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Resumen: Introducción y objetivo: Existen pocos estudios comparativos entre polietilenglicol (PEG) 3350 e hidróxido de magnesio (HM) para tratar el estreñimiento funcional (EF) a largo plazo en niños, y no incluyen lactantes desde 6 meses. El objetivo fue determinar la eficacia, la seguridad y la aceptabilidad de PEG vs HM en el EF a largo plazo en pacientes pediátricos. Métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado, paralelo, abierto, en pacientes de 6 meses a 18 años con diagnóstico de EF asignados aleatoriamente a PEG 3350 o HM durante 12 meses. Se definió éxito: ≥ 3 evacuaciones/semana, sin incontinencia fecal, impactación fecal, dolor abdominal o necesidad de otro laxante. Se compararon eventos adversos, así como la aceptabilidad, medida como dosis rechazadas del laxante durante el estudio en cada grupo y subgrupo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 83 pacientes con EF, sin que presentaran diferencias en éxito entre ambos grupos (40/41 PEG vs 40/42 HM, p = 0.616). No hubo diferencias en aceptabilidad entre ambos grupos, pero un número significativamente mayor de pacientes rechazó la leche de magnesia en los subgrupos de > 4 a 12 años y de > 12 a 18 años (p = 0.037 y p = 0.020, respectivamente). No hubo diferencias de eventos adversos entre ambos grupos y no se registraron eventos adversos clínicos ni bioquímicos graves. Conclusiones: Ambos laxantes fueron igualmente efectivos y seguros para tratar el EF en niños de 0.5 a 18 años. El PEG 3350 fue mejor aceptado que el HM por los pacientes mayores de 4 años. El HM puede ser considerado como tratamiento de primera línea para EF en niños menores de 4 años. Abstract: Introduction and aims: There are few studies that compare polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 and magnesium hydroxide (MH), as long-term treatment of functional constipation (FC) in children, and they do not include infants as young as 6 months of age. Our aim was to determine the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of PEG vs MH in FC, in the long term, in pediatric patients. Methods: An open-label, parallel, controlled clinical trial was conducted on patients from 6 months to 18 years of age, diagnosed with FC, that were randomly assigned to receive PEG 3350 or MH for 12 months. Success was defined as: ≥ 3 bowel movements/week, with no fecal incontinence, fecal impaction, abdominal pain, or the need for another laxative. We compared adverse events and acceptability, measured as rejected doses of the laxative during the study, in each group and subgroup. Results: Eighty-three patients with FC were included. There were no differences in success between groups (40/41 PEG vs 40/42 MH, p = 0.616). There were no differences in acceptability between groups, but a statistically significant higher number of patients rejected MH in the subgroups > 4 to 12 years and > 12 to 18 years of age (P = .037 and P = .020, respectively). There were no differences regarding adverse events between the two groups and no severe clinical or biochemical adverse events were registered. Conclusions: The two laxatives were equally effective and safe for treating FC in children from 0.5 to 18 years of age. Acceptance was better for PEG 3350 than for MH in patients above 4 years of age. MH can be considered first-line treatment for FC in children under 4 years of age.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la condición física, composición corporal y el somatotipo en deportistas colombianos. Participaron 618 deportistas (Mujeres 25,89%), con edad de 14 a 22 años. Se tomaron medidas cinantropométricas y se realizaron pruebas de resistencia cardiovascular en tapiz rodante, salto squat jump y contramovimiento, flexibilidad sit and reach y abdominales en 1min. Los deportistas del grupo de deportes de marca y precisión obtuvieron el porcentaje de grasa y porcentaje de masa ósea más altos, mientras el grupo de deportes de combate fue el índice de masa corporal, la capacidad aeróbica, la fuerza de resistencia abdominal y los saltos; en el grupo de deportes de pelota fue el porcentaje de recuperación, y en el grupo de tiempo y marca, sobresalió el porcentaje de masa muscular y la flexibilidad. El somatotipo predominante fue mesomórfico. Los resultados más altos en cada variable dependieron de la disciplina deportiva practicada

Abstract Cities in the global south face dire climate impacts. It is in socioeconomically marginalized urban communities of the global south that the effects of climate change are felt most deeply. Santiago de Chile, a major mid-latitude Andean city of 7.7 million inhabitants, is already undergoing the so-called “climate penalty” as rising temperatures worsen the effects of endemic ground-level ozone pollution. As many cities in the global south, Santiago is highly segregated along socioeconomic lines, which offers an opportunity for studying the effects of concurrent heatwaves and ozone episodes on distinct zones of affluence and deprivation. Here, we combine existing datasets of social indicators and climate-sensitive health risks with weather and air quality observations to study the response to compound heat-ozone extremes of different socioeconomic strata. Attributable to spatial variations in the ground-level ozone burden (heavier for wealthy communities), we found that the mortality response to extreme heat (and the associated further ozone pollution) is stronger in affluent dwellers, regardless of comorbidities and lack of access to health care affecting disadvantaged population. These unexpected findings underline the need of a site-specific hazard assessment and a community-based risk management.

In the wake of Hurricane Maria and in response to the negligent inefficiency of the local and federal governments, community groups and collectives, grassroots organizations, and activists of multiple causes began organizing under the principles of mutual aid and solidarity in Puerto Rico. One of these is the Colectivo Casco Urbano de Cayey (CCUC), a community organization comprised of local activists and community leaders, undergraduate students, and a professor. This essay brings together four members of the collective in a dialogue where they reflect on the central role of solidarity in the CCUC's organizing and projects and the ways solidarity operates as a praxis of self-determination in the face of neoliberal austerity measures in Puerto Rico. We also highlight the relational work that was done prior to establishing the CCUC that enabled its creation. We also discuss how we negotiate our collaborative relationship across difference through critical dialogue and reflection, the challenges that arise because of our colonial subjectivities, and the ways we circumvent colonial logics through other ways of being and relating anchored in solidarity and interdependence.

We present the synthesis of a cross-linking enzyme aggregate (CLEAS) of a peroxidase from Megathyrsus maximus (Guinea Grass) (GGP). The biocatalyst was produced using 50%v/v ethanol and 0.88%w/v glutaraldehyde for 1 h under stirring. The immobilization yield was 93.74% and the specific activity was 36.75 U mg−1. The biocatalyst surpassed by 61% the free enzyme activity at the optimal pH value (pH 6 for both preparations), becoming this increase in activity almost 10-fold at pH 9. GGP-CLEAS exhibited a higher thermal stability (2–4 folds) and was more stable towards hydrogen peroxide than the free enzyme (2–3 folds). GGP-CLEAS removes over 80% of 0.05 mM indigo carmine at pH 5, in the presence of 0.55 mM H2O2 after 60 min of reaction, a much higher value than when using the free enzyme. The operational stability showed a decrease of enzyme activity (over 60% in 4 cycles), very likely related to suicide inhibition.

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) plays a crucial role in global gold production. However, the adoption of poor mining practices or the use of mercury (Hg) in gold recovery processes has generated serious environmental contamination events. The focus of this study is assessing the concentration of Hg in surface waters within the coastal region of Ecuador. The results are used to conduct a human health risk assessment applying deterministic and probabilistic methods, specifically targeting groups vulnerable to exposure in affected mining environments. Between April and June 2022, 54 water samples were collected from rivers and streams adjacent to mining areas to determine Hg levels. In the health risk assessment, exposure routes through water ingestion and dermal contact were considered for both adults and children, following the model structures outlined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The results indicate elevated Hg concentrations in two of the five provinces studied, El Oro and Esmeraldas, where at least 88% and 75% of the samples, respectively, exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL) set by Ecuadorian regulations for the preservation of aquatic life. Furthermore, in El Oro province, 28% of the samples exceeded the MPL established for drinking water quality. The high concentrations of Hg could be related to illegal mining activity that uses Hg for gold recovery. Regarding the human health risk assessment, risk values above the safe exposure limit were estimated. Children were identified as the most vulnerable receptor. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish effective regulations that guarantee the protection of river users in potentially contaminated areas. Finally, it is important to continue investigating the contamination caused by human practices in the coastal region.

Recent studies indicate that monitoring only fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may not be enough to understand and tackle the health risk caused by particulate pollution. Health effects per unit PM2.5 seem to increase in countries with low PM2.5, but also near local pollution sources (e.g., traffic) within cities. The aim of this study is to understand the differences in the characteristics of lung-depositing particles in different geographical regions and urban environments. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) concentrations and size distributions, along with PM2.5, were compared with ambient measurement data from Finland, Germany, Czechia, Chile, and India, covering traffic sites, residential areas, airports, shipping, and industrial sites. In Finland (low PM2.5), LDSAal size distributions depended significantly on the urban environment and were mainly attributable to ultrafine particles (

Brodalumab, a first-in-class interleukin-17 (IL-17) receptor blocker, carries a black box warning for suicidal ideation and behavior, yet it is also one of the most powerful biologic agents in our armamentarium. We wish to highlight three patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and comorbid depression who were successfully treated with brodalumab. The patients were chosen by an expert panel comprising dermatologists, psychiatrists, and psychologists. Psoriasis disease severity was measured using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score. All three patients experienced PASI 100 after treatment with brodalumab (N=3). Importantly, depressive symptoms improved or resolved in two out of three patients. One patient, who had a history of psychiatric hospitalizations, required in-patient psychiatric treatment during treatment. The use of brodalumab in patients with psoriasis can provide rapid-onset improvement in both skin and depressive symptoms.

El presente texto posee la pretensión de analizar la cláusula general de responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado a partir de la Constitución Política de 1991. Se hará mayor énfasis en la relación del fenómeno de la constitucionalización del derecho con la responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado en Colombia, así como del gran debate suscitado al interior de la jurisprudencia y doctrina acerca de los elementos constitutivos de responsabilidad del Estado.

Gold mining activity is a source of supply in many areas of the world, and especially in developing countries, it is practiced illegally and by applying unsafe techniques. Particularly in Ecuador, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is widespread, and it is based on the use of toxic substances, such as mercury (Hg), in gold recovery. Hg is a heavy metal that is water-insoluble, which, once mobilized, poses a threat to both the environment and human health. This study analyzes Hg concentrations in the six provinces of Napo, Sucumbíos, Orellana, Pastaza, Morona Santiago, and Zamora Chinchipe of the Ecuadorian Amazon region to conduct a human health risk assessment. Significant differences in Hg levels were found between provinces, but concentrations were below MPL imposed by Ecuadorian regulations everywhere. Nevertheless, a worrisome picture emerges, especially with regard to the most vulnerable receptors represented by the child population. There are multiple factors of incidence that may affect the possible future development of the phenomenon, and with reference to the social, economic, and environmental context of the region, it can be concluded that it may be appropriate to plan further investigation to arrive at a more comprehensive assessment. The results of this study can be used by decision makers to plan further investigation and to implement monitoring networks, risk mitigation strategies, and groundwater protection measures.

Tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), recently celebrating 30 years of near-continual operation, continues in its missions to advance outstanding key physics and operational scenario issues for ITER and the design of future power plants such as DEMO. The main machine heating systems and operational changes are first described. Then follow five sections: plasma scenarios. ITER Base-Line (IBL) discharges, triangularity studies together with X3 heating and N2 seeding. Edge localised mode suppression, with a high radiation region near the X-point is reported with N _2 injection with and without divertor baffles in a snowflake configuration. Negative triangularity (NT) discharges attained record, albeit transient, β _N ∼ 3 with lower turbulence, higher low-Z impurity transport, vertical stability and density limits and core transport better than the IBL. Positive triangularity L-Mode linear and saturated ohmic confinement confinement saturation, often-correlated with intrinsic toroidal rotation reversals, was probed for D, H and He working gases. H-mode confinement and pedestal studies were extended to low collisionality with electron cyclotron heating obtaining steady state electron iternal transport barrier with neutral beam heating (NBH), and NBH driven H-mode configurations with off-axis co-electron cyclotron current drive. Fast particle physics. The physics of disruptions, runaway electrons and fast ions (FIs) was developed using near-full current conversion at disruption with recombination thresholds characterised for impurity species (Ne, Ar, Kr). Different flushing gases (D2, H2) and pathways to trigger a benign disruption were explored. The 55 kV NBH II generated a rich Alfvénic spectrum modulating the FI fas ion loss detector signal. NT configurations showed less toroidal Alfvén excitation activity preferentially affecting higher FI pitch angles. Scrape-off layer and edge physics. gas puff imaging systems characterised turbulent plasma ejection for several advanced divertor configurations, including NT. Combined diagnostic array divertor state analysis in detachment conditions was compared to modelling revealing an importance for molecular processes. Divertor physics. Internal gas baffles diversified to include shorter/longer structures on the high and/or low field side to probe compressive efficiency. Divertor studies concentrated upon mitigating target power, facilitating detachment and increasing the radiated power fraction employing alternative divertor geometries, optimised X-point radiator regimes and long-legged configurations. Smaller-than-expected improvements with total flux expansion were better modelled when including parallel flows. Peak outer target heat flux reduction was achieved (>50%) for high flux-expansion geometries, maintaining core performance ( H _98 > 1). A reduction in target heat loads and facilitated detachment access at lower core densities is reported. Real-time control. TCV’s real-time control upgrades employed MIMO gas injector control of stable, robust, partial detachment and plasma β feedback control avoiding neoclassical tearing modes with plasma confinement changes. Machine-learning enhancements include trajectory tracking disruption proximity and avoidance as well as a first-of-its-kind reinforcement learning-based controller for the plasma equilibrium trained entirely on a free-boundary simulator. Finally, a short description of TCV’s immediate future plans will be given.

Linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations for the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART) have been carried out for the first time, for both positive (PT) and negative triangularity (NT) shaped plasmas using the MARS-F code. The MHD stability of projected SMART plasmas against internal kinks, infernal modes and edge peeling-ballooning modes have been analyzed for a wide range of realistic equilibria. A stabilization of internal kinks and infernal modes is observed when increasing the safety factor profile and reducing plasma beta. PT shaped plasmas are more stable against both internal kinks and infernal modes than their counterpart NT shaped plasmas. Toroidal flows have little impact on the MHD stability of the internal kinks, but they have a strong stabilizing effect on infernal modes, which can be further mitigated in NT shaped plasmas. The MHD stability of peeling-ballooning modes is reduced in NT shaped plasmas, as observed in conventional tokamaks.

Experiments on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) in 2021 and 2022 have addressed a number of critical issues for ITER and EU DEMO. A major objective of the AUG programme is to shed light on the underlying physics of confinement, stability, and plasma exhaust in order to allow reliable extrapolation of results obtained on present day machines to these reactor-grade devices. Concerning pedestal physics, the mitigation of edge localised modes (ELMs) using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) was found to be consistent with a reduction of the linear peeling-ballooning stability threshold due to the helical deformation of the plasma. Conversely, ELM suppression by RMPs is ascribed to an increased pedestal transport that keeps the plasma away from this boundary. Candidates for this increased transport are locally enhanced turbulence and a locked magnetic island in the pedestal. The enhanced D-alpha (EDA) and quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) regimes have been established as promising ELM-free scenarios. Here, the pressure gradient at the foot of the H-mode pedestal is reduced by a quasi-coherent mode, consistent with violation of the high-n ballooning mode stability limit there. This is suggestive that the EDA and QCE regimes have a common underlying physics origin. In the area of transport physics, full radius models for both L- and H-modes have been developed. These models predict energy confinement in AUG better than the commonly used global scaling laws, representing a large step towards the goal of predictive capability. A new momentum transport analysis framework has been developed that provides access to the intrinsic torque in the plasma core. In the field of exhaust, the X-Point Radiator (XPR), a cold and dense plasma region on closed flux surfaces close to the X-point, was described by an analytical model that provides an understanding of its formation as well as its stability, i.e., the conditions under which it transitions into a deleterious MARFE with the potential to result in a disruptive termination. With the XPR close to the divertor target, a new detached divertor concept, the compact radiative divertor, was developed. Here, the exhaust power is radiated before reaching the target, allowing close proximity of the X-point to the target. No limitations by the shallow field line angle due to the large flux expansion were observed, and sufficient compression of neutral density was demonstrated. With respect to the pumping of non-recycling impurities, the divertor enrichment was found to mainly depend on the ionisation energy of the impurity under consideration. In the area of MHD physics, analysis of the hot plasma core motion in sawtooth crashes showed good agreement with nonlinear 2-fluid simulations. This indicates that the fast reconnection observed in these events is adequately described including the pressure gradient and the electron inertia in the parallel Ohm’s law. Concerning disruption physics, a shattered pellet injection system was installed in collaboration with the ITER International Organisation. Thanks to the ability to vary the shard size distribution independently of the injection velocity, as well as its impurity admixture, it was possible to tailor the current quench rate, which is an important requirement for future large devices such as ITER. Progress was also made modelling the force reduction of VDEs induced by massive gas injection on AUG. The H-mode density limit was characterised in terms of safe operational space with a newly developed active feedback control method that allowed the stability boundary to be probed several times within a single discharge without inducing a disruptive termination. Regarding integrated operation scenarios, the role of density peaking in the confinement of the ITER baseline scenario (high plasma current) was clarified. The usual energy confinement scaling ITER98( p,y ) does not capture this effect, but the more recent H20 scaling does, highlighting again the importance of developing adequate physics based models. Advanced tokamak scenarios, aiming at large non-inductive current fraction due to non-standard profiles of the safety factor in combination with high normalised plasma pressure were studied with a focus on their access conditions. A method to guide the approach of the targeted safety factor profiles was developed, and the conditions for achieving good confinement were clarified. Based on this, two types of advanced scenarios (‘hybrid’ and ‘elevated’ q -profile) were established on AUG and characterised concerning their plasma performance.

Within the 9th European Framework programme, since 2021 EUROfusion is operating five tokamaks under the auspices of a single Task Force called ‘Tokamak Exploitation’. The goal is to benefit from the complementary capabilities of each machine in a coordinated way and help in developing a scientific output scalable to future largre machines. The programme of this Task Force ensures that ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST and JET (since 2022) work together to achieve the objectives of Missions 1 and 2 of the EUROfusion Roadmap: i) demonstrate plasma scenarios that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO and, ii) demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. The Tokamak Exploitation task force has therefore organized experiments on these two missions with the goal to strengthen the physics and operational basis for the ITER baseline scenario and for exploiting the recent plasma exhaust enhancements in all four devices (PEX: Plasma EXhaust) for exploring the solution for handling heat and particle exhaust in ITER and develop the conceptual solutions for DEMO. The ITER Baseline scenario has been developed in a similar way in ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and JET. Key risks for ITER such as disruptions and run-aways have been also investigated in TCV, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. Experiments have explored successfully different divertor configurations (standard, super-X, snowflakes) in MAST-U and TCV and studied tungsten melting in WEST and ASDEX Upgrade. The input from the smaller devices to JET has also been proven successful to set-up novel control schemes on disruption avoidance and detachment.

Alfvén Eigenmodes-driven fast-ion flows have been measured for the first time at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak using an imaging neutral particle analyzer. The flow is such that particles are expelled from the mode location, losing energy as they move outwards. This flow aligns well with the projection of the lines of constant magnetic moment and constant E ′ ( $E^{^{\prime}} = E - \omega P_\phi/n$ , with E being the particle energy, $\omega, n$ the mode frequency and toroidal number and P _φ the toroidal canonical angular momentum). The observed redistributions are consistent with full-orbit simulations performed with the ASCOT5 code, using the mode structure predicted by the linear gyro-kinetic code LIGKA.

In Paraguay, 49% of the population depends on biomass (wood and charcoal) for cooking. Residential biomass burning is a major source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) in and around the household environment. In July 2016, cross-sectional household air pollution sampling was conducted in 80 households in rural Paraguay. Time-integrated samples (24 hours) of PM2.5 and continuous CO concentrations were measured in kitchens that used wood, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or electricity to cook. Qualitative and quantitative household-level variables were captured using questionnaires. The average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3 ) was higher in kitchens that burned wood (741.7 ± 546.4) and charcoal (107.0 ± 68.6) than in kitchens where LPG (52.3 ± 18.9) or electricity (52.0 ± 14.8) was used. Likewise, the average CO concentration (ppm) was higher in kitchens that used wood (19.4 ± 12.6) and charcoal (7.6 ± 6.5) than in those that used LPG (0.5 ± 0.6) or electricity (0.4 ± 0.6). Multivariable linear regression was conducted to generate predictive models for indoor PM2.5 and CO concentrations (predicted R2  = 0.837 and 0.822, respectively). This study provides baseline indoor air quality data for Paraguay and presents a multivariate statistical approach that could be used in future research and intervention programs.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: We used whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 to identify variants circulating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and obtain molecular information useful for diagnosis, improving treatment, and general pandemic control strategies. Methods: A total of 74 SARS-CoV-2 isolates were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore platforms. Generated reads were processed to obtain consensus genome sequences. Sequences with more than 80% genome coverage were used for variant calling, phylogenetic analysis, and classification using Pangolin lineage annotation nomenclature. Results: Phylogenetic analysis based on Pangolin classification clustered South Kivu sequences into seven lineages (A.23.1, B.1.1.6, B.1.214, B.1.617.2, B.1.351, C.16, and P.1). The Delta (B.1.617.2) variant was the most dominant and responsible for outbreaks during the third wave. Based on the Wuhan reference genome, 289 distinct mutations were detected, including 141 missenses, 123 synonymous, and 25 insertions/deletions when our isolates were mapped to the Wuhan reference strain. Most of these point mutations were located within the coding sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 genome that includes spike, ORF1ab, ORF3, and nucleocapsid protein genes. The most common mutation was D614G (1841A>G) observed in 61 sequences, followed by L4715L (14143 C>T) found in 60 sequences. Conclusion: Our findings highlight multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into South Kivu through different sources and subsequent circulation of variants in the province. These results emphasize the importance of timely monitoring of genetic variation and its effect on disease severity. This work set a foundation for the use of genomic surveillance as a tool for future global pandemic management and control.

Abstract Genetic evolution of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in Africa has been shaped mainly by environmental changes such as abnormal rainfall patterns and climate change that has occurred over the last few decades. These gradual environmental changes are believed to have effected gene migration from macro (geographical) to micro (reassortment) levels. Presently, 15 lineages of RVFV have been identified to be circulating within the Sub-Saharan Africa. International trade in livestock and movement of mosquitoes are thought to be responsible for the outbreaks occurring outside endemic or enzootic regions. Virus spillover events contribute to outbreaks as was demonstrated by the largest epidemic of 1977 in Egypt. Genomic surveillance of the virus evolution is crucial in developing intervention strategies. Therefore, we have developed a computational tool for rapidly classifying and assigning lineages of the RVFV isolates. The computational method is presented both as a command line tool and a web application hosted at https://www.genomedetective.com/app/typingtool/rvfv/ . Validation of the tool has been performed on a large dataset using glycoprotein gene (Gn) and whole genome sequences of the Large (L), Medium (M) and Small (S) segments of the RVFV retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank database. Using the Gn nucleotide sequences, the RVFV typing tool was able to correctly classify all 234 RVFV sequences at species level with 100% specificity, sensitivity and accuracy. All the sequences in lineages A (n = 10), B (n = 1), C (n = 88), D (n = 1), E (n = 3), F (n = 2), G (n = 2), H (n = 105), I (n = 2), J (n = 1), K (n = 4), L (n = 8), M (n = 1), N (n = 5) and O (n = 1) were also correctly classified at phylogenetic level. Lineage assignment using whole RVFV genome sequences (L, M and S-segments) did not achieve 100% specificity, sensitivity and accuracy for all the sequences analyzed. We further tested our tool using genomic data that we generated by sequencing 5 samples collected following a recent RVF outbreak in Kenya. All the 5 samples were assigned lineage C by both the partial (Gn) and whole genome sequence classifiers. The tool is useful in tracing the origin of outbreaks and supporting surveillance efforts. Availability: https://github.com/ajodeh-juma/rvfvtyping

En este artículo se recoge la génesis de procesos constructivos con bloques de tierra comprimida (BTC) en países en desarrollo y como tema central se describe, valiéndose de fuentes primarias, el proceso experimental llevado a cabo en el Centro Interamericano de Vivienda - CINVA entre 1953 y 1957 que condujo tanto al desarrollo de la máquina Cinva-Ram para la producción de BTC, como al diseño y construcción de viviendas en este material, con el objeto de cualificar las técnicas de la edificación y lograr una vivienda de bajo costo para sectores rurales de América Latina. Las conclusiones están orientadas no solo a rescatar del olvido este ejercicio de naturaleza técnica y social, sino también a poner en evidencia la importancia del trabajo investigativo bajo principios de contextualización en el ámbito de la tecnología de la arquitectura.

Contextualización: El durazno es un producto altamente perecedero debido a su patrón respiratorio de tipo climatérico y su alta producción de etileno, lo que conlleva, un acelerado deterioro de su calidad organoléptica luego de ser cosechado y una rápida senescencia. Actualmente, existen diversas técnicas que se aplican con el fin de retardar los cambios que acompañan el proceso de maduración poscosecha, entre ellos la refrigeración, la cual es una de las herramientas mayormente usadas para prolongar la calidad de los frutos altamente oxidables y aumentar su durabilidad en el tiempo. Vacío de conocimiento: El desconocimiento de las características expresadas con la maduración de los frutos de durazno, específicamente del cultivar Gran Jarillo y la falta de estudios relacionados y bajo las condiciones del trópico alto, limita a los productores la toma de decisiones frente a las técnicas mayormente eficientes de almacenamiento, con el fin de evitar las pérdidas de la producción luego de la cosecha. Propósito: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo dilucidar el efecto de diferentes temperaturas de almacenamiento en los parámetros de calidad de los frutos de durazno [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cv. Gran Jarillo después de la cosecha. Metodología: Los frutos se almacenaron a temperatura ambiente (T1: 17 °C), testigo a temperatura ambiente con una cubierta de biopolímeros (T2: 17 °C más cera) y temperatura de refrigeración (T3: 2 °C), durante 22 días. Los resultados obtenidos se analizaron con un diseño completamente al azar con 4 repeticiones los días 0, 7, 14 y 22. Resultados y conclusiones: el T3 (2 °C) mantuvo una mayor firmeza y una menor tasa respiratoria, menor porcentaje de pérdida de peso, menor concentración de sólidos solubles titulables (SST), una menor relación de madurez (SST/ATT) y mayor concentración de ácidos totales titulables (ATT). Por su parte, el índice de color (IC) de la epidermis aumentó durante la maduración en los tres tratamientos, mayormente en T1. Para el caso de la durabilidad en el tiempo, T3 se mantuvo hasta el día 22, mientras que los demás tratamientos a los 14 días perdieron su calidad organoléptica. Lo que permitió concluir que los frutos almacenados a temperatura baja retardaron su proceso de maduración en comparación a los almacenados a temperatura ambiente.

Introduction: Emergency departments (ED) provide trauma-informed care to sexual assault (SA) survivors and connect them with comprehensive services. Through surveying SA survivor advocates, we aimed to 1) document updated trends in the quality of care and resources offered to SA survivors and 2) identify potential disparities according to geographic regions in the US, urban vs rural clinic locations, and the availability of sexual assault nurse examiners (SANE). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study between June–August 2021, surveying SA advocates who were dispatched from rape crisis centers to support survivors during ED care. Survey questions addressed two major themes in quality of care: staff preparedness to provide trauma-response care; and available resources. Staff preparedness to provide trauma-informed care was assessed through observations of staff behaviors. We used Wilcoxon rank-sum and Kruskal-Wallis tests to analyze differences in responses according to geographic regions and SANE presence. Results: A total of 315 advocates from 99 crisis centers completed the survey. The survey had a participation rate of 88.7% and a completion rate of 87.9%. Advocates who indicated that a higher proportion of their cases were attended by SANEs were more likely to report higher rates of trauma-informed staff behaviors. For example, the recalled rate of staff asking patients for consent at every step of the exam was significantly associated with SANE presence (P < 0.001). With respect to access to resources, 66.7% of advocates reported that hospitals often or always have evidence collection kits available; 30.6% reported that resources such as transportation and housing are often or always available, and 55.3% reported that SANEs are often or always part of the care team. The SANEs were reported to be more frequently available in the Southwest than in other US regions (P < 0.001) and in urban as opposed to rural areas (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study indicates that support from sexual assault nurse examiners is highly associated with trauma-informed staff behaviors and comprehensive resources. Urban-rural and regional disparities exist regarding access to SANEs, suggesting that elevating nationwide quality and equity in care of survivors of sexual assault requires increased investments in SANE training and coverage.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las enfermedades neurológicas constituyen gran parte de las urgencias médicas (10 %-15%). Por ende, se hace necesario el reconocimiento de la distribución de las principales condiciones tanto en urgencias como en hospitalización. Se decidió caracterizar la distribución real de la enfermedad neurológica atendida en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel en Boyacá. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. RESULTADOS: 1203 pacientes con edad promedio de 56,2 (± 21,2) años, la mayoría de sexo masculino, casi la mitad de ellos nivel de educación básica primaria. De un total de 81 diagnósticos, se caracterizaron clínica y sociodemográficamente los 12 primeros, encontrando que en el área de urgencias prevalece la enfermedad cerebrovascular, epilepsia, cefalea, polineuropatia y vértigo. CONCLUSIONES. Los principales motivos de interconsulta del servicio son la enfermedad cerebrovascular y el delirio en urgencias e internación respectivamente, siendo generadas principalmente por medicina general, medicina interna y unidad de cuidado intensivo.

Los estragos de la COVID-19 han perjudicado potencialmente al sector de restaurantes y afines, el cual busca descubrir las nuevas necesidades de los clientes, aplicando herramientas y canales más eficientes para recuperar el mercado. Basándose en esta premisa es que el objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la relación que existe entre las 4 ces del marketing y el posicionamiento de la marca Sabora, Para ello, se empleó un enfoque cuantitativo, de nivel correlacional y diseño no experimental de corte transversal. La población del estudio constó de 300 clientes, a la cual se le tomó una muestra aleatoria de 169 y a quienes se le administró un cuestionario de 36 ítems con escala Likert. Con los datos obtenidos y por intermedio de la correlación de Rho de Spearman se afirmó la hipótesis de los autores, hallándose una correlación positiva y moderada de 0,657, es decir, los resultados demostraron que las 4 ces del marketing tienen una relación positiva y directa con el posicionamiento de marca, y que, al aplicarse de forma moderada, el posicionamiento de la marca Sabora también se presenta de la misma manera en el distrito de Huacho, Perú.

Objetivo: Determinar guías de turismo competentes para realizar recorridos en casos de inmediatez presentados en agencias de Cartagena de Indias. Metodología: La investigación fue mixta con un diseño de exploración exploratorio secuencial, donde se aplicó la entrevista para obtener información directa de empleados que laboran en empresas turísticas ubicadas en Cartagena de Indias y la técnica revisión bibliográfica con el fin de obtener referentes literarios que proporcionen información relevante sobre la temática abordada en esta investigación. Lo anterior, sirvió como base para aplicar de manera correcta la técnica Matriz de Valoración de Ideas y determinar guías de turismo competentes para realizar recorridos en casos de inmediatez presentados en agencias de Cartagena de Indias. Resultados: Se obtuvo el guía adecuado para realizar el recorrido en un caso de inmediatez, el cual cuenta con diferentes ventajas como el conocimiento de diferentes idiomas y el manejo adecuado de las técnicas de guianza. Conclusiones: La aplicación de técnica Matriz de Valoración de Ideas permitió determinar guías de turismo competentes para realizar recorridos en casos de inmediatez presentados en agencias de Cartagena de Indias.

Ecological materials have been implemented in different industrial sectors due to their good performance as thermal insulators and the fact that they are 100% natural, recyclable, and biodegradable, contributing to environmental sustainability. The main objective of this article is to compare the thermal conductivity coefficients of three natural insulators with that of expanded polystyrene (a non-biodegradable material). Expanded polystyrene is one of the materials which is most often used to maintain cold temperatures in containers built for this purpose in the fishing industry; it is used for this purpose because of its properties, including a light weight and a high thermal insulation capacity and resistance. Almost all insulators have the ecological disadvantage of being environmentally unfriendly materials because they are made up of oil particles, which are not recyclable and are harmful to ecosystems. The natural insulator materials were evaluated and subjected to a drying process to reduce the humidity coefficient; then, the containers were built with an adequate insulation thickness of 25 mm. Three filling tests were carried out (at 100, 70, and 50%) to evaluate the thermal conductivity, using the Mann–Whitney U statistical analysis process to determine insulator differences. The results show that the expanded polystyrene had the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.032 W/m K, followed by the rice husk, which had a value of 0.036 W/m K. Finally, a comparative study of conservation costs was carried out in the different containers built with the natural insulators; the lowest value found was for the expanded polystyrene (COP 159.57 around USD 0.040). This allowed to conclude that rice husk is the material that comes closest to the insulating characteristics of expanded polystyrene.

One of our grand challenges towards fusion energy is the achievement of a high-performance plasma core coupled to a boundary solution. The high confinement mode (H-mode) provides such a high-performance fusion core due to the build-up of an edge transport barrier leading to a pedestal. However, it usually features type-I edge localized modes (ELMs) which pose a threat for long-duration plasma operation in future fusion devices as they induce large energy fluences onto the plasma facing components and typically are projected to damage the first wall. For future fusion devices, the integration of a stationary no-ELM regime with a power exhaust solution is indispensable. Several no-ELM and small-ELM regimes have extended their operational space in the past years, with the ultimate goal of providing an alternative core–edge solution to ITER and EU-DEMO. Prominent no-ELM or small-ELM alternatives include the I-mode, QH-mode, EDA H-mode, quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) and ‘grassy’ ELM regimes, X-point radiator scenarios and negative triangularity L-mode. The state-of-the-art, including access conditions and main signatures, of these alternative regimes is reviewed. Many of these regimes partly match the operational space of ITER and EU-DEMO, however, knowledge gaps remain. Besides compatibility with divertor detachment and a radiative mantle, these include extrapolations to high Q operations, low core collisionality, high Greenwald fractions, impurity transport, amongst others. The knowledge gaps and possible strategies to close these gaps to show their applicability to ITER and EU-DEMO are discussed.

Droplets capture an environment-dictated equilibrium state of a liquid material. Equilibrium, however, often necessitates nanoscale interface organization, especially with formation of a passivating layer. Herein, we demonstrate that this kinetics-driven organization may predispose a material to autonomous thermal-oxidative composition inversion (TOCI) and texture reconfiguration under felicitous choice of trigger. We exploit inherent structural complexity, differential reactivity, and metastability of the ultrathin (∼0.7-3 nm) passivating oxide layer on eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn, 75.5% Ga, 24.5% In w/w) core-shell particles to illustrate this approach to surface engineering. Two tiers of texture can be produced after ca. 15 min of heating, with the first evolution showing crumpling, while the second is a particulate growth above the first uniform texture. The formation of tier 1 texture occurs primarily because of diffusion-driven oxide buildup, which, as expected, increases stiffness of the oxide layer. The surface of this tier is rich in Ga, akin to the ambient formed passivating oxide. Tier 2 occurs at higher temperature because of thermally triggered fracture of the now thick and stiff oxide shell. This process leads to inversion in composition of the surface oxide due to higher In content on the tier 2 features. At higher temperatures (≥800 °C), significant changes in composition lead to solidification of the remaining material. Volume change upon oxidation and solidification leads to a hollow structure with a textured surface and faceted core. Controlled thermal treatment of liquid EGaIn therefore leads to tunable surface roughness, composition inversion, increased stiffness in the oxide shell, or a porous solid structure. We infer that this tunability is due to the structure of the passivating oxide layer that is driven by differences in reactivity of Ga and In and requisite enrichment of the less reactive component at the metal-oxide interface.

Contextualización: el ácaro rojo de las aves de corral (Dermanyssus gallinae) es un ectopárasito que afecta la salud de las gallinas ponedoras, genera estrés en la población, disminuye la tasa de crecimiento y por ende baja la calidad de los huevos. Vacío de conocimiento: el control de D. gallinae se hace a través de acaricidas químicos hacia los cuales se han generado resistencia, es necesario nuevas alternativas a base de productos naturales, entre estos los aceites esenciales y específicamente el de tomillo (Thymus vulgaris). Propósito: el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la actividad acaricida del aceite esencial de T. vulgaris contra D. gallinae de aves ponedoras en Tinjacá (Boyacá - Colombia). Metodología: el aceite esencial de T. vulgaris en concentraciones de 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20 y 0.25 mg / cm2 fue evaluado a través de bioensayos por contacto bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Resultados y conclusiones: Se obtuvo un 100% de mortalidad de D. gallinae con el aceite esencial de T. vulgaris en concentraciones de 0.05 y 0.25 mg / cm2, a los 35 minutos de contacto. La CL50 fue de 0,073 mg / cm2 y el TL50 fue de 13 minutos. El uso del aceite esencial de tomillo se puede sugerir como una alternativa para el control del ácaro rojo de las aves en las explotaciones avícolas.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed high disparities in the world population. Objective: To describe the correlation between competitiveness and mortality from COVID-19 in Peru, with subnational governments as an element of study. Material and Methods: Observational study based on the secondary analysis of deaths from COVID-19 that occurred in 2020 and the regional competitiveness index of subnational governments in 2019. The crude and standardized rates, the effect index, the difference and ratio of crude and standardized rates, the population attributable risk, the inequality gradient, and the relative and absolute gaps in mortality from COVID-19 were calculated. Results: In 2020, the standardized mortality rate for COVID-19 (COVID-19-SMR) was 267,61 deaths per 105 inhabitants. Additionally, 21,53 % of the variance from the COVID-19-SMR is explained by the regional competitiveness index 2019 (p= 0,019); the slope inequality index was 29,68 and, for each point in the INCORE 2019, the COVID-19-SMR increased 100,78 points (R2a= 0,181). In quintile 1 of regional competitiveness, it was 151,83, while in quintile 5 it reached 449,15. The absolute inequality gap between both quintiles was 297,32 and it reached 2,95 in the relative inequality gap. The concentration curve evidenced the socio-geographic inequality of deaths from COVID-19 in 2020. Conclusions: Mortality increased as subnational governments became more competitive, evidencing the socio-geographical inequality of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Caso clínico sobre la aplicación del proceso enfermero en un paciente con comorbilidad (hipertensión arterial, obesidad y diabetes mellitus) y COVID-19, enfocado al modelo metodológico conceptual de Virginia Henderson vinculado al lenguaje estandarizado de la taxonomía NANDA, NOC y NIC. La fnalidad del caso clínico es visibilizar el cuidado de enfermería, enfatizando la importancia de desarrollar un plan de cuidado enfocado en las respuestas humanas y las necesidades individuales del paciente, utilizando la metodología científca, generando conocimiento y cuidado de calidad. Su evidencia en un escenario clínico real nos permite poner de manifesto la problemática que enfrenta el personal de enfermería en esta pandemia. Podemos concluir que el abordaje de los cuidados enfermeros en patologías complejas requiere de trabajo integrado y holístico, siendo necesario utilizar modelos metodológicos conceptuales para lograr los resultados deseados. El caso pretende estandarizar el lenguaje enfermero a través del plan de cuidado, proporcionando un marco de referencia para la práctica clínica.

En 1950, el arquitecto colombiano Álvaro Ortega, obtuvo la franquicia de la empresa Vacuum Concrete en Colombia con el fin de construir elementos prefabricados en su país y atender así la fuerte demanda de vivienda social, dando los primeros pasos hacia la industrialización de construcción en Colombia. Este artículo describe algunos de los proyectos más importantes en los que Ortega aplicó la técnica del hormigón al vacío, especialmente en la construcción de muros prefabricados y cubiertas de láminas delgadas de hormigón, utilizando maquinaria de elevación y posicionamiento. Las características operativas de este proceso, así como las dificultades técnicas y sociales que llevaron a la quiebra empresarial de Ortega al cabo de pocos años, se explican mediante el uso de fotografías de los sitios de construcción, con base en los registros del Centro Interamericano de la Vivienda, depositados en el Archivo Histórico de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Esta propuesta pretende evidenciar una problemática correspondiente a un vacío normativo que se origina a partir de la creación del Fondo Colombia en Paz (FCP) a través del Decreto 691 de 2017, emanado por el Departamento Administrativo de la Presidencia de la República, en lo relacionado a la indeterminación de la competencia jurisdiccional para conocer de los litigios que se deriven de los contratos del Fondo, regidos por el derecho privado, pero los recursos que se administran son públicos, por lo que se plantea una antinomia para determinar la competencia de los jueces competentes para conocer estos asuntos. De lo anterior surge la pregunta: ¿Cuál es la competencia jurisdiccional para conocer y resolver los eventuales litigios que se deriven de la contratación suscrita por el FCP? y por tanto se traza como objetivo establecer una posición jurídica concreta respecto de la determinación de la competencia jurisdiccional para conocer y resolver los eventuales litigios que se deriven de la contratación suscrita por el FCP. Como respuesta a este interrogante se puede afirmar que esta problemática supone que en los eventos en que se determine que la jurisdicción competente para conocer de estos litigios es la privada, se plantearía un escenario en el que los jueces y tribunales designados para asuntos civiles dirimirían conflictos derivados de contratos celebrados con recursos públicos; mientras que, si se es la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa la competente, ésta asumiría el conocimiento de litigios en los que las partes en conflicto serían sujetos reglados por el derecho privado, en tanto el Decreto 691 de 2017 dispone que los patrimonios autónomos conformados para ejecutar y contratar con los recursos del FCP son de esta naturaleza. La relevancia de este problema jurídico, se evidencia en las posturas contradictorias esbozadas por algunos tribunales de nuestra jurisdicción sobre este particular, en esquemas contractuales similares, como el de viviendas de interés social regulado en la Ley 1537 de 2012.

Recent experiments at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak have provided the first ever measurements from the imaging heavy-ion beam probe. In this work, we show that the developed simulation framework can reproduce qualitatively the measurement's observed shape and position. Quantitatively, we demonstrate that the model reproduces, within the experimental uncertainties, the observed signal levels. A detailed explanation of the synthetic model is presented, along with the calibration of the optical setup that reproduces the measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational therapists view play through a unique lens. Considering play as a human occupation, and one to which all people have a right, places occupational therapists among a special group of professionals championing play. This State of the Science article seeks to increase awareness regarding the occupational therapy profession's contributions and to situate those contributions within the larger body of literature on play while also promoting further study of play as an occupation. This State of the Science article seeks to increase awareness regarding the occupational therapy profession's contributions and to situate those contributions within the larger body of literature on play while also promoting further study of play as an occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: There is a need for tools to measure adults' playfulness in reference to parent–child joint play. Objective: To (1) develop items for the Scale of Parental Playful Attitude (PaPA), (2) evaluate evidence for validity based on content, and (3) evaluate evidence for validity based on the response process. Design: A mixed-methods design with three phases: (1) development of the first draft of the PaPA (based on the literature, focus groups, and semistructured interviews), (2) review by experts and revision of the first draft, and (3) cognitive interviews with parents. Setting: Various (e.g., schools, a university). Participants: Phase 1 had 32 participants: 13 parents of children ages 2.5–6 yr without major diagnosed conditions; 8 parents of autistic children age 4–7 yr; and 11 preschoolers age 3–5 yr. Phase 2 involved 10 experts. Phase 3 had 5 participants: 3 mothers and 2 fathers of children ages 2.5–6 yr; 1 child was autistic. Outcomes and Measures: Interview protocols and experts' review form. Results: Phase 1 involved the initial item development. Extrinsic motivation and barriers to play emerged as important areas to include. Experts' review enhanced representation of the construct of playfulness. Content validity index values ranged from.78 to 1.00. Cognitive interviews provided insights into parents' comprehension of PaPA items. Conclusions and Relevance: Validity related to test content and the response process was supported. Additional sources of validity testing are necessary. Plain-Language Summary: Adult playfulness is critical for both the child and the parent, especially for developing a deeper connection. The Scale of Parental Playful Attitude (PaPA) assesses parents' self-perceptions of their playfulness when playing with their child. The study authors developed the PaPA (in both English and Spanish) to address a lack of tools for assessing how parents perceive their own playfulness relative to their child's playfulness. Understanding how parents perceive their own playful attitudes can create opportunities for occupational therapists to guide parents to approach play with an attitude that is as attuned as possible to their child's playfulness. Future validity studies are needed to support the clinical use of the PaPA. The Scale of Parental Playful Attitude (PaPA) assesses parents' self-perceptions of their playfulness when playing with their child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En la docencia encontramos una serie de categorías nada equivalentes entre sí, por más que se conciba como sinónimos. Estas categorías son: instructor, profesor, maestro y líder. Es crucial aclarar lo que significan cada uno de estas categorías para evitar las confusiones y evidenciar sus características y sus retos, con el propósito de elevar el nivel cualitativo de nuestra educación nacional.

Las alteraciones y trastornos psicomotrices en la infancia pueden repercutir en el desarrollo de habilidades motoras complejas e influir en los aprendizajes escolares. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el perfil psicomotor en población infantil de planteles educativos de Colombia. Se utilizó un diseño transversal, descriptivo; se aplicó la batería psicomotora de Da Fonseca a 131 escolares (56.5 % varones; 43.5 % niñas) de 4-9 años, en educación preescolar y primaria. Los resultados indican que el 76.3 % tiene perfil normal, pero en la praxia fina predominó la dispraxia. Las niñas mostraron mejores valores que los niños en la mayoría de los factores. En conclusión, la mayoría de los infantes presenta un perfil eupráxico, hallándose mejores resultados en las niñas. Esto sugiere la implementación de programas escolares individualizados, previniendo posibles alteraciones.

En el presente artículo, mi propuesta es situar el proceso de escritura de la Historia general del Perú, la segunda parte de los Comentarios reales de los incas del Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, dentro del debate textual en la España del cambio de siglo (XVI-XVII) en torno al manejo del gobierno del imperio, al cual he dado el nombre de «textualidad antimaquiavélica». Planteo que la narración en las páginas finales de la ejecución de Túpac Amaru por orden del virrey Francisco de Toledo se nutre del complejo discurso político elaborado por los autores hispánicos en respuesta a la secularización de la teoría política asociada a Maquiavelo. Mi hipótesis es que este episodio puede ser visto como la expresión de un discurso híbrido por parte del cusqueño no en términos culturales, sino a partir de las yuxtaposiciones que ya formaban parte de la retórica política que sostenía la empresa evangelizadora del imperio español. Es de este modo que el Inca Garcilaso no solo demuestra la actualidad de su labor historiográfica, sino que también consigue la reivindicación del pasado incaico como parte integral y pieza fundamental de la monarquía universal de los Habsburgo.

El fracking (fractura hidráulica o hidrofracking) hace referencia a uno de los métodos no convencionales mediante el cual se obtiene petróleo o gas natural por medio de la inyección de fluidos a alta presión. Su implementación ha generado un impacto ambiental significativo, y causó diferentes efectos adversos en la salud del ser humano. En este trabajo se ha revisado la evidencia entre la exposición a pozos de desarrollo de gas natural no convencional y el parto pretérmino, bajo peso al nacer, defectos cardiacos congénitos, defectos en el neurodesarrollo y talla para la edad gestacional en neonatos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed usando criterios de inclusión como tipo de estudios (retrospectivos de cohortes y casos y controles), población de estudio, evaluación de exposición, manejo de datos y resultados en salud. De los 166 artículos encontrados, se incluyeron 8 en esta revisión, en los cuales se encontró una asociación positiva entre la intensidad y distancia de los pozos de extracción de gas no convencional, con respecto a la aparición de alteraciones en las gestantes y neonatos tales como parto pretérmino, bajo peso al nacer, defectos cardiacos congénitos, defectos en el neurodesarrollo y talla para la edad gestacional. A pesar de los hallazgos positivos encontrados en esta revisión, se recomienda una mayor investigación relacionada a la exposición y la aparición de posibles efectos en el desarrollo de los recién nacidos, debido a resultados no concluyentes encontrados en la investigación que permitan soportar y apoyar esta revisión.