), Iannone, A.G. (Anna G.), Ibrahim, M.M. (Mohsen), Wong, N.I. (Norazizah Ibrahim), Iglesia, I. (Iris), Ikeda, N. (Nayu), Ikram, M.A. (Arfan), Iotova, V. (Violeta), Irazola, V.E. (Vilma E.), Ishida, T. (Takafumi), Islam, M. (Muhammad), al-Safi Ismail, A. (Aziz), Iwasaki, M. (Masanori), Jacobs, J.M. (Jeremy M.), Jaddou, H.Y. (Hashem Y.), Jafar, T.H. (Tazeen), James, K. (Kenneth), Jamrozik, K., Janszky, I. (Imre), Janus, E. (Edward), Jarvelin, M.-R. (Marjo-Riitta), Jasienska, G. (Grazyna), Jelakovic, A. (Ana), Jelakovic, B. (Bojan), Jennings, G. (Garry), Jensen, G.B. (Gorm), Jeong, S.-L. (Seung-lyeal), Jha, A.K. (Anjani Kumar), Jiang, C.Q. (Chao Qiang), Jimenez, R.O. (Ramon O.), JöCkel, K.-H. (Karl-Heinz), Joffres, M. (Michel), Jokelainen, J.J. (Jari J.), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jorgensen, T. (Torben), Joshi, P. (Pradeep), Joukar, F. (Farahnaz), Józwiak, J. (Jacek), Juolevi, A. (Anne), Kafatos, A. (Anthony), Kajantie, E. (Eero), Kalter-Leibovici, O. (Ofra), Kamaruddin, N.A. (Nor Azmi), Kamstrup, P.R. (Pia R.), Karki, K.B. (Khem B.), Katz, J. (Joanne), Kauhanen, J. (Jussi), Kaur, P. (Prabhdeep), Kavousi, M. (Maryam), Kazakbaeva, G. (Gyulli), Keil, M. (Mark), Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. (Sirkka), Kelishadi, R. (Roya), Keramati, M. (Maryam), Kerimkulova, A. (Alina), Kersting, M. (Mathilde), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khalili, D. (Davood), Khateeb, M. (Mohammad), Kheradmand, M. (Motahareh), Khosravi, A. (Alireza), Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U. (Ursula), Kiechl, S. (Stefan), Killewo, J. (Japhet), Kim, H.C. (Hyeon Chang), Kim, J. (Jeongseon), Kim, Y.-Y. (Yeon-Yong), Klumbiene, J. (Jurate), Knoflach, M. (Michael), Ko, S. (Stephanie), Kohler, H.-P. (Hans-Peter), Kohler, I.V. (Iliana V.), Kolle, E. (Elin), Kolsteren, P. (Patrick), König, J. (Jürgen), Korpelainen, R. (Raija), Korrovits, P. (Paul), Kos, J. (Jelena), Koskinen, S. (Seppo), Kouda, K. (Katsuyasu), Kowlessur, S. (Sudhir), Kratzer, W. (Wolfgang), Kriemler, S. (Susi), Kristensen, P.L. (Peter Lund), Krokstad, S. (Steiner), Kromhout, D. (Daan), Kujala, U.M. (Urho), Kurjata, P. (Pawel), Kyobutungi, C. (Catherine), Laamiri, F.Z. (Fatima Zahra), Laatikainen, T. (Tiina), Lachat, C. (Carl), Laid, Y. (Youcef), Lam, T.H. (Tai Hing), Lambrinou, C.-P. (Christina-Paulina), Lanska, V. (Vera), Lappas, G. (Georg), Larijani, B. (Bagher), Latt, T.S. (Tint Swe), Laugsand, L.E. (Lars E.), Lazo-Porras, M. (Maria), Lee, J. (Jeannette), Lee, J. (Jeonghee), Lehmann, N. (Nils), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Levitt, N.S. (Naomi S.), Li, Y. (Yanping), Lilly, C.L. (Christa L.), Lim, W.-Y. (Wei-Yen), Lima-Costa, M.F. (Maria Fernanda), Lin, H.-H. (Hsien-Ho), Lin, X. (Xu), Lin, Y.-T. (Yi-Ting), Kao, W.H.L. (Wen), Linneberg, A. (Allan), Lissner, L. (Lauren), Liu, J. (Jing), Loit, H.-M. (Helle-Mai), Lopez-Garcia, E. (Esther), Lopez, T. (Tania), Lotufo, P.A. (Paulo A), Lozano, J.E. (José Eugenio), Luksiene, D. (Dalia), Lundqvist, A. (Annamari), Lundqvist, R. (Robert), Lunet, N. (Nuno), Ma, G. (Guansheng), Machado-Coelho, G.L.L. (George L. L.), Machado-Rodrigues, A.M. (Aristides M.), Machi, S. (Suka), Madar, A.A. (Ahmed A.), Maggi, S. (Stefania), Magliano, D.J., Magriplis, E. (Emmanuella), Mahasampath, G. (Gowri), Maire, B. (Bernard), Makdisse, M. (Marcia), Malekzadeh, F. (Fatemeh), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Rao, K.M. (Kodavanti Mallikharjuna), Manios, Y., Mann, J.I. (Jim I.), Mansour-Ghanaei, F. (Fariborz), Manzato, E. (Enzo), Marques-Vidal, P. (Pedro), Martorell, R. (Reynaldo), Mascarenhas, L.P. (Luis P.), Mathiesen, E.B. (Ellisiv), Matsha, T.E. (Tandi E.), Mavrogianni, C. (Christina), McFarlane, S.R. (Shelly R.), McGarvey, S.T. (Stephen T.), McLachlan, S. (Stela), McLean, R.M. (Rachael M.), McLean, S.B. (Scott B.), McNulty, B.A. (Breige A.), Mediene-Benchekor, S. (Sounnia), Mehdipour, P. (Parinaz), Mehlig, K. (Kirsten), Mehrparvar, A.H. (Amir Houshang), Meirhaeghe, A. (Aline), Meisinger, C. (Christa), Menezes, A.M.B. (Ana M.B.), Menon, G.R. (Geetha R.), Merat, S. (Shahin), Mereke, A. (Alibek), Meshram, I.I. (Indrapal I.), Metcalf, P. (Patricia), Meyer, H.E. (Haakon E.), Mi, J. (Jie), Michels, N. (Nathalie), Miller, J.C. (Jody C.), Minderico, C.S. (Cláudia S.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Miquel, J.F. (Juan Francisco), Miranda, J.J. (J. Jaime), Mirjalili, M.R. (Mohammad Reza), Mirrakhimov, E. (Erkin), Modesti, P.A. (Pietro A.), Moghaddam, S.S. (Sahar Saeedi), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohamed, M.K. (Mostafa K.), Mohammad, K. (Kazem), Mohammadi, Z. (Zahra), Mohammadifard, N. (Noushin), Mohammadpourhodki, R. (Reza), Mohan, V. (Viswanathan), Mohanna, S. (Salim), Yusoff, M.F.M. (Muhammad Fadhli Mohd), Mohebbi, I. (Iraj), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Moitry, M. (Marie), Møllehave, L.T. (Line T.), Møller, N.C. (Niels C.), Molnár, D. (Dénes), Momenan, A. (Amirabbas), Mondo, C.K. (Charles K.), Monterrubio-Flores, E. (Eric), Moosazadeh, M. (Mahmood), Morejon, A. (Alain), Moreno, L. (Luis), Morgan, K. (Karen), Morin, S.N. (Suzanne N.), Moschonis, G. (George), Mossakowska, M. (Malgorzata), Mostafa, A. (Aya), Mota, J. (Jorge), Motlagh, M.E. (Mohammad Esmaeel), Motta, J. (Jorge), Msyamboza, K.P. (Kelias P.), Muiesan, M.L. (Maria Lorenza), Müller-Nurasyid, M. (Martina), Mursu, J. (Jaakko), Mustafa, N. (Norlaila), Nabipour, I. (Iraj), Naderimagham, S. (Shohreh), Nagel, G. (Gabriele), Naidu, B.M. (Balkish M.), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nakamura, H. (Harunobu), Námešná, J. (Jana), Nang, E.E.K. (Ei Ei K.), Nangia, V.B. (Vinay B.), Nauck, M. (Matthias), Neal, W.A. (William A.), Nejatizadeh, A. (Azim), Nenko, I. (Ilona), Nervi, F. (Flavio), Nguyen, N.D. (Nguyen D.), Nguyen, Q.N. (Quang Ngoc), Nieto-Martínez, R.E. (Ramfis E.), Nihal, T. (Thomas), Niiranen, T.J. (Teemu J.), Ning, G. (Guang), Ninomiya, T. (Toshiharu), Noale, M. (Marianna), Noboa, O.A. (Oscar A.), Noto, D. (Davide), Nsour, M.A. (Mohannad Al), Nuhoğlu, I. (Irfan), O’Neill, T.W. (Terence W.), O’Reilly, D. (Dermot), Ochoa-Avilés, A.M. (Angélica M.), Oh, K. (Kyungwon), Ohtsuka, R. (Ryutaro), Olafsson, Ö. (Örn), Olié, V. (Valérie), Oliveira, I.O. (Isabel O.), Omar, M.A. (Mohd Azahadi), Onat, A. (Altan), Ong, S.K. (Sok King), Ordunez, P. (Pedro), Ornelas, R. (Rui), Ortiz, P.J. (Pedro J.), Osmond, C. (Clive), Ostojic, S.M. (Sergej M.), Ostovar, A. (Afshin), Otero, J.A. (Johanna A.), Owusu-Dabo, E. (Ellis), Paccaud, F.M. (Fred Michel), Pahomova, E. (Elena), Pajak, A. (Andrzej), Palmieri, L. (Luigi), Pan, W.-H. (Wen-Harn), Panda-Jonas, S. (Songhomitra), Panza, F. (Francesco), Parnell, W.R. (Winsome R.), Patel, N.D. (Nikhil D.), Peer, N. (Nasheeta), Peixoto, S.V. (Sergio Viana), Peltonen, M. (Markku), Pereira, A. (A.), Peters, A. (Annette), Petersmann, A. (Astrid), Petkeviciene, J. (Janina), Peykari, N. (Niloofar), Pham, S.T. (Son Thai), Pichardo, R.N. (Rafael N.), Pigeot, I. (Iris), Pilav, A. (Aida), Pilotto, A. (Alberto), Piwonska, A. (Aleksandra), Pizarro, A.N. (Andreia N.), Plans-Rubió, P. (Pedro), Plata, S. (Silvia), Pohlabeln, H. (Hermann), Porta, M. (Miquel), Portegies, M.L.P. (Marileen), Poudyal, A. (Anil), Pourfarzi, F. (Farhad), Poustchi, H. (Hossein), Pradeepa, R. (Rajendra), Price, J.F. (Jacqueline F.), Providencia, R. (Rui), Puder, J.J. (Jardena J.), Puhakka, S.E. (Soile E.), Punab, M. (Margus), Qorbani, M. (Mostafa), Bao, T.Q. (Tran Quoc), Radisauskas, R. (Ricardas), Rahimikazerooni, S. (Salar), Raitakari, O. (Olli), Rao, S.R. (Sudha Ramachandra), Ramachandran, A. (Ambady), Ramos, E. (Elisabete), Ramos, R. (Rafel), Rampal, L. (Lekhraj), Rampal, S. (Sanjay), Redón, J. (Josep), Reganit, P.F.M. (Paul Ferdinand M.), Revilla, L. (Luis), Rezaianzadeh, A. (Abbas), Ribeiro, R. (Robespierre), Richter, A. (Adrian), Rigo, F. (Fernando), Rinke de Wit, T.F. (Tobias), Rodríguez Artalejo, F. (Fernando), del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, M. (María), Rodríguez-Villamizar, L.A. (Laura A.), Roggenbuck, U. (Ulla), Rojas-Martinez, R. (Rosalba), Romaguera, D. (Dora), Romeo, E.L. (Elisabetta L.), Rosengren, A. (Annika), Roy, J.G.R. (Joel G. R.), Rubinstein, A. (Adolfo), Ruidavets, J.-B. (Jean-Bernard), Ruiz-Betancourt, B.S. (Blanca Sandra), Russo, P. (Paola), Rust, P. (Petra), Rutkowski, M. (Marcin), Sabanayagam, C. (Charumathi), Sachdev, H.S. (Harshpal S.), Sadjadi, A. (Alireza), Safarpour, A.R. (Ali Reza), Safiri, S. (Saeid), Saidi, O. (Olfa), Saki, N. (Nader), Salanave, B. (Benoit), Salmerón, D. (Diego), Salomaa, V. (Veikko), Salonen, J.T. (Jukka T.), Salvetti, M. (Massimo), Sánchez-Abanto, J. (Jose), Sans, S. (Susana), Santaliestra-Pasías, A.M. (Alba M.), Santos, D.A. (Diana A.), Santos, M.P. (Maria Paula), Santos, R. (Rute), Saramies, J.L. (Jouko L.), Sardinha, L.B. (Luis B.), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Saum, K.-U. (Kai-Uwe), Savva, S., Sawada, N. (Norie), Sbaraini, M. (Mariana), Scazufca, M. (Marcia), Schaan, B.D. (Beatriz D.), Schargrodsky, H. (Herman), Scheidt-Nave, C. (C.), Schienkiewitz, A. (Anja), Schipf, S. (Sabine), Schmidt, C.O. (Carsten O.), Schöttker, B. (Ben), Schramm, S. (Sara), Sebert, S. (Sylvain), Sein, A.A. (Aye Aye), Sen, A. (Abhijit), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Servais, J. (Jennifer), Shakeri, R. (Ramin), Shalnova, S.A. (Svetlana A.), Shamah-Levy, T. (Teresa), Sharafkhah, M. (Maryam), Sharma, S.K. (Sanjib K.), Shaw, J.E., Shayanrad, A. (Amaneh), Shi, Z. (Zumin), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shimizu-Furusawa, H. (Hana), Shin, D.W. (Dong Wook), Shin, Y. (Youchan), Shirani, M. (Majid), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shrestha, N. (Namuna), Si-Ramlee, K. (Khairil), Siani, A. (Alfonso), Siantar, R. (Rosalynn), Sibai, A.M. (Abla M.), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Simon, M. (Mary), Simons, J. (Judith), Simons, L.A. (Leon A.), Sjöström, M. (Michael), Skaaby, T. (Tea), Slowikowska-Hilczer, J. (Jolanta), Slusarczyk, P. (Przemyslaw), Smeeth, L. (Liam), Snijder, M.B. (Marieke), Söderberg, S. (Stefan), Soemantri, A. (Augustinus), Sofat, R. (Reecha), Solfrizzi, V. (Vincenzo), Somi, M.H. (Mohammad Hossein), Sonestedt, E. (Emily), Sørensen, T.I.A. (Thorkild), Jérome, C.S. (Charles Sossa), Soumaré, A. (Aicha), Sozmen, K. (Kaan), Sparrenberger, K. (Karen), Staessen, J.A. (Jan), Stathopoulou, M.G. (Maria G), Stavreski, B. (Bill), Steene-Johannessen, J. (Jostein), Stehle, P. (Peter), Stein, A.D. (Aryeh D.), Stessman, J. (Jochanan), Stevanović, R. (Ranko), Stieber, J. (Jutta), Stöckl, D. (Doris), Stokwiszewski, J. (Jakub), Stronks, K. (Karien), Strufaldi, M.W. (Maria Wany), Suárez-Medina, R. (Ramón), Sun, C.-A. (Chien-An), Sundström, J. (Johan), Suriyawongpaisal, P. (Paibul), Sy, R.G. (Rody G.), Sylva, R.C. (René Charles), Szklo, M. (Moyses), Tai, E.S. (Shyong), Tamosiunas, A. (Abdonas), Tan, E.J. (Eng Joo), Tarawneh, M.R. (Mohammed Rasoul), Tarqui-Mamani, C.B. (Carolina B.), Taylor, A. (Anne), Taylor, J. (Julie), Tell, G.S. (Grethe S.), Tello, T. (Tania), Thankappan, K.R. (K. R.), Thijs, L. (Lutgarde), Thuesen, B.H. (Betina H.), Toft, U. (Ulla), Tolonen, H.K. (Hanna K.), Tolstrup, J.S. (Janne), Topbas, M. (Murat), Topór-Madry, R. (Roman), Tormo, M.J., Tornaritis, M.J. (Michael J.), Torrent, M. (Maties), Torres-Collado, L. (Laura), Traissac, P. (Pierre), Trinh, O.T.H. (Oanh T. H.), Truthmann, J. 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(San-Lin), Younger-Coleman, N.O. (Novie O.), Yusoff, A.F. (Ahmad Faudzi), Zainuddin, A.A. (Ahmad A.), Zakavi, S.R. (Seyed Rasoul), Zali, M.R. (Mohammad Reza), Zamani, F. (Farhad), Zambon, S. (Sabina), Zampelas, A. (Antonis), Zaw, K.K. (Ko Ko), Zdrojewski, T. (T.), Vrkic, T.Z. (Tajana Zeljkovic), Zhang, Z.-Y. (Zhen-Yu), Zhao, W. (Wenhua), Zhen, S. (Shiqi), Zheng, Y. (Yingfeng), Zholdin, B. (Bekbolat), Zhussupov, B. (Baurzhan), Zoghlami, N. (Nada), Cisneros, J.Z. (Julio Zuñiga), Gregg, E.W. (Edward W.), and Ezzati, M. (Majid)

Abstract

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiov

Published
2020
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66. National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries

Author

Taddei, C, Jackson, R, Zhou, B, Bixby, H, Danaei, G, Di Cesare, M, Kuulasmaa, K, Hajifathalian, K, Bentham, J, Bennett, JE, Aekplakorn, W, Cifkova, R, Dallongeville, J, DeBacquer, D, Giampaoli, S, Gudnason, V, Khang, Y-H, Laatikainen, T, Mann, J, Marques-Vidal, P, Mensah, GA, Mueller-Nurasyid, M, Ninomiya, T, Petkeviciene, J, Rodriguez-Artalejo, F, Servais, J, Soderberg, S, Stavreski, B, Wilsgaard, T, Zdrojewski, T, Zhao, D, Stevens, GA, Savin, S, Cowan, MJ, Riley, LM, Ezzati, M, Adams, RJ, Ahrens, W, Amouyel, P, Amuzu, A, Anderssen, SA, Ariansen, I, Arveiler, D, Aspelund, T, Auvinen, J, Avdicova, M, Banach, M, Bandosz, P, Banegas, JR, Barbagallo, CM, Bata, I, Baur, LA, Beaglehole, R, Bernotiene, G, Bi, Y, Bienek, A, Bjorkelund, C, Bo, S, Boehm, BO, Bonaccio, M, Bongard, V, Borchini, R, Borghs, H, Breckenkamp, J, Brenner, H, Bruno, G, Busch, MA, Cabrera de Leon, A, Capuano, V, Casanueva, FF, Casas, J-P, Caserta, CA, Censi, L, Chen, F, Chen, S, Chirlaque, M-D, Cho, B, Cho, Y, Chudek, J, Claessens, F, Clarke, J, Clays, E, Cooper, C, Costanzo, S, Cottel, D, Cowell, C, Crujeiras, AB, Cui, L, D'Arrigo, G, Dauchet, L, De Backer, G, De Bacquer, D, de Gaetano, G, De Henauw, S, De Smedt, D, Dennison, E, Deschamps, V, Di Castelnuovo, A, Dobson, AJ, Donfrancesco, C, Doering, A, Drygas, W, Du, Y, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E, Eggertsen, R, Ekelund, U, Elosua, R, Eriksson, JG, Evans, A, Faeh, D, Felix-Redondo, FJ, Fernandez-Berges, D, Ferrari, M, Ferrieres, J, Finn, JD, Forslund, A-S, Forsner, M, Frontera, G, Fujita, Y, Gaciong, Z, Galvano, F, Gao, J, Garcia-de-la-Hera, M, Garnett, SP, Gaspoz, J-M, Gasull, M, Gates, L, Gianfagna, F, Gill, TK, Giovannelli, J, Giwercman, A, Goltzman, D, Gonzalez Gross, M, Gottrand, F, Graff-Iversen, S, Grafnetter, D, Gregor, RD, Grodzicki, T, Grosso, G, Gruden, G, Gu, D, Guallar-Castillon, P, Gudmundsson, EF, Guessous, I, Gunnlaugsdottir, J, Gutzwiller, F, Hardy, R, Hata, J, Haugsgjerd, T, Hayes, AJ, He, J, He, Y, Herrala, S, Hihtaniemi, IT, Hobbs, M, Hopman, WM, Maria Huerta, J, Huybrechts, I, Iacoviello, L, Iannone, AG, Ikeda, N, Iwasaki, M, Jamrozik, K, Janszky, I, Jarvelin, M-R, Jasienska, G, Jennings, G, Jeong, S-L, Jiang, CQ, Joffres, M, Jokelainen, JJ, Jonas, JB, Jozwiak, J, Kajantie, EO, Kauhanen, J, Keil, U, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S, Kersting, M, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U, Kiechl, S, Kim, J, Kim, Y-Y, Klumbiene, J, Knoflach, M, Ko, S, Kolle, E, Korpelainen, R, Koskinen, S, Kouda, K, Kratzer, W, Kriemler, S, Krokstad, S, Kujala, UM, Kurjata, P, Lam, TH, Lanska, V, Lappas, G, Laugsand, LE, Lee, J, Lehtimaki, T, Li, Y, Lilly, CL, Lin, X, Lind, L, Lissner, L, Liu, J, Lopez-Garcia, E, Lorbeer, R, Eugenio Lozano, J, Luksiene, D, Lundqvist, A, Lundqvist, R, Lytsy, P, Ma, G, Machi, S, Maggi, S, Magliano, DJ, Manzato, E, Mathiesen, EB, McLachlan, S, McLean, RM, McLean, SB, Meirhaeghe, A, Meisinger, C, Metcalf, P, Mi, J, Miller, JC, Moreno, LA, Morin, SN, Mossakowska, M, Muiesan, ML, Mursu, J, Nakamura, H, Namesna, J, Nauck, M, Maria Navarrete-Munoz, E, Neal, WA, Nenko, I, Niiranen, TJ, Ning, G, Noale, M, Norie, S, Noto, D, O'Neill, T, O'Reilly, D, Oh, K, Olafsson, O, Paccaud, FM, Pajak, A, Palmieri, L, Panza, F, Parnell, WR, Peltonen, M, Peters, A, Petersmann, A, Pigeot, I, Pilotto, L, Piwonska, A, Plans-Rubio, P, Porta, M, Price, JF, Puder, JJ, Puhakka, SE, Radisauskas, R, Raitakari, O, Ramos, R, Redon, J, Rigo, F, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, M, Romaguera, D, Ronkainen, K, Rosengren, A, Roy, JGR, Ruidavets, J-B, Rutkowski, M, Salanave, B, Salmeron, D, Salomaa, V, Salonen, JT, Salvetti, M, Sans, S, Saramies, JL, Saum, K-U, Scheidt-Nave, C, Schienkiewitz, A, Schipf, S, Schmidt, CO, Schoettker, B, Sebert, S, Sen, A, Shaw, JE, Shibuya, K, Shin, DW, Shiri, R, Simons, J, Simons, LA, Sjostrom, M, Slowikowska-Hilczer, J, Slusarczyk, P, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Soumare, A, Staessen, JA, Stathopoulou, MG, Steene-Johannessen, J, Stehle, P, Stieber, J, Stoeckl, D, Stokwiszewski, J, Sundstrom, J, Suriyawongpaisal, P, Tamosiunas, A, Tan, EJ, Taylor, A, Tell, G, Thijs, L, Tolonen, HK, Topor-Madry, R, Jose Tormo, M, Torrent, M, Tsugane, S, Tuomainen, T-P, Tuomilehto, J, Tzourio, C, Uusitalo, HMT, Van Herck, K, Vanderschueren, D, Vanuzzo, D, Vatten, L, Vega, T, Veronesi, G, Vioque, J, Virtanen, JK, Visvikis-Siest, S, Vollenweider, P, Voutilainen, S, Vrijheid, M, Wagner, A, Wang, M-D, Wang, Q, Wang, YX, Wannamethee, SG, Wei, W, Whincup, PH, Wiecek, A, Willeit, J, Willeit, P, Wojtyniak, B, Wong, A, Woodward, M, Wu, FC, Wu, S, Xu, H, Xu, L, Yan, W, Yang, X, Ye, X, Yoshihara, A, Zambon, S, Zhao, W, Taddei, C, Jackson, R, Zhou, B, Bixby, H, Danaei, G, Di Cesare, M, Kuulasmaa, K, Hajifathalian, K, Bentham, J, Bennett, JE, Aekplakorn, W, Cifkova, R, Dallongeville, J, DeBacquer, D, Giampaoli, S, Gudnason, V, Khang, Y-H, Laatikainen, T, Mann, J, Marques-Vidal, P, Mensah, GA, Mueller-Nurasyid, M, Ninomiya, T, Petkeviciene, J, Rodriguez-Artalejo, F, Servais, J, Soderberg, S, Stavreski, B, Wilsgaard, T, Zdrojewski, T, Zhao, D, Stevens, GA, Savin, S, Cowan, MJ, Riley, LM, Ezzati, M, Adams, RJ, Ahrens, W, Amouyel, P, Amuzu, A, Anderssen, SA, Ariansen, I, Arveiler, D, Aspelund, T, Auvinen, J, Avdicova, M, Banach, M, Bandosz, P, Banegas, JR, Barbagallo, CM, Bata, I, Baur, LA, Beaglehole, R, Bernotiene, G, Bi, Y, Bienek, A, Bjorkelund, C, Bo, S, Boehm, BO, Bonaccio, M, Bongard, V, Borchini, R, Borghs, H, Breckenkamp, J, Brenner, H, Bruno, G, Busch, MA, Cabrera de Leon, A, Capuano, V, Casanueva, FF, Casas, J-P, Caserta, CA, Censi, L, Chen, F, Chen, S, Chirlaque, M-D, Cho, B, Cho, Y, Chudek, J, Claessens, F, Clarke, J, Clays, E, Cooper, C, Costanzo, S, Cottel, D, Cowell, C, Crujeiras, AB, Cui, L, D'Arrigo, G, Dauchet, L, De Backer, G, De Bacquer, D, de Gaetano, G, De Henauw, S, De Smedt, D, Dennison, E, Deschamps, V, Di Castelnuovo, A, Dobson, AJ, Donfrancesco, C, Doering, A, Drygas, W, Du, Y, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E, Eggertsen, R, Ekelund, U, Elosua, R, Eriksson, JG, Evans, A, Faeh, D, Felix-Redondo, FJ, Fernandez-Berges, D, Ferrari, M, Ferrieres, J, Finn, JD, Forslund, A-S, Forsner, M, Frontera, G, Fujita, Y, Gaciong, Z, Galvano, F, Gao, J, Garcia-de-la-Hera, M, Garnett, SP, Gaspoz, J-M, Gasull, M, Gates, L, Gianfagna, F, Gill, TK, Giovannelli, J, Giwercman, A, Goltzman, D, Gonzalez Gross, M, Gottrand, F, Graff-Iversen, S, Grafnetter, D, Gregor, RD, Grodzicki, T, Grosso, G, Gruden, G, Gu, D, Guallar-Castillon, P, Gudmundsson, EF, Guessous, I, Gunnlaugsdottir, J, Gutzwiller, F, Hardy, R, Hata, J, Haugsgjerd, T, Hayes, AJ, He, J, He, Y, Herrala, S, Hihtaniemi, IT, Hobbs, M, Hopman, WM, Maria Huerta, J, Huybrechts, I, Iacoviello, L, Iannone, AG, Ikeda, N, Iwasaki, M, Jamrozik, K, Janszky, I, Jarvelin, M-R, Jasienska, G, Jennings, G, Jeong, S-L, Jiang, CQ, Joffres, M, Jokelainen, JJ, Jonas, JB, Jozwiak, J, Kajantie, EO, Kauhanen, J, Keil, U, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S, Kersting, M, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U, Kiechl, S, Kim, J, Kim, Y-Y, Klumbiene, J, Knoflach, M, Ko, S, Kolle, E, Korpelainen, R, Koskinen, S, Kouda, K, Kratzer, W, Kriemler, S, Krokstad, S, Kujala, UM, Kurjata, P, Lam, TH, Lanska, V, Lappas, G, Laugsand, LE, Lee, J, Lehtimaki, T, Li, Y, Lilly, CL, Lin, X, Lind, L, Lissner, L, Liu, J, Lopez-Garcia, E, Lorbeer, R, Eugenio Lozano, J, Luksiene, D, Lundqvist, A, Lundqvist, R, Lytsy, P, Ma, G, Machi, S, Maggi, S, Magliano, DJ, Manzato, E, Mathiesen, EB, McLachlan, S, McLean, RM, McLean, SB, Meirhaeghe, A, Meisinger, C, Metcalf, P, Mi, J, Miller, JC, Moreno, LA, Morin, SN, Mossakowska, M, Muiesan, ML, Mursu, J, Nakamura, H, Namesna, J, Nauck, M, Maria Navarrete-Munoz, E, Neal, WA, Nenko, I, Niiranen, TJ, Ning, G, Noale, M, Norie, S, Noto, D, O'Neill, T, O'Reilly, D, Oh, K, Olafsson, O, Paccaud, FM, Pajak, A, Palmieri, L, Panza, F, Parnell, WR, Peltonen, M, Peters, A, Petersmann, A, Pigeot, I, Pilotto, L, Piwonska, A, Plans-Rubio, P, Porta, M, Price, JF, Puder, JJ, Puhakka, SE, Radisauskas, R, Raitakari, O, Ramos, R, Redon, J, Rigo, F, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, M, Romaguera, D, Ronkainen, K, Rosengren, A, Roy, JGR, Ruidavets, J-B, Rutkowski, M, Salanave, B, Salmeron, D, Salomaa, V, Salonen, JT, Salvetti, M, Sans, S, Saramies, JL, Saum, K-U, Scheidt-Nave, C, Schienkiewitz, A, Schipf, S, Schmidt, CO, Schoettker, B, Sebert, S, Sen, A, Shaw, JE, Shibuya, K, Shin, DW, Shiri, R, Simons, J, Simons, LA, Sjostrom, M, Slowikowska-Hilczer, J, Slusarczyk, P, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Soumare, A, Staessen, JA, Stathopoulou, MG, Steene-Johannessen, J, Stehle, P, Stieber, J, Stoeckl, D, Stokwiszewski, J, Sundstrom, J, Suriyawongpaisal, P, Tamosiunas, A, Tan, EJ, Taylor, A, Tell, G, Thijs, L, Tolonen, HK, Topor-Madry, R, Jose Tormo, M, Torrent, M, Tsugane, S, Tuomainen, T-P, Tuomilehto, J, Tzourio, C, Uusitalo, HMT, Van Herck, K, Vanderschueren, D, Vanuzzo, D, Vatten, L, Vega, T, Veronesi, G, Vioque, J, Virtanen, JK, Visvikis-Siest, S, Vollenweider, P, Voutilainen, S, Vrijheid, M, Wagner, A, Wang, M-D, Wang, Q, Wang, YX, Wannamethee, SG, Wei, W, Whincup, PH, Wiecek, A, Willeit, J, Willeit, P, Wojtyniak, B, Wong, A, Woodward, M, Wu, FC, Wu, S, Xu, H, Xu, L, Yan, W, Yang, X, Ye, X, Yoshihara, A, Zambon, S, and Zhao, W

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries. METHODS: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group. RESULTS: Since ∼1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at ∼0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as ∼0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to ∼26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China. CONCLUSIONS: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.

Published
2020

75. Parental views on public-policy options regarding healthy eating

Author

Wickins-Drazilova, D., primary, Nicholls, S., additional, Williams, G., additional, Börnhorst, C., additional, Grafström, L., additional, De Henauw, S., additional, Marild, S., additional, Molnar, D., additional, Moreno Aznar, L.A., additional, Pigeot, I., additional, Siani, A., additional, Tornaritis, M., additional, Veidebaum, T., additional, and Ahrens, W., additional

Published
2010
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85. A survey on the quality of biostatistical aspects in studies evaluated by medical ethics committees

Author

Rauch, G, Hafermann, L, Pigeot, I, and Mansmann, U

Subjects
ddc: 610, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine
Abstract

Background: The global aim of medical ethics committees is to judge the scientific quality and validity of medical research projects (studies), thereby assessing the benefit-risk profile. Apart from judging content-related aspects and the legal validity, the study design and the analysis strategy must[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 64. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)

Published
2019
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86. NFDI4Health: Ein Konzept für eine föderierte Forschungsdateninfrastruktur personenbezogener Gesundheitsdaten

Author

Fluck, J, Pigeot, I, Lindstädt, B, Gübitz, T, Zeeb, H, Ahrens, W, Löffler, M, Brosteanu, O, Lang, U, Curdt, C, Semler, SC, Beyan, O, Neuhausen, H, Dierkes, J, Sax, U, Kusch, H, Senst, H, Muth, T, Thun, S, Kaiser, D, Dress, J, Müller, W, and Golebiewski, M

Subjects
FAIR Data, ddc: 610, Forschungsdateninfrastruktur, Medizininformatik, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine, Populationsstudien
Abstract

Hintergrund: Die GWK hat am 16. November 2018 entschieden, nationale Forschungsinfrastrukturen (NFDIs) in Deutschland bis zu 10 Jahre zu fördern [ref:1]; [link:https://www.dfg.de/foerderung/programme/nfdi/*https://www.dfg.de/foerderung/programme/nfdi/].[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], 64. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)

Published
2019
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88. Berlin Declaration on NFDI Cross-Cutting Topics. Zenodo. Version 1.0

Author

Glöckner, F.O., Diepenbroek, M., Felden, J., Overmann, J., Bonn, Aletta ; orcid:0000-0002-8345-4600, Gemeinholzer, B., Güntsch, A., König-Ries, B., Seeger, B., Pollex-Krüger, A., Fluck, J., Pigeot, I., Kirsten, T., Mühlhaus, T., Wolf, C., Heinrich, U., Steinbeck, C., Koepler, O., Stegle, O., Weimann, J., Schörner-Sadenius, T., Gutt, C., Stahl, F., Wagemann, K., Schrade, T., Schmitt, R., Eberl, C., Gauterin, F., Schultz, M., Bernard, L., Glöckner, F.O., Diepenbroek, M., Felden, J., Overmann, J., Bonn, Aletta ; orcid:0000-0002-8345-4600, Gemeinholzer, B., Güntsch, A., König-Ries, B., Seeger, B., Pollex-Krüger, A., Fluck, J., Pigeot, I., Kirsten, T., Mühlhaus, T., Wolf, C., Heinrich, U., Steinbeck, C., Koepler, O., Stegle, O., Weimann, J., Schörner-Sadenius, T., Gutt, C., Stahl, F., Wagemann, K., Schrade, T., Schmitt, R., Eberl, C., Gauterin, F., Schultz, M., and Bernard, L.

Abstract

In the spirit of our common interest to build what could become an international beacon for sharing the benefits of high-quality research data and research data management, the signing NFDI consortia strongly support the idea that NFDI must build on a coordinated and inclusive effort fostering the FAIR data principles. Recalling the challenges that interoperability and sharing of data faces, the 21 consortia signing this declaration agreed on a common list of cross-cutting topics.

Published
2019

89. Berlin Declaration on NFDI Cross-Cutting Topics (Version 1)

Author

Glöckner, F.O., Diepenbroek, M., Felden, J., Overmann, J., Bonn, Aletta, Gemeinholzer, B., Güntsch, A., König-Ries, B., Seeger, B., Pollex-Krüger, A., Fluck, J., Pigeot, I., Kirsten, T., Mühlhaus, T., Wolf, C., Heinrich, U., Steinbeck, C., Koepler, O., Stegle, O., Weimann, J., Schörner-Sadenius, T., Gutt, C., Stahl, F., Wagemann, K., Schrade, T., Schmitt, R., Eberl, C., Gauterin, F., Schultz, M., Bernard, L., Glöckner, F.O., Diepenbroek, M., Felden, J., Overmann, J., Bonn, Aletta, Gemeinholzer, B., Güntsch, A., König-Ries, B., Seeger, B., Pollex-Krüger, A., Fluck, J., Pigeot, I., Kirsten, T., Mühlhaus, T., Wolf, C., Heinrich, U., Steinbeck, C., Koepler, O., Stegle, O., Weimann, J., Schörner-Sadenius, T., Gutt, C., Stahl, F., Wagemann, K., Schrade, T., Schmitt, R., Eberl, C., Gauterin, F., Schultz, M., and Bernard, L.

Abstract

In the spirit of our common interest to build what could become an international beacon for sharing the benefits of high-quality research data and research data management, the signing NFDI consortia strongly support the idea that NFDI must build on a coordinated and inclusive effort fostering the FAIR data principles. Recalling the challenges that interoperability and sharing of data faces, the 21 consortia signing this declaration agreed on a common list of cross-cutting topics.

Published
2019

91. Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

Author

Ezzati, M. and Zhou, B. and Bentham, J. and Di Cesare, M. and Bixby, H. and Danaei, G. and Hajifathalian, K. and Taddei, C. and Carrillo-Larco, R.M. and Djalalinia, S. and Khatibzadeh, S. and Lugero, C. and Peykari, N. and Zhang, W.Z. and Bennett, J. and Bilano, V. and Stevens, G.A. and Cowan, M.J. and Riley, L.M. and Chen, Z. and Hambleton, I.R. and Jackson, R.T. and Kengne, A.P. and Khang, Y.-H. and Laxmaiah, A. and Liu, J. and Malekzadeh, R. and Neuhauser, H.K. and Sorić, M. and Starc, G. and Sundström, J. and Woodward, M. and Abarca-Gómez, L. and Abdeen, Z.A. and Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. and Acosta-Cazares, B. and Adams, R.J. and Aekplakorn, W. and Afsana, K. and Aguilar-Salinas, C.A. and Agyemang, C. and Ahmad, N.A. and Ahmadvand, A. and Ahrens, W. and Ajlouni, K. and Akhtaeva, N. and Al-Raddadi, R. and Ali, M.M. and Ali, O. and Alkerwi, A. and Aly, E. and Amarapurkar, D.N. and Amouyel, P. and Amuzu, A. and Andersen, L.B. and Anderssen, S.A. and Ängquist, L.H. and Anjana, R.M. and Ansong, D. and Aounallah-Skhiri, H. and Araújo, J. and Ariansen, I. and Aris, T. and Arlappa, N. and Arveiler, D. and Aryal, K.K. and Aspelund, T. and Assah, F.K. and Assunção, M.C.F. and Avdicová, M. and Azevedo, A. and Azizi, F. and Babu, B.V. and Bahijri, S. and Balakrishna, N. and Bamoshmoosh, M. and Banach, M. and Bandosz, P. and Banegas, J.R. and Barbagallo, C.M. and Barceló, A. and Barkat, A. and Barros, A.J.D. and Barros, M.V. and Bata, I. and Batieha, A.M. and Batyrbek, A. and Baur, L.A. and Beaglehole, R. and Romdhane, H.B. and Benet, M. and Benson, L.S. and Bernabe-Ortiz, A. and Bernotiene, G. and Bettiol, H. and Bhagyalaxmi, A. and Bharadwaj, S. and Bhargava, S.K. and Bi, Y. and Bikbov, M. and Bista, B. and Bjerregaard, P. and Bjertness, E. and Bjertness, M.B. and Björkelund, C. and Blokstra, A. and Bo, S. and Bobak, M. and Boeing, H. and Boggia, J.G. and Boissonnet, C.P. and Bongard, V. and Borchini, R. and Bovet, P. and Braeckman, L. and Brajkovich, I. and Branca, F. and Breckenkamp, J. and Brenner, H. and Brewster, L.M. and Bruno, G. and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B. and Bugge, A. and Burns, C. and Bursztyn, M. and de León, A.C. and Cacciottolo, J. and Cai, H. and Cameron, C. and Can, G. and Cândido, A.P.C. and Capuano, V. and Cardoso, V.C. and Carlsson, A.C. and Carvalho, M.J. and Casanueva, F.F. and Casas, J.-P. and Caserta, C.A. and Chamukuttan, S. and Chan, A.W. and Chan, Q. and Chaturvedi, H.K. and Chaturvedi, N. and Chen, C.-J. and Chen, F. and Chen, H. and Chen, S. and Cheng, C.-Y. and Dekkaki, I.C. and Chetrit, A. and Chiolero, A. and Chiou, S.-T. and Chirita-Emandi, A. and Chirlaque, M.-D. and Cho, B. and Cho, Y. and Christofaro, D.G. and Chudek, J. and Cifkova, R. and Cinteza, E. and Claessens, F. and Clays, E. and Concin, H. and Cooper, C. and Cooper, R. and Coppinger, T.C. and Costanzo, S. and Cottel, D. and Cowell, C. and Craig, C.L. and Crujeiras, A.B. and Cruz, J.J. and D'Arrigo, G. and d'Orsi, E. and Dallongeville, J. and Damasceno, A. and Dankner, R. and Dantoft, T.M. and Dauchet, L. and Davletov, K. and De Backer, G. and De Bacquer, D. and de Gaetano, G. and De Henauw, S. and de Oliveira, P.D. and De Smedt, D. and Deepa, M. and Dehghan, A. and Delisle, H. and Deschamps, V. and Dhana, K. and Di Castelnuovo, A.F. and Dias-da-Costa, J.S. and Diaz, A. and Dickerson, T.T. and Do, H.T.P. and Dobson, A.J. and Donfrancesco, C. and Donoso, S.P. and Döring, A. and Dorobantu, M. and Doua, K. and Drygas, W. and Dulskiene, V. and Džakula, A. and Dzerve, V. and Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E. and Eggertsen, R. and Ekelund, U. and El Ati, J. and Elliott, P. and Elosua, R. and Erasmus, R.T. and Erem, C. and Eriksen, L. and Eriksson, J.G. and Escobedo-de la Peña, J. and Evans, A. and Faeh, D. and Fall, C.H. and Farzadfar, F. and Felix-Redondo, F.J. and Ferguson, T.S. and Fernandes, R.A. and Fernández-Bergés, D. and Ferrante, D. and Ferrari, M. and Ferreccio, C. and Ferrieres, J. and Finn, J.D. and Fischer, K. and Föger, B. and Foo, L.H. 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Association, Iceland, Universidad Icesi, Colombia, King's College London, United Kingdom, International Agency for Research on Cancer, France, Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, India, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Poland, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Denmark, Kyushu University, Japan, Tulane University, United States, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China, Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico, Oulu University Hospital, Finland, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Iran, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, University of Western Australia, Australia, Celal Bayar University, Turkey, Heart Institute, Brazil, Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, Colombia, University of Oran 1, Algeria, Independent Public Health Specialist, Myanmar, Ministry of Health, Myanmar, Peking University, China, VU University Medical Center and VU University, Netherlands, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Cairo University, Egypt, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan, Aga Khan University, Pakistan, UHC Zagreb, Croatia, Niigata University, Japan, Hadassah University Medical Center, Israel, Duke- NUS Medical School, Singapore, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatia, Heart Foundation, Australia, National Health Insurance Service, South Korea, Guangzhou 12th Hospital, China, Simon Fraser University, Canada, Ruprecht-Karls- University of Heidelberg, Germany, Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark, World Health Organization Country Office, India, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland, University of Crete, Greece, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States, University of Eastern Finland, Finland, National Institute of Epidemiology, India, University of Münster, Germany, Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Iran, VU University Medical Center, Netherlands, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Kyrgyzstan, Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Germany, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania, National Cancer Center, South Korea, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Mauritius, Polish Academy of Sciences Anthropology Unit in Wroclaw, Poland, University of Zürich, Switzerland, University of Groningen, Netherlands, North-West University, South Africa, National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic, University of Jyväskylä, Finland, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India, African Population and Health Research Center, Kenya, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Cuba, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Iran, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Tampere University Hospital, Finland, University of Cape Town, South Africa, West Virginia University, United States, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany, Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León, Spain, University of Uppsala, Sweden, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan, National Research Council, Italy, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Russian Federation, Harokopio University, Greece, University of Otago, New Zealand, University of Padova, Italy, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, CIBERCV, Spain, Emory University, United States, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama, Brown University, United States, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Statistics Canada, Canada, University College Dublin, Ireland, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France, Lusófona University, Portugal, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Italy, Ain Shams University, Egypt, Hypertension Research Center, Iran, University of Pécs, Hungary, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, South Korea, University Medical Science, Cuba, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, RCSI Dublin, Ireland, La Trobe University, Australia, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama, World Health Organization Country Office, Malawi, Department of Public Health, Myanmar, University of Brescia, Italy, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Ulm University, Germany, Kobe University, Japan, Suraj Eye Institute, India, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany, INSERM, France, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Viet Nam, The University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, Hanoi Medical University, Viet Nam, National Hospital of Endocrinology, Viet Nam, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, United States, University of Turku Tyks, Finland, Heartfile, Pakistan, Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan, Tachikawa General Hospital, Japan, Academic Hospital of Paramaribo, Suriname, Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam, University of Madeira, Portugal, MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, United Kingdom, Aarhus University, Denmark, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Switzerland, University of Coimbra, Portugal, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Italy, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Italy, Zayed University, United Arab Emirates, Catholic University of Daegu, South Korea, Jivandeep Hospital, India, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands, Vietnam National Heart Institute, Viet Nam, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cardiovascular Prevention Centre Udine, Italy, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Solomon Islands, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Spain, University of Split, Croatia, Digestive Oncology Research Center, Iran, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Iran, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Ministry of Health, Viet Nam, University of Turku, Finland, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, University of Malaya, Malaysia, University of Valencia, Spain, University of the Philippines, Philippines, Minas Gerais State Secretariat for Health, Brazil, Health Center San Agustín, Spain, PharmAccess Foundation, Netherlands, Universidade Nove de Julho, Brazil, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada, Canarian Health Service, Spain, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Mexico, Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, India, Marmara University, Turkey, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Spain, University of Helsinki, Finland, National Institute of Health, Peru, Catalan Department of Health, Spain, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Brazil, South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Finland, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran, Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Cyprus, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Nigeria, The University of Tokyo, Japan, Samsung Medical Center, South Korea, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, St Vincent's Hospital, Australia, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands, University of Bari, Italy, Lund University, Sweden, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Benin, University of Bordeaux, France, University of Leuven, Belgium, Bonn University, Germany, Sotiria Hospital, Greece, National Institute of Public Health- National Institute of Hygiene, Poland, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan, Ministry of Health, Jordan, Health Service of Murcia, Spain, IB-SALUT Area de Salut de Menorca, Spain, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France, Hellenic Health Foundation, Greece, GovernmentMedical College, India, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, South Africa, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Ministry of Health, New Zealand, Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela, University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Finland, Utrecht University, Netherlands, Hanoi University of Public Health, Viet Nam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Netherlands, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Spain, North Karelian Center for Public Health, Finland, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, University of Strasbourg, France, Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia, Xinjiang Medical University, China, Capital Medical University, China, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Poland, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture, China, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, China, University of Cyprus, Cyprus, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, Inner Mongolia Medical University, China, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain, State University of Montes Claros, Brazil, and University of Limpopo, South Africa

Subjects
sense organs
Abstract

Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups. © The Author(s) 2018.

Published
2018

95. Dietary patterns of European children and their parents in association with family food environment: Results from the i.family study

Author

Hebestreit, A., Intemann, T., Siani, A., Dehenauw, S., Eiben, G., Kourides, Y.A., Kovacs, E., Moreno, L.A., Veidebaum, T., Krogh, V., Pala, V., Bogl, L.H., Hunsberger, M., Börnhorst, C., and Pigeot, I.

Subjects
Adult, Male, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Adolescent, Mothers, Carbonated Beverages, Article, White People, Fathers, Surveys and Questionnaires, Humans, Parent-Child Relations, Child, Meals, family resemblance, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Feeding Behavior, soft drink, Middle Aged, Dietary Fats, Diet, Europe, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Cross-Sectional Studies, Logistic Models, food consumption, Mental Recall, Educational Status, shared meals, Female, Diet, Healthy, Nutritive Sweeteners, childhood obesity, cluster analysis
Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine whether an association exists between children's and parental dietary patterns (DP), and whether the number of shared meals or soft drink availability during meals strengthens this association. In 2013/2014 the I. Family study cross-sectionally assessed the dietary intakes of families from eight European countries using 24-h dietary recalls. Usual energy and food intakes from six-to 16-year-old children and their parents were estimated based on the NCI Method. A total of 1662 child-mother and 789 child-father dyads were included; DP were derived using cluster analysis. We investigated the association between children's and parental DP and whether the number of shared meals or soft drink availability moderated this association using mixed effects logistic regression models. Three DP comparable in children and parents were obtained: Sweet & Fat, Refined Cereals, and Animal Products. Children were more likely to be allocated to the Sweet & Fat DP when their fathers were allocated to the Sweet & Fat DP and when they shared at least one meal per day (OR 3.18; 95% CI 1.84; 5.47). Being allocated to the Sweet & Fat DP increased when the mother or the father was allocated to the Sweet & Fat DP and when soft drinks were available (OR 2.78; 95% CI 1.80; 4.28 or OR 4.26; 95% CI 2.16; 8.41, respectively). Availability of soft drinks and negative parental role modeling are important predictors of children's dietary patterns. Authors on behalf of the I.Family ConsortiumCC BY 4.0

Published
2017
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96. Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants

Author

Zhou, B. and Bentham, J. and Di Cesare, M. and Bixby, H. and Danaei, G. and Cowan, M.J. and Paciorek, C.J. and Singh, G. and Hajifathalian, K. and Bennett, J.E. and Taddei, C. and Bilano, V. and Carrillo-Larco, R.M. and Djalalinia, S. and Khatibzadeh, S. and Lugero, C. and Peykari, N. and Zhang, W.Z. and Lu, Y. and Stevens, G.A. and Riley, L.M. and Bovet, P. and Elliott, P. and Gu, D. and Ikeda, N. and Jackson, R.T. and Joffres, M. and Kengne, A.P. and Laatikainen, T. and Lam, T.H. and Laxmaiah, A. and Liu, J. and Miranda, J.J. and Mondo, C.K. and Neuhauser, H.K. and Sundström, J. and Smeeth, L. and Sorić, M. and Woodward, M. and Ezzati, M. and Abarca-Gómez, L. and Abdeen, Z.A. and Rahim, H.A. and Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. and Acosta-Cazares, B. and Adams, R. and Aekplakorn, W. and Afsana, K. and Aguilar-Salinas, C.A. and Agyemang, C. and Ahmadvand, A. and Ahrens, W. and Al Raddadi, R. and Al Woyatan, R. and Ali, M.M. and Alkerwi, A. and Aly, E. and Amouyel, P. and Amuzu, A. and Andersen, L.B. and Anderssen, S.A. and Ängquist, L. and Anjana, R.M. and Ansong, D. and Aounallah-Skhiri, H. and Araújo, J. and Ariansen, I. and Aris, T. and Arlappa, N. and Aryal, K. and Arveiler, D. and Assah, F.K. and Assunção, M.C.F. and Avdicová, M. and Azevedo, A. and Azizi, F. and Babu, B.V. and Bahijri, S. and Balakrishna, N. and Bandosz, P. and Banegas, J.R. and Barbagallo, C.M. and Barceló, A. and Barkat, A. and Barros, A.J.D. and Barros, M.V. and Bata, I. and Batieha, A.M. and Baur, L.A. and Beaglehole, R. and Romdhane, H.B. and Benet, M. and Benson, L.S. and Bernabe-Ortiz, A. and Bernotiene, G. and Bettiol, H. and Bhagyalaxmi, A. and Bharadwaj, S. and Bhargava, S.K. and Bi, Y. and Bikbov, M. and Bjerregaard, P. and Bjertness, E. and Björkelund, C. and Blokstra, A. and Bo, S. and Bobak, M. and Boeing, H. and Boggia, J.G. and Boissonnet, C.P. and Bongard, V. and Braeckman, L. and Brajkovich, I. and Branca, F. and Breckenkamp, J. and Brenner, H. and Brewster, L.M. and Bruno, G. and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B. and Bugge, A. and Burns, C. and Bursztyn, M. and de León, A.C. and Cacciottolo, J. and Cameron, C. and Can, G. and Cândido, A.P.C. and Capuano, V. and Cardoso, V.C. and Carlsson, A.C. and Carvalho, M.J. and Casanueva, F.F. and Casas, J.-P. and Caserta, C.A. and Chamukuttan, S. and Chan, A.W. and Chan, Q. and Chaturvedi, H.K. and Chaturvedi, N. and Chen, C.-J. and Chen, F. and Chen, H. and Chen, S. and Chen, Z. and Cheng, C.-Y. and Dekkaki, I.C. and Chetrit, A. and Chiolero, A. and Chiou, S.-T. and Chirita-Emandi, A. and Cho, B. and Cho, Y. and Chudek, J. and Cifkova, R. and Claessens, F. and Clays, E. and Concin, H. and Cooper, C. and Cooper, R. and Coppinger, T.C. and Costanzo, S. and Cottel, D. and Cowell, C. and Craig, C.L. and Crujeiras, A.B. and Cruz, J.J. and D'Arrigo, G. and d'Orsi, E. and Dallongeville, J. and Damasceno, A. and Dankner, R. and Dantoft, T.M. and Dauchet, L. and De Backer, G. and De Bacquer, D. and de Gaetano, G. and De Henauw, S. and De Smedt, D. and Deepa, M. and Dehghan, A. and Delisle, H. and Deschamps, V. and Dhana, K. and Di Castelnuovo, A.F. and Dias-da-Costa, J.S. and Diaz, A. and Dickerson, T.T. and Do, H.T.P. and Donfrancesco, C. and Dobson, A.J. and Donoso, S.P. and Döring, A. and Doua, K. and Drygas, W. and Dulskiene, V. and Džakula, A. and Dzerve, V. and Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E. and Ekelund, U. and El Ati, J. and Ellert, U. and Elosua, R. and Erasmus, R.T. and Erem, C. and Eriksen, L. and Escobedo-de la Peña, J. and Evans, A. and Faeh, D. and Fall, C.H. and Farzadfar, F. and Felix-Redondo, F.J. and Ferguson, T.S. and Fernández-Bergés, D. and Ferrante, D. and Ferrari, M. and Ferreccio, C. and Ferrieres, J. and Finn, J.D. and Fischer, K. and Föger, B. and Foo, L.H. and Forslund, A.-S. and Forsner, M. and Fortmann, S.P. and Fouad, H.M. and Francis, D.K. and do Carmo Franco, M. and Franco, O.H. and Frontera, G. and Fuchs, F.D. and Fuchs, S.C. and Fujita, Y. and Furusawa, T. and Gaciong, Z. and Gareta, D. and Garnett, S.P. and Gaspoz, J.-M. and Gasull, M. and Gates, L. and Gavrila, D. and Geleijnse, J.M. and Ghasemian, A. and Ghimire, A. and Giampaoli, S. and Gianfagna, F. and Giovannelli, J. and Goldsmith, R.A. and Gonçalves, H. and Gross, M.G. and González Rivas, J.P. and Gottrand, F. and Graff-Iversen, S. and Grafnetter, D. and Grajda, A. and Gregor, R.D. and Grodzicki, T. and Grøntved, A. and Gruden, G. and Grujic, V. and Guan, O.P. and Gudnason, V. and Guerrero, R. and Guessous, I. and Guimaraes, A.L. and Gulliford, M.C. and Gunnlaugsdottir, J. and Gunter, M. and Gupta, P.C. and Gureje, O. and Gurzkowska, B. and Gutierrez, L. and Gutzwiller, F. and Hadaegh, F. and Halkjær, J. and Hambleton, I.R. and Hardy, R. and Harikumar, R. and Hata, J. and Hayes, A.J. and He, J. and Hendriks, M.E. and Henriques, A. and Cadena, L.H. and Herqutanto and Herrala, S. and Heshmat, R. and Hihtaniemi, I.T. and Ho, S.Y. and Ho, S.C. and Hobbs, M. and Hofman, A. and Dinc, G.H. and Hormiga, C.M. and Horta, B.L. and Houti, L. and Howitt, C. and Htay, T.T. and Htet, A.S. and Hu, Y. and Huerta, J.M. and Husseini, A.S. and Huybrechts, I. and Hwalla, N. and Iacoviello, L. and Iannone, A.G. and Ibrahim, M.M. and Ikram, M.A. and Irazola, V.E. and Islam, M. and Ivkovic, V. and Iwasaki, M. and Jacobs, J.M. and Jafar, T. and Jamrozik, K. and Janszky, I. and Jasienska, G. and Jelakovic, B. and Jiang, C.Q. and Johansson, M. and Jonas, J.B. and Jørgensen, T. and Joshi, P. and Juolevi, A. and Jurak, G. and Jureša, V. and Kaaks, R. and Kafatos, A. and Kalter-Leibovici, O. and Kamaruddin, N.A. and Kasaeian, A. and Katz, J. and Kauhanen, J. and Kaur, P. and Kavousi, M. and Kazakbaeva, G. and Keil, U. and Boker, L.K. and Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S. and Kelishadi, R. and Kemper, H.C.G. and Kersting, M. and Key, T. and Khader, Y.S. and Khalili, D. and Khang, Y.-H. and Khaw, K.-T. and Kiechl, S. and Killewo, J. and Kim, J. and Klumbiene, J. and Kolle, E. and Kolsteren, P. and Korrovits, P. and Koskinen, S. and Kouda, K. and Koziel, S. and Kristensen, P.L. and Krokstad, S. and Kromhout, D. and Kruger, H.S. and Kubinova, R. and Kuciene, R. and Kuh, D. and Kujala, U.M. and Kula, K. and Kulaga, Z. and Krishna Kumar, R. and Kurjata, P. and Kusuma, Y.S. and Kuulasmaa, K. and Kyobutungi, C. and Lachat, C. and Landrove, O. and Lanska, V. and Lappas, G. and Larijani, B. and Laugsand, L.E. and Le Nguyen Bao, K. and Le, T.D. and Leclercq, C. and Lee, J. and Lee, J. and Lehtimäki, T. and Rampal, L. and León-Muñoz, L.M. and Levitt, N.S. and Li, Y. and Lilly, C.L. and Lim, W.-Y. and Lima-Costa, M.F. and Lin, H.-H. and Lin, X. and Linneberg, A. and Lissner, L. and Litwin, M. and Lorbeer, R. and Lotufo, P.A. and Lozano, J.E. and Luksiene, D. and Lundqvist, A. and Lunet, N. and Lytsy, P. and Ma, G. and Ma, J. and Machado-Coelho, G.L.L. and Machi, S. and Maggi, S. and Magliano, D.J. and Majer, M. and Makdisse, M. and Malekzadeh, R. and Malhotra, R. and Rao, K.M. and Malyutina, S. and Manios, Y. and Mann, J.I. and Manzato, E. and Margozzini, P. and Marques-Vidal, P. and Marrugat, J. and Martorell, R. and Mathiesen, E.B. and Matijasevich, A. and Matsha, T.E. and Mbanya, J.C.N. and McDonald Posso, A.J. and McFarlane, S.R. and McGarvey, S.T. and McLachlan, S. and McLean, R.M. and McNulty, B.A. and MdKhir, A.S. and Mediene-Benchekor, S. and Medzioniene, J. and Meirhaeghe, A. and Meisinger, C. and Menezes, A.M.B. and Menon, G.R. and Meshram, I.I. and Metspalu, A. and Mi, J. and Mikkel, K. and Miller, J.C. and Miquel, J.F. and Mišigoj-Durakovic, M. and Mohamed, M.K. and Mohammad, K. and Mohammadifard, N. and Mohan, V. and Mohd Yusoff, M.F. and Møller, N.C. and Molnár, D. and Momenan, A. and Monyeki, K.D.K. and Moreira, L.B. and Morejon, A. and Moreno, L.A. and Morgan, K. and Moschonis, G. and Mossakowska, M. and Mota, J. and Mostafa, A. and Motlagh, M.E. and Motta, J. and Muiesan, M.L. and Müller-Nurasyid, M. and Murphy, N. and Mursu, J. and Musil, V. and Nagel, G. and Naidu, B.M. and 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Research, Malaysia, Xinjiang Medical University, China, Beijing Tongren Hospital, China, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture, China, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, China, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China, University of Cyprus, Cyprus, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, and Inner Mongolia Medical University, China

Abstract

Background Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Methods For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or community population-based studies that had measured blood pressure in adults aged 18 years and older. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2015 in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of raised blood pressure for 200 countries. We calculated the contributions of changes in prevalence versus population growth and ageing to the increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure. Findings We pooled 1479 studies that had measured the blood pressures of 19·1 million adults. Global age-standardised mean systolic blood pressure in 2015 was 127·0 mm Hg (95% credible interval 125·7–128·3) in men and 122·3 mm Hg (121·0–123·6) in women; age-standardised mean diastolic blood pressure was 78·7 mm Hg (77·9–79·5) for men and 76·7 mm Hg (75·9–77·6) for women. Global age-standardised prevalence of raised blood pressure was 24·1% (21·4–27·1) in men and 20·1% (17·8–22·5) in women in 2015. Mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure decreased substantially from 1975 to 2015 in high-income western and Asia Pacific countries, moving these countries from having some of the highest worldwide blood pressure in 1975 to the lowest in 2015. Mean blood pressure also decreased in women in central and eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and, more recently, central Asia, Middle East, and north Africa, but the estimated trends in these super-regions had larger uncertainty than in high-income super-regions. By contrast, mean blood pressure might have increased in east and southeast Asia, south Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015, central and eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and south Asia had the highest blood pressure levels. Prevalence of raised blood pressure decreased in high-income and some middle-income countries; it remained unchanged elsewhere. The number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1·13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income countries. The global increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure is a net effect of increase due to population growth and ageing, and decrease due to declining age-specific prevalence. Interpretation During the past four decades, the highest worldwide blood pressure levels have shifted from high-income countries to low-income countries in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa due to opposite trends, while blood pressure has been persistently high in central and eastern Europe. Funding Wellcome Trust. © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license

Published
2017

97. Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants

Author

Zhou, B, Bentham, J, Di Cesare, M, Bixby, H, Danaei, G, Cowan, MJ, Paciorek, CJ, Singh, G, Hajifathalian, K, Bennett, JE, Taddei, C, Bilano, V, Carrillo-Larco, RM, Djalalinia, S, Khatibzadeh, S, Lugero, C, Peykari, N, Zhang, WZ, Lu, Y, Stevens, GA, Riley, LM, Bovet, P, Elliott, P, Gu, D, Ikeda, N, Jackson, RT, Joffres, M, Kengne, AP, Laatikainen, T, Lam, TH, Laxmaiah, A, Liu, J, Miranda, JJ, Mondo, CK, Neuhauser, HK, Sundstrom, J, Smeeth, L, Soric, M, Woodward, M, Ezzati, M, Abarca-Gomez, L, Abdeen, ZA, Rahim, HA, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Acosta-Cazares, B, Adams, R, Aekplakorn, W, Afsana, K, Aguilar-Salinas, CA, Agyemang, C, Ahmadvand, A, Ahrens, W, Al Raddadi, R, Al Woyatan, R, Ali, MM, Alkerwi, A, Aly, E, Amouyel, P, Amuzu, A, Andersen, LB, Anderssen, SA, Angquist, L, Anjana, RM, Ansong, D, Aounallah-Skhiri, H, Araujo, J, Ariansen, I, Aris, T, Arlappa, N, Aryal, K, Arveiler, D, Assah, FK, Assuncao, MCF, Avdicova, M, Azevedo, A, Azizi, F, Babu, BV, Bahijri, S, Balakrishna, N, Bandosz, P, 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Subjects
presión sanguínea, hypertension, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, united-states, humanos, Blood Pressure, systematic analysis, Global Health, Risk Factors, General & Internal Medicine, Prevalence, factores de riesgo, Humans, secular trends, cardiovascular risk-factors, Medicine (all), global burden, prevalencia, Bayes Theorem, gender-differences, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], sodium-intake, health examination surveys, low-income, teorema de Bayes
Abstract

Background Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Methods For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or community population-based studies that had measured blood pressure in adults aged 18 years and older. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2015 in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of raised blood pressure for 200 countries. We calculated the contributions of changes in prevalence versus population growth and ageing to the increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure. Findings We pooled 1479 studies that had measured the blood pressures of 19.1 million adults. Global age-standardised mean systolic blood pressure in 2015 was 127.0 mm Hg (95% credible interval 125.7-128.3) in men and 122.3 mm Hg (121.0-123.6) in women; age-standardised mean diastolic blood pressure was 78.7 mm Hg (77.9-79.5) for men and 76.7 mm Hg (75.9-77.6) for women. Global age-standardised prevalence of raised blood pressure was 24.1% (21.4-27.1) in men and 20.1% (17.8-22.5) in women in 2015. Mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure decreased substantially from 1975 to 2015 in high-income western and Asia Pacific countries, moving these countries from having some of the highest worldwide blood pressure in 1975 to the lowest in 2015. Mean blood pressure also decreased in women in central and eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and, more recently, central Asia, Middle East, and north Africa, but the estimated trends in these super-regions had larger uncertainty than in high-income super-regions. By contrast, mean blood pressure might have increased in east and southeast Asia, south Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015, central and eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and south Asia had the highest blood pressure levels. Prevalence of raised blood pressure decreased in high-income and some middle-income countries; it remained unchanged elsewhere. The number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income countries. The global increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure is a net effect of increase due to population growth and ageing, and decrease due to declining age-specific prevalence. Interpretation During the past four decades, the highest worldwide blood pressure levels have shifted from high-income countries to low-income countries in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa due to opposite trends, while blood pressure has been persistently high in central and eastern Europe. Funding Wellcome Trust., Wellcome Trust.

Published
2017

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