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Copyright of IDP: Revista de Internet, Derecho y Politica is the property of Universitat Oberta de Catalunya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, the globe has been facing several challenges, and environmental deterioration has become more prominent. Therefore, to deal with such environmental issues, the globe has tried to introduce several green initiatives via the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and the Sustainable Development Goals, but the problem remains intact. However, practitioners have no more choice but to exclude emerging economies from this race. For instance, to understand the response of emerging economies toward a sustainable environment, this study considers BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) economies. Similarly, the current empirical study utilizes innovative environmental determinants such as real income, urbanization, entrepreneurial activities, per capita renewable energy, financial innovation and environmental policy for selected regions from 2000 to 2021. However, the findings of the advanced estimators' series show the significant contribution of per capita green energy consumption, environmental policy and entrepreneurial activities toward environmental sustainability. In contrast, income, financial inclusion and urbanization contribute to environmental damage. Because of green energy supportive behavior, this study makes an additional step to investigate the mediating effect on financial inclusion, environmental policy and entrepreneurship. However, the mediating effect only supports environmental policy and entrepreneurship activities to reduce environmental pressure. From the policy perspective, the specified economies should allocate their financial resources to clean & green projects to attain the desired level of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article empirically explores the potential effects of CETA (Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement) on per capita emissions of 4 air pollutants. It shows statistically significant evidence suggesting that more trade between the EU and Canada could help reduce per capita emissions of C O 2 , C H 4 , and N 2 O in a typical CETA member, respectively. However, it finds unambiguous empirical evidence implying that Canada may act as Pollution Haven for C H 4 because it has more land per capita than any EU member. Moreover, it provides clear empirical evidence suggesting that 8 former Communist EU members (and Malta only for F-Gases may act as Pollution Havens for N 2 O and F-Gases because they are poorer than Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Pakistan, due to low per capita income and weak socio-economic policies the poverty has remained core problem in every era. Thus, as per sensitivity of the issue, the present study key objectives are to empirically address the dilemma of multidimensional poverty among agrarian and non-agrarian communities of Agro-environmental Regions of Pakistan. For assessment of comprehensive outcomes, one decade survey data (2010/11 to 2019/20) of Pakistan social and living standard measurement and globally acknowledged Alkire and Foster (Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement, 2007) indexing methodology has been adopted. Stepwise outcomes under dual cut-off K = 2 logically reveal that multidimensional poverty is purely an agrarian phenomenon at the national level and across all the nine agro-environmental regions of Pakistan. Further, at the national level in each study year, residents of the agrarian community with poverty estimates 46.40, 39.00, 34.90, and 31.90% are harshly victimized by precise menace compared to their non-agrarian counterparts with poverty measures 23.00, 20.60, 19.10, and 17.70%, respectively. Like national measure, similar trend has also been observed across each agro-environmental region where agrarian community is severely victimized of multiple attributes poverty menace compared to non-agrarian counterpart. Moreover, a comparative analysis of current valuations highlights that over time, especially in the short run, 2010/11 to 2012/13; 2012/13 to 2014/15, and 2014/15 to 2019/20, multiple aspect poverty at national level and across each zone in Pakistan presents fluctuating trend for both communities. However, in the long run, with the time gap of complete decade since to 2010–11 to 2019–20, multidimensional poverty reveals a declining trend at the national level as well as across each study zone in Pakistan. These valuations indicate a noteworthy improvement in all three attributes; education, health, and housing services specifically in longer span of time. Precise improvements are appreciable but still a strong policy like adoption of modern technology as per advance countries in all three aspect is essentially needed to achieve the UNDP agenda within the prescribed time limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of rural revitalization, identifying the functional characteristics of rural homesteads and clarifying the relationship among various functions are important scientific issues for the transformation of homestead utilization. Taking Jilin Province as an example, this paper analyzes the problems existing in rural homestead utilization from the aspects of quantitative characteristics, human–land matching degree, and the current situation of idle homesteads. An evaluation index system is constructed to measure the functional values of homesteads to identify the advantageous functions of homesteads. The results are as follows: (1) in some areas of the Jilin Province, the per capita homestead area is relatively large, with a high vacancy rate, and there is a phenomenon of inefficient use of homesteads, (2) according to the calculation results of the homestead functional index, the overall performance of the four functions of rural homesteads is in the order of living function > security function > production function > asset function, indicating that traditional living function remains predominant in the study area, (3) based on the relationship between the comprehensiveness and coordination of the four functions of homesteads, villages are classified into "moderate optimization area", "key improvement area", "collaborative optimization area", and "potential improvement area". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The GM(1, 1) model, i.e. the first-order univariate grey model, is the most important grey prediction model, but it is considerable inaccurate in the prediction of fast-growing sequences. To improve model prediction, this paper makes improvements in the following two aspects based on the traditional GM(1, 1) model: (1) this paper improves the accumulated generating sequence of the original sequence, i.e. properly making a quantitative transformation of the traditional accumulated generating sequence; (2) this paper improves the model's structure, i.e. extending the grey action into the superposition power function expression. We call the new extended model the grey EGM(1, 1, $ \sum $t^c) model, i.e. a first-order univariate extended grey model with grey action, which is a superposition power function. The paper gives the EGM(1, 1, $ \sum $t^c) model's parameter estimation method and time response equation for the simulation and prediction. The paper builds a grey EGM(1, 1, $ \sum $t^c) model with the method proposed and compares it to seven other models for predicting China's GDP per capita. Results show that the EGM(1, 1, $ \sum $t^c) model built has high simulation and prediction precision, and its precision is significantly superior to that of the seven comparison models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world population grows, the need to meet greater resource demands leads to a proportional increase in solid waste generation. This trend has been difficult to reverse in the last decade, but when it comes to minimizing waste generation, there is an innovative model that has successfully reduced per capita production (PPC) in the medium term called the "Volume-based Tariff System". South Korea implemented this model since 1995 under the motto "polluter pays", managing to decrease PPC from 2,3 to 1,1 kilograms of waste per day per inhabitant in just 5 years, in a country with an average of 51 million inhabitants. Inspired by this success, the canton of Santa Cruz in the Galápagos province replicated the Volume-based Tariff System, adapting it to local realities. They justified its implementation with the goals of reducing local PPC, increasing recycling, creating incentives, complying with the reform of the Organic Law of the Public Service of Electric Energy (2019), and implementing a variable tariff based on volume. The results mirrored those of South Korea: since its implementation in May 2021, Santa Cruz reduced per capita waste generation from 0,77 kilograms per day per inhabitant in 2019 to 0,44 kg by 2022. Additionally, within 6 months, recyclable materials increased from 78,17 tons in May to 132,47 tons in December 2021, these achievements led the Municipal GAD of Santa Cruz to win the 2022 Green Award from the Development Bank of Ecuador. This experience demonstrates that the Volume-based Tariff Model could be successfully replicated in Santa Cruz. While challenges remain for improvement, being the first replication in Ecuador has yielded excellent results.

Data indicate that carbon dioxide emissions from residential buildings in China constitute 60% of the country's total, making carbon reduction efforts in residential construction crucial for achieving dual carbon goals. From the perspective of eight major economic regions, this paper selects energy consumption, per capita residential area, and residential population as input indicators, per capita disposable income as the output indicator, and carbon dioxide emissions as the undesired output indicator. It employs the super-efficiency model based on the directional distance (super-DDF) function and the Malmquist-Luenberger (ML) index to measure the static and dynamic carbon emission efficiencies of residential buildings (RBCEE) during their operational phase from 2010 to 2020. After analyzing the differences and equity in RBCEE among regions using the Theil index and Gini coefficient, the σ-convergence, absolute β-convergence, and conditional β-convergence methods are utilized to explore the changing trends of RBCEE across the eight major economic regions. Results show that the static RBCEE in China is at a medium level; dynamic efficiency has improved across all eight regions, though at varying rates; overall, RBCEE exhibits poor equity and significant differences, with intra-group differences being a major cause. In terms of convergence, all eight economic regions display significant absolute β-convergence and conditional β-convergence. Finally, based on the research findings, this paper proposes corresponding emission reduction recommendations for the eight major economic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to better allocate water resources and maintain sustainable development, we selected Jining City as a specific research area and used the coefficient of variation entropy weight GM (1,1) research method to systematically evaluate the water resource carrying capacity. The results showed that the water resource carrying capacity system in the Jining area exhibited and will exhibit obvious economic ecological characteristics during the two periods of 2016-2021 and 2022-2026. From 2016 to 2021, the ecological environment water consumption rate, agricultural value-added water consumption per 10000 yuan, and industrial value-added water consumption per 10 000 yuan had become strong influencing factors. From 2022 to 2026, the weight of per capita GDP and per capita domestic water consumption would increase, becoming strong influencing factors along with the top three. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health of older adults is crucial for the overall health of the entire life cycle. Based on population sampling survey data and census data from 131 prefecture level units in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) during 2010–2020, this study used exploratory spatial data analysis, geographical detector, stepwise regression analysis, and GTWR model to analyze the spatiotemporal pattern and influencing factors of the health level of older adults in the YREB. The results show that the health level of older adults in the YREB slightly increased from 2010 to 2020, with the most significant improvement in the upstream region and the most significant decline in the midstream region. The older adults' health level in the YREB displays a gradient decreasing pattern of the downstream, midstream, and upstream regions. The health level of older adults in the YREB is influenced by a combination of natural and social environment factors. Areas with lower altitude and moderate humidity climates are more conducive to the health of older adults. The increase in influencing factors such as population migration rate, per capita GDP, average years of education, per capita housing construction area, per capita park green area, and green coverage rate in built-up areas is conducive to improving the health level of older adults, while lower number of health institutions per 1,000 people and higher household support rate are not conducive to improving the health level of older adults. In addition, over time, the health-promoting effect of natural environmental factors is enhanced from 2010 to 2020, and the influence of annual precipitation on shaping the spatial pattern of older adults' health level became more obvious. Although the promoting effect of population migration on the health level of older adults tends to weaken, it remains the primary factor affecting the spatiotemporal differentiation of older adults' health level in the YREB. The impact of social development on the health level of older adults has changed from a positive health effect (improvement) to a negative health effect (loss). The health-promoting effect of living environment factors is enhanced. The health-inhibitory effect of household support rate increased, and showed a gradient decreasing pattern from downstream to midstream to upstream. The findings of this study can provide a more in-depth understanding of the spatiotemporal pattern of the health level of older adults in the YREB and the factors influencing it, improve the health level of older adults in the region, and promote the development of healthy and active aging in the YREB, and improve the human health. At the same time, this study also supplements the related research on aging and the health level of the elderly. Firstly, it can provide reference for the research on the health of old adults in other countries and regions around the world. Secondly, it can also provide a basis for research on aging and the health of old adults in cities and counties under YREB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilizes data from A-share listed companies between 2011 and 2020 to empirically investigate the impact and mechanism of public welfare donations on the internal income gap of enterprises. The research findings indicate that public welfare donations significantly increase the per capita salary of management, while their impact on the per capita salary of ordinary employees is not significant, thus leading to an expansion of the internal income gap within enterprises. The results from mechanism testing reveal that the income tax benefits resulting from charitable donations and the rise in corporate operating income have contributed to an increase in excess rent shared by enterprises and employees. Due to a stronger bargaining power, management shares more excess rents, thereby widening the income gap within the enterprise. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that public welfare donations have a greater impact on the internal income gap of non-state-owned enterprises; however, limiting executive compensation and enhancing employees' bargaining power can mitigate this widening effect caused by public welfare donations on enterprise's internal income gap. The research value of this study is threefold. Firstly, there is a scarcity of studies on the impact of public welfare donations on the income gap within enterprises, and this study contributes to enriching the research in this area. Secondly, this paper examines the effect of tax incentives for public welfare donations on the internal income gap of enterprises, thereby deepening the research on the impact of tax reduction and fee reduction, as well as expanding our understanding of corporate income tax preferential policies. Thirdly, it offers insights into improving enterprise compensation systems and enhancing corporate governance. Senior executives can potentially allocate more excess rent through their strong bargaining power. If their compensation remains unrestricted, it may lead to a widening internal income gap and negatively affect company operational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions has been analyzed testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, but traditional econometric methods may be flawed. An alternative method is proposed using segmented-sample regressions and implemented in 164 countries (98.34% of world population) over different periods from 1822 to 2018. Results suggest that while the association between GDP per capita and CO2 emissions per capita is weakening over time, it remains positive globally, with only some high-income countries showing a reversed association in recent years. While 49 countries have decoupled emissions from economic growth, 115 have not. Most African, American, and Asian countries have not decoupled, whereas most European and Oceanians have. These findings highlight the urgency for effective climate policies because decoupling remains unachieved on a global scale, and we are moving away from, rather than approaching, the Paris Agreement goal of limiting temperature increase to 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To present a proposal to estimate healthcare resource requirements for the population with no social security in Mexico City and the domestic projection, including access and coverage. Materials and methods. The gross domestic product percentage for healthcare is calculated using the Medical-Technical Baseline Cost (MTBC) or the Medical Economic Card (MEC) standard according to diagnosis and care treatment for the population with no social security, thus projecting the prospective resource requirements. Results. There is a shortfall of resources for 2024; the prospective per capita for the first level of healthcare is $3 813 and the historical one is $1 933; and the corresponding values for the second level are $4 430 and $3 861. The %GDP-healthcare for Mexico City in 2024 exhibits a 42% difference between the historical and prospective categories. The shortfall of resources for the three levels of healthcare in the entire country is 19%. Conclusions. The prospective budget makes it possible to calculate healthcare resource requirements with a higher degree of certainty and graduality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study mainly focuses on the relationship between development aid and growth as well as examines the role of the institutional development levels of countries in this relationship and makes economic inferences. Methods: The analysis is conducted for 64 countries receiving official development assistance in the 2000–2020 period. To provide robust estimates in these studies, the Driscoll and Kraay estimator is used after fixed and random effects models. Results: In almost all of the estimated models, a significant relationship between official development assistance per capita and growth is found. Moreover, the models with institutional factors and interaction terms also support the results. According to the robust estimation results, official development assistance per capita positively affects growth. Conclusion: The results for all countries do not mean that good policies and strong institutions are unnecessary. In contrast, they show that the priority is the sum of aid per capita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing trend towards utilizing nickel as a raw material for non-steel products due to the increasing demand for nickel up to 2040. Data shows that global nickel production and reserves will increase until 2021. As one of the countries with the largest reserves in the world, this country contributes significantly to global nickel production. This paper will discuss Indonesia's nickel resources, reserves and production related to the distribution of locations, number of resources, number of reserves, grade, sustainability of reserves and their impact on the economy as well as efforts to maintain this sustainability. Previous articles only presented data on Indonesia's nickel reserves and production and an overview of global nickel. The data on nickel resources and reserves come from the 2021 inventory by the Geological Agency, which covers ore resources and reserves and their grades across several classifications. If there is no new data on reserve deposits or planned production rates, it is estimated that the ore reserves with nickel grades ≥ 1.7% will be depleted by 2036, while the ore reserves with Ni grades < 1.7% will be exhausted by 2056. Efforts to increase reserves include increasing exploration activities in brownfield areas, exploring remaining ultrabasic regions, and conducting detailed geological mapping of areas where ultrabasic rock is expected. Apart from raising the issue of the magnitude of nickel potential and mining value, this paper also discusses economic indicators in each nickel producing community using Gross Regional Domestic Product per capita. Based on the results of this analysis, it shows that there are differences in GDP per capita and the value of the mines owned by each region as a nickel producer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precarious nature of climate change and its consequences on the resilience of economies require examination. This study investigated climate change resilience in the "big three" economies in Africa—Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa—using macroeconomic data. Results indicated that Nigeria had the highest vulnerability score and South Africa had the highest resilience score. Readiness for climate change was low in all countries, especially in Nigeria. Climate vulnerability had a significant dampening effect on per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the three economies. In addition, reducing inflation is associated with increased welfare and resilience by raising per capita GDP, although the effect needs to be magnified with sound economic policies. The low adaptive capacity presents policy direction to develop human resource capacities, improve safety net delivery, and ensure effective early warning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation can lead to wage inequalities through different channels. This paper explores this relationship, focusing on the direct and spillover (indirect) effects of these channels on personal wage inequalities in Brazilian regions. Product and process innovation are measured by patents and the acquisition of foreign technology through imports of capital goods respectively. Based on data that covers 482 regions from 2003 to 2014, we use the Spatial Durbin Model with spatial fixed effects to control spatial dependence and heterogeneity across regions. The results point to a positive association between our measures of innovation and wage inequalities. However, as we found a non‐linear relationship between imports of capital goods and wage inequality, an increase in imports of capital goods may reduce wage inequality. Other variables may also cause inequality to fall, such as the share of the population with a higher education degree and social skills. Drivers behind an increase in inequality are female participation in the workforce and the level of GDP per capita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although China's carbon emission trading schemes (CETS) garnered significant attention in the field of climate mitigation, limited data availability has hindered exploration into the impact of CETS on economic inequality at the county level in China. Given its potential to facilitate industrial upgrading and generate employment opportunities, the adoption of CETS holds promise for reducing economic inequality. To address data limitations, we employed a combination of gridded nighttime light data and land use data to estimate China's county-level Dagum Gini coefficient and its components. Subsequently, we applied a difference-in-difference-in-difference method to examine how CETS affected economic inequalities between and within urban and rural areas in China. Our findings reveal that: (1) CETS significantly reduced overall economic inequality in counties with a high proportion of secondary industry output; (2) this reduction primarily occurred within urban and rural areas rather than between them. Further heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that while CETS effectively mitigated economic inequality between urban and rural areas in central and western regions, it did not achieve similar outcomes in the eastern region; (3) service industry development and rural GDP per capita served as important channels through which CETS reduced economic inequality within rural areas. Infrastructure development driven by CETS primarily addressed economic inequality within urban areas rather than rural areas. Key policy insights: It is confirmed that China's CETS made a significant contribution to mitigating economic inequalities within urban and rural areas. This empirical evidence provides new decision-making support for the future promotion of CETS at the county level. It is recommended to propose higher quotas for service industries in rural areas and allocate a portion of revenue from carbon emission trading markets to promote entrepreneurship among rural residents and support upgrades in the rural industrial structure. Considering that the infrastructure development driven by CETS has predominantly addressed economic inequality within urban areas rather than rural areas, it is imperative to allocate a greater proportion of revenue from CETS towards supporting rural infrastructure construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among major development organizations, the unchallenged consensus is that war and conflict are development issues ravaging local economies, often leading to forced migration, refugee populations, and acute food insecurity. Food insecurity when caused by a rise in food prices is a threat for violent conflict. This study was conducted in Nigeria using three types of quantitative data which are the general household panel data, monthly retailed commodity prices, and violent conflict data from 2010 to 2019. This study examines the linkages between conflict, food price shocks, and food security outcomes of households in Nigeria. Per capita daily calorie intake, household dietary diversity, and per capita monthly food consumption were the three food security outcomes used for this study. Fixed effects panel regression models were used to determine the effects of conflict-induced food price shocks on the food security outcomes of households. I was found that dietary diversity appeared to be higher in the first wave than in the other three waves. The measure of dietary diversity for the post-harvests were slightly higher than the post-plantings. The high dietary diversity associated with the post-harvest periods is partly related to the relatively higher net value of foods consumed during the same season. This is because the amount of food calories consumed during the post-harvest periods are relatively lower than the amount consumed during the post-planting periods. Regardless of the conflict level in Nigeria, an increase in conflict-induced price shock of wheat, and rice is associated with a decline in calorie intake, dietary diversity, and the actual food value consumed. The conflict-induced price shocks of other cereals negatively influence the actual food value consumed, and dietary diversity. It is concluded that violent conflict influences some aspects of food insecurity, through adjustment in diets in response to price increases. Conflict-induced price shocks is a necessary condition for food security. Therefore, policy issues aimed at improving the food security outcomes of households in the face of conflict-induced price shocks should focus on price scheme that will stabilise price placing a price floor on food commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-native species can react to changes to their thermal environment by altering their feeding behaviour, thereby potentially causing shifts in predator–prey dynamics and competitive dominance over native species. In this study, we measured intraspecific variation in the functional response (i.e., predation rate as a function of prey density) of the rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852) at two temperatures (18 °C and 26 °C) in the laboratory. We compared six invasive populations spanning a 2° latitudinal gradient in eastern North America to test the prediction that under warmer conditions individuals from more southerly populations exhibit a higher functional response than those from northern populations. Temperature, latitude, and the interaction between these two variables had significant effects on attack rates and handling times of individual crayfish from the tested populations. Contrary to our prediction, the attack rates of individuals from northern populations were consistently higher than those from southern populations at both temperatures. We propose that these interpopulation differences in functional response could arise, at least in part, from countergradient selection. Our results suggest that climate warming promotes spatiotemporal variation in per capita effects across latitudinally distributed populations of aquatic invasive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the persistence of the sovereign debt / GDP and sovereign debt / GDP per capita series for the five largest European economies and the US using fractional integration. We use historical data starting in 1800 for the US and the UK, in 1861 for Italy and in 1880 for Germany, France and Spain. The results indicate high degrees of persistence of debt-to-GDP and debt per capita ratios with clear evidence of no mean reversion in both debt indicators. We also find evidence of correlation with the primary deficit, supporting the idea that one of the causes of this debt persistence is precisely the primary deficit persistence. Empirical results support the need for a better coordination between fiscal and monetary policies to enhance debt control in the countries under examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a long-standing debate among scholars over the convergence versus divergence of the regional growth rate of per capita income in India. The present study tries to resolve this debate in light of the latest available data by using Beta-convergence analysis in a panel data framework. The results indicate the presence of unconditional divergence and conditional convergence in the case of both inter-state and inter-region analysis, which shows that the unconditional divergence may be due to the presence of omitted variable bias. The results also show that the primary sector is associated with the reduction of interstate and inter-region income inequality, while the growth of the tertiary sector is correlated with increasing interstate and inter-region income inequality. Therefore, the findings of the study imply that the phenomenon of service-led growth in the post-reform period was accompanied by the widening gap in the growth of various states and regions of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study determinants of COVID-19 vaccine donations from recipients' perspective, especially considering supply chain and institutional weakness (corruption) aspects. Results, based on data from more than 130 nations, show that strengthened supply chains reduced donations. The impacts of corruption and logistics performance likely persisted from pre-COVID times. More corrupt nations received fewer donations per capita, ceteris paribus. The results with respect to economic prosperity support efforts to end vaccine apartheid, and island nations received more donations, as did nations with more bilateral vaccine deals. Finally, donations received through COVAX were driven by qualitatively similar factors, except corruption did not matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban transformation is an inevitable choice for resource-exhausted cities to achieve sustainable development in the world today. Green space is one of the basic elements of cities and plays an irreplaceable role in promoting sustainable urban development. Taking Jiaozuo City, a typical resource-exhausted city in China, as the research object, this study analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution and driving mechanism of green space in Jiaozuo by using land use transfer matrix, landscape pattern index, and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) model. The research found that: First, from 2000 to 2020, the green space area in Jiaozuo decreased by 220.21 km². Second, from 2000 to 2020, the ecological level of each landscape type in Jiaozuo showed a downward trend, and the patch connectivity decreased. Third, the PLSR model analysis showed that the urbanization rate, per capita GDP, urban disposable income per capita and population density were important driving forces for the evolution of green space in Jiaozuo (the VIP values were greater than 1). The findings of this study can provide scientific reference and theoretical support for formulating reasonable and scientific policies on green space development and protection in Jiaozuo and other resource-exhausted cities in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western economies, including Australia, have benefited from several decades of extraordinary Chinese expansion. Yet, in recent years, slowing growth and demographic decline has diminished these gains, while geopolitical developments have further restricted growth‐driving commerce. Our purpose is to review key sources of recent contractionary changes within China and to assess their likely consequences for the West. Modelling scenarios emerge that see future economic losses in China and abroad, with the worst affected group being China's own low‐skill workers. Long‐term losses in the West are smaller but pervasive, with Australia's economic welfare per capita impaired most. Short‐term effects depend on China's monetary policy response, with a freeing up of China's exchange rate likely to minimise harm both in China and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent literature revisits cross-country convergence patterns over the last six decades. Whilst the debate has been about unconditional or conditional convergence, we question whether convergence rates differ across countries. Using the same dataset as in the recent studies of Kremer et al. (NBER Macroecon Annu 36:337–412, 2022) and Acemoglu and Molina (NBER Macroecon Annu 36:425–442, 2022) (GDP per capita for 108 countries over 58 years, 1960–2017), we systematically search models where the degree of heterogeneity varies from the mean group, pooled mean group, fixed effects and pooled estimators of convergence. The Bayesian Information Criterion selects the heterogeneous model whether we use the U.S., a common factor or country-specific trends as the steady state. We estimate a multi-country technological catch-up statistical model using the U.S. as the technological frontier. We show empirically that a failure to allow for heterogeneous rates of convergence creates a bias in the convergence coefficient towards zero. The long-run elasticity to the U.S.—another convergence parameter of interest—associates positively (0.79) with the country's average growth. Countries that learn from the technological frontier also grow faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wells–Riley model has been widely used to estimate airborne infection risk, typically from a deterministic point of view (i.e., focusing on the average number of infections) or in terms of a per capita probability of infection. Some of its main limitations relate to considering well‐mixed air, steady‐state concentration of pathogen in the air, a particular amount of time for the indoor interaction, and that all individuals are homogeneous and behave equally. Here, we revisit the Wells–Riley model, providing a mathematical formalism for its stochastic version, where the number of infected individuals follows a Binomial distribution. Then, we extend the Wells–Riley methodology to consider transient behaviours, randomness, and population heterogeneity. In particular, we provide analytical solutions for the number of infections and the per capita probability of infection when: (i) susceptible individuals remain in the room after the infector leaves, (ii) the duration of the indoor interaction is random/unknown, and (iii) infectors have heterogeneous quanta production rates (or the quanta production rate of the infector is random/unknown). We illustrate the applicability of our new formulations through two case studies: infection risk due to an infectious healthcare worker (HCW) visiting a patient, and exposure during lunch for uncertain meal times in different dining settings. Our results highlight that infection risk to a susceptible who remains in the space after the infector leaves can be nonnegligible, and highlight the importance of incorporating uncertainty in the duration of the indoor interaction and the infectivity of the infector when estimating risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scams are a widespread issue with severe consequences for both victims and perpetrators, but existing data collection is fragmented, precluding global and comparative local understanding. The present study addresses this gap through a nationally representative survey (n = 8,369) on scam exposure, victimization, types, vectors, and reporting in 12 countries: Belgium, Egypt, France, Hungary, Indonesia, Mexico, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. We analyze six survey questions to build a detailed quantitative picture of the scams landscape in each country, and compare across countries to identify global patterns. We find, first, that residents of less affluent countries suffer financial loss from scams more often. Second, we find that the internet plays a key role in scams across the globe, and that GNI per capita is strongly associated with specific scam types and contact vectors. Third, we find widespread underreporting, with residents of less affluent countries being less likely to know how to report a scam. Our findings contribute valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in the online fraud and scam prevention space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the causal relationship between per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) and per capita energy consumption (PCEC) in Bangladesh over the period of 1971 to 2023. The ARDL bound testing approach indicates a statistically significant positive relationship between PCGDP and PCEC. The results also reveal that there is a one directional linkage running through PCEC to PCGDP. This indicates that an increase in energy consumption has a direct impact on GDP growth. This suggests that rather than energy conservation, priority to generate energy generation as a means of achieving higher GDP is needed for Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan has struggled for a political system suitable for its postindependence development; however, repeated struggles between democracy and dictatorship have slowed Pakistan's economic growth. I quantified the impact of military dictatorship on Pakistan's economy from 1999 to 2008 using synthetic control methods. I found that while the average annual GDP per capita growth grew during the military dictatorship, it was four times lower than synthetic Pakistan's. I conclude that the military did not help Pakistan with its economic malaise. The increase in military expenditure and the prevalence of terrorism due to the military dictatorship may have hindered Pakistan's economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing resource efficiency and mitigating climate change have become consensuses of human society. However, there is still a gap in assessing the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) and identifying the influence of various factors, especially in rapid urbanizing regions. In this paper, we built a stochastic frontier analysis model to assess CEE and conducted a case study in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration (BTHUA), a typical area of collaborative development in China. A comprehensive influencing factor index was constructed to analyze and identify the key influencing factors of CEE. The results revealed that the average CEE among the 13 cities increased in volatility from 2000 to 2019. The average CEE in Langfang was lowest, while that in Tangshan was highest. The input-related factors had a negative effect on CEE, including carbon emissions per capita, employment per ten thousand people, total assets per capita, and energy intensity. GDP per capita, the urbanization level, and the proportion of the tertiary sector's GDP had positive impacts on CEE. Future policy formulation should focus on the transition from labor- and material-intensive industries to knowledge- and technology-intensive industries. All the results can contribute to achieving high-quality development and dual-carbon target of rapid-urbanizing areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of the research is whether better human capital, as determined by secondary school learning outcomes measured by PISA scores, promotes economic growth. The literature often uses the PISA results as a proxy for growth, while its use and impact on growth are not empirically proven. These questions are analyzed through two hypotheses. The first hypothesis (H1) states that in a worldwide sample of countries, GDP per capita growth between 2006 and 2019 was positively impacted by rising PISA results. The second hypothesis (H2) states that between 2006 and 2019, the rise in PISA scores in East Asia had a stronger influence on economic growth than in the rest of the world. The study examines 59 nations that have administered two PISA tests during the period of 2006–2019. The findings imply that there is generally no causal connection between PISA results and growth and the PISA results play no additional role in the development of East Asian nations. The results can be explained in two ways. The first is that human capital includes more than just skills. The second is that the data only covers a short period of time, which may limit the analysis of long-term patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct an overlapping generations model in which the government chooses the tax rate that determines publicly provided education and healthcare. Education increases human capital accumulation, and healthcare improves life expectancy. Each policy is financed by taxes. Two sectors of government, the public education and public healthcare sectors, uncooperatively determine the tax rates for education and healthcare that maximize the GDP per capita and an adult's welfare. Our main findings are as follows. First, the optimal tax rates for both branches of government based on per capita GDP maximization are uniquely determined. Second, in the case based on welfare maximization, there are multiple equilibria that can be ranked. The conclusion relies on the strategic complementary relationship between public education and healthcare, and the result is consistent with empirical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an asymmetric grouping estimator for forecasting per capita carbon emissions for a country panel. The estimator relies on the observation that a bias‐variance pooling trade‐off in potentially heterogeneous panel data may be different across countries. For a specific country, cross validation is used to determine the optimal country‐specific grouping. A simulated annealing algorithm deals with the combinatorial problem of group selection in large cross sections. A Monte Carlo study shows that in case of heterogenous parameters, the asymmetric grouping estimators outperforms symmetric grouping approaches and forecasting based on individual estimates. Only in the case where the signal is very weak, pooling all countries leads to better forecasting performance. Similar results are found when forecasting carbon emission. The asymmetric grouping estimator leads to more pooling than a symmetric approach. Being on the same continent increases the probability of pooling, and African countries seem to benefit most from using asymmetric grouping and European countries least. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical indications (GIs) embody distinctive regional elements characterized by widespread spatial distribution, serving as vital agricultural intellectual properties and significant tourism assets. This case study introduces a multiscale and multi-perspective quantification framework for Shandong Province, focusing on spatial agglomeration, association, and heterogeneity. This approach quantitatively explores GIs' spatial patterns and influencing mechanisms, analyzing both at the monomer and regional scales, considering static and dynamic perspectives. Leveraging methods such as kernel density analysis, Moran's I index, Geary's C index, Internet hot word analysis, and Geodetector, the coastal municipalities, prosperous urban areas, and zones with high-quality arable soils were identified as spatial agglomeration areas for GIs. The study revealed a strong correlation between the spatial distribution pattern of socioeconomic factors and GIs' spatial density from a static perspective. However, diminished spatial autocorrelation was observed for GIs' public perception from a dynamic standpoint, indicating a reduced influence of Internet connectivity. The spatial heterogeneity in GIs is determined by multiple interconnected factors, displaying an enhancement effect between any two influencing factors. Among the 15 influencing factors analyzed, urbanization rate; gross value of agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery production; and per capita gross domestic product significantly contribute to spatial heterogeneity effects at both urbanization rate, gross value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery production, and per capita gross domestic product significantly contributed to spatial heterogeneity effects at regional and monomer scales. The results suggest that GIs are likely to flourish with regional economic growth. The analytical framework and quantification methods support exploring and sustainably utilizing GIs, improving output quality, and modernizing GIs' production, ultimately contributing to regional agriculture's high-quality and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the impact of banking sector development (BSD), renewable energy consumption (REC) and economic growth (EG) on environmental quality (EQ), using the load capacity factor (LCF) in Sudan. Utilizing time series data from 1990 to 2018 and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method, this research aims to explore both short-term and long-term dynamics, and cointegration, to provide a detailed understanding of these relationships. The study's primary objective is to elucidate the effects of BSD, REC, and EG on Sudan's EQ through the LCF metric and to test the Load Capacity Curve (LCC) hypothesis. The results indicate that the squared values of per capita GDP (long-term) and REC (short- and long-term) contribute to an increase in Sudan's LCF, thereby enhancing EQ,while BSD and per capita GDP negatively affect EQ, thus confirming the LCC hypothesis. Sudan authorities are urged to prioritize environmentally friendly economic policies, sustainable urban development, and the transition to renewable energy sources. However, the revelation that BSD diminishes environmental sustainability suggests a reevaluation of the financial sector's role. Encouraging green technologies could amplify the LCF and mitigate environmental degradation, enabling Sudan to create a sustainable environment by promoting renewable energy investments and long-term GDP per capita growth while curbing financial expansion. This research provides a critical framework for policymakers to create strategies that balance economic development with ecological preservation, ensuring Sudan's long-term sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High clinical value national reimbursement anticancer medications (NRAMs) are pivotal treatments for patients with cancer. However, the availability of NRAMs in medical institutions is unknown. This study aimed to assess the availability of NRAMs in national and provincial medical institutions. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized national health insurance data to access the availability of NRAMs in national and provincial medical institutions. Further statistical analyses and visualizations were conducted in terms of medical institution level and daily cost. Using the Spearman's rank correlation test (α = 0.05), we calculated the correlation between the availability rates of NRAMs and their negotiation access time, daily cost, per capita disposable income, provincial gross product, and number of policy releases. Results: Overall, 81 NRAMs, with an average availability rate of approximately 1.01% nationwide, were included. There were significant differences between provinces for each drug, and the availability of NRAMs gradually decreased in tertiary (13.41%), secondary (1.58%), and primary medical institutions (< 0.05%). Differences were also observed in the availability rate of NRAMs in various daily drug cost ranges. Among the factors examined, negotiation access time (r1 = 0.425), daily cost (r2 = − 0.326), per capita disposable income (r3 = 0.645), provincial gross product (r4 = 0.433), and number of policy releases (r5 = 0.461) were all correlated with the availability of NRAMs. Conclusions: The low availability of NRAMs in national and provincial medical institutions indicates that their willingness to equip NRAMs needs to be improved. All factors examined in this study affected the availability of NRAMs. Our findings can guide policymakers in improving relevant policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines Finland's increasing investment in solar energy as part of its broader strategy to transition to renewable energy sources. Despite its northern location and limited sunlight during winter months, Finland has effectively harnessed solar power, especially during its long summer days. We conducted a PESTLE analysis, highlighting political commitment to climate agreements, economic benefits of solar energy, public support for clean energy, technological advancements, regulatory support, and environmental benefits. In addition, we applied the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) to study the impact of GDP per capita, urbanization (URB), foreign direct investments (FDI), and the share of primary energy consumption from solar (SOL) on C O 2 emissions for Finland during 1990–2022. The long-term findings show that SOL, URB, and FDI negatively impact C O 2 emissions, while GDP positively impacts C O 2 emissions. Solar energy deployment reflects the effectiveness of solar energy as a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels. Urbanization also shows a negative impact on C O 2 emissions due to better infrastructure and more efficient energy use in urban areas. FDI suggests that investments are oriented towards sustainable technologies. Industrial activity associated with economic expansion may indicate the positive effect of GDP in C O 2 emissions. Although economic growth has typically resulted in increased emissions, strategic investments in renewable energy and sustainable urban development can greatly reduce this effect. Policy initiatives in Finland should concentrate on promoting green investments and enhancing urban planning with a focus on environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy policy has a significant impact on the state of the environment and, therefore, on residents' health and life expectancy, especially in highly urbanized areas. Reducing emissions is currently one of the necessary actions that must be taken at the scale of individual countries to ensure sustainable development. The article aims to identify the best ways to shape energy policy by evaluating development scenarios for air protection and their environmental impact. The realization of the goal is based on the data included in three groups: (1) Economic factors, Health factors, and Demographic factors; (2) Clima-e related economic losses, Renewable Energy sources in electricity, heating, and cooling, Premature deaths due to exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), Health impacts of air pollution, Population change; (3) Demographic balance and crude rates at the national level, GDP per capita in purchasing power PPS, GDP, and principal components; covering 36 EU countries in 2019 and 2021. The study proposes an advanced methodology for assessing development strategies by integrating the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Bayesian networks (BN) and incorporating them into a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) support system. The TOPSIS model based on BN allowed for the illustration of the features of many criteria and the identification of relationships between scenarios, allowing for selecting the best way to develop energy policy. The results showed a 60.39% chance of achieving success in extending the life of residents by five years. At the same time, the most favorable development path was the scenario promoting activities aimed at reducing air pollution by introducing renewable energy sources to produce energy used for lighting and preparing domestic hot water urban areas. By presenting possible scenarios and the probability of success, it is possible to achieve the goal of practical energy policy at the level of the country and individual European cities and also by extending the life of city inhabitants, as presented by the authors in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies patterns in total and per capita CO2 emissions among 208 countries considering different emission sources, such as cement, flaring, gas, oil, and coal. This research uses linear and non-linear dimensional reduction techniques, combining K-means clustering with principal component analysis (PCA) and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), which allows the identification of distinct emission profiles among nations. This approach allows effective clustering of heterogeneous countries despite the highly dimensional nature of emissions data. The optimal number of clusters is determined using Calinski–Harabasz and Davies–Bouldin scores, of five and six clusters for total and per capita CO2 emissions, respectively. The findings reveal that for total emissions, t-SNE brings together the world's largest economies and emitters, i.e., China, USA, India, and Russia, into a single cluster, while PCA provides clusters with a single country for China, USA, and Russia. Regarding per capita emissions, PCA generates a cluster with only one country, Qatar, due to its significant flaring emissions, as byproduct of the oil industry, and its low population. This study concludes that international collaboration and coherent global policies are crucial for effectively addressing CO2 emissions and developing targeted climate change mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Despite the abundance of research on reducing carbon emissions, there is a significant gap in understanding the influence of macroeconomic factors on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from a spatial-structural perspective. This study aims to contribute to the literature by investigating the impact of macroeconomic factors on carbon dioxide emissions in six East African countries between 1989 and 2020. Using spatial econometric panel models, the study analyzed spatial dependence among the variables. The empirical findings indicate that gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and electricity consumption have positive direct and indirect effects on carbon emissions, while fuel prices and exports have negative direct effects, but positive spillover effects on neighboring countries. Imports have a positive impact on local economies, but negative spillover effects. Additionally, the urban population has no significant impact on the environment. These findings provide important policy implications for optimizing spatial growth patterns and achieving a low-carbon economy in East African countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic welfare is essential in the modern economy since it directly reflects the standard of living, distribution of resources, and general social satisfaction, which influences individual and social well-being. This study aims to explore the relationship between national income accounting different attributes and the economic welfare in Pakistan. However, this study used data from 1950 to 2022, and data was downloaded from the World Bank data portal. Regression analysis is used to investigate the relationship between them and is very effective in measuring the relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables. Moreover, generalized methods of movement (GMM) are used as the robustness of the regression. Our results show that foreign direct investment outflow, Gross domestic product growth rate, GDP per capita, higher Interest, market capitalization, and population growth have a significant negative on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to a decrease in the employment rate in Pakistan. Trade and savings have a significant positive impact on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to an increase in the unemployment rate for various reasons. Moreover, all the factors of national income accounting have a significant positive relationship with life expectancy, indicating that an increase in these factors leads to an increase in economic welfare and life expectancy due to better health facilities, many resources, and correct economic policies. However, foreign direct investment, inflation rate, lending interest rate, and population growth have significant positive effects on age dependency, indicating these factors increase the age dependency. Moreover, GDP growth and GDP per capita negatively impact age dependency. Similarly, all the national income accounting factors have a significant negative relationship with legal rights that leads to decreased legal rights. Moreover, due to better health facilities and health planning, there is a negative significant relationship between national income accounting attributes and motility rate among children. Our study advocated the implications for the policymakers and the government to make policies for the welfare and increase the social factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife managers translocate Centrocercus urophasianus (Greater Sage-Grouse) to augment small populations, but translocated C. urophasianus often fail to reproduce post-release, hampering conservation objectives. We performed 2 C. urophasianus translocations in California and North Dakota from 2017 to 2020 using 2 methods at both sites: an established method of translocating females prior to nesting (i.e. a pre-nesting translocation), and a novel method wherein females were translocated with chicks after successfully hatching nests in source populations (i.e. a brood translocation). We radio-marked and monitored 135 translocated females and 284 source population females and used count data from leks in recipient and source populations to evaluate each method. Using an integrated population model (IPM), we estimated demographic parameters, including recruitment, by females translocated with each method. We estimated the finite rate of change in abundance (⁠ λ ^ ⁠) in recipient and source populations given multiple simulated translocation strategies using each method and evaluated them using a cost–benefit metric (i.e. a ratio of the simulated change in abundance at recipient and source sites). We found that recruitment in recipient populations was substantially higher when brood translocations were employed compared to when pre-nesting translocations were employed. Most females translocated pre-nesting forewent reproduction entirely, whereas most females translocated with their broods successfully reared offspring in recipient populations. A per capita comparison revealed that brood translocations resulted in λ ^ that were 11–30% greater than pre-nesting translocations, but also revealed that the removal of brood-rearing females from source populations resulted in larger reductions in λ ^ when compared with prenesting translocations. However, reductions in λ ^ were small and the estimated cost–benefit metrics indicated that translocation of females with broods was a more effective method at spurring growth in recipient populations while minimizing impacts to source populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]