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Introduction: Large hemispheric infarctions secondary to occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) are termed "malignant MCA territory infarctions" due to high mortality and morbidity resulting from large infarction volume and herniation. Decompressive craniectomy has been found to improve the outcome in these patients. Objectives: To evaluate the outcome with surgical management in comparison with conservative management in the treatment of malignant MCA territory infarction. Materials and Methods: The patients with malignant MCA territory infarction admitted from August 2009 to January 2014 were included in the study. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were collected from hospital records. The outcome was measured at discharge and at last follow-up. Results: Out of 692 patients with MCA territory infarctions 66 had malignant MCA infarctions (9.53%). Among them 31 underwent surgical decompression (age 45.77 ± 15.33 years) and 35 were medically treated (age 56.11 ± 14.99 years). There was no significant difference in the sex ratio, comorbidities, blood sugars, incidence of hemorrhagic transformation, and herniation between the two groups. Admission Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was higher in surgically treated patients. In-hospital mortality among the patients in the surgical group was 19.35% and in the medical group was 17.34%. Thirteen patients were lost for follow-up. In the remaining 53 patients, there was statistically nonsignificant increase in the death and severe disability in medically treated patients (75% and 78.5%, respectively) in comparison with Surgically treated patients (52% and 68%, respectively). Conclusion: Decompressive craniectomy can improve long-term survival and functional outcome in the patients with malignant MCA territory infarctions.

Background Malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery (MCI) is life threatening. It is associated with a mortality as high as 80%, and survival often at the expense of serious disability. Limited success of medical therapies has resulted in decompressive craniectomy (DC) being increasingly used as a treatment for MCI, although evidence of its efficacy is inconclusive. In this study, the efficacy of DC in improving survival, or survival free of severe disability, was assessed. Methods A meta-analysis was performed to approximate the efficacy of DC for treating MCI, considering age and time to surgery. A systematic literature review was conducted on Medline, Embase, and Cochrane library databases to August 1, 2018. Death and severe disability at 3, 6, 12, and 36 months follow-up were assessed, comparing best medical therapy with DC. Results 18 studies were eligible for inclusion and represented 987 individuals who received DC. Nine of these were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (n = 374 DC). Early DC (<48 hours from onset of stroke) reduced mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11, 0.29; P < 0.00001) but not unfavourable outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] >4) (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 0.47, 4.11; P = 0.56) at 12 months follow-up. This survival benefit was maintained regardless of age. Conclusion Early DC reduces mortality but does not appear to improve favourable outcomes in patients younger or older than 60 years after MCI. RCTs incorporating quality of life assessments are warranted for MCI patients, in addition to defining the optimal timing and benefits of DC in older patients. Highlights • Decompressive craniectomy within 48 hours of stroke onset reduces mortality in patients with middle cerebral infarction. • Decompressive craniectomy may not reduce poor functional outcomes in survivors. • The survival benefit of decompressive craniectomy is maintained in patients under and over age 60 years. • Further studies are required to establish the role of age as a predictor of poor outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cerebral venous drainage might influence brain edema characteristics and functional outcome of patients with severe ischemic stroke. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether hypoplasia of transverse sinuses or the internal jugular veins is associated with poor functional outcome in patients with space-occupying middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction who underwent decompressive surgery. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with space-occupying MCA infarction treated with decompressive surgery at our university hospital. The transverse sinuses and the internal jugular veins were evaluated on baseline images and categorized as normal, hypoplastic or occluded. We defined composite variables for ipsilateral, contralateral or any abnormal cerebral venous drainage. We assessed the functional outcome at 12 months with the modified Rankin scale (mRS) score and defined poor functional outcome as mRS scores 5 and 6. Results: We analyzed 88 patients with available baseline imaging data [mean [SD] patient age 53 (±9) years; median[IQR] time to decompressive surgery 31(22-51) h]. At 12 months 44 patients (50%) had a poor outcome. In univariate analysis neither ipsilateral (OR 1.98;95%CI: 0.75–5.40), nor contralateral (OR 1.56;95%CI: 0.59–4.24) or any (OR 1.6; 95%CI: 0.68–3.79) hypoplasia or occlusion of venous drainage were significantly associated with poor functional outcome. In multivariate analyses, higher patient age (OR 1.07;95%CI 1.01–1.14) and baseline stroke severity (OR 3.42;95%CI 1.31–9.40) were independent predictors of poor functional outcome, but not ipsilateral hypoplasia or occlusion of venous drainage (OR 1.31;95%CI 0.47–3.67). Conclusions: The cerebral venous drainage pattern was not significantly associated with poor functional outcome in our cohort of patients with space-occupying MCA infarction who underwent decompressive surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ischaemic stroke accounts for 87% of strokes and occurs when a clot or a thrombus blocks a blood vessel, cutting off blood flow to a part of the brain. If large areas of brain are affected, spaceoccupying oedema may result, leading to rapid neurological deterioration, coma and death. Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMCAI) is a life-threating ischaemic stroke involving the whole middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory and comprises up to 10% of MCA infarctions. Methods: We report the case of a 62 year old female 'Mary' who presented with a MMCAI together with a summary of the most recent and relevant evidence for treatment options in terms of survival and quality of life for her. We also focus on the vital role of the nurse in Mary's care and treatment. Results: Intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular clot retrieval (ECR) during the hyperacute phase have been shown to improve outcomes but Mary did not meet the criteria for thrombolysis and received unsuccessful ECR. Her neurological condition deteriorated so she underwent surgical decompression, which is one of the major advances for MMCAI treatment together with expert neuro critical care nursing. Mary made a good functional recovery, returning home to live independently. Conclusion: This case highlights the need to consider all contextual and patient preferences in relation to treatment options. In addition the case emphases the vital role the neuro critical care nurse specialist plays in the complex assessment and treatment of this patient who experienced a MMCAI and underwent complex interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Although neuroimaging has been used to examine brain changes related to recovery from stroke, cerebral perfusion changes after rehabilitation have yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes and their associations with gross motor functions after neurorehabilitation therapy in stroke patients. A total of 7 patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction received conventional neurorehabilitation therapy twice per day for 4‐6 weeks on admission. Brain perfusion images were acquired before and after the therapy using acetazolamide‐challenged single photon emission computed tomography. A whole‐brain voxel‐wise analysis found increased rCBF in the contralesional prefrontal, precentral, and postcentral cortical areas and decreased rCBF in the ipsilesional insula, posterior orbital gyrus, and central operculum. Moreover, a region of interest analysis revealed that rCBF of the ipsilesional basal ganglia was positively correlated with motor function at baseline and follow‐up, and perfusion changes in the ipsilesional basal ganglia was positively correlated with changes in motor function. These findings suggest that the contralesional prefrontal and sensorimotor cortex may play compensatory roles during the motor recovery and that perfusion in the ipsilesional basal ganglia is closely associated not only with current functional status but also with clinical improvement after neurorehabilitation therapy in patients with MCA infarction. Further studies with larger sample size are warranted to investigate whether assessment of cerebral perfusion may be clinically useful in rehabilitation of stroke patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and PurposeTo study the significance of intracranial artery calcification as a prognostic marker for acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing revascularization treatment after middle cerebral artery (MCA) trunk occlusion.MethodsPatients with acute MCA trunk occlusion, who underwent intravenous and/or intra-arterial revascularization treatment, were enrolled. Intracranial artery calcification scores were calculated by counting calcified intracranial arteries among major seven arteries on computed tomographic angiography. Patients were divided into high (HCB; score ≥3) or low calcification burden (LCB; score

Background: Swollen middle cerebral artery infarction is a life-threatening disease and decompressive craniectomy is improving survival significantly. Despite decompressive surgery, however, many patients are not discharged from the hospital alive. We therefore wanted to search for predictors of early in-hospital death after craniectomy in swollen middle cerebral artery infarction. Methods: All patients operated with decompressive craniectomy due to swollen middle cerebral artery infarction at the Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway, between May 1998 and October 2010, were included. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed and candidate variables were age, sex, time from stroke onset to decompressive craniectomy, NIHSS on admission, infarction territory, pineal gland displacement, reduction of pineal gland displacement after surgery, and craniectomy size. Results: Fourteen out of 45 patients (31%) died during the primary hospitalization (range, 3-44 days). In the multivariate logistic regression model, middle cerebral artery infarction with additional anterior and/or posterior cerebral artery territory involvement was found as the only significant predictor of early in-hospital death (OR, 12.7; 95% CI, 0.01-0.77; p = 0.029). Conclusions: The present study identified additional territory infarction as a significant predictor of early in-hospital death. The relatively small sample size precludes firm conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local ischemia in the cerebra leads to vascular injury and necrosis. Ferroptosis is involved in the pathophysiological process of many diseases and widely exists when ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs in many organs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Butylphthalide (NBP) on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats model-caused neuron injury. Sprague Dawley Rats were randomly allocated to receive sham and MCAO operation. NBP low-dose (40 mg/kg b.w), and high-dose (80 mg/kg b.w) were administrated in MACO rats. Results showed NBP improves infarct volume, attenuates neuronal apoptosis in the brain tissue of MCAO rats. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), IL-6, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased after NBP administration, while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in MACO rats increased. MACO caused non-heme iron accumulation in the brain tissue and Perl's staining confirmed NBP attenuates ferroptosis in MACO rats. The protein expressions of SCL7A11 and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) decreased following MCAO, and NBP treatment subsequently increased the expression of SCL7A11 and GPX4. In vitro analysis in cortical neuron cells indicated that the GPX4 inhibitor reverses the inhibition of ferroptosis by NBP, which suggested that the SCL7A11/GPX4 pathway majorly contributed to the NBP ferroptosis protection effect.

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) has demonstrated efficacy in reducing mortality in hemispheric infarction of the middle cerebral artery. The aim of our study was to compare the outcome of patients submitted to DC to patients treated in a conservative way. Eighteen patients were submitted to DC and 14 received conservative treatment. Neurological status was assessed by the Glasgow Coma Score and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score. Mortality, modified Rankin Scale and Barthel Index scores were assessed at 90 days to evaluate outcome. We did not observe reduction in overall mortality and functional outcome in patients submitted to DC. The differences between our group and previously published series are probably related to the neurological status of the patients at the time of therapeutic decision.Craniectomia descompressiva (CD) tem demonstrado eficácia em reduzir a mortalidade em pacientes com infarto hemisférico (IH) da artéria cerebral média. Este estudo avaliou o prognóstico dos pacientes submetidos a CD comparando a pacientes com IH tratados de maneira conservadora. Dezoito pacientes foram submetidos a CD e 14 receberam tratamento conservador. Escala de Coma de Glasgow e Escala de AVC do National Institutes of Health foram utilizadas para graduar o déficit neurológico. A mortalidade, bem como os escores obtidos na escala modificada de Rankin e índice de Barthel foram avaliados em 90 dias. Não foi observada redução de mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos a CD. Essa diferença entre os nossos resultados e os estudos publicados previamente se deve, provavelmente, à decisão cirúrgica tardia em pacientes com sinais clínicos de herniação cerebral.

Introduction: Large hemispheric infarctions secondary to occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) are termed "malignant MCA territory infarctions" due to high mortality and morbidity resulting from large infarction volume and herniation. Decompressive craniectomy has been found to improve the outcome in these patients. Objectives: To evaluate the outcome with surgical management in comparison with conservative management in the treatment of malignant MCA territory infarction. Materials and Methods: The patients with malignant MCA territory infarction admitted from August 2009 to January 2014 were included in the study. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were collected from hospital records. The outcome was measured at discharge and at last follow-up. Results: Out of 692 patients with MCA territory infarctions 66 had malignant MCA infarctions (9.53%). Among them 31 underwent surgical decompression (age 45.77 ± 15.33 years) and 35 were medically treated (age 56.11 ± 14.99 years). There was no significant difference in the sex ratio, comorbidities, blood sugars, incidence of hemorrhagic transformation, and herniation between the two groups. Admission Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was higher in surgically treated patients. In-hospital mortality among the patients in the surgical group was 19.35% and in the medical group was 17.34%. Thirteen patients were lost for follow-up. In the remaining 53 patients, there was statistically nonsignificant increase in the death and severe disability in medically treated patients (75% and 78.5%, respectively) in comparison with Surgically treated patients (52% and 68%, respectively). Conclusion: Decompressive craniectomy can improve long-term survival and functional outcome in the patients with malignant MCA territory infarctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of a 5-year-old girl who developed left hemiparesis and left facial palsy, 6 days after the initiation of fever and respiratory symptoms due to pneumonia. Chest radiography, conducted upon admission, showed pneumonic infiltration and pleural effusion in the left lung field. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed acute ischemic infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory. Brain magnetic resonance angiography and transfemoral cerebral angiography revealed complete occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was identified by a 4-fold increase in IgG antibodies to M. pneumoniae between acute and convalescent sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fibrinogen and D-dimer levels were elevated, while laboratory exams in order to identify other predisposing factors of pediatric stroke were all negative. This is the first reported pediatric case in English literature of a M. pneumoniae-associated cerebral infarction involving complete occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]