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Puberty is a critical phase of life associated with physiological changes related to sexual maturation, and represents a complex process regulated by multiple endocrine and genetic controls. Puberty is driven by hormones, and it can impact the gut microbiome (GM). GM differences between sex emerge at puberty onset, confirming a relationship between microbiota and sex hormones. In this narrative review, we present an overview of precocious pubertal development and the changes in the GM in precocious puberty (PP) in order to consider the role of the sex hormone–gut microbiome axis from the perspective of pediatric endocrinology. Bidirectional interactions between the GM and sex hormones have been proposed in different studies. Although the evidence on the interaction between microbiota and sex hormones remains limited in pediatric patients, the evidence that GM alterations may occur in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP) represents an interesting finding for the prediction and prevention of PP. Deepening the understanding of the connection between the sex hormones and the role of microbiota changes can lead to the implementation of microbiota-targeted therapies in pubertal disorders by offering a pediatric endocrinology perspective.

The gut microbial community may be associated with complications after kidney transplantation. The indigenous microbiota has a significant and protective function that influences the transplant recipient response. Genetic or environmental factors may modify the indigenous microbiota and pathobionts appear. In this condition, several disturbances of the kidney graft may be observed. These include acute rejection, infection, diarrhoea, disturbance in the induction of tolerance, and modification of immunosuppressive drug metabolism. Recently, the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics has been demonstrated to be effective in normalising these conditions and in restoring the generation of the normal indigenous microbiota. An improved understanding of the function and composition of the indigenous microbiota may help in finding further solutions to stabilise the microbiota after kidney transplantation.

Abstract Background Health surveillance of murine colonies employed for scientific purposes aim at detecting unwanted infection that can affect the well-being of animals and personnel, and potentially undermine scientific results. In this study, we investigated the use of a next-generation sequencing (NGS) metagenomic approach for monitoring the microbiota composition and uncovering the possible presence of pathogens in mice housed in specific pathogen-free (SPF) or conventional (non-SPF) facilities. Results Analysis of metagenomic NGS assay through public and free algorithms and databases allowed to precisely assess the composition of mouse gut microbiome and quantify the contribution of the different microorganisms at the species level. Sequence analysis allowed the uncovering of pathogens or the presence of imbalances in the microbiota composition. In several cases, fecal pellets taken from conventional facilities were found to carry gene sequences from bacterial pathogens (Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter typhlonius, Chlamydia muridarum, Streptococcus pyogenes, Rodentibacter pneumotropicus, Citrobacter rodentium, Staphylococcus aureus), intestinal protozoa (Entamoeba muris, Tritrichomonas muris, Spironucleus muris) nematoda (Aspiculuris tetraptera, Syphacia obvelata), eukaryotic parasites (Myocoptes musculinus) and RNA virus (Norwalk virus). Thus, the use of NGS metagenomics can reduce the number of tests required for the detection of pathogens and avoid the use of sentinel mice. Conclusions In summary, in comparison with standard approaches, which require multiple types of test, NGS assay can detect bacteria, fungi, DNA and RNA viruses, and eukaryotic parasites from fecal pellets in a single test. Considering the need to protect animal well-being and to improve the success and reproducibility of preclinical studies, this work provides the proof-of-concept that the use of NGS metagenomics for health monitoring of laboratory mice is a feasible and dependable approach, that is able to broaden the current concept of health monitoring of laboratory mice from “pathogen surveillance” to a more inclusive “microbiota surveillance”.

We present a survey of projects that have been funded by FAPESP under the BIOTA-Microorganisms program. These projects generated a wide variety of results, including the identification of novel antibacterial-producing microorganisms, the characterization of novel microbial enzymes for industrial applications, taxonomic classification of novel microorganisms in several environments, investigation of the soil and mangrove microbial ecosystems and its influence on endangered plant species, and the sequencing of novel metagenome-assembled genomes. The results surveyed demonstrate the importance of microorganisms in environments that play important roles in human activities as well as the potential that many of these microorganisms have in contributing to biotechnological applications crucial for human survival in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gum hypertrophy is a very frequent condition linked to orthodontic treatment, especially in teenagers, and the same time, about 80% of young adults are affected by acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, typically treated with antibacterial therapy. The use of probiotics has gained popularity in the medical field, and many studies have demonstrated its effectiveness, such as the positive effects of some bacterial strains belonging to Lactobacillus species. The aim of this study is to document the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) on facial skin that was randomly observed in two orthodontic patients. We present two case reports of a 14-year-old female patient and a 15-year-old male patient suffering from acne vulgaris who, during fixed orthodontic treatment, showed clinical signs of gingivitis with high values of Full Mouth Plaque Score (FMPS) and Bleeding on Probing (BOP). The patients were treated first with professional oral hygiene sessions and Scaling and Root Planing (SRP) procedures, and then with the administration of a formulate containing L. reuteri as a probiotic. The follow-up was made at four weeks. During the follow-up analysis, both patients showed a significant clinical remission for gum hypertrophy and skin acne vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of earthworm meal (EW) and vermi-humus (VH) in broiler diets. A total of 225 day-old male broilers were divided into 5 treatment groups with 3 repetitions of 3 birds each. The treatment groups were: T1 – control (no EW or VH; T2 − 1.0% EW and 0% VH; T3 − 1.0% EW and 1.0% VH; T4 − 1.0% EW and 1.5% VH; and T5: 1.0% EW and 2.0% VH. The birds received (EW) and (VH) for 14 d, and after this period, they received the common diet. The birds were reared for 42 d and, at 42 d, one representative broiler chicken per pen, close to the average body weight, was selected for blood sampling using a sterile needle and heparinised vacuum tube. Performance data, blood results, immunity, ileum morphology and microbiota, the relative weight of carcass components and gastrointestinal organs, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and breast and thigh meat quality were evaluated. EW and VH had a positive effect on the immune response of broilers, as well as producing a reduction in the aerobic bacteria in the birds’ intestines.Highlights Protein is a limiting factor for broiler performance, carcass yield, and meat quality; Poultry industry is searching for new protein sources which can be used on broiler diets; Insects meal are good protein sources in broiler nutrition and can be used on diets without compromising its performance.

La presente investigación se basa en una revisión bibliográfica que tuvo como objetivo describir las características del microbioma y viroma, y cómo influyen las variaciones de los mismos en el proceso de salud y enfermedad en la cavidad oral del ser humano, para ello se emplearon las bibliotecas virtuales BVS y PubMed, así como Scholar google y LILACS, se utilizaron como palabras para la búsqueda: microbioma, viroma y cavidad bucal. Se seleccionaron un total de 58 artículos tanto en inglés como español que cumplieron como criterio de inclusión tener máximo 5 años de haberse publicado al momento de la búsqueda, se incluyeron estudios observacionales, descriptivos y explicativos, con valor epidemiológico, biológico y metodológico. Se concluye que existe evidencia científica publicada que respalda que tanto el microbioma como el viroma juegan un papel importante en los procesos de salud y enfermedad, permitiendo analizar las disbiosis, tanto a nivel bucal como sistémico. Se requieren más estudios para conocer a profundidad esta compleja relación y su repercusión en el estado de salud de los individuos.

Gut microbiota plays key functions in the human body, and its alteration is associated with several human disorders. Moreover, its manipulation is being investigated as a potential therapeutic strategy. In this narrative review we will dissect the involvement of the gut microbiota and of the gut-liver axis on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Additionally, we will review the effects of lifestyle interventions commonly used for MASLD (i.e. Mediterranean diet and physical exercise) on gut microbiome, to understand if their beneficial effect can be microbially mediated. Finally, we will discuss the role and the available evidence of therapeutic microbiome modulators, including prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), in the management of MASLD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest AG reports personal fees for consultancy for Eisai S.r.l., 3PSolutions, Real Time Meeting, Fondazione Istituto Danone, Sinergie S.r.l. Board MRGE and Sanofi S.p.A; personal fees for acting as a speaker for Takeda S.p.A, AbbVie and Sandoz S.p.A; and personal fees for acting on advisory boards for VSL3 and Eisai. GI has received personal fees for acting as speaker for Alfa Sigma, Biocodex, Illumina, Malesci, Sofar and Tillotts Pharma, and for acting as consultant/advisor for Biocodex, Malesci, and Tillots Pharma. FG has received payments for lectures from AbbVie, Janssen, Takeda, MSD, and Pfizer, and is research group has received unrestricted grants for research from Jansen, Abbie and GETECCU. The other authors have no potential competing interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affects a significant number of individuals worldwide. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the role of the gut microbiome in its etiology and clinical manifestations. It has been observed that the interaction between the microbiota and the gut-brain axis may play a crucial role in the development and expression of ASD. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of gut dysbiosis in children with ASD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty children diagnosed with ASD and 31 neurotypical (NT) children were recruited and evaluated. Fecal samples were obtained for analysis by massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Taxonomic analysis was performed with Mothur and Stamp, and functional analysis with PICRUSt2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The predominant bacterial phyla in both groups were Firmicutes and Bacteroidota, with no significant differences between them. At the genus level, significant differences were found in the relative abundance of Blautia, Prevotella, Clostridium_XI and Clostridium_XVIII. A decrease in the abundance of the genus Blautia was observed in children with ASD; this genus has intestinal antiinflammatory properties. On the other hand, the increased abundance of Prevotella and Clostridium in children with ASD could contribute to intestinal inflammation and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Differences in the composition of the microbiota were identified between males and females in both groups, being relevant the presence of Megamonas exclusively in females with ASD, a propionic acid producing genus related to behavioral changes and neuroinflammation. Functional analysis revealed alterations in the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids, polyamines and carbohydrate fermentation, crucial processes in the regulation of the gut-brain axis and previously associated with ASD. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents evidence of gut dysbiosis and alterations in microbiome metabolism in Mexican children with ASD, with significant implications for understanding and addressing this disorder. In addition, it highlights the importance of considering sex differences in gut microbiota when investigating ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El microbioma humano se refiere al conjunto de microorganismos que residen en el cuerpo, mientras que la microbiota se refiere a la comunidad ecológica de un nicho o sistema específico. Su transmisión puede ocurrir de forma vertical, desde los padres a la descendencia, y de manera horizontal por las interacciones sociales y la cohabitación; además puede variar por condiciones propias del individuo. Se considera que la microbiota intestinal tiene influencia en varios procesos cerebrales, a través del ahora conocido eje intestino-cerebro (EIC). Este se conforma por el tracto gastrointestinal (TGI), el sistema nervioso entérico (SNE) y el cerebro. Al establecer una simbiosis con la microbiota, el huésped puede depender de la misma para funciones como mielinización, neurogénesis, activación microglial y modulación del entorno. Sin embargo, de forma colateral la composición y la diversidad de la microbiota pueden afectar el comportamiento e influir en procesos como el estrés, la ansiedad y la cognición y otros desórdenes neurológicos específicos.

Background: Specific drugs and/or immunotherapies are widely used to treat allergies, but drug-induced adverse effects recently led to explore new additional strategies. We studied whether a probiotic preparation (iPROB®; Anallergo SpA, Florence, Italy) is effective in allergic patients and the mechanisms underlying clinical outcomes. Methods: Eligible patients (n = 28), all suffering from allergic rhinitis with/without bronchial asthma, were consecutively recruited at the Allergology Medical Unit (Novara, Italy) and treated with this probiotic. From each patient, we collected blood and stool samples at the baseline, after 60 days of probiotic supplementation, and after 60 days from probiotic discontinuation. In each blood sample, the percentage of hematopoietic stem cells, eosinophils, and basophils was measured by FACS. To analyze stool microbiota composition, genomic DNA was extracted, bacterial 16S DNA libraries sequenced by Illumina platform (Miseq), and raw sequences processed. Generated data were statistically analyzed. Results: Probiotic-treated patients showed a significant decrease in Average Rhinitis Total Symptom Score (d = −10.5714), and Visual Analog Scale (d = −2.00) clinical indices, as well as important improvements in quality of life. In whole blood, a significant reduction in the percentage of activated eosinophils and basophils was determined, and this effect persisted after specific cell stimulation. Consistently, the serum levels of IL-4 and IL-5 decreased after probiotic treatment, suggesting a reduction in the Th2 cytokine profile. In addition, microbiome genomic analysis (n = 6) showed an increase in microbiome biodiversity, which positively correlates with clinical and cellular data. Conclusion: Present study suggests that iPROB® preparation has clinical/biological properties to be a valid add-on supplementation in allergic patients with asthma and rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biotic interaction between plants and endophytic fungi strengthens the adaptive capacity of the hosts against environmental disturbances and confers nutrition and protection benefits to the associated microorganisms. Studies associated with endophytic fungi report their presence in the majority diversity of existing plants. In hosts such as Cannabis, the interaction with endophytic fungi favors the production of secondary metabolites and phytohormones that participate in obtaining organoleptic properties such as flavors and aromas. However, the research carried out in the Vanilla genus is scarce making it difficult to understand the functions these microorganisms can perform for the benefit of the host. In relation to Vanilla, the fruits of species within the aromatic clade are distinguished by the presence of aromatic compounds, which increase their content during ripening. Some studies have shown that in this orchid fruit there are possibly endophytic fungi associated with the ripening process that is accelerated by curing, but few of these studies have evaluated the activity of these fungi related to the natural ripening of the fruit. In this review, scientific literature related to the knowledge of fungal endophyte communities and their possible contribution to the ripening and production of aromatic compounds in vanilla fruits is compiled. Research opportunities are identified to develop future studies on the role of fungal microorganisms to obtain metabolites and aromatic precursors from the fruits of Vanilla species, both in the wilds and commercial crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminant livestock is considered one of the largest anthropogenic sources of methane gas. Methanogenesis is part of the digestive process of these animals and is mediated by the microorganisms present in their rumen, responsible not only for the loss of energy in the animal, which directly impacts the productivity of cattle, but also for the production of methane that contributes to the increase of the greenhouse effect. The functional characteristics of the rumen microbiome have not been well described because most of the microorganisms present are not cultivable under laboratory conditions, but can be studied using molecular techniques, such as metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. The objectives of this review article, in addition to compiling and disseminating information on the environmental impact of the livestock industry, are to describe some of the experimental and bioinformatic strategies used in the analysis of the ruminal microbiome from metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, to reduce emissions of methane by cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: this study focuses on the new concept of microbiome understood as the balance between bacteria in the oral cavity and how to maintain oral health during orthodontic therapy. We have tested the effectiveness of Biorepair Peribioma toothpaste as a home aid in patients with traditional, lingual and invisible orthodontics. Methods: fifty subjects were enrolled, comprising 20 fixed appliance patients, 10 lingual appliance patients and 20 invisible appliance patients. The patients were divided into two groups for each type of orthodontics, group I was given the Biorepair Peribioma toothpaste and group II was not given any indication on the toothpaste to use. Periodontal indices were assessed one and two months after the first session Results: there were improvements regarding all indices for both groups of all types of orthodontics, in particular there was statistical significance for BOP and PPD parameters in group I patients. Conclusion: during orthodontic treatment, maintenance sessions are essential for oral health. Biorepair Peribioma toothpaste can be a good ally to maintain the balance of the microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: la obesidad es un rasgo multifactorial determinado por la interacción de factores biológicos, ambientales, psicosociales y político-socioeconómicos. Propósito: el objetivo de esta revisión descriptiva-exploratoria es discutir el papel del consumo de alimentos altamente procesados y de alta palatabilidad (APAP) en la epidemia de la obesidad, así como presentar algunas propuestas para disminuir su ingesta. Argumentos para la discusión: los APAP se caracterizan por ser energéticamente densos, ricos en grasas y azúcares. En su formulación se utiliza una gran cantidad de aditivos industriales para potenciar su sabor, vida útil y la estabilidad de sus componentes. Suelen contener sustancias químicas conocidas como disruptores endocrinos (EDC) que se transfieren de los empaques al alimento, como el bisfenol A y los ftalatos, y afectan distintas vías de señalización hormonal, promoviendo alteraciones en el metabolismo del tejido adiposo y otros sistemas endocrinos. El sobreconsumo de APAP induce a cambios neuroplásticos en el sistema de recompensa y esto aumenta, a la vez, el número de porciones, con la subsecuente acumulación de grasa corporal; además, dicho abuso causa desbalances en la composición del microbioma intestinal (disbiosis) asociados al desarrollo de obesidad. Conclusiones: el sobreconsumo de APAP incrementa el riesgo de obesidad y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, máxime si se inicia a edades tempranas. Para contrarrestar esta problemática, se plantea cambiar la estructura de la canasta básica, regular la venta dentro y alrededor de centros educativos, crear mayores impuestos y fortalecer la investigación en obesidad, APAP y EDC.

Copyright of Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition) is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Neumologia y Cirugia Toracica (SEPAR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The approximately 40 trillion bacteria that are part of our body, constituting the microbiome, have long gone unnoticed, but they are currently sparking a revolution in explaining diseases such as asthma, autism, cancer, diabetes, obesity, syndromes. metabolic, chronic fatigue syndrome and others. The nascent antibiotic phobia is orchestrated by health professionals, and rightly so, because when a child or adolescent is treated with antibiotics, often wrongly, because these are viral infections, what we are doing is modifications in the microbiome, which can then lead to the appearance of true diseases! The intense medicalization of daily life that turns healthy people into chronically ill people, Barski, in 1988, called it the “health paradox” that fuels billions of dollars worth of markets like ritalin and oxycodone! Quaternary prevention has in recent years given hope to all those who wish to take another look at the health / disease issue currently framed in current developments on microbiome.

The route of delivery influences the gut microbiota and the development of the immune system. At the moment of birth, cesarean section infants have a lower diversity of bacteria when compared to naturally born infants. The delivery mode does influence the oral cavity colonization of infants, but there is no relevant association with dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Extensive areas of the Cerrado biome have been deforested by the rapid advance of agricultural frontiers, especially by agricultural monocultures, and cultivated pastures. The objective of this study was to characterize the soil microbial community of an environment without anthropogenic interference and to compare it with soybean soil and pasture areas. For that, metagenomic sequencing techniques of the 16S rRNA gene were employed. Consistent changes in the profiles of diversity and abundance were described between communities in relation to the type of soil. The soil microbiome of the native environment was influenced by the pH level and content of Al3+, whereas the soil microbiomes cultivated with soybean and pasture were associated with the levels of nutrients N and P and the ions Ca2+ and Mg2+, respectively. The analysis of bacterial communities in the soil of the native environment showed a high abundance of members of the Proteobacteria phylum, with emphasis on the Bradyrhizobium and Burkholderia genera. In addition, significant levels of species of the Bacillus genus, and Dyella ginsengisoli, and Edaphobacter aggregans of the Acidobacteria phylum were detected. In the soil community with soybean cultivation, there was a predominance of Proteobacteria, mainly of the Sphingobium and Sphingomonas genera. In the pasture, the soil microbiota was dominated by the Firmicutes, which was almost entirely represented by the Bacillus genus. These results suggest an adaptation of the bacterial community to the soybean and pasture cultivations and will support understanding how environmental and anthropogenic factors shape the soil microbial community. Key points: • The Cerrado soil microbiota is sensitive to impacts on the biome. • Microbial communities have been altered at all taxonomic levels [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gum hypertrophy is a very frequent condition linked to orthodontic treatment, especially in teenagers, and the same time, about 80% of young adults are affected by acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, typically treated with antibacterial therapy. The use of probiotics has gained popularity in the medical field, and many studies have demonstrated its effectiveness, such as the positive effects of some bacterial strains belonging to Lactobacillus species. The aim of this study is to document the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) on facial skin that was randomly observed in two orthodontic patients. We present two case reports of a 14-year-old female patient and a 15-year-old male patient suffering from acne vulgaris who, during fixed orthodontic treatment, showed clinical signs of gingivitis with high values of Full Mouth Plaque Score (FMPS) and Bleeding on Probing (BOP). The patients were treated first with professional oral hygiene sessions and Scaling and Root Planing (SRP) procedures, and then with the administration of a formulate containing L. reuteri as a probiotic. The follow-up was made at four weeks. During the follow-up analysis, both patients showed a significant clinical remission for gum hypertrophy and skin acne vulgaris.

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research within the natural sciences is increasingly revealing the importance that microbial life has for human functioning. Referred to as the microbiome, the unique selection of microbial life that harbours inside the body affects human behaviours. This paper contrasts the more simplistic practices and imaginations associated with 'good' and 'bad' microbes with the more nuanced perspective offered by research with FMT users and explores what these sources say of a human microbe relationship. Through an engagement with Haraway's concept of companion species this paper first explores how a good/bad binary of microbial life is reproduced through cleaning, probiotic advertising and the technologies of antibiotics. It points to the consequent warping of the complexities of microbial life through such representations. It then engages with FMT users' experiences of FMT to develop Haraway's concept of embodied communication to corporeal communication, which describes a mode of relating between FMT users and their microbiomes. The paper then offers corporeal communication as an alternative conceptual tool that can be used by those that have not undergone FMT to better understand and appreciate the microbial self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El gran aumento de la población mundial previsto para este siglo obligará a incrementar la producción agrícola de forma proporcional para asegurar la alimentación. Sin embargo, actualmente la sociedad demanda nuevos métodos de producción más sostenibles y respetuosos con el medio ambiente. Para poder obtener este incremento sostenible es necesario hacer uso de las nuevas herramientas biotecnológicas, como la edición génica o la biología sintética, y del conocimiento generado por los investigadores durante años. El microbioma del suelo está emergiendo como una poderosa herramienta biotecnológica. Estos microorganismos beneficiosos promueven el crecimiento vegetal a través del aporte de nutrientes, producción de hormonas o metabolitos secundarios. Por ello, el uso de estos microrganismos ayudará a incrementar la producción agrícola de forma sostenible.

Allergic diseases, such as respiratory, cutaneous, and food allergy, have dramatically increased in prevalence over the last few decades. Increasing use of antibiotics has been linked with dysbiosis and enhanced prevalence of allergies and asthma. Despite the clear involvement of the microbiome in atopic disease, it remains to be determined whether microbial alterations are a cause or a consequence of the disease. Human microbiota is defined as the multitude of microorganisms that live in or are associated with a variety of human tissues: the gut, respiratory tract, skin and genital tract. Recent advances in metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatics have enabled detailed characterization of these vital microbial communities and their role in different diseases. In particular, the relationship of microbiota with immune responses and immunological or allergic diseases is well known. The composition of gut, respiratory and skin microbiota can influence systemic inflammatory responses that mediate food allergy, rhinitis, asthma, immunodeficiency diseases, atopic dermatitis and chronic urticaria. This review discusses the role of microbiota in the major allergic Type 2 diseases evaluating the composition of the main commensal bacteria species and their relation with these pathologies.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of earthworm meal (EW) and vermi-humus (VH) in broiler diets. A total of 225 day-old male broilers were divided into 5 treatment groups with 3 repetitions of 3 birds each. The treatment groups were: T1 – control (no EW or VH; T2 − 1.0% EW and 0% VH; T3 − 1.0% EW and 1.0% VH; T4 − 1.0% EW and 1.5% VH; and T5: 1.0% EW and 2.0% VH. The birds received (EW) and (VH) for 14 d, and after this period, they received the common diet. The birds were reared for 42 d and, at 42 d, one representative broiler chicken per pen, close to the average body weight, was selected for blood sampling using a sterile needle and heparinised vacuum tube. Performance data, blood results, immunity, ileum morphology and microbiota, the relative weight of carcass components and gastrointestinal organs, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and breast and thigh meat quality were evaluated. EW and VH had a positive effect on the immune response of broilers, as well as producing a reduction in the aerobic bacteria in the birds' intestines. Protein is a limiting factor for broiler performance, carcass yield, and meat quality; Poultry industry is searching for new protein sources which can be used on broiler diets; Insects meal are good protein sources in broiler nutrition and can be used on diets without compromising its performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The human body is a planet populated by myriads of microorganisms all over its surface and in cavities connected to the outside. Experimental and clinical research is showing that microbial colonizers are a functional and essential part of the human organism. The microbial ecosystem, which is housed in the gastrointestinal tract, provides a "metagenome": genes and additional functions to the genetic resources of the species, which are involved in multiple physiological processes (somatic development, nutrition, immunity, etc.). The human intestine houses lymphoid structures specialized in the induction and regulation of adaptive immunity, and the interaction of the intestinal microbiota with the immune system of the digestive mucosa plays a key role for the individual's homeostasis with the outside world. Some chronic non-communicable inflammatory diseases in developed society are associated with dysbiosis: loss of species richness in the gut microbiota and deviation from the ancestral microbial environment. Generating and maintaining diversity in the gut microbiota is a new clinical goal for health promotion and disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The microbiota of our body is a rising issue on which more and more research is being studied and investigated. The acquisition and modification of the microbiota throughout life, and especially the alteration of its balance, is related to different diseases. One way to modify this microbiota, which can also be useful in disease situations, to restore the proper balance is through the consumption of marketed probiotics. There are very different types of probiotics and not all of them have demonstrated effectiveness in all indications or situations. Therefore, the objective of this article is to explain those indications of probiotics for which evidence has been described according to different guides and scientific studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that require the protein synthesis machinery of the host cells to replicate. These microorganisms have evolved mechanisms to avoid detection from the host immune innate and adaptive response, which are known as viral evasion mechanisms. Viruses enter the host through skin and mucosal surfaces that happen to be colonized by communities of thousands of microorganisms collectively known as the commensal microbiota, where bacteria have a role in the modulation of the immune system and maintaining homeostasis. These bacteria are necessary for the development of the immune system and to prevent the adhesion and colonization of bacterial pathogens and parasites. However, the interactions between the commensal microbiota and viruses are not clear. The microbiota could confer protection against viral infection by priming the immune response to avoid infection, with some bacterial species being required to increase the antiviral response. On the other hand, it could also help to promote viral evasion of certain viruses by direct and indirect mechanisms, with the presence of the microbiota increasing infection and viruses using LPS and surface polysaccharides from bacteria to trigger immunosuppressive pathways. In this work, we reviewed the interaction between the microbiota and viruses to prevent their entry into host cells or to help them to evade the host antiviral immunity. This review is focused on the influence of the commensal microbiota in the viruses' success or failure of the host cells infection.

Urinary microbial diversities have been reported in humans according to sex, age and clinical status, including painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC). To date, the role of the urinary microbiome in the pathogenesis of PBS/IC is debated. Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is a chronic lower urinary tract disorder affecting cats with similarities to PBS/IC in women and represents an important problem in veterinary medicine as its aetiology is currently unknown. In this study, the presence of a bacterial community residing in the urinary bladder of cats with a diagnosis of FIC was investigated. Nineteen cats with clinical signs and history of FIC and without growing bacteria in standard urine culture were included and urine collected with ultrasound-guided cystocentesis. Bacterial community was investigated using a culture-dependent approach consisted of expanded quantitative urine culture techniques and a culture-independent approach consisted of 16S rRNA NGS. Several methodological practices were adopted to both avoid and detect any contamination or bias introduced by means of urine collection and processing which could be relevant due to the low microbial biomass environment of the bladder and urinary tract, including negative controls analysis. All the cats included showed no growing bacteria in the urine analysed. Although few reads were originated using 16S rRNA NGS, a comparable pattern was observed between urine samples and negative controls, and no taxa were confidently classified as non-contaminant. The results obtained suggest the absence of viable bacteria and of bacterial DNA of urinary origin in the urinary bladder of cats with FIC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)