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International audience; Service crops are crops grown with the aim of providing non-marketed ecosystem services, i.e. differing from food, fiber and fuel production. Vineyard soils face various agronomic issues such as poor organic carbon levels, erosion, fertility losses, and numerous studies have highlighted the ability of service crops to address these issues. In addition to their ability to increase soil organic matter and fertility, and reduce runoff and erosion processes, service crops provide a large variety of ecosystem services in vineyards such as weed control, pest and disease regulation, water supply, water purification, improvement of field trafficability and maintenance of soil biodiversity. However, associating service crops with grapevines may also generate disservices and impair grape production: competition for soil resources with the grapevine is often highlighted to reject such association. Consequently, vinegrowers have to find a balance between services and disservices, depending on local soil and climate conditions, on their objectives of grape production and on the nature and temporality of the ecosystem services they expect during the grapevine cycle. This study proposes a review of the services and disservices provided by service crops in vineyards, and a framework for their management. Vinegrowers' production objectives and pedoclimatic constraints form the preliminary stage to consider before defining a strategy of service crop management. This strategy assembles management options such as the choice of species, its spatial distribution within the vineyard, the timing of its installation, maintenance and destruction. These management options, defined for both annual and long-term time scales, form action levers which may impact cropping system functioning. Finally, we underline the importance of implementing an adaptive strategy at the seasonal time scale. Such tactical management allows adapting the cropping system to observed climate and state of the biophysical system during the grapevine cycle, in order to provide targeted services and achieve satisfactory production objectives.

Background and aims The use of summer cover crops (SCCs) as residue inputs in agricultural systems can lead to a potential environmental trade-off between the amount C and N retained and the emission of N as the potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). Our objectives were to relate N2O fluxes to the quality of SCCs residues and to select SCCs species with high C and N addition and low N2O emissions.Methods We measured SCC biomass production and N2O fluxes after SCCs termination - velvet bean, pearl millet, dwarf pigeonpea, sunn hemp, showy rattlebox and jack bean - under subtropical no-till conditions.Results The N2O fluxes in the first 30 days after SCCs termination corresponded to 65% of cumulative N2O emissions measured during 165 days in 2010 and 150 days in 2011. The cumulative N2O emissions varied from 0.46 to 1.38 kg N ha(-1) and were not proportional to aboveground biomass N addition. Cumulative N2O emissions were positively correlated to water-soluble C and N and the N content of crop residues and negatively correlated to cellulose and hemicellulose content. The N2O emission factor values varied from 0.24 to 0.64% and did not differ among SCCs.Conclusions Sunn hemp and dwarf pigeonpea are the most suitable species for inclusion in crop systems because they combined high C and N input and low N2O emissions.

International audience; Cover crops are increasingly used in agriculture to provide a variety of ecosystem services (e.g. reducing nitrogen leaching, storing carbon in soils) during fallow periods, but it can be challenging to successfully establish them in summer, when water availability may be low. Thus, it is crucial to better quantify, understand and predict the emergence date of a variety of cover crops from multiple contexts in impact assessment studies. The objectives of this study were to 1) analyze variability in emergence dynamics among cover crops grown in fields, 2) identify variables that influence emergence the most and use them to develop a simple model to predict emergence date and 3) calibrate the STICS model to improve its predictions of cover crop emergence. STICS was chosen because it is a dynamic soil-plant model widely validated in the literature for simulating the production of cover crop services. We analyzed emergence dynamics of ten cover crop species sown under a variety of soil, climate and sowing conditions from 18 experimental sites across France. We developed and independently evaluated a static model based on these data to predict the number of days until emergence. We then calibrated STICS using the same data. Results revealed a mean emergence duration of 12 days for all species, but with high variability among experimental sites and years. The simple static model contained only three variables, with the number of consecutive days without significant water input after sowing the most significant. Overall, both the model and STICS predicted emergence date well in the calibration and validation datasets. Accurate prediction of soil moisture in the seedbed and soil water balance is a key factor to accurately predict cover crop emergence. Accurately predicting emergence of cover crops in crop models will help to assess the former’s ability to provide ecosystem services in cropping systems in current and future climates.

International audience; Cover crops provide ecosystem services such as storing atmospheric carbon in soils after incorporation of their residues. Cover crops also influence soil water balance, which can be an issue in temperate climates with dry summers as for example in southern France and Europe. As a consequence, it is necessary to understand cover crops’ long-term influence on greenhouse gases (GHG) and water balances to assess their potential to mitigate climate change in arable cropping systems. We used the previously calibrated and validated soil-crop model STICS to simulate scenarios of cover crop introduction to assess their influence on rainfed and irrigated cropping systems and crop rotations distributed among five contrasted sites in southern France from 2007-2052. Our results showed that cover crops can improve mean direct GHG balance by 315 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1 in the long term compared to that of bare soil. This was due mainly to an increase in carbon storage in the soil despite a slight increase in N2O emissions which can be compensate by adapting fertilization. Cover crops also influence the water balance by reducing mean annual drainage by 20 mm yr-1 but increasing mean annual evapotranspiration by 20 mm yr-1 compared to those of bare soil. Using cover crops to improve the GHG balance may help to mitigate climate change by decreasing CO2e emitted in cropping systems which can represent a decrease from 4.5 to 9% of annual GHG emissions of the French agriculture and forestry sector. However, if not well managed, they also could create water management issues in watersheds with shallow groundwater. Relationships between cover crop biomass and its influence on several variables such as drainage, carbon sequestration and GHG emissions could be used to extend our results to other conditions to assess the cover crops influence in a wider range of areas.

Until the last decade, pest management in a pineapple crop was efficiently done using pesticides. However, most of the pesticides are now banned for use in European overseas territories. An alternative is to establish a rotation, or rotations, between pineapple and plants that limit the development of these parasites. We tested 32 plants (mainly Fabaceae and Poaceae) for their potential to decrease the soil inoculum of the nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis and of the symphylid Hanseniella sp., the two main parasites affecting the growth and the production of pineapple crops in Martinique. Several field, greenhouse and climatic chamber experiments showed that among the cover plants tested Crotalaria juncea and C. spectabilis showed a strong suppressiveness for both parasites.

Cover crops introduced into cropping systems can lead to chemical input reductions and pollution mitigation because they enhance ecological functions. The choice of the best cover crops for a specific cropping system is, however, difficult because of the large range of potential cover species. A promising method involves functional traits as simplified indicators of plant functions. In banana cropping systems, cover crops are used especially to control weeds by development of their leaf area to boost competition for light. The aim of this study was to seek trait-based leaf area development strategies among tropical cover species, based on four plant traits chosen because of their mathematical link with leaf area development: specific leaf area (SLA), aboveground leaf mass fraction (LMFa), seed mass (SM) and aboveground relative growth rate (RGRa). We measured trait values and leaf areas of 17 tropical cover species grown for 1 month in a growth chamber. Strong positive and negative covariations were observed between SM, LMFa and RGRa, revealing a “syndrome” of traits and suggesting trade-offs between traits. Four groups of species were identified based on PCA and cluster analyses and were characterized by significantly different sets of trait values. They showed four leaf area development strategies: species that allocate a large part of biomass to leaf area (G1), species that develop large biomass and leaf area at emergence (G2), species with rapid biomass growth and low biomass investment in leaves (G3) and species with a non-specialized strategy (G4). After 1 month, species of groups G1 and G2 had higher leaf area, although not significantly, than species of groups G3 and G4. Comparisons between this functional classification and the taxonomic monocot/dicot classification showed that the functional classification captured a larger part of the variability in traits involved in leaf area development than the taxonomic monocot/dicot classification. This encourages the use of such a classification to describe plant functioning, to understand plant roles in plant–plant interactions and guide the choice of the best cover species to introduce into cropping systems.

Comment améliorer les pratiques de désherbage de la canne à sucre en limitant les nuisances à la santé humaine et à l'environnement, tout en maintenant les performances du système de culture ? Les réponses sont à découvrir dans cet ouvrage. Elles sont orientées vers un choix raisonné de méthodes de désherbage, qu'elles soient chimiques ou alternatives.

The noctuid Helicoverpa armigera is one of the key cotton pests in the Old World. One possible pest regulation method may be the management of host crop in the landscapes. For polyphagous pests such as H. armigera, crop diversity and rotations can offer sequential and alternate resources that may enhance abundance. We explore the impact of landscape composition and host crop diversity on the abundance and natal host plant use of H. armigera in northern Benin.Host plant diversity at the largest scale examined (500 m diameter) was positively correlated with H. armigera abundance. Host plant diversity and the cover of tomato crops were the most important variables in relation to high abundance of H. armigera. Host plant (cotton, maize, tomato, sorghum) proportions and C3 versus C4 plants did not consistently correlate positively with H. armigera abundance. Moth proportion derived from cotton-fed larvae was low, 15% in 2011 and 11% in 2012, and not significantly related to H. armigera abundance.Cotton crop cover was not significantly related to H. armigera abundance and may be considered as a sink crop. Landscape composition and sequential availability of host plants should be considered as keys factors for further studies on H. armigera regulation. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cover crops are increasingly being used in agriculture, primarily for weed or erosion management. The addition of cover crops increases the primary productivity of the system and diversifies basal resources for higher trophic levels. How increases in the quality and quantity of basal resources affect bottom-up and top-down control remains a key question in soil food web ecology. We evaluated the response of the nematode community to the introduction of cover crops between rows of a banana plantation. We measured changes in nematode food web structure and inferred the prevalence of bottom-up and top-down effects on the abundance of phytophagous nematodes (i.e., plant-feeding and root-hair-feeding species) 1.5 years after plots with cover crops (Poaceae or Fabaceae species) or bare soil were established. The addition of a cover crop greatly affected the structure and the abundance of the soil nematode community 1.5 years after planting. The abundance of all trophic groups except for plant-feeding nematodes tended to increase with the addition of cover crops. The Shannon Weaver diversity index and the enrichment index increased with the addition of cover crops, indicating that opportunistic, bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes benefited from the added resources. Plant-feeding nematodes were least abundant in plots with Poaceae cover crops, while bacterivorous, omnivorous, and root-hair-feeding nematodes were more abundant with Fabaceae cover crops than with bare soil, indicating that cover crop identity or quality greatly affected soil food web structure. Bottom-up effects on all trophic groups other than plant-feeding nematodes were evident with Poaceae cover crops, suggesting an top-down control of plant-feeding nematodes by omnivorous nematodes. Conversely, plant-feeding nematodes were evidently not suppressed in Fabaceae cover crops, perhaps because bottom-up effects on omnivorous nematodes were weaker (hence, top-down control by omnivorous nematodes was weaker), and because Fabaceae cover crops probably served as good hosts for some plant-feeding nematodes.

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant yield losses to sugarcane crops in South Africa. The currently available chemicals for nematode control are both expensive and potentially detrimental to the environment. Various alternative crops have been reported to reduce the numbers of plant-parasitic nematodes. Mindful of this, we evaluated 27 cover crops in pot trials to assess their host status to important plant-parasitic nematodes of sugarcane. All of the crops tested in pots hosted significantly lower numbers of Pratylenchus than did sugarcane. Crops such as cowpeas, tomato and grazing vetch were good hosts for Meloidogyne and would not be good choices as part of a sugarcane rotation system in heavily-infested soils. Conversely, crops such as oats, wheat, forage peanuts and marigolds reduced numbers of Meloidogyne. Velvet beans increased the abundance of Helicotylenchus, a beneficial nematode genus. A field trial was also conducted to study the effect of different cover cropping sequences. Our results show that changes in nematode communities occurred within three months of growing these crops and often remained low for the duration (the remaining 15 months) of the crops' growth. Nematodes such as Pratylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus were significantly lowered and remained so for the duration of the trial.

Low crop yields in the semi arid areas of Kenya have been attributed to, among other factors, low soil fertility, low farm inputs, labour constraints and inappropriate tillage practices that lead to pulverized soils. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of legume cover crops (LCC) on soil properties and maize growth in the semi arid area of Machakos District, Kenya. The study was undertaken in farmers' fields. The field experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with four treatments each replicated four times during the 2008/2009 long (LR) and short rain (SR) seasons. The treatments were T1 = maize + dolichos (Lablab purpureus) + subsoiling; T2 = maize + dolichos + no subsoiling; T3 = maize alone + no subsoiling; T4 = maize alone with subsoiling). Results from the field experiments showed that rainfall amount and its distribution affected the growth and yield of dolichos and maize. There were significant differences in ground cover between the treatments at P ? 0.05 in all the different weeks after planting when measurements were taken. The penetration resistance in all the plots ranged from 3.83 - 4.18 kg cm-2 with treatment T4 having the highest and treatment T1 lowest penetration resistance. There were also siginificant changes in soil N in plots which were under dolichos compared to plots without dolichos. The results obtained in this study also indicated that subsoiling in combination with dolichos had the greatest potential of improving soil properties and crop yields in semi arid environments of Kenya.

Cover plant-based cropping systems have gained considerable attention over the last few years because of the recognized benefits of increasing the diversity of agrosystems to sustain services other than those pertaining to production. While agronomical tools and methods to assess these services in multispecies plant communities barely exist, trait-based approaches, originally developed in the field of comparative functional ecology, provide an appropriated framework to study the effects of plant diversity on agrosystems. The aim of this article is to discuss how a trait-based approach can be used to assess the services delivered in cover plant-based cropping system. We focus on semiperennial cropping systems based on cover plants, exemplified by the banana cropping systems. These systems are described in a first section to identify the services targeted. A second section, based on a literature survey, analyzes the processes associated with each service and identifies related effect traits of cover plants. A shortlist of markers to be used to assess agrosystem processes is proposed and hypothesis on trade-offs and synergies among services are formulated. In a third section, issues related to the scaling-up from plant traits to the services delivered by plant agricultural communities are discussed. Such an approach, originated in the field of ecology, appears highly promising to tackle agronomic issues and its application to agrosystems constitutes a challenging test of their genericity. It raises specific questions and stresses the need for new methodological developments, which could be part of a research agenda at the interface between the two disciplines.

Evaluating cropping systems depends on the perspective and scale considered. An agronomic point of view is often considered with the assessment of the impacts of the cropping system at the field scale, or an economic point of view with the consequences of implementing a cropping system on the farm. Tools have been developed to enable a more integrative assessment of cropping systems. This is the case of the MASC (R) model which, using multicriteria evaluation, estimates the sustainability of cropping systems from environmental, economic and social perspectives. MASC-Mada was developed specifically for upland cropping systems in Madagascar. It has been used to compare conservation agriculture cropping systems with conventional cropping systems. The results, confronted to the opinion of farmers, show that conservation agriculture systems are generally more sustainable than conventional systems but a mixed system combining the use of cover crops and less frequent tillage would better take social and economic aspects into account., L’évaluation des systèmes de culture de´pend du point de vue et de l’échelle envisagés. Un point de vue agronomique est souvent adopté avec l’évaluation des impacts de différents systèmes à l’échelle de la parcelle, ou un point de vue économique avec les conséquences d’un système de culture sur le fonctionnement de l’exploitation agricole. Des outils ont néanmoins été développés pour permettre une évaluation plus intégrative des systèmes de culture. C’est le cas du modèle MASC1 qui permet, par une approche multicritère, d’évaluer la durabilité des systèmes de culture à la fois d’un point de vue environnemental, économique et social. MASC-Mada, développe pour les systèmes de culture pluviaux à Madagascar, a été utilisé pour comparer des systèmes en agriculture de conservation avec des systèmes conventionnels. Les résultats des évaluations, confrontés aux points de vue des agriculteurs, révèlent que les systèmes en agriculture de conservation sont globalement plus durables que les systèmes traditionnels, mais qu’un système mixte alliant utilisation de plantes de couverture et des labours moins fréquents prendrait mieux en compte les aspects sociaux et économiques.

Suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes and decomposition of organic matter are important soil food web functions. The availability and nature of carbon substrates in soil drive the structure, dynamics, and activities of soil food webs and may alter the way they function in the ecosystem. In this study, we assessed the effects on nematode communities of incorporating litter from three cover crops with contrasting biochemical characteristics into soil taken from a banana field. The litter type influenced nematode taxa and functional guilds during the 90-day assay. The cellulose- and hemicellulose-rich litters of Crotalaria zanzibarica and Paspalum notatum induced similar nematode successions, causing bacterivorous and fungivorous nematode populations to increase early in the study period and promoting a fungal decomposition pathway at the end of the trial. These two litters were the most effective at decreasing the soil’s nematode infective potential with regard to major banana plant-parasitic nematodes, such as Pratylenchus coffeae , Helicotylenchus multicinctus , and Rotylenchulus reniformis . C. zanzibarica showed good potential as a green manure plant, as it increased the soil mineral nitrogen content during the 45 days following incorporation of litter. By contrast, litter from Acacia auriculiformis , which had high lignin content, induced immobilization of soil nitrogen and did not significantly increase microbivorous nematodes before day 45. This treatment failed to reduce the soil’s nematode infective potential for H. multicinctus and R. reniformis populations. Our study also showed that the dynamics of nitrogen mineralisation in soil were related to the C:N ratio of litters but not to the decomposition pathway. The biochemical characteristics of litters appear to be critical drivers of nematode ecological successions and decomposition pathways following plant litter amendments to soil taken from a banana field.

L'introduction de biodiversité végétale dans les agroécosystèmes peut modifier la structure des réseaux trophiques du sol et les fonctions écosystémiques qu'ils assurent. Cette thèse fixe les bases d'une démarche expérimentale pour sélectionner des espèces végétales à partir de différents traits fonctionnels et pour évaluer leurs effets sur les réseaux trophiques et le fonctionnement des sols. Nous avons plus particulièrement cherché à sélectionner des plantes de services pouvant induire la régulation des nématodes parasites du bananier Radopholus similis et Pratylenchus coffeae et favoriser la décomposition des matières organiques durant l'interculture dans les bananeraies antillaises. C'est à dire durant la période séparant la destruction d'une ancienne bananeraie et la replantation d'une nouvelle. Au cours de ce travail, les réseaux trophiques du sol ont été appréhendés par une analyse fonctionnelle des communautés de nématodes. Une étude Bibliographique nous a permis de montrer que les traits fonctionnels "statut d'hôtes" vis-à-vis des nématodes phytoparasites, "composition biochimique des litières" et "productivité primaire des espèces végétales" contribuent aux effets des plantes sur les réseaux trophiques du sol et sur les deux services écosystémiques étudiés. Nous avons donc effectué une typologie des plantes de services à partir de ces traits. Puis pour étudier les effets d'apports de litières de composition biochimique contrastée sur les communautés de nématodes du sol, nous avons sélectionné les espèces végétales Paspalum notatum, Crotalaria zanzibarica et Acacia auriculiformis dont les litières présentaient des teneurs variables en hémicellulose, cellulose, azote, et lignine. Une étude en microcosmes a montré que la composition biochimique des litières détermine les successions écologiques au sein des communautés de nématodes et stimule de manière contrastée les voies de décomposition de la matière organique dans les sols. Nous avons discuté des mécanismes de régulation des nématodes parasites du bananier induits par ces apports de litières. Nous avons également montré que la culture de ces trois espèces induit une diminution des populations de R. similis dans les sols. Enfin, nous avons évalué les effets au champ de couverts de P. notatum, de C. zanzibarica et d'un couvert associant ces deux espèces. Pour cela, nous avons cultivé ces couverts durant neuf mois avant de les détruire et de restituer leurs litières à la surface des sols. Nos résultats montrent que ces couverts végétaux influencent différemment l'abondance en nématodes phytoparasites et le potentiel infectieux du sol. Ils induisent également des régulations bottom-up et top down dans leurs communautés. Après la restitution des litières, nous avons observé de fortes abondances de nématodes liées à la décomposition des litières dans la couche de surface du sol. Celle-ci fournit les couches sous-jacentes du sol en azote minéral et favorise le développement des nématodes omnivores et prédateurs. Il en résulte la formation de communautés de nématodes structurées et diversifiées concomitantes à la réduction des populations de R. similis et P. coffeae. Ces résultats étaient plus marqués pour les couverts monospécifiques de C. zanzibarica et les couverts mixtes. Nos travaux confirment que les traits fonctionnels "statut d'hôte", "production primaire", "composition biochimique des litières" sont déterminant pour sélectionner des plantes de services pour l'interculture en bananeraies.

Au sud du Brésil, une longue trajectoire de recherche et de développement a donné lieu à une large utilisation de systèmes de culture en semis direct par les agriculteurs, y compris en agriculture familiale, ce qui n'est pas commun au niveau international. Deux enquêtes menées en 2004 et 2013 auprès des exploitations familiales de la région d'Irati (Parana, Brésil) montrent jusqu'à quel point elles ont adopté ces systèmes et leurs trois principes de base. Si l'utilisation du semoir à semis direct s'est généralisée, les rotations et les plantes de couverture sont moins diversifiées que celles promues par la recherche. Les rotations se sont simplifiées et les plantes de couverture ont surtout été utilisées pour produire du fourrage pour les troupeaux laitiers, activité en fort développement. Par ailleurs, la plupart des agriculteurs ont recours périodiquement au labour pour gérer divers problèmes agronomiques auxquels ils font face. Les agriculteurs familiaux ont donc adapté dynamiquement, plutôt qu'adopté le modèle de semis direct proposé par la recherche, à leurs objectifs, ressources et contraintes spécifiques, en tenant compte des conditions très variables dans lesquelles ils opèrent. Ce faisant, ils répondent plus aux facteurs et aux conditions économiques de court terme (prix de vente, rentabilité) ou opérationnels (disponibilité de semences de couverture et fourragères, facilité d'intervention) qu'à l'optimisation des performances agronomiques et à l'amélioration de la fertilité du sol à long terme, mises en avant par la recherche. Mieux répondre à la diversité des contraintes, besoins et objectifs des agriculteurs familiaux implique que la recherche soit capable et désireuse de mettre en oeuvre, à l'avenir, des démarches de co-conception de systèmes de culture et de production innovants en partenariat avec eux et avec les autres acteurs clés du développement agricole.

10 páginas.-- 5 figuras.-- 1 tabla.-- 45 referencias.-- Supporting Information Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online versionof this article. Fig. S1. Performance of palm seedlings in each treatment. Fig. S2. Influence of light intensity on VPD. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.12311/suppinfo, © 2014 British Ecological Society. The degradation of the Andean cloud forest raises strong biological conservation issues and threatens the sustainability of a crucial water resource. The idea that nurse-based restoration can accelerate the recovery of these forests is underexplored, despite its promise as a restoration technique. Recent conceptual models predict that facilitation among plants may be an important mechanism, but there is a lack of strong empirical support. We gathered experimental data to test this prediction and explore the relevance of using nurse-based forest restoration in these environments. A 20-month factorial experimental design in the Andean tropical cloud forest was established. We measured the survival and estimated the biomass production of transplanted seedlings of a keystone canopy forest species, Ceroxylon echinulatum (Arecaceae), in a deforested area in the presence/absence of herbivory, a potential nurse plant (the tussock grass Setaria sphacelata, Poaceae) and artificial shade. The joint effects of deforestation and herbivory led to the death of all seedlings, whereas most seedlings survived in the adjacent forest, which was used as the control. The presence of nurse plants led to significantly higher survival and growth of Ceroxylon seedlings throughout the experiment, regardless of herbivore presence. The nurse effects were explained by a reduction of the relative abiotic stress experienced by the seedlings outside the forest, that is, the consistently decreasing maximum vapour pressure deficit. Furthermore, nurse tussocks delayed and reduced the effects of herbivory by offering physical protection and a refuge for seedlings against detection by herbivores. However, the effects of herbivory and abiotic stress on facilitation were not additive. Synthesis and applications. Facilitation in degraded cloud forest can be intense as soon as the beneficiary plants are driven away from their physiological optimum (relative abiotic stress) and/or are confronted by herbivory. Using pre-established exotic tussock grasses as a nurse-based restoration technique in degraded cloud forest is a low-cost, non-detrimental (to biodiversity) option, especially in the absence of nurse trees and shrubs. The success of this method requires transplanting seedlings at the base of tussocks. Facilitation in degraded cloud forest can be intense as soon as the beneficiary plants are driven away from their physiological optimum (relative abiotic stress) and/or are confronted by herbivory. Using pre-established exotic tussock grasses as a nurse-based restoration technique in degraded cloud forest is a low-cost, non-detrimental (to biodiversity) option, especially in the absence of nurse trees and shrubs. The success of this method requires transplanting seedlings at the base of tussocks., We thank the people of the Inti-Llacta Reserve for their kind reception and J. Lincango, S. Cauvy-Fraunie, and C. Gully for their help with data collection. We are also grateful to P. Liancourt and two anonymous reviewers for extensive comments on the manuscript and to the LucidPapers team for English revision. This research was funded by the Ecuadorian government (ECOFONDO grant no. 019-ECO7-Inv1) and the project PALMS FP7-ENV-2007-I (www.fp7-palms.org).

PLoS OneISI Document Delivery No.: AE6LCTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 50Mollot, Gregory Duyck, Pierre-Francois Lefeuvre, Pierre Lescourret, Francoise Martin, Jean-Francois Piry, Sylvain Canard, Elsa Tixier, PhilippeCirad; e.u. fefer [30411]This research is a part of a PhD funded by the CIRAD and funded by the project "sustainable cropping systems design'' from E.U. FEFER (grant PRESAGE no 30411). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Public library scienceSan francisco; Plant diversification using cover crops may promote natural regulation of agricultural pests by supporting alternative prey that enable the increase of arthropod predator densities. However, the changes in the specific composition of predator diet induced by cover cropping are poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that the cover crop can significantly alter the diet of predators in agroecosystems. The cover crop Brachiaria decumbens is increasingly used in banana plantations to control weeds and improve physical soil properties. In this paper, we used a DNA metabarcoding approach for the molecular analysis of the gut contents of predators (based on mini-COI) to identify 1) the DNA sequences of their prey, 2) the predators of Cosmopolites sordidus (a major pest of banana crops), and 3) the difference in the specific composition of predator diets between a bare soil plot (BSP) and a cover cropped plot (CCP) in a banana plantation. The earwig Euborellia caraibea, the carpenter ant Camponotus sexguttatus, and the fire ant Solenopsis geminata were found to contain C. sordidus DNA at frequencies ranging from 1 to 7%. While the frequencies of predators positive for C. sordidus DNA did not significantly differ between BSP and CCP, the frequency at which E. caraibea was positive for Diptera was 26% in BSP and 80% in CCP; the frequency at which C. sexguttatus was positive for Jalysus spinosus was 14% in BSP and 0% in CCP; and the frequency at which S. geminata was positive for Polytus mellerborgi was 21% in BSP and 3% in CCP. E. caraibea, C. sexguttatus and S. geminata were identified as possible biological agents for the regulation of C. sordidus. The detection of the diet changes of these predators when a cover crop is planted indicates the possible negative effects on pest regulation if predators switch to forage on alternative prey.

Cover plants are one of the means to increase the functional biodiversity of fields and to enhance the ecological functions of the communities. However, the design of cropping systems including cover plants relies largely on expert knowledge. There is a lack of methods to select the best suited cover plants according to their role in the agrosystem. We propose to use functional traits to select cover plants suited to sustain ecological services in the banana agrosystems of the French West Indies. Our objectives were (i) to characterize a collection of cover plants on a trait basis, according to their potential to provide the services expected in a banana agrosystem and (ii) to discuss the potential use of this characterization for the design of innovative multi-species banana cropping systems. In these systems, four main services are targeted, i.e. controlling weeds, controlling plant-parasitic nematodes, improving soil fertility and particularly N availability, and avoiding competition with banana for resource acquisition. Three experiments were conducted, under field and controlled conditions, to evaluate the potential of a collection of 28 tropical cover plants to achieve the functions related to these services. For each cover plant, a functional profile was constructed from a combination of plant traits that are easy to assess experimentally. It described plants’ potential to achieve the functions expected in a banana agrosystem. Functional profiles required for cover plant usages were also identified. The comparison of the plant functional profiles and the functional profiles required for their usages enabled us to select the best suited plants for each usage. However, these functional profiles rarely corresponded, meaning that a cover plant is rarely sufficient to achieve all the functions required for a usage. Functional complementarities obtained by the mixture of different species of cover plants are thus often required. Compared to classical approaches of innovative cropping system design based on the experimental testing of spatial and temporal plant combinations, such a trait-based approach saves time by focusing on a shortlist of cover plants best suited according to their functions in the agrosystem.

Our aim was to assess the level of suppressiveness to #Fusarium# wilt of a palm grove soil from Ivory Coast in relation to the cultivation of a commonly used leguminous cover-plant, #Pueraria javanica#. The cultivation of #P. javanica# resulted after 49 and 230 d in a significant increase in the amount of suppressiveness. This increase was correlated with an increase in the densities of the populations of fungi, #Fusarium# spp. and #Fusarium oxysporum#, respectively. Using a PCR-RFLP based method, 16 IGS types were identified among 180 isolates of #F. oxysporum# recovered from uncultivated, cultivated and rhizospheric soils, but the distributions of the isolates among the 16 IGS types were similar in both the cultivated soils and the uncultivated soils. Thus, the changes in densities of the #F. oxysporum# populations were not associated with any change in the structure of these populations. Therefore, the increased degree of soil suppressiveness induced by the cultivation of the cover-plant could he attributed to quantitative but not to qualitative changes affecting the populations of #F. oxysporum#.

The effects of biofumigation using a Brassica juncea (mustard) cover crop on the dynamics of rhizoctonia root rot of sugar beet were recorded in two field trials in 2007 and 2008, and analysed using epidemiological modelling. Differences between partial biofumigation, involving the pulling up of mustard plants, and complete biofumigation, involving the crushing and incorporation of mustard residues into the soil, were compared with bare soil treatment. An epidemiological model was used that includes rates of transmission of primary and secondary infection, pre-emergence damping off, and expression of wilting symptoms (above-ground disease) due to infected roots (below-ground disease). The model indicated that biofumigation reduces the transmission of primary infections but affects secondary infections in a variable pattern between field trials. Likewise, the proportion of infected plants expressing wilting was significantly reduced, by 28%, in the partial and complete biofumigation treatments compared with bare soil in the trial of 2007 but not in 2008. It is suggested that the effects of biofumigation on secondary infection and the expression of disease are more variable than those on primary infection, and that this is probably due to an interplay between pathogen, antagonists, host, and environmental factors. These interactions may or may not offset the benefits afforded by a reduction in primary infection and account for the overall variable success of biofumigation to control disease.

La connaissance des différentes unités agronomiques au niveau d'un terroir et leur utilisation par les agriculteurs est indispensable si l'on veut adapter les propositions de systèmes SCV aux contraintes du milieu. Ces unités agronomiques sont définies de manière à constituer des ensembles homogènes, pour lesquels les systèmes de cultures que l'ont peut proposer sont identiques. Ainsi, l'origine d'un sol n'est pas vraiment discriminante (il ne s'agit pas d'unités pédologiques), mais on s'attache avant tout à prendre en compte les caractères discriminant les possibilités de culture. Dans la zone agro-écologique de moyenne altitude, avec longue saison sèche, la différenciation agronomique des sols se fait sur la base de leur niveau de fertilité, de leur compaction, et de leur régime hydrique (en saison et en contre-saison). Ainsi, les pratiques agronomiques peuvent faire évoluer une parcelle d'une unité à une autre. Par exemple, un sol compacté sur lequel on installe des plantes de couvertures au système racinaire très puissant, peut ainsi évoluer en quelques années vers un sol non compacté. De même, la fertilité du sol peut évoluer, dans un sens ou dans un autre. En pratique, on peut distinguer ces unités en se basant sur la couleur du sol, la flore en place et les performances des cultures conduites par les paysans.

On the western slopes of Reunion Island, the trends in cropping systems for perfume pelargonium are causing serious erosion problems. This paper reviews the causes of these trends, presents the consequences of this deterioration, and assesses the agro-ecological solutions by means of cover plants and hedging with agroforest species. Firstly, the short term effects of cover plants (Lotus uliginosus, Pennisetum clandestinum) associated with the pelargonium crop are considered. Using rainfall simulation, it is shown that such associations have immediate effects in controlling erosion, although runoff is not significantly reduced. The more long-term effects of this type of cover are then compared with pelargonium monoculture on bare soils, and with pelargonium in rotation with stable crops. The effect of hedging along plot boundaries is also observed. Descriptions of soil profiles highlight the advantages of plant cover, in improving soil structure and biological activity. Near hedges, the same tendencies are even more marked. Soil hydraulic conductivity, measured in the various situations, confirms the complementarity of cover plants and hedges in association. The plant cover reduces erosion, with only a slight increase in water infiltration. At the same time, soil under hedges gives rise to very high water conductivity which should enable a large proportion of runoff water to be absorbed.

Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; International audience; 1 Primary resources may affect the structure of species assemblages in upper trophic levels of food webs. These bottom-up effects may involve important ecological processes that affect pest control. For example, population densities of natural enemies may increase when alternative preys are favoured by a new resource. 2 Ants, particularly Solenopsis geminata Forel (Myrmicinae), are recognized as effective predators of herbivores eggs. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the addition of a primary resource in a banana agroecosystem will increase pest control of the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) by ants. 3 Using stable isotope analyses, we showed that S. geminata used the new resource pathway provided by the addition of a cover crop. This change was revealed by increased d13C values (13C/12C) in a cover crop treatment (C4 plant) compared with a banana (C3 plant) in bare soil treatment. 4 We also showed that the abundance of S. geminata, as measured with pitfall traps, was 4.85.4-fold higher in the cover crop treatment than in the bare soil treatment. Estimation of egg predation rates was in the range 7.870.3%, which occurred in plots with the lowest and highest S. geminata numbers, respectively. 5 The addition of a new primary resource in this system changed the origin of the carbon consumed by predators and increased their densities. The increased ant abundance resulted in increased predation of weevil eggs, which was consistent with our hypothesis. These results will be useful for the design of cropping systems that enhance the biological regulation of pests.

SUMMARYFarmers in the Lake Alaotra region of Madagascar are currently evaluating a range of conservation agriculture (CA) cropping systems. Most of the expected agroecological functions of CA (weed control, erosion control and water retention) are related to the degree of soil cover. Under farmers’ conditions, the grain and biomass productivity of these systems is highly variable and the biomass is used for several purposes. In this study, we measured biomass production of cover crops and crops in farmers’ fields. Further, we derived relationships to predict the soil cover that can be generated for a particular quantity of mulch. We used these relationships to explore the variability of soil cover that can be generated in farmers’ fields, and to estimate how much of the biomass can be removed for use as livestock feed, while retaining sufficient soil cover. Three different kinds of cropping systems were investigated in 91 farmers’ fields. The first two cropping sequences were on the hillsides: (i) maize + pulse (Vigna unguiculata or Dolichos lablab) in year 1, followed by upland rice in year 2; (ii) the second crop sequence included several years of Stylosanthes guianensis followed by upland rice; (iii) the third crop sequence was in lowland paddy fields: Vicia villosa or D. lablab, which was followed by rice within the same year and repeated every year. The biomass available prior to rice sowing varied from 3.6 t ha−1 with S. guianensis to 7.3 t ha−1 with V. villosa. The relationship between the mulch quantity (M) and soil cover (C) was measured using digital imaging and was well described by the following equation: C = 1 − exp(−Am × M), where Am is an area-to-mass ratio with R2 > 0.99 in all cases. The calculated average soil cover varied from 56 to 97% for maize + V. unguiculata and V. villosa, respectively. In order to maintain 90% soil cover at rice sowing, the average amount of biomass of V. villosa that could be removed was at least 3 t ha−1 for three quarters of the fields. This quantity was less for other annual or biennial cropping systems. On average the V. villosa aboveground biomass contained 236 kg N ha−1. The study showed that for the conditions of farmers of Malagasy, the production and conservation of biomass is not always sufficient to fulfil all the above-cited agroecological functions of mulch. Inventory of the soil cover capacity for different types of mulch may help farmers to decide how much biomass they can remove from the field.

International audience

A Madagascar, les Scarabées dénommés communément vers blancs, constituent une des problématiques des cultures pluviales. Ces insectes terricoles sont présents dans toutes les régions de la grande Ile. Les familles des Dynastidae et des Melolonthidae constituent les groupes fonctionnels importants. La plupart d'entre eux sont des ravageurs des cultures. Des prospections conduites dans différentes localités des régions des Hautes Terres malgaches ont permis de connaître la diversité taxonomique et les espèces présentes dans ces régions. 26 espèces de vers blancs ont été collectées, appartenant aux familles des Melolonthidae, des Hopliidae, des Orphnidae, des Sericidae, des Dynastidae et des Cetoniidae. Ces espèces sont toutes endémiques (Randriamanantsoa et al, 2010). Dans les régions des Hautes Terres malgaches, Heteronychus sp, Heteroconus paradoxus, Apycencia waterloti figurent parmi les principaux ravageurs du riz pluvial. Cette culture est attaquée depuis sa levée jusqu'au stade montaison. Cependant, toutes les espèces de vers blancs ne sont pas nuisibles. L'utilisation en semis direct du Raphanus sativus en plante de couverture minimise les dégâts des vers blancs sur la culture du riz pluvial.

Re-designing and assessing sustainable cropping systems has become a major challenge for agricultural researchers and farmers. In most prototyping methods, researchers are the main, or sometimes the only designers. However, more and more attempts for involving different kinds of stakeholders in participatory approaches have been accounted for. Besides, multi-criteria assessment tools are generally accepted as the solution to evaluating the overall sustainability of new cropping systems. The new method described in this thesis (DISCS for 're-Design and assessment of Innovative Sustainable Cropping Systems') implements a participatory re-designing process, while developing at the same time specific multi-criteria assessment tools for each category of stakeholders involved. Though founded on the common structure of prototyping methods, this five-step-method differs first by implementing three progress loops, at experimental field, farm then regional scale. Besides, an ongoing progress dynamic is set between research at the experimental station and crop management in farms, in order to ensure that innovative techniques actually match the farmers' expectations. Assessment at each step is performed using a scale-specific set of indicators. The DISCS method was tested on citrus production in Guadeloupe (French West Indies), to develop lower-pesticide sustainable cropping systems. Five weed management prototypes were collectively designed then tested at an experimental station based on the principles of a systematic approach. We show here that, contrary to other prototyping methods, innovative cropping systems can be the product of a farmer-researcher collaborative design. It was also verified that the innovation process benefited from involving non-agricultural stakeholders in the definition of the objectives for sustainable cropping systems. Such step by step improvement is well suited to perennial cropping systems. Using the DISCS framework should enable stakeholders to target precisely the decision-aid tools that need to be designed for a specific issue, thus ensuring a direct link between research and application. In this thesis, we present the first stages of citrus cropping system redesigning based on DISCS method; namely from the initial diagnosis, for to identify targets for improvement of the cropping system in collaboration with the stakeholders, to the multi-criteria assessment of weed management prototypes based on a set of appropriate indicators. Our work enables us to recommend sustainable weed management techniques for young orchards that correspond to the current constraints facing orchards in Guadeloupe., Les objectifs de développement de systèmes de culture durables imposent aux acteurs du développement rural une conception (ou reconception) et une évaluation de ces systèmes. Le prototypage peut être une méthodologie efficace de conception. Cependant, cette méthode conduit souvent les chercheurs à être seuls concepteurs alors que parallèlement l'appropriation des innovations dépend fortement de l'implication des autres acteurs dans les différentes étapes de conception et d'évaluation des nouveaux systèmes. En réponse, des approches participatives sont de plus en plus fréquentes pour pallier à cette difficulté d'appropriation tandis qu'une évaluation multicritère apporte une réponse aux objectifs d'évaluation de la durabilité des systèmes. La méthode développée dans cette thèse -nommée DISCS pour 're-Design and assessment of Innovative Sustainable Cropping Systems' - met en œuvre un processus de reconception des systèmes de culture par une approche participative tout en développant des outils d'évaluation multicritère spécifiques à chaque catégorie d'acteurs impliqués. La méthode DISCS s'inscrit tout de même dans la lignée de la méthodologie du prototypage mais se différencie par une démarche itérative à trois échelles d'étude (parcelle expérimentale, exploitation agricole et territoire) afin de s'assurer que les innovations et les critères d'évaluation répondent bien aux attentes des acteurs. A chaque étape du processus de reconception une évaluation est réalisée à l'aide d'un jeu d'indicateurs et ce aux trois échelles d'étude. DISCS a été testée sur le système de culture agrumicole en Guadeloupe (Antilles Françaises) dans un but de réduire l'utilisation des pesticides. Cinq prototypes de gestion de l'enherbement ont été conçus collectivement puis testés sur une station expérimentale selon les principes d'une approche systémique et évalués à l'aide d'indicateurs. Nous montrons dans ce travail que des systèmes de culture innovants peuvent être les produits d'une co-conception entre les producteurs et les chercheurs. DISCS permet aussi de définir explicitement le rôle de tous les différents acteurs impliqués dans le processus de reconception du système de culture. DISCS est particulièrement adaptée à la reconception des systèmes de culture pérenne notamment grâce à son processus d'amélioration pas à pas et itératif. Les outils d'évaluation multicritère développés, et notamment les indicateurs, permettent quant à eux de fournir des outils d'aide à la décision directement utilisables par les acteurs assurant ainsi un lien étroit entre la recherche et le développement. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons les premières étapes de reconception du système agrumicole guadeloupéen basée sur la méthode DISCS, à savoir du diagnostic initial pour identifier les objectifs d'amélioration du système en collaboration avec les acteurs, jusqu'à l'évaluation multicritère des prototypes de gestion de l'enherbement basée sur un jeu d'indicateurs approprié. Notre travail nous permet aujourd'hui de recommander des techniques de gestion de l'enherbement en jeunes vergers d'agrumes répondant aux contraintes actuelles de développement de systèmes de culture durable.

Land degradation is a major problem in the semi-arid environments of Sub-Saharan Africa. Fighting land degradation is essential to ensure the sustainable and long-term productivity of the inhabited semi-arid lands. Cenchrus ciliaris (African foxtail grass), Enteropogon macrostachyus (bush rye) and Eragrostis superba (Maasai love grass) are important perennial grasses in the Eastern African semi-arid lands. A study was conducted to establish the contribution of these indigenous grasses in improving soil hydrological properties, rehabilitation, food security and the livelihoods of agro-pastoral communities in semi-arid districts of Kenya. Soil hydrological properties were tested using a Kamphorst simulator at different stubble heights to represent three different grazing intensities (low, medium, high). Ground cover was estimated using the step-point method. A survey was also conducted across 50 agro-pastoral households to establish the multidimensional benefits of the grasses. Sediment production (as a function of run-off and infiltration capacity) was significantly different (P

La dégradation du sol constitue un problème majeur dans les zones semi-arides d'Afrique subsaharienne. La lutte contre cette dégradation du sol est capitale pour garantir une productivité durable et à long terme des terres semi-arides habitées. Le Cenchrus ciliaris (vulpin des prés africains), l'Enteropogon macrostachyus (seigle sauvage) et l'Eragrostis superba (Eragrostis Maasai) sont d'importantes graminées vivaces dans les zones semi-arides d'Afrique de l'Est. Une étude a été faite pour évaluer la contribution de ces herbages graminacées indigènes à l'amélioration des propriétés hydrologiques du sol, la réhabilitation, la sécurité alimentaire et les moyens de subsistance des communautés agro-pastorales dans les districts semi-arides du Kenya. Les propriétés hydrologiques du sol ont été testées à l'aide d'un simulateur Kamphorst, à diverses hauteurs de chaume, pour donner une image de trois différentes intensités de pâturage (faible, moyenne, élevée). L'estimation de la couverture végétale s'est faite à l'aide de la méthode d'échantillonnage step-point. Une étude a également été réalisée dans 50 ménages agro-pastoraux pour évaluer les avantages multidimensionnels des herbages graminacées. La production de sédiments (comme fonction d'écoulement et capacité d'infiltration) était considérablement différente (P

International audience

Cover crops are increasingly used for weed management. But selecting the most suitable species of cover crop to be associated with a main crop requires long-term trials. We present a model-based method that uses a reduced number of parameters to help select cover crops in the context of banana cover-cropping systems. We developed the SIMBA-CC model to focus on radiation interception. The model was calibrated for 11 cover crop species by measuring their growth in 4 m2 plots with three levels of shade (0, 50, and 75%). The SIMBA-CC model served to predict the long term growth potential of the 11 cover crop species in function of the radiation under the banana crop canopy. The model was validated using three species in association with banana plants. We defined three indicators based on outputs of the model to assess the ability of each of the 11 species (i) to compete with weeds and (ii) to be maintained in the long-term under the canopy of the main crop, and (iii) to evaluate competition with the main crop for nitrogen resource. This ex ante evaluation revealed the most promising species to be intercropped with banana. Finally, the SIMBA-CC model was used to define the light interception traits of a virtual cover crop that satisfy the three indicators in the case of intercropping with banana. We showed that to satisfy the three criteria, cover crops with low values of optimal photosynthetically active radiation (PARopti) should have moderate maximal biomass productivity, while crops with higher PARopti values should have a higher maximal productivity. The use of functional traits and modeling appears effective to disentangle the relations between intrinsic traits of cover crops and effect traits that affect the performances of the intercropping system.

Les producteurs de banane antillais sont engagés en partenariat avec l'Institut Technique Tropical et le CIRAD dans une démarche de réduction de l'emploi des intrants chimiques. Les innovations accompagnant cette démarche reposent principalement sur des techniques alternatives à la lutte chimique pour le contrôle des nématodes phyto-parasites et du charançon du bananier. Ces techniques font appel à l'intégration dans le système de culture de plantes de service afin de restaurer des mécanismes de régulation biologique des bio-agresseurs, à un contrôle de l'assainissement des parcelles par des tests biologiques, à l'utilisation de matériel végétal sain (vitroplants) pour la replantation des bananeraies et à la mise en place de pièges attractifs à phéromones pour la capture du charançon du bananier. Ces techniques sont intégrés dans des prototypes de systèmes de culture mis au point et testés en milieu réel dans le cadre d'une démarche de conception et d'évaluation participative impliquant les producteurs, les services techniques et la recherche.

International audience

Generalist predators can play an important role in agroecosystems by controlling herbivores via top-down effects. As cover crops are increasingly used in agroecosystems, the effects of this resource on generalist predator diet need to be evaluated. We studied the effect of adding a cover crop, Brachiaria decumbens, on trophic niches of generalist predators in a banana agroecosystem by analysing stable isotope variation in C and N for Cosmopolites sordidus, a major banana pest, and its potential predators (spiders, ants, centipedes, and earwigs). While addition of the new resource did not change the trophic niche of the banana pestC.sordidus, the trophic position of the generalist predators was changed as indicated by 13 C signature. Cover crop provided resources that are likely to support a community of insect herbivores, which are alternative preys for generalist predators. The failure of the cover crop to increase 15 N signature is inconsistent with the hypothesis that the cover crop would increase intraguild predation. By providing alternative preys, the addition of a new resource in agroecosystems has the potential to increase populations of generalist predators and therefore pest control. Zusammenfassung Generalistische Pradatoren konnen in Agrarokosystemen eine wichtige Rolle spielen, indem sie eine top-down-Kontrolle auf Pflanzenfresser ausuben. Da zunehmend Grundungungspflanzen in Agrarokosystemen angebaut werden, mussen die Effekte dieser Ressource auf die Nahrung der generalistischen Pradatoren bewertet werden. Wir untersuchten den Effekt der Grundungungspflanze Brachiaria decumbens auf die trophischen Nischen von generalistischen Pradatoren in einem Bananen-Agrookosystem. Hierzu analysierten wir die Variation der stabilen Isotope von Kohlenund Stickstoff bei Cosmopolites sordidus, einem bedeutenden Bananenschadling, und seinen potentiellen Pradatoren (Spinnen, Ameisen, Hundertfuser und Ohrwurmer). Wahrend die angebaute Grundungung die trophische Position von C. sordidus nicht veranderte, anderten sich die 13 CSignaturen bei den generalistischen Pradatoren. Die Grundungspflanze bot Ressourcen,von denen vermutlich eine Gemeinschaft von herbivoren Insekten leben kann, die als alternative Beute fur generalistische Pradatoren konnen. Deren 15 N-Signatur